2 (31202)

............................................................................
........................ ...................

2 2557

 31202 2 2

(Matrix and Determinant)

(Martix)
[ ] ( )
a 11 a 12 a 1n 1
a a 22 a 2n
A = 21 2


a m1 a n2 a mn mn
m

1 2 n

[ ]
(Row)
(Column)
m n m n m n
a ij A i j

1
2 4
1 3 5 3 9
1) A = 2 4 6 2) B =
0 7

A 2 3 .
a11 1 , a12 3 , a13 5 , .
a 21 2 , a 22 4 , a 23 6 .
.
 31202 2 3

6
7 1 2
2 A = 4 5 9 , B= C = 3 4
8

1) 2a 11 b11 3c 22 = .

2) a11 c11 2a13 b 21 = .

A = [ a ij ] mn B = [ b ij ] mn
A = B a ij = b ij A = B A B
A B

3
2 0 2 0
1) 1 3 = 1 3

3 5 1 2 5 1
2) 4 6 .... 3 1 2 3

5 0 3 5 0 3
3) 6 1 7 ... 6 1 7

4 2 9 4 2 9

4 x y
x 1 4 1
1) 3 0 = 3 y

x = 4 , y = 0

x 1 3 6 y 2
2) 2 5 = 2
5
.
.
 31202 2 4

x 2 1 2 1 3 2 1
0
3) 0 1 5 = x 1 5
2 x 1 6 8 5 6 8

x 3 1 4 x 0 4 1
4) = 5
5 0 6 x 1 6

 31202 2 5

6 4
5 4 3 0 2 8
1. A = 1 6 2 9 B =
9 7
1) A = ... B =
2) A ................. B .................
3) a 11 = .. a 14 = . a 22 = .... a 23 = .....
b 21 = .. b 22 = .... b12 = ... b 32 = ...

2.
0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
1) 0 0 ....................................................................................
0 0 0
0 3 3
2) 0 4 4 ....................................................................................

3. x y
y 3 1 9 1
1) x 5 6 = 4 6 ....................................................................................

....................................................................................

x 3 y 3
2) 2 y 2 = 2 2x ....................................................................................

....................................................................................

....................................................................................

xy 1
3) y 2x = 8 ....................................................................................

....................................................................................

....................................................................................
 31202 2 6

3 4 1 2
1. A = 5 6 7 4

6 2 7 5
1.1 A 1.2
1.3 1.4 a 13 , a 23 a 34
1 0 0
2. B = 0 1 0

0 0 1
2.1 2.2
2.3 2.4 b12
2.5 b ij 0 , i j
2.6 b ij 0 , i j
3.
3.1 2 2 3.2 3 5
3.3 m n 3.4 n n
4.
4.1 x y 3 1 = 0 3 y
x 1 y 2 3 4 3
=
3
4.2 1
4 x y 4 3
3 1 y 3 1 x
4.3 x 1 0 2 = 4 0 y 1


2x 4 1 6 4 1
xy 3 2 3
4.4 2x 2y 2 = 1 2

5. x2 x + 1 = 0
x 2 x x2 x 1 0
,
0 x 0 x 1
2
 31202 2 7

1. (Square matrix)

A = [aij] m n m = n

A = [aij] m n
a11 , a22 , a33 , , amn (main diagonal)

0 2 1 7
4 5 3 2

3 1 5 1

5 2 9 8

2. (Zero matrix)

A = [aij] m n A aij = 0
i = 1, 2, 3, , m j = 1, 2, 3, , n

A m n A
A = 0 m n A = 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
2 2 0 0 , 3 3 0 0
0 0 0
3. (Identity matrix)

A = [aij] m n A n n
1 i j
aij =
0 i j
In n n

1 0 0
1 0 0 1 0
I2 = 0 1 , I3 =
0 0 1
 31202 2 8

A = [ a ij ] mn B = [ b ij ] mn
1. A + B = [ a ij + b ij ] mn
2. A B = [ a ij b ij ] mn

A B
1. A B
2.
3.
A A 0

A , B , C m n
1. (A + B m n )
2. (A + B = B + A)
3. ((A + B) + C = A + (B + C))
4. (A + 0 = A = 0 + A)
0
5. A A (A + (A) = 0 = (A) + A)

1 2 4 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 43 0 1 1
1) 0 3 5 1 5 4 = 0 1 3 (5) 5 (4) = 1
2 1

2 5 3 0
2) 0 1 + 5 6 = .

