Att 5312 PDF

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, 2013
1

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MS Excell MathCAD. ,
,
(ANSYS, SAP2000, SOFISTIK, ROBOT, COSMOS .).
,
. ,
.

.
ISBN 978 - 954 - 724 - 054 - 4
2013.
, . - ., , 2013
, - ., , 2013
PDF
: www.uacg.bg
.
2
:
1. . .
. ...................................................................................................................................................................... 6
1.1. ........................................................................................................................................... 6
1.2. ............................................................................................................................................ 6
1.2.1. . ......................................................................................................... 6
1.2.2. ............................................................................................. 11
1.3. . ..................................................................................................................................... 14
1.3.1. . ............................................................................................................................... 14
1.3.1.1. . ............................................................................... 14
1.3.1.2. . ............................................................................ 16
1.3.2. . ................................................................................................................................. 17
1.3.3. ....................................................................................................................... 17
1.3.3.1. ................................................................................................ 17
1.3.3.2. . ................................................................................................ 19
1.3.3.3.
............................................................................................................................................................................. 20
1.4. ........................................................ 21
2. M ........................................................................................................................................................ 24
2.1. . ........................................................................................................................... 24
2.2. . ......................................................................................................................................................... 27
2.3. . .................................................................................................................................. 27
3. . (). ................................... 28
3.1. . ................................................................................................................ 28
3.2. .................................................................................................................... 29
3.3. .................................................................................................................... 30
3.4. . .................................................................................................... 30
3.5. .................................................................................................................. 30
3.6. ...................................................................................................................... 32
4. (, ULS). ............................................................................... 32
4.1. . ...................................................................................... 32
4.2. . ............................................................................... 33
4.3. ........................................................................................................................... 34
4.4. ............................................................................. 35
4.5. ............................................................................ 36
4.6. . ......................................................................................................................... 37
4.7. . .................................................................................................................................. 37
4.8. . ....................................................................................................... 38
4.9. ............................................................................................................... 38
4.10. . ..................................................................................................................... 39
4.11. .......................................................................................... 39
4.12. . ..................................................................... 39
4.13. . ................................................................................ 45
4.14. .................................................................................... 47
5. ........................................................................................................... 51
5.1. . ............................................................................................................. 51
5.2. . .................................................................................................................................... 52
5.2.1. . ..................................................................................................... 52
5.2.2. ...................................................................................................................................... 53
5.2.3. . ................................................................................................................ 54
5.2.4. . ...................................................................................................................................... 56
5.3. .................................................................................................................................... 57
5.3.1. . ...................................................................................................................................... 57
5.3.2. ......................................................................................................................... 57
5.3.3. ........................................................................................................................... 58
6. . ........................ 59
6.1. . ............................................................................................................................ 59
6.2. . ........................................................................................................................ 60
6.2.1 . ........................................................................................ 60
6.2.2 .............................................................................. 62
3
6.3. .................................................................................................................................. 64
7. 1.
. ................................................................................ 67
7.1. . ............................................................................................................................................ 67
7.2. ....................................................................................................................................... 67
7.2.1. . .............................................................................................................................................. 68
7.2.1.1. . ....................................................................................................... 68
7.2.1.2. LM71................................................................................................. 68
7.2.1.3. SW/0 SW/2. ................................................................................... 69
7.2.2. m
s . .................................................................................................................................... 70
7.2.3. V1. ........................................................................... 71
7.2.4. V2. ........................................................................... 72
7.2.5. ........................................................................................................ 74
7.2.6. .............................................................................................................. 74
7.2.6.1. . ............................................................................... 74
7.2.6.2. . .................................................................................. 77
7.2.6.3. . ......................................................................................................... 80
7.2.6.3.1. . ........................................................................................................ 80
7.2.6.3.2. ...................................................................................... 82
7.2.6.3.3. . ................... 83
7.2.6.4. . ........................................................................................................ 84
7.2.6.4.1.
........................................................................................................ 84
7.2.6.4.2.
................................................................................. 86
7.2.6.5. . ............................................................................................... 87
7.2.6.5.1. . .............................. 88
7.2.6.5.2. ................................................ 89
7.2.6.6. VN1 VN2 -
VN3................................................................................................................................................................ 90
7.3. . ............................................................................................................................... 94
7.3.1. ................ 97
7.3.2. LM71. .......................... 98
7.3.3. LM71... 99
7.3.4. .
(envelope) . ........................................................................................ 101
7.3.4.1. . ...................................................................... 101
7.3.4.2. . ........................................................................ 105
7.3.4.3. , . .................................... 108
7.3.4.4. . .............................................................................. 110
7.3.5. ................................................................. 111
7.3.6. ..................................................................................................... 117
7.3.7. ......................................................................................................... 120
7.3.8. -..................................................... 121
8. 2.
............................................................................................................................................ 123
8.1. . .......................................................................................................................................... 123
8.2. ..................................................................................................................................... 124
8.3. . ............................................................................................................................. 128
8.3.1. . ................................................................................................................. 131
8.3.1.1. .......................................................................................................... 131
8.3.1.2. 1 (LM1=TS+UDL).................................................................... 131
8.3.1.3. ............................................................. 131
8.3.1.4. . .............................................................................................. 132
8.3.1.5. . .......................................................................................................................... 132
8.3.1.6. . ......................................................................................... 133
8.3.2. () . ..................................................... 134
8.3.3. ....................................... 134
8.3.4. . .... 138
8.3.5. ............................................................................................................................... 142
8.3.6. ......................................................................................................... 145
4
8.3.6.1. 3....................................................................... 146
8.3.6.2. 7. .......................................................... 148
A. . ...................... 151
B. 4......................... 153
. ............................................. 155
: ........................................................................................................................................................ 159
5
1. . .
.
1.1. .
,
. 1.1.

