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Module 1 Basic Principle of Turbine Machineries PDF
Module 1 Basic Principle of Turbine Machineries PDF
For turbines, the work is done by the fluid on the rotor, while, in
case of pump, compressor, fan or blower, the work is done by
the rotor on the fluid element. Depending upon the main
direction of fluid path in the rotor, the machine is termed as
radial flow or axial flow machine . In radial flow machine, the
main direction of flow in the rotor is radial while in axial flow
machine, it is axial. For radial flow turbines, the flow is towards
the centre of the rotor, while, for pumps and compressors, the
flow is away from the centre. Therefore, radial flow turbines are
sometimes referred to as radially inward flow machines and
radial flow pumps as radially outward flow machines. Examples
of such machines are the Francis turbines and the centrifugal
pumps or compressors. The examples of axial flow machines
are Kaplan turbines and axial flow compressors. If the flow is
party radial and partly axial, the term mixed-flow machine is
used. Figure 1.1 (a) (b) and (c) are the schematic diagrams of
various types of impellers based on the flow direction.
Fig. 1.1 Schematic of different types of impellers
The fluid machines use either liquid or gas as the working fluid
depending upon the purpose. The machine transferring
mechanical energy of rotor to the energy of fluid is termed as a
pump when it uses liquid, and is termed as a compressor or a
fan or a blower, when it uses gas. The compressor is a
machine where the main objective is to increase the static
pressure of a gas. Therefore, the mechanical energy held by
the fluid is mainly in the form of pressure energy. Fans or
blowers, on the other hand, mainly cause a high flow of gas,
and hence utilize the mechanical energy of the rotor to increase
mostly the kinetic energy of the fluid. In these machines, the
change in static pressure is quite small.
(b) The heat and work interactions between the rotor and its
surroundings take place at a constant rate.
(c) Velocity is uniform over any area normal to the flow. This
means that the velocity vector at any point is representative of
the total flow over a finite area. This condition also implies that
there is no leakage loss and the entire fluid is undergoing the
same process.
(1.1)
(1.2)
where is the angular velocity of the rotor and which
represents the linear velocity of the rotor.
Therefore and are the linear velocities of the rotor at
points 2 (outlet ) and 1 (inlet) respectively (Fig. 1.2). The Eq,
(1.2) is known as Euler's equation in relation to fluid machines.
The Eq. (1.2) can be written in terms of head gained 'H' by the
fluid as
(1.3)
(1.4)
(1.6)
or,
(1.7)
(2.1)
or,
Therefore, we can say, with the help of Eq. (2.1), that last two
terms of Eq. (1.7) represent a change in the static head of fluid.
(2.2)
(2.3)
(2.4a)
(2.4b)
For a turbine,
(2.5a)
(2.5b)
Therefore
(2.6)
Dimensional
Variable physical parameters
formula
In almost all fluid machines flow with a free surface does not
occur, and the effect of gravitational force is negligible.
Therefore, it is more logical to consider the energy per unit
massgH as the variable rather than H alone so that
acceleration due to gravity does not appear as a separate
variable. Therefore, the number of separate variables becomes
eight: D, Q, N, gH, , , E and P . Since the number of
fundamental dimensions required to express these variable are
three, the number of independent terms (dimensionless
terms), becomes five. Using Buckingham's theorem with D,
N and as the repeating variables, the expression for the terms
are obtained as,
(3.1)
Specific Speed
The performance or operating conditions for a turbine handling
a particular fluid are usually expressed by the values
of N , P and H , and for a pump by N , Q and H . It is important
to know the range of these operating parameters covered by a
machine of a particular shape (homologous series) at high
efficiency. Such information enables us to select the type of
machine best suited to a particular application, and thus serves
as a starting point in its design. Therefore a parameter
independent of the size of the machine D is required which will
be the characteristic of all the machines of a homologous
series. A parameter involving N , P and H but not D is obtained
by dividing by . Let this parameter be designated
by as
(3.3)
(3.4)
Since the dimensionless parameters and are found as
a combination of basic terms, they must remain same for
complete similarity of flow in machines of a homologous series.
Therefore, a particular value of or relates all the
combinations of N , P and H or N , Q and H for which the flow
conditions are similar in the machines of that homologous
series. Interest naturally centers on the conditions for which the
efficiency is a maximum. For turbines, the values
of N , P and H , and for pumps and compressors, the values
of N , Q and H are usually quoted for which the machines run at
maximum efficiency.
Specific Dimensional
Unit (SI)
speed formula
(turbine) M 1/2 T -5/2 L-1/4 kg 1/2/ s5/2 m1/4