 31202 2 9

4 4
1. A =
1
, B = C =
2 1 0

4 3 4 4 0 1
1) (A + B) + C = ....
....
....
2) A (B C) = ....
....
....
3) A (B + C) = ....
....
....
4) A + (B C) = ....
....
....

2. X
4 3 2 4 1 4
1) 8 2 + 1 3 +X = 2 5

..
..
..
..
..
2 1 3 2 0 3
2) 0 2 2 +X = 8 5 1

1 1 0 3 1 1

..
..
..
..
..
 31202 2 10

3. A =
3 5
X
4 6
1) A + X = A
...
...
...

2) A X = A
...
...
...

3) A + X = 0
...
...
...

2 4
4) A X = 0 5

...
...
...

1 0
5) A + X = 0 1

...
...
...
 31202 2 11

1.
1 3 2 5
1.1 5 2 , 3
4

1.2
0 7 5 2 3
, 1 2
3 1 2
1
1.3 6 , 2 7 8
5
1 5 3 2 6 4
1.4 2 7 9 , 2 1 0

1 3 0 1 4 3

2 1
2. A =
1 4
, B =
1
C =
0
2
3 5 3 0 5
2.1 (A + B) + C
2.2 A + (B + C)
2.3 (A + B) + C A + (B + C)

3. A 3 4 B 4 3 A + B

2
4. A =
2
A
4 3
4.1 A
4.2 0
1 0
4.3 0
1
1
4.4 2 2

1 5
 31202 2 12

A = [ a ij ] mn c cA = [ ca ij ] mn

c , d A B m n
1. (cd)A = c(dA)
2. c(A + B) = cA + cB
3. (c + d)A = cA + dA
4. (1)A = A
5. (1)A = A
6. 0A = 0
7. c0 = 0

1) 4 5 2 1 3 = (4) 5 (4) (2) (4) (1) (4) (3)

= 20 8 4 12

1 4 6 8
2) = .
2 10 12 4

3 4 5 8
2 A = 1 2 , B =
7 3

1) 2A = ...
...

2) 3A 2B = ...
...
 31202 2 13

A = [ a ij ] mn B = [ b ij ] np AB = C C = [ c ij ] mp
c ij = a i1b1j + a i2 b 2j + + a in b nj

A , B , C n n c
1. (AB)C = A(BC)
2. A(B + C) = AB + AC
(A + B)C = AC + BC
3. AIn = A = InA
In
4. c(AB) = (cA)B = A(cB)

a 11 a 12 b11 b12
A = , B=
a 21 a 22 b 21 b 22

a 11b11 a 12b 21 a 11b12 a 12b 22

AB = a b a b
21 11 22 21 a 21b12 a 22b 22

3 4 5 8
3 A = 1 2 , B= AB
7 3

(3 (5)) (4 7) (3 8) (4 3)
AB = (1 (5)) (2 7)
(1 8) (2 3)

15 (28) (24) (12)

= 5 14
8 6

43 12
= 19
2
 31202 2 14

, B =
2
4 A = 3 4 AB
1
.................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................

2 1 0 0 1
5 A = 1 0 1 ,B= 2 2 AB BA

3 1 5 4 1

AB = . BA =
..
..
..
..