[kN/m3] [kN/m3]
24,0 :
25,0 24,025,0
18,020,0 18,022,0
: - 23,0
77,078,5 :
76,0 20
71,072,5 26

27,0 -
600 :
: EN 338: UIC 60 1,2

1440 3,55,0 4,8

D30D70 6,410,8 -

5,0 1,9

UIC 60

7,0 1,7

.
UIC 60

18,519,5 4,9

, .
1.1. .
1.2. .
. 1 (LM1) 2 (LM2)
,
800 .
1000 [26].
1.2.1. .
1 (1, LM1) .1.1, 1.2.
()
. 1: Q1k , Q2k , Q3k , q1k , q2k ,
q3k , qRA,k Q1 , Q 2 , Q 3 , q1 , q 2 , q 3 , RA ,
EN 1991-2:2003/NA:2010,
1, 00 . wl = 3, 00m .
, LM1-UDL
6
() -
. LM1-TS -
. .1.2
LM1-TS ,
. 45
, .1.3.
, .
.1.1. 1 (LM1) - .
.1.2. 1 LM1-TS
- (k=1,2,3; s=1,2,3; ks).
7
.1.3. 45o .
.1.4. 2 (LM2), e , 1
LM1 (T1 - 1)

Qik
qik (LM1-UDL)
(LM1-TS) [kN/]
[kN/m2]
1 / Lane 1 300 9.0
2 / Lane 2 200 2.5
3 / Lane 3 100 2.5
/ Other lanes 0 2.5
/ Remaining area (RA) 0 2.5
1.2. 1 (LM1) .
2 (LM2). (.1.4) Q .Qak 2 ,
Qak 2 = 400kN
. EN 1991-2:2003/NA:2010 Q = 0,8 .
,
.
: FLM1, FLM2, FLM3, FLM4, FLM5. 1, 2, 3
,
. 4, 5

.
:
D
fat = 1,30 1 ; fat 1; (1.1)
26
D - -
. EN 1991-2:2003/NA:2010
8
6m.
fat = 1,3 . 1
1.3.

1 -
2,000.106
2 -
0,500.106
3 -
0,125.106
4 -
0,050.106
: 10%
1.3. .
1 (FLM1). LM1,
0, 7Qik ,
0,3qik 0,3qRA, k .
.
2 (FLM2). ,
.
1.3.
,
.
3 (FLM3).
.1.5. 120kN,
40/40. - 40m,
-,
36kN 120kN. EN 1991-2:2003/NA:2010
-
, - 40m ,

40m.
.1.5. 3 (FLM3)
9
4 (FLM4).
, ,
.
50, 50100.
100. 5 , 1.4.

. 1.5 .
1.4. FLM4.
1.5. .
10
5 (FLM5).
, , .
. Qlk
LM1 1 :
Qlk = 0, 6. Q1 ( 2.Q1k ) + 0,1. q1.q1k .w1.L (1.2)
: 180. q1 Qlk 900kN , :
w1 -
L -
1.2.2. .
71 (LM71). 71
.
.1.6.
.1.6. 71 (LM71, 71) .
.1.7. 71 (LM71).
LM71
- .1.7.
. .
,
. EN 1991-2:2003/NA:2010 = 1,33 .
, ,
11
, ,
SW/0 .
LM71
:
1, 44
2 = + 0,82; 1,00 2 1,67;
L 0, 2
2,16
3 = + 0,73; 1,00 2 2,00;
L 0, 2
L [ m ]
(, ) .
[7].
.1.8
.1.9. ,
.
.1.8. .
.1.9. I -
20m.
12
SW/0 SW/2. SW/0
, SW/2
, .
.1.10 , 1.6
.
.1.10. SW/0 SW/2.
qvk
a [m] c [m]
[kN/m]
SW/0 133 15.0 5.3
SW/2 150 25.0 7.0
1.6. SW/0 SW/2.
LM71 SW/0 SW/2

, .
. ..
10kN / m ' .
.
,
.
La ,b
.
() :
Qlbk = 20 [ kN / m '] * La ,b [ m ] 6000kN LM71, SW/0
Qlbk = 35[ kN / m '] * La ,b [ m ] SW/2
()
:
Qlak = 33[ kN / m '] * La ,b [ m ] 1000kN LM71, SW/0

, .
. ,

.
( ) L = 100kN ,
.
,
.
13
1.3. .
1.3.1. .
.
1.3.1.1. . Fwx

Aveff , x (
) :
1
Fwk , x = .vb2 .C. Aeff , x (1.3)
2
:
= 1, 25kg / m3 .
C = ce .c f , x -
cfx = cfx,0
.1.11.
vb - ,
vb = cdir .cseason vb ,0 (1.4)
vb ,0 - ,
10 ,
, 10
. 50.
( p=0,02). [30]

p=0,02 1.7.
H Vb,o50 qb,o H Vb,o50 qb,o
[m/s] [kN/m ] 2
[m/s] [kN/m2]
1 26,4 0,44 16 24,8 0,38
2 33,5 0,70 17 27,1 0,46
3 31,0 0,60 18 27,7 0,48
4 24,0 0,36 19 27,7 0,48
5 25,3 0,40 20 26,6 0,44
6 26,1 0,42 21 25,9 0,42
7 27,5 0,47 22 35,8 0,80
8 24,7 0,38 23 24,7 0,38
9 24,7 0,38 24 26,1 0,43
10 27,7 0,48 25 . 27,2 0,46
11 25,7 0,41 26 24,7 0,38
12 27,0 0,46 27 26,8 0,45
13 24,1 0,36 28 25,6 0,41
14 24,7 0,38 29 27,7 0,48
15 24,7 0,38 30 24,7 0,38
1.7. 50.
100.
[14], [30]
:
14
1 K . ln ( ln (1 p )) 1 0,25. ln ( ln (1 (1 / 100)))
n 1, 00
C prob = = = 1,0884 (1.5)

1 K . ln ( ln (0,98)) 1 0,25. ln ( ln (0,98))
- cdir cseason cdir = cseason = 1, 0
ce = q p ( z ) / qb .
qb = 0,5 vb2 () , q p ( z )
z
.
q p ( z ) = 1 + 7.I v ( z ) 0,5 vm2 ( z )
z .
v k1
v z = c z ln z / z z min z zmax
Iv ( z ) = m ( ) o( ) ( 0)
I v ( zmin ) z < z min

vm ( z ) = cr ( z ) co ( z ) vb z
co (z ) ( , ) ,
10z
- 3%.
k1 ,
cr (z ) , z
:
K .ln ( z / zo ) zmin z zmax
cr ( z ) = r
cr ( zmin ) z < zmin
c r ( zmin ) = K r .ln ( zmin / zo )
zo zmin ,
1.8.
K r = 0,19. ( zo / zo , II )
0,07
zo, II = 0,05m 1.8.

zmax = 200m
[14].
z
[kN/m2] :
1
qwk , x ( z ) = .vb2 .ce .c f , x = q p ( z ) .c f , x (1.6)
2
q p ( z )
, [29] 50 .
15
.1.11. cfx,0 [14].
Z0 Z min

[m] [m]
0 0.003 1

I 0.010 1

, , (,
II ), , - 20 0.050 2
.
,
III , - 20 0.300 5
( , , ).
, - 15% ,
IV 1.000 10
15 m.
1.8. .
1.3.1.2. . ,
,
:
(Vortex shedding).
- 6.
(Galloping). L, U, T, I
, .
.
16
(Flatter). .

.
(Wake buffeting).
,
.

[14].

- ( Fluid
Structure Interaction Analysis) /
. .1.12
382m. ., , [30].
.1.12. [30].
1.3.2. . , -
( 2,5 5, 0kN / m 2 )
( ).
.

(, ) .
1.3.3. .

. [28]
6 1
, 12.10 K .

. /

.

/ , .
()
.
1.3.3.1. .
Tmin Tmax ,
17
. .
1.9 ,
1 50 [29].
100

1.10. /
(min/Tmax) /
(.min/Te.max) [29]
1.11. , 1
3.
( TNcon -, TNext -)
:
TNcon = To Te. min (1.7)
TNext = Te. max To (1.8)
To ,
, .
To = 10o C ,
( TNcon + 20)o C
( TNext + 20)o C . ,
.
50 50 50 50
Tmax Tmin Tmax Tmin
N o o
N o o
[ C] [ C] [ C] [ C]
1 44.1 -23.1 16 44.5 -27.4
2 40.6 -17.7 17 43.7 -28.1
3 42.9 -28.6 18 41.8 -28.4
4 43.2 -27.1 19 45.1 -23.5
5 39.3 -18.9 20 43.9 -23.2
6 43.9 -25.2 21 40.9 -24.3
7 42.1 -24.3 22 42.9 -17.7
8 41.9 -26.9 23 38.2 -23.9
9 43.2 -30.7 24 44.0 -28.2
10 43.5 -20.9 25 41.4 -25.4
11 43.7 -28.4 26 42.6 -22.1
12 43.6 -24.5 27 44.2 -24.9
13 44.4 -25.2 28 44.8 -30.8
14 44.2 -25.9 29 42.5 -22.0
15 40.9 -28.0 30 44.8 -24.8
1.9. 50 .
18
100 100 100 100
Tmax Tmin Tmax Tmin
N o o
N o o
[ C] [ C] [ C] [ C]
1 45.9 -25.4 16 46.3 -30.1
2 42.2 -19.5 17 45.4 -30.9
3 44.6 -31.5 18 43.5 -31.2
4 44.9 -29.8 19 46.9 -25.9
5 40.9 -20.8 20 45.7 -25.5
6 45.7 -27.7 21 42.5 -26.7
7 43.8 -26.7 22 44.6 -19.5
8 43.6 -29.6 23 39.7 -26.3
9 44.9 -33.8 24 45.8 -31.0
10 45.2 -23.0 25 43.1 -27.9
11 45.4 -31.2 26 44.3 -24.3
12 45.3 -27.0 27 46.0 -27.4
13 46.2 -27.7 28 46.6 -33.9
14 46.0 -28.5 29 44.2 -24.2
15 42.5 -30.8 30 46.6 -27.3
1.10. 100 .
Te.min Te.max
[oC] [oC]
1 Tmin - 3 Tmax + 16
2 - Tmin + 4 Tmax + 4
3 Tmin + 8 Tmax + 2
1.11.
1.3.3.2. .