6 x
1
2x 1
1) 1 2 x 1 = x 4 2) 3 x 6 2x = 0
x
3
x
2 x 2 3x = x 4 .
2x + 2 + 3x = x 4 .
5x + 2 = x 4 .
4x = 6 .
6
x= .
4
3
x= .
2
3
x = .
2
 31202 2 15

1 2
1. A =
2 1
, B =
0 1
C =
1 2 2 0 1 2
1) A + 2B 3C
.
.
.

2) 2[5(A B) + 3C]
.
.
.

3) A2
.
.
.
2 5 1 2
2. A =
1 3 2 0 5
,B= C =
1 0 4 1
0 5 2 4
0

X 5
X 2A 2{2X X 3B} 4C
2
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
 31202 2 16

3.
1
2 5 5 2 6 2
1
1) 2)
6 4

. .
. .
. .
. .

1 1
1 2 2 1 2 1 0
3) 3 4 3 2 4) 1 0 2 2 0
3 2

. .
. .
. .
. .
. ..

4. A =
0 4 1 0
, I= 0 1
2 3
1) AI = .....
.....
2) I2 = ....
.....
3) IA = .........
.....

5. x y
1 1 x 2
1) 1 2 y = 4 ..

..
1 0 x 3
2) 0 1 y = 12 ..

..
 31202 2 17

3
1 1 1 2
1. A =
5 6
, B = C =
2 2 3 0 1 3
1.1 A + 3B 4C 1.2 - 4 [5(A B) + 2C]
2
1.3 A + 1 (C + B)
3 2

2 5 1
2. A = , B =
3 2 7 1 3 8
C = 2 4
0 1 4 1 0 5 0
X
1
2.1 (X + A) = 2(X + B) 3C 2.2 2X + A = 3{X + (2X + B)} + C
2

3.
1 2
3.1 4 3 1 3 3.2 4 5 1
2
4 6
1
1 5 4 3 2 4
2 3 3 2 1
3.3 4 2 3.4 0 5 7 5
3 0
3 2 3 2
4

2 1
4. A =
0 1
, B = , I2 =
1 0
, 0 =
0 0

3 5 0 3 0 1 0 0
4.1 BA 4.2 AB
4.3 A2 4.4 IB
4.5 0B 4.6 I22

5.
1 0
4 4
2 1
5.1 1 0 5 4 5.2 2 4 5 7
4 3


3 4
 31202 2 18

4 (Transpose of a matrix)

A = [ a ij ] mn A At
At [ b ij ] nm b ij = a ji i = 1, 2, 3, , n j = 1, 2, 3, , m

1. A (A t ) t = A
2. A (kA)t = k A t
3. A B m n (A B) t = A t B t
4. A m n B n p (AB)t = B t A t
5. (A)t = - A t
6. (A n ) t = ( A t ) n , n I

1
2 1 5
5 8
1) A = 2) B = 3 4 7

7 3 4 0 6
5 7
A t = B t = ..
8 3
.
.

6 3
2 A = A = A t
x y
.................................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................................................................
1 0
1 2 5 2
3 A = 2 3 9 , B= 1 (Bt)t + 2At
3 2
....
....
....
....
 31202 2 19

4 (Transpose of a matrix)

1.
1 5 0
1) A = 2 6 1 , A t = ...........

3 0 4
...........
...........
3 2
2) B = 4 5 , 2B t = ...........

...........
...........

2 1
, B =
1 0
C =
3 1
2. A = 4 3
5 2 2 5
1) (A + B) t
..
..
..
..

2) A t + B t
..
..
..
..

3) AB + 2C t
..
..
..
..
..
..
 31202 2 20

1. A , B , C , D E
1 0 3 - 1 3 2 - 4 5
1 2 0 2 1 4 1 0 3 - 2 1 1 - 1
A= 2 1 , B= , C= , D= E =
4 2 0


3 2 2 1 3 2 2 0

1.1 AB BA 1.2 AB + Dt
1.3 BA 2C2 1.4 AtBt + 2E
1.5 BA(C + E)

2. A , B C
1 2
1 3 1 3 2 0 1
A= 2 - 1 , B= 1 C =
3 0
3 - 2

2.1 ABC 2.2 AB + ACt

2.3 A2 2BC

3. A =
1 1 2
- 1 1 3
X
3.1 A + X = 2A X 3.2 AAt = 2I2 + X
3.3 2AtA = X I3
 31202 2 21

5 (Determinant)