(- ) (-
). [28] .
:
1.12
50mm. [28]
1.13.
- -

TM,heat [ C] TM,cool [ C]
o o
1 18 13
2 - 15 18
-
10 5

-
3 15 8

-

15 8
1.12.
, [28].
19
, - kr
1 2 3

- - - - - -

[mm] ksur ksur ksur ksur ksur ksur
0.7 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.8 1.1
* 1.6 0.6 1.1 0.9 1.5 1.0
50 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
100 0.7 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.7 1.0
150 0.7 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.5 1.0
750mm 0.6 1.4 0.8 1.2 0.6 1.0
*
1.13. .
: .
.1.13 [28]
.
.1.13. [28].
1.3.3.3.
.
( TN ,con - , TN ,ext -
) ( TM ,heat - , TM ,cool - ).
-
:
TM ,heat ( TM ,cool ) + N TN ,exp ( TN ,con ) (1.9)
M TM ,heat ( TM ,cool ) + TN ,exp ( TN ,con ) (1.10)
20
N = 0,35 , M = 0,75 .
1.4. .

.
.
[6], [32]
1.14.

oQk 100.
1,inf,qQk
1Qk
2Qk 50%

1.14. .
1.15
[7].
. 1.16
[6].
1.17
[7].
, 1.18
.

. [6], [7], [32].

LM71

SW/0 SW/2 ,

HSLM
gr11 T1 1.0 - - 1.0 0.5 0.5
gr12 T1 1.0 - - 0.5 1.0 1.0
gr13 T1 1.0 - - 1.0 0.5 0.5
gr14 T1 1.0 - - 0.5 1.0 1.0
gr15 T1 - - 1.0 1.0 1.0
gr16 T1 - 1.0 - 1.0 0.5 0.5
gr17 T1 - 1.0 - 0.5 1.0 1.0
1.15. .
21
0 1 2
1)
LM 71 0.80 0.00
1)
SW/0 0.80 0.00
SW/2 0.00 1.00 0.00
1.00 - -

HSLM 1.00 1.00 0.00

,

() ,
,
,

.

1.00 0.80 0.00

0.80 0.50 0.00

1.00 1.00 0.00

0.80 1)
0.00

0.80 0.50 0.00
1) 0.8 , 0.7 ,
0.6
gr11, gr12, gr13, gr14, gr15, gr 16,
0.80 0.80 0.00
gr17
0.80 0.50 0.00

0.80 0.50 0.00

Fwk 0.75 0.50 0.00
Fwk** 1.00 0.00 0.00
Tk 0.60 0.60 0.50

0.80 - 0.00

1.00 - 1.00
1.16. .
22

LM1 LM2 LM3 LM4

(TS+UDL) . . . ()

gr1a *
b
gr1b *

gr2 **
a
* *
gr3d *b
gr4 * *c

gr5 *
EN1991-2
* - = , ** - = , a - , b -
3kN/m2, c - -, d -
gr4
1.17. .
0 1 2
TS 0.75 0.75 0.00
gr1a UDL 0.40 0.40 0.00

0.40 0.40 0.00
/
( EN 1991-2
gr1b ( ) 0.00 0.75 0.00
gr2 ( ) 0.00 0.00 0.00
gr3 ( ) 0.00 0.00 0.00
gr4 (LM4 ) 0.00 0.75 0.00
gr5 (LM3 ) 0.00 0.00 0.00
Fwk - 0.60 0.20 0.00

Fwk - 0.80 0.20 0.00
Tk 0.60 0.60 0.50

QSn,k ( ) 0.80 - -
Qc 1.00 - 1.00
1.18. .
23
2. M
2.1. .
, 2.1.
[13],
2.2. , [8].

. [15]
, 2.3.
2.4 .
fy [N/mm2]*
EN
EN
[mm]
10027-1:2005
10027-2: 2005
16 > 16 > 40 > 63 > 80 > 100 > 150 > 200 > 250
CR 10260
40 63 80 100 150 200 250 400**
S235JR 1.0038 235 225 215 215 215 195 185 175 -
S235J0 1.0114 235 225 215 215 215 195 185 175 -
S235J2 1.0117 235 225 215 215 215 195 185 175 165
S275JR 1.0044 275 265 255 245 235 225 215 205 -
S275J0 1.0143 275 265 255 245 235 225 215 205 -
S275J2 1.0145 275 265 255 245 235 225 215 205 195
S355JR 1.0045 355 345 335 325 315 295 285 275 -
S355J0 1.0553 355 345 335 325 315 295 285 275 -
S355J2 1.0577 355 345 335 325 315 295 285 275 265
S355K2 1.0598 355 345 335 325 315 295 285 275 265
S450J0*** 1.0590 450 430 410 390 380 380 - - -

* - , , 600mm .
.
** - .
*** - .
2.1.
.
24
2.2.
.
t 30mm T27 J = 20o C EN 10025
30mm < t 80mm EN10025, S355N/M
t > 80mm EN10025, S355NL/ML
2.3.
[15] .
25

KV[J]
[ C ]
EN
EN
o
[mm]
10027-1:2005
10027-2: 2005
150 a,b >150 >250
CR 10260
250b 400c
S235JR 1.0038 20 27 27 -
S235J0 1.0114 0 27 27 -
S235J2 1.0117 -20 27 27 27
S275JR 1.0044 20 27 27 -
S275J0 1.0143 0 27 27 -
S275J2 1.0145 -20 27 27 27
S355JR 1.0045 20 27 27 -
S355J0 1.0553 0 27 27 -
S355J2 1.0577 -20 27 27 27
S355K2 1.0598 -20 40d 33 33
S450J0*** 1.059 0 27 - -
a - 12 mm 7.3.2.1 EN 10025-1:2004
b - 100
c -
o
d - -27J -30 C
e - ()
2.4.
, .
.
E = 210000 N / mm 2
= 0,3
E 210000 N
G = = = 80769, 23
2 (1 + ) 2 (1 + 0.3) mm 2
= 12.106 o C 1
ton m kN
= 7,85 3
.9,81 2 = 77 3
m s m

. - :
612mm 1mm (6,7,8,9,10,11,12mm)
1222mm 2mm (12,14,16,18,20,22mm)
2240mm (22,25,28,30,32,36,40mm)
40100mm (40,45,50,55,60,65,70,75,80,85,90,95,100mm)
[3], [4] .
EN10027:2005 ,
( 2.5).
26

1 (GROUP 1) 2 (GROUP 2)
KV [J] T C -
nnn - N/mm (Mpa)

27J 40J 60J o
C D -
JR KR LR 20 E -
- (16mm)
2
G - , S -
J0 K0 L0 0 F -
J2 K2 L2 -20 H -
J3 K3 L3 -30 L-
J4 K4 L4 -40 M -
J5 K5 L5 -50 N -
J6 K6 L6 -60 P -
A - (precipitation hardening) Q -
M - S -
N - T -
Q - W -
an -

G - G2 -

0,1% 10 ( +u5
0,5% )
2.5. EN10027:2005.
S235J2W (S)
235Pa 16mm, KV=27J
-20oC (J2) (W).

EN1993-1-10:2007 . N10164
Z15, Z25 Z35.
2.2. .
2.6. X.Y , fub = 100 X N / mm 2 ,

f yb / f ub = Y /10 . ,
,
res = 0, 002 .
10, 12, 16, 20, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 14, 18, 22, 27, 33, 39,
45, 52 . .
4.6 5.6 6.8 8.8 10.9
f yb N / mm 2 240 300 480 640 900
fub N / mm 2 400 500 600 800 1000
2.6. .
2.3. . ,
,
- .
27
3. . ().
3.1. . .
3.1.1. .
(, ULS Ultimate Limit States)
,
, .
STR (), EQU
( ), GEO (). -

.
:
Ed Rd (3.1)
:
Ed :

Rd
.
STR/GEO ,
:
Ed = GjGkj + p Pk + Q1Qk 1 + Qi o ,iQki (3.2)
j i >1
:
Gkj , Pk Qki
,
Qk 1 ()
()
G , P Q
,
o ,i 1.14.
:
R
Rd = k (3.3)
M
:
Rk () ()
M
( , , ) ,
:
Ea = Gkj + Pk + Ad + 1,1Qk 1 + 2,iQki (3.4)
j i >1

Ad ()
1,1 2,i 1.14.
ULS :
E d Cd (3.5)
:
28
Ed ( ,
, , )
Cd .
3.1.2. .
, SALS Service Ability Limit States) ,

.
,
.

, .

,
,
.

:

SALS :
Ek = Gkj + Pk + Qk 1 + 0,iQki (3.6)
j i >1

SALS :
E = Gkj + Pk + 1,1Qk 1 + 2,iQki (3.7)
j i >1

SALS :
E. = Gkj + Pk + 2,1Qk 1 + 2,iQki (3.8)
j i >1
0,i , 1,i , 2,i 1.14

SALS :
E k Ck (3.9)
:
Ek ( ,
, , )
Ck .
3.2.
() ()

29
[9] . 3D FEM
(Shell) (Solid)
.

.
.
3.3. .
( f = 1, 0 )
:
Ed , ser = f y / M , ser (3.10)
Ed , ser = f y / ( 3 M , ser ) (3.11)
Ed
2
, ser + 3 Ed , ser = f y / M , ser
2
(3.12)
( ) M , ser = 1, 0 .
, ()
, :
Fb , Rd , ser 0, 7 Fb , Rd (3.13)
Fb, Rd
.
3.4. .
()
.
, :
x , Ed , ser 1,1 Ed , ser
+ 1, 0 (3.14)
k E k E
:
2 2
2E tp 100 * t p
E = = 19 (3.15)
12 (1 2 ) bp bp
E .
bp - ( bp , a p ), t p .
k , k
.
3.5. .
.
.

. .3.1
[15].
30
.3.1. [mm4].
t
3m s = 1435mm ( )
3.1.
V [km/h] t [mm]
120 4.5
120200 3.0
> 200 1.5
3.1. .
( )
t - 7,5mm / 3m .

. EN 1990- Annex A2.

- 3.2.
bv [m/s2]
1.000
1.300
2.000
3.2. .
31
-
.

L /
.3.2.
L
LM 71 , = 1, 21 .
.3.2. L /
bv = 1, 0m / s 2 ( L 120m ).
bv'
L / .3.2 1/ bv' .
L / 0,7.
0,9.
3.6. .

5Hz, 2,5Hz.
-
( ).

- f ho = 1, 2 Hz .
,
.
4. (, ULS).
4.1. .
M :
M 0 = 1, 05 ,
.
M 1 = 1,10
32
M 2 = 1, 25 (
)
4.2. .

3.2.

.
,
.

:
:

.

,

, .
,
.

.

.
:

.
.

( ) 1.

, .

,

.