(Determinant)

(Determinant)

A A det(A) A

1. A = a 1 1 det(A) = a

1
1) A = [5] det (A) = 5
2) B = [-10] det (B) = .
3) C = [0] det (C) = .
4) D = [ 3 ] det (D) = .
5

2. A =
a b
2 2 det(A) = ad bc
c d

2
2 4
1) A = 3 5 det (A) = 2(5) 3(4) = 10 12 = 2

3 6
2) B = - 5 - 2 det (B) = .

3 0
3) C = - 2 0 det (C) = .

3 0
4) D = 0 - 2 det (D) = .

1 1
5) E = 2 2 det (E) = .

 31202 2 22

a b c
3. A = d e f 3 3
g h i
a b c a b
det(A) = d e f d e = (aei + bfg + cdh) (gec + hfa + idb)
g h i g h

3
4 1 6 4 - 1
1) A = 3 2 2 3 - 2 det (A) = ( 56 + 2 + 90) (12 + 40 + ( 21))

1 5 7 - 1 5
= 36 31 = 5
1 4 7
2) B = 2 5 8 det (B) =..

3 6 9
=..
2 3 4
3) C = 1 0 2 det (C) =..

0 5 6
=..
1 2 3
4) D = 2 0 1 det (D) = ..

1 2 3
=..

4 A =
x 4
det (A) = 0 x
4 x

..
..
..
..
 31202 2 23

n n , n 2

A = [ a ij ] mn M ij (A) i j
A M ij (A) (minor) a ij

4 1 0
3 A = 3 2 1

1 5 0
2 1
1) M 11 (A) = = 05 = 5 2) M 12 (A) =
5 0

1 0
3) M 13 (A) = 4) M 21 (A) = = 00 = 0
5 0

5) M 22 (A) = 6) M 23 (A) =

7) M 31 (A) = 8) M 32 (A) =

9) M 33 (A) =

A = [ a ij ] mn (cofactor) a ij a ij
A C ij (A) M ij (A) (-1) i j
C ij (A) = (-1) i j M ij (A)

1 2 2
4 A = 1 1 2 C12(A) , C21(A) , C23(A) , C33(A)

0 3 1
1 2
C12(A) = (-1)1+2M12(A) = (-1) = (-1)(-1 0) = (-1)(-1) = 1
0 1
C21(A) =

C23(A) =

C33(A) =
 31202 2 24

()
1
det (A) = a11C11 (A) + a12C12 (A) + a13C13 (A) + + a1nC1n (A)
2
det (A) = a12C12 (A) + a 22C 22 (A) + a 32C32 (A) + + a m2 C m2 (A)

4 1 0
5 A = 3 2 1 A ()

1 5 0
det (A) = a 11C11 (A) + a 12C12 (A) + a 13C13 (A)
2 1 3 1
= 4(-1)1+1 + (-1)(-1)1+2 +0
5 0 1 0
= 4(0 5) + 1(0 ( 1))
= 20 + 1
= 19
det (A) = 19
1 0 1 1
0 2 1 0
6 A = det (A)
3 1 4 2

6 5 0 1

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
 31202 2 25

1. x
2 x 1
x 14
1.1 =2 1.2 1 0 1 =0
3 11
3 4 2

2.
2 1 0
2.1 A = 4 2 1

4 2 1
2 2 3
2.2 B = 1 1 0

0 1 4
2 1 4
2.3 C = 1 4 2

3 6 6
3 8 3 0
2 3 0 0
2.4 D =
4 5 3 0

1 0 2 2
1 1 2 2
0 1 2 3
2.5 E =
1 0 1 2

2 1 0 1
 31202 2 26

A = [ a ij ] nn B = [ b ij ] nn a ij b ij R n > 2

1. det(A) = det(A t )