,
, .
( )

.

.
33
( )
. ,

, .
4.3. .
,
,
.
[8] .
1 3 4.1, 4.2. 4
.
4.1. .
34
4.2. .
4.4. .
:
N Ed N t ,Rd , (4.1)
:
N Ed
N t , Rd
N t , Rd - :
N pl , Rd = A. f y / M 0 (4.2)
N u , Rd = Anet . f u / M 2 (4.3)
(.4.3)
:
N u , Rd = 2, 0. ( e2 0,5d o ) .t. fu / M 2 (4.4)
N u , Rd = 2 . Anet . f u / M 2 (4.5)
N u , Rd = 3 . Anet . f u / M 2 (4.6)
2 3
4.3. .
Anet .

.
35

.
- :
- -
- ,
, s 2t / ( 4 p ) (
2 .4.1).
4.3. .
.4.1. 1 2.
.4.2. .
.4.3. .
- , p
.4.2.
4.5. .
:
N Ed N c , Rd (4.7)
36
N c , Rd :
N c , Rd = A. f y / M 0 1, 2, 3 (4.8)
N c , Rd = Aeff . f y / M 1 4 (4.9)
,
.
4 .
4.6. .
:
M Ed M c , Rd (4.10)

:
M c , Rd = W pl . f y / M 0 1 2 (4.11)
M c , Rd = Wel ,min . f y / M 0 3 (4.12)
M c , Rd = Wel ,eff ,min . f y / M 1 4 (4.13)
Wel ,min Wel ,eff ,min

.
Wel ,eff ,min .

:
A f
0,9 f ,net > y M 2 (4.14)
Af f u M 0
,
. ,
-.

, .
4.7. .
:
VEd Vc ,Rd (4.15)

:
( )
V pl , Rd = Av f y / 3 / M 0 (4.16)
Av
,
.
S355
, :
Av = 1, 2.hw .tw (4.17)
,
:
37
I .t fy
Vc , Rd = . (4.18)
S 3. M 0
t S -
. I
.
4.8. .

.

:
. Aw2 f y
M v , Rd = W pl M c ,Rd
4.tw M 0
(4.19)

M c , Rd
2
2V
= Ed 1 (4.20)
V
pl , Rd
( 3 ) -
(
) :
Ed
2
+ 3 Ed
2
fy / M 0 (4.21)
4.9. .
:
M Ed M N ,Rd (4.21)
1 2, I y-y

N Ed :
f
N Ed 0, 25N pl ,Rd N Ed 0,5.hw .tw . y (4.22)
M0
I z-z:
f
N Ed hw .tw . y (4.23)
M0
I ,
:
M Ny , Rd = M pl , y , Rd (1 n ) / (1 0,5a ) M pl , y , Rd (4.24)
n a : M Nz , Rd = M pl , z , Rd
n a 2
n > a : M Nz , Rd = M pl , z , Rd 1
1 a
:
n = N Ed / N pl ,Rd
a = ( A 2bt f ) / A 0,5
38
3 4 ,
f y / M 0 f y / M 1 .
[1].
4.10. .
1 2
:

M y , Sd M z , Sd
+ 1 (4.25)
M N , y , Rd M N , z , Rd
:
- I = 2; = 5; n 1
- = 2; = 2
1, 66
- = = 6
1 1,13n 2
n = N Ed / N pl ,Rd
3 4 ,
f y / M 0 f y / M 1 . 4
.
4.11. .
VEd -
0,5.V pl , Rd
,
.
VEd > 0,5*V pl ,Rd
(1 ) f y
2
2V
, = Ed 1 . ,
V pl , Rd

.
4.12. .
:
N Ed N b,Rd (4.26)
:
N Ed
N b , Rd
4.5
- .
/
- .
.
39
1, 2 3
:
N b , Rd = . A. f y / M 1 (4.27)
, :
1
= 1, 0 (4.27)
2
+ 2
(
= 0,5 1 + 0, 2 + )
2

Af y Lcr fy Lcr
= = f y N / mm 2 (4.27b)
N cr i E
2
1440.i
2 E. A.i 2
N cr =
L2cr
,
(.4.4), 4.4.
4 A Aeff
.
.4.4. .
4.4. .
40
4.5. [8].
Lcr = .L
i ,

L
.
,
, .
= 0,9
= 1, 0 , .
= 1, 0 = 1, 0
, .
41

.
, .4.5 :
EI v
C= 3 (4.28)
hv / 3 + h 2bq nI / 2
:
nI = I v / I q
.4.5.
.

, :
Lcr = 2, 22 ( EI / c )
0,25
(4.29)
:
I -
42
c = C /l
l -
,
4.6
= cL4 / (16 EI ) . ,
. .
4.6. .
.4.5
-
. , -
,
,
.

.
FEd
.
FEd = N Ed / 100 lk 1, 2l (4.30)
l N 1
FEd = . Ed . lk > 1, 2l (4.31)
lk 80 1 N Ed / N crit
:
lk = EI / N crit
N crit = 2 cEI
N Ed
4.7.[15]
43
4.7. .

4.8 m = I b H / ( I c L ) .
4.8. .
,
4.9.
44

.
2D 3D ,
:
EI
= (4.32)
L N crit
N crit EI
, L .
4.9.
.
4.13. .

:
N Ed M + M y ,Ed M + M z ,Ed
+ k yy y ,Ed + k yz z ,Ed 1,0 (4.33)
y N Rk M y ,Rk M z ,Rk
LT
M1 M1 M1
N Ed M + M y ,Ed M + M z ,Ed
+ k zy y ,Ed + k zz z ,Ed 1,0 (4.34)
z N Rk M y ,Rk M z ,Rk
LT
M1 M1 M1
N Ed , M y ,Ed , M z ,Ed
y-y z-z.
M y ,Ed , M z ,Ed 4 y-y z-z
eN , y eN , z
.
y z
LT
45
N Rk = f y . Ai , M y ,Rk = f y .Wi , y , M z ,Rk = f y .Wi , z
y-y z-z - 4.10.
k yy , k yz , k zy , k zz - 4.11, 4.12
4.10.
.
4.11.
.
4.12.
( k yy , k yz , k zz
4.11).
46
4.13. [8]
4.14. .
1 2
4.1 4.2.
1 2
3.
4.14.1.
.
3 4 :
N Ed M + N Ed eN
1 = x ,Ed = + Ed 1 (4.35)
f yd f yd Aeff f ydWeff
Ed VEd / ( hw .t )
3 = = 1 (4.36)
V f ywd / 3 V f ywd / 3
:
f yd = f y / M 0
f ywd = f y / M 1 ,
VEd
V = w + f
.
w
4.14, f (4.42). S235, S275,
S355 S460 1,2 (.4.6).
.4.7.
47
4.14. w .
.4.6. .
.4.7. .
w :
f
w = 0, 76 y w,min (4.37)
cr
:
hw
w = w,min (4.38)
37, 4t k
hw
w = (4.39)
86, 4t
- :
48
hwi
w,min = (4.40)
37, 4t k i
hwi - , k i

cr = k . E
2
100 * t
E = 19 N / mm
2
w
h
k = k , w + k , st (4.41)
5,34 + 4, 00 ( hw / a )2 a / hw 1, 0
k , w = (4.42)
4, 00 + 5,34 ( hw / a ) a / hw < 1, 0
2
a
3/ 4 1/ 3
h I 2,1 I sl
2
k , st = 9 w 3 sl (4.43)
a t hw t hw
I sl
15 t .
( M Sd < M f , Rd )
:
b f t 2f f yf 3 M Ed
2
f = 1 (4.44)
cthw f yw M f ,Rd

:
1, 6b f t 2f f yf
c = 0, 25 + a
thw2 f yw
b f t f -
f yf f yw
M f , Rd :
N d
1 (4.45)
( Af 1 + Af 2 ) f yfd
hw t ,
Aeff Weff 1, 2 3 ,
. 4 .
en 4
()
M d . 1,2 3 en = 0 .
VEd , M Ed N Ed
:

( )
M 2
1 + 1 f ,Rd 23 1 1,0 (4.46)
M pl ,Rd

:
49
M Ed N
1 = + Ed
M pl ,Rd N pl ,Rd
VEd
3 =
V pl , Rd
M f , Rd
( - )
M pl , Rd

4
- ,
, , :
c , Ed = f y / M 1 (4.47)
c , Ed ,
(4.27) e c
B. .
4.14.2. .
4.14.2.1.
- -

:
2
IT f I b
5,3 y T 11, 0 (4.48)
Ip E Ip t
b -
t -
I p = I y + I z -
.
1
IT = bi ti3 - ( )
3
.
,
.
4.14.2.2.

- . (.4.7)

.

e ( e > hw /10 ) I .
Ae 4hwt 2 / e . ,
W 4hwt 2 .
4.2.

.
50

:
m b
4
300
I st 1 + wo u (4.49)
E b
:
cr ,c N Ed 1 1
m = +
cr , p b a1 a2
2 Eemax
u= 1, 0
f yd 300b
wo = s / 300
emax -
N Ed - ,
-
.
cr ,c cr , p
s - a1 a2
b
I st
30 t .
I st :
1,5hw3 t 3 / a 2 a / hw < 2
I st (4.50)
0, 75hwt a / hw 2
3
V = VEd w .hw .t. f ywd / 3

w a ' = 2a ( VEd hw / 2
- ). V < 0
.
4.14.3.
VEd w f ywd hwt / 3 ,
VEd / hw . -
f ywt / 3
.
( )
.
5. .
5.1. .
, M 2 = 1, 25 .

M 3,ult = 1, 25 , - M 3,ult = 1,10 .
51
5.2. .
5.2.1. .
. 5.1
5.1.
. 5.1. : , -, , -
.
52
5.1. ( d o ) [10].
5.2.2. .

.

:
1mm 12 14
2mm 16 24
3mm 27 -
5.2.
53
5.2.3. .
,
- :
Fv ,Rd = n. v Af ub / M 2 (5.1)
:
Fb , Rd = k1 b dtfu / M 2 (5.2)
:
n
v = 0,6
4.6, 5.6 8.8
.
v = 0,5 4.8, 5.8, 6.8 10.9

A
As
. 5.2.
d[mm] 12 16 20 22 24 27 30 36
do [mm] - 13 18 22 24 26 30 33 39
do [mm] - 15 20 24 26 30 35 38 44
As [mm2] 84.3 157.0 245.0 303.0 353.0 459.0 561.0 817.0
5.2. d o As
d .
d , f ub
( 5.1
).
t e - ,
fu e
f ub e
b = min { d ; f ub / f u ;1,0}
:
e p 1
d = 1 , d = 1
3d o 3d o 4
:
e
k1 = min 2,8 2 1,7;2,5 ,
do
p
k1 = min 1, 4 2 1,7;2,5
do
, -
. 4.8 10.9.
,
- :
Ft , Rd = 0,9 As f ub / M 2 (5.3)
54
:
B p , Rd = 0, 6 d mt p f u / M 2 (5.4)
:
As
t p
d m

,
D. 4.6 10.9.