1 det (A) det (At) A

3 2 1
0 0 0 1 2
1.1 A = 2 1.2 B =
3
6 4 2
det (A) = 0 0 = 0
det (A) = det (At)
t
det (A ) = 0

2. det(AB) = det(A) det(B)

1 - 2 2 4 3 4
2 A = 3 ,B= C =
- 1 1
1 1
- 1
2.1 det(AB) 2.2 det(BC)
det(A) = 1 ( 6) = 5
det(B) = 2 4 = 2
det(AB) = det(A) det(B)
det(AB) = 5( 2) = 10

3. det(A n ) = [det(A)] n

2 1 3 2
3 A = 3 ,B=
5 1 4

3.1 det(A2) 3.2 det(B3)
det(A) = 10 ( 3) = 13
det(A n ) = [det(A)] n
2 2
det(A ) = 13 = 169
 31202 2 27

1
4. det(A 1 ) =
det(A)

1 2 2 6
4 A = 3 4 ,B= 3 5

4.1 det(A-1) 4.2 det(B-1)
det(A) = 4 ( 6) = 2
1
det(A-1) =
det(A)
1
det(A-1) =
2

5. (singular matrix) (non - singular matrix)

det(A) = 0 A
det(A) 0 A

5
4 0
2 6
5.1 A = 1 3 5.2 B =
0 1

2
det(A) = 6 6 = 0

1 4 0
2 1 2 1
5.3 C = 3 3 5.4 D = 0
3 1 0

 31202 2 28

6. A ()
det(A) = 0

6
1 4 0
0 0 2 1
6.1 A = 3 6.2 B = 0
2
3 1 0
1 0
det(A) = 0

7. A ( 2 )
det(A) = 0

7
1 1 0
1 1 3 1
7.1 A = 2 7.2 B = 4
2
1 1 0
1 2

det (A) = 0

8. A B () A
det (B) = det (A)

8
1 2 1 1 2 1
8.1 A = 2 1 1 8.2 B = 1 1 2

1 1 0 0 1 1



 31202 2 29

8
B A 1

a b c d e f
A= d e f , B= g h i

g h i a b c
B 1 3 1
2 B A
A B
a b c g h i d e f
A= d e f C= d e f B= g h i

g h i a b c a b c
det(A) = k det(C) = - k det(B) = - (- k) = k
1 9

9. A B A
k det(B) = (-1) k det(A)

a b c
9 A = d e f det(A) = 2

g h i

c a b e d f
9.1 B = f d e 9.2 C = b a c

i g h h g i
1 3
2 3
2
det(B) = (-1) k det(A)
= (-1) 2 2
= 12
=2
det(A) = 2
 31202 2 30

10. A B
( ) A k 0 det(B) = k det(A)

10

10.1
6 3 9 6 3 9 2 1 3 2 1 1
10.1.1 4 4 6 = 22 2 3 = 232 2 3 = 2332 2 1
1 1 6 1 1 6 1 1 6 1 1 2
2 1 1 2 1
= 18 2 2 1 2 2 = 18(5 0) = 90
1 1 2 1 1
5 3 1
10.1.2 10 6 2 = .
5 3 3
= .
5 3 1
10.1.3 10 6 4 = .
15 3 3
= .

a b c
10.2 d e f = 3
g h i
2a 3b 4c
10.2.1 2d 3e 4f
2g 3h 4i
.
.
.
d e f
10.2.2 3a 3b 3c
g h i
.
.
.
 31202 2 31

11. A n n k det(kA) = k n det(A)

11 A , B C 2 2 , 3 3 4 4
det(A) = 10 , det(B) = - 15 det(C) = 8
11.1 det(5A)
= .
11.2 det(- 4B)
= .
11.3 det( 1 C )
2
= .
A n n
det(A) n
det(-A) = det((-1)A) = (-1)ndet(A) =

- det(A) n

12. A det(A)
det(A) = a11 a 22 a 33 ... a nn

12
3 1 0 4
3 0 0
0 2 1 1
12.1 12.2 0 3 0
0 0 2 0
0 0 3
0 0 0 1

det(A) = (-3) 2 (-2) 1 = 12

13. det(In) = 1 14. det(0) = 0

In

1 0 0 0 0 0
13 0 1 0 = 111 14 0 0 0 =0
0 0 1 0 0 0
 31202 2 32

6 (Determinant)

1.
1) A = [9] det(A) = ...

3 5
2) B = 4 9 det(B) = ...

3) C =
0 1
det(C) = ...
7 8

2 3 4
4) D = 0 5 7 det(D) = ...
1 6 5
...
2 5 1
5) E = 3 1 6 det(E) = ...

4 2 3
...

2. A =
1 3
, B =
3 6

2 4 1 3
1) det(AB)
.
.
.
.
.

2) det(A t )
.
.
.
.
 31202 2 33

3) det(B 1 )
.
.
.
.

4) det(A + B)
.
.
.
.

5) det(A 2 )
.
.
.
.

6) det(3B)
.
.
.
.
.

x 2 4 3 4
3. A = , B= 2 1 det(A) = det(B) x
x 1
.
.
.
.
.
.
 31202 2 34

3 1 2 0
4 0 3 5
4. A = M 32 (A) C 32 (A)
0 6 0 0

1 3 4 2
.
.
.
.
.
.

5. ( )
1 0 2
1) A = 5 3 4

2 0 6
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2 0 1 3
1 2 0 3
2) B =
3 1 2 0

0 2 1 3
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
 31202 2 35

1 0 2 1
2 0 1 1
3) C =
1 0 1 2

2 0 1 1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

1 1 5 2
2 0 1 2
4) D =
1 3 8 0

1 1 2 1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
 31202 2 36

6
x y z
1. p q r = -1
s t u
s t u p q r
1.1 p q r 1.2 3s 3t 3u
x y z x y z

a b c
2. A = p q r det(A) = 3
x y z
4x 4y 4z
-1
det(3B ) B = 2a 2b 2c

p q r

3. A , B C n n n 2 det(A) = 1 , det(B) = 2 ,
det(C) = -3
3.1 det(A2BC-1B-1) 3.2 det(BC-1AB-1Ct)
 31202 2 37

A n n A A 1
A A 1 = A 1 A = I n

***

1. 2 2

A =
a b
ad bc 0 (det A 0)
c d
1 d b 1 d b
A 1 = =
ad bc c a det(A) c a

1
2 5 1 2
1) A = 3 8 2) B = 2 4

det(A) = 16 15 = 1 ..
1 8 5
A-1 = ..
1 3 2
8 5
= 3 2 ..

2 1
2 A = 3 1 A 2

A-2 = (A2)-1
2 1 2 1 4 3 2 1
=
7 3
A2 = 3 1 3 1 = 6 3 3 1
9 4
det(A2) = 28 27 = 1
3 4 3
(A2)-1 = 1 =
4
1 9 7
9 7
4 3
A 2 = 9 7

 31202 2 38

2. n n n > 2

A = [ a ij ] nn a ij n 1
1. (Adjoint Matrix) A adj(A)
[C ij (A)] nn
adj(A) = [C ij (A)] nt n
2. A(adj A) = adj(A)A = det(A) I n
1
3. det(A) 0 A 1 = adj(A)
det(A)

A , B n n A 1 B 1
1. (A 1 ) 1 = A
2. (AB) 1 = B 1 A 1
3. (A t ) 1 = (A 1 ) t
4. (A n ) 1 = (A 1 ) n
1 1
5. (kA) 1 = A , k R , k 0
k
1
6. det(A 1 ) =
det( A)

1 0 1
3 A = 3 1 2

2 5 8
3.1 det(A)
..
..
..
..
..
..
 31202 2 39

3.2 adj(A)
t
c11 (A) c12 (A) c13 (A)
adj(A) = c (A) c 22 (A) c 23 (A)
21
c 31 (A) c 32 (A) c 33 (A)
t
1 2 3 2 3 1

5 8 2 8 2 5
0 1 1 1 1 0
=
5 8 2 8 2 5

0 1 1 1 1 0
1 2 2 3 1
3
2 28 17
t

= 5 10 5

1 1 1
2 5 1
t

= 28 10 1

17 5 1
3.3 A-1
..
..
..
..
..
..

 31202 2 40

1. ()
4 3
1.1) 1 2

...
...
...
...

0 1
1.2) 4 3

...
...
...
...

3 1
1.3) 6 2

...
...
...
...

2 3
1.4) 1 1
2 2

...
...
...
...
...
 31202 2 41

5 3
2. A = 3 2 A 1 , A 2

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...

2 1 3
3. A = 3 2 5 A A 1

1 6 8
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
 31202 2 42

3 0 1
4. A = 2 1 2 A A 1

4 3 1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
 31202 2 43

1.
3 4 2 4
1.1 A = 2 1.2 B =
3 1
2

3 2 1 3 4 2
1.3 C = 4 5 6 1.4 D = 6 3 1

2 3 1 4 7 8
5 1 3
1.5 E = 1 12 4

1 6 3

2.
1 1 2 1 1 1
A= 1 2 1 , B= 0 1 2

1 2 3 0 5 3

2.1 det(2A-1B) 2.2 det(Atadj(B))

2.3 det(BAtadj(A)) 2.4 det(2adj(A2)B)
 31202 2 44

a11 x1 + a12 x2 + + a1n xn = b1

a 21 x1 + a 22 x2 + + a 2 n x n = b2

a n1 x1 + an 2 x2 ++ a nn x n = bn

a11 a12 a1n x1 b1
a b
21 a 22 a 2 n x 2 = 2


a n1 a n 2 a nn x n b3

A X B
A (coefficient matrix)
a11 a12 a13 b1
[A : B] = a a 23 b2 (augmented matrix)
21 a 22
a31 a32 a33 b3

3
1.
2.
 31202 2 45

1.

AX = B det(A) 0 X = A 1 B

1 2x 3y = -1 (1)
-3x + 5y = 2 (2)
AX = B
2 3 x 1
3 5 y = 2

1 d b
= 1
5 3
A 1 =
det(A) c a 1 3 2
X = A 1 B
x 5 3 1 5 6 1
= 3 = =
y
2 2 3 4

1

x = 1 y = 1

2 2x + y + 2z = 3 (1)
x+yz= 1 (2)
2
3x + 2y 2z = 2 (3)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
 31202 2 46

2.

A n n det(A) 0

AX = B x 1 , x 2 , ... , x n b1 , b 2 , ... , b n
x1 b1
x b
X = 2 , B = 2


x n b 3
det(A1 ) det(A 2 ) det(A n )
x1 = , x2 = , ... , x n =
det(A) det(A) det(A)
A i i A B

2
2x + y + z = 1
x 2y 3z = 1
3x + 2y + 4z = 5
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
 31202 2 47

1. 2x + 2y = 7
x + 2y = 4
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

2. x + y + z = 6
xy+z = 2
x+yz = 0
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
 31202 2 48

3. x + 3y = 0
y 5z = 3
2x + z = -1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

4. 2x 3y + z = 8
-x + 4y + 2z = -4
3x y + 2z = 9
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
 31202 2 49

1.
1.1 yx=4 1.2 x + 2y z = 3
2x + 3y = 22 3x + y = 6
2x + y = 1

2.
2.1 3x + 4y = -2 2.2 3x + 6y = 5
5x + 3y = 4 6x + 14y = 11

2.3 2x + y z = 5 2.4 x 2y + 3z = 9
3x 2y + 2z = -3 - x + 3y = - 14
x y 3z = -2 2x 5y + 5z = 17