:
Fv , Sd F
+ t , Sd 1, 0 (5.5)
Fv , Rd 1, 4 Ft , Rd
Li -
15d (. 5.2)
Lf :
L j 15d
0, 75 Lf = 1 1, 0 (5.6)
200d
5.2 ,
,
-.
. 5.2. .

B.
, .
8.8 10.9.

:
Fs , Rd = ks n Fp ,Cd / M 3 (5.7)
:
n
. = 0,5
= 0, 4
- 50 80 m .
= 0,3 .
= 0, 2 .
55
k s . k s = 1, 0 .
k s = 0,85 .
Fp ,Cd = 0, 7 f ub As (5.8)
f ub As

B ,
:
Fs , Rd = ks n ( Fp ,Cd 0,8Ft , Ed ) / M 3 (5.9)
:
Ft , Ed
:
Fp ,C + Ft , Ed Fp ,Cd (5.10)
,
[10],
,
. 8.8
10.9 - .
5.2.4. .
,
( . 5.2
).
(. 5.3).
.
.
,
.

( , ).
. 5.3. .
.
56
5.3. .
5.3.1. .
CEV
(Carbon Equivallent Value).
. -
e - 3mm.
.
5.3.2. .
,
60 120. .

.
,
- .
:
Fw, Sd Fw, Rd (5.11)
:
Fw, Sd
Fw, Rd
a. fu
Fw, Rd = (5.12)
3 w M 2
a . 5.4, a 3mm
fu -
M 2 = 1, 25
w
- 5.3.
5.3. w .
57
. 5.4. : )
, ) .
, Fw, Rd
L j - 150a
Lw :
Lw = 1, 2 0, 2 L j / (150a ) 1, 0 (5.13)
.
5.3.3. .
,
,
- .
-
.
- (. 5.5)
.

.
. 5.5. - .
. 5.5,
.
58
6.
.
6.1. .
-
.6.1. .6.2.
, [1].
-

.
.6.1. .27+000.

.6.2. . .

59
6.2. .
,
[11]. .6.3
,
[24].
, , -
, ,
.
[15]

.
.6.3.
[24].
6.2.1 .
[15] .6.4.
t p 14mm
70mm t p 16mm
40mm .
e 300mm e / t p 25 . 5%
( ).
,
e 600mm , t p 10mm e / t p 40 .
tstiff 6mm . mm 4
.3.1.
V U (,
, ). .

.
[15], ..1.2.3.
,
.
60

.6.5
.6.6.
.6.7.
(bulkhead) [22].
,
.
.6.4. [15].
.6.5. 1-
[15].
61
.6.6.
[15] ISO 12944-3.
.6.7. .
6.2.2 .
.6.8, 6.1 6.2
.
6.1.
62
6.2.
.6.8. .
.6.9, .6.10, .6.11

,
.
. a 0,9tstiff
0, 25tstiff 2mm .
.6.9.
.
63
.6.10.
.
.6.11. .
6.3. .
,
. :
2D
/ ,
.
,
, ,
( [9]).

,
.
.
(SHELL)
(SOLID) . -
,
,
.

, - [23].
64
(, )
.

,
.
.6.12, [22]. -

.6.13.
.6.12. Bronx Whitestone Bridge Redecking.

Lehigh University.
( ) [22].
65
.6.13. Viadotto Sfalass, Bagnara Calabra, Italy,
250 m , 360 m , 1974 .
http://highestbridges.com/wiki/index.php?title=Sfalassa_Bridge
66
7. 1.
.
7.1. . .7.1
. .7.2
.
.7.1. ( a = 2500mm ).
.7.2. .
7.2. .
2500mm.
. (V1)
,
.
67

. (V2)
, ,
, .
.
7.2.1. .
7.2.1.1. . g k [ kN / m ']
g [ kN / m '] ,
.7.3 7.1.
.7.3. .
gk g
b [m] H [m] A [m2] 2b/B 3
[kN/m ] [kN/m'] [kN/m']
- - - 0.288 - 2.61 3.52
0.800 0.535 0.42800 - 22.500 9.63 13.00
0.800 - - - - 0.16 0.22
0.800 0.016 0.01280 - 78.500 1.00 1.36
- - 0.02040 - 78.500 1.60 2.16
g[kN/m']= 15.01 20.26
7.1.
7.2.1.2. LM71. (
3 ) F1k q1k
,
:
b 0,800
F1k = Q1k = 250 = 71,917kN (7.1)
B 2,781
b 0,800 kN
p1k = q1k = 80 = 23,013 (7.2)
B 2,781 m

a = 2,500m ( ).
Moving Load
SAP2000 V.14.0. (.7.4).
68
(
):
2,16
3 = + 0,73 (7.3)
L 0, 2

7.2.
.7.4. LM71 ,
SAP2000 V14.0.
L [m] 3
7.500 1.581
11.460 1.408
3,6 3.600 2.000
1,3Lm (Lm=(1/3)(L2+L4+L2)) 47.688 1.052
7.2.
= 1, 210 (
. = 1,330 ).
Q = 1, 45 LM71.
7.2.1.3. SW/0 SW/2.

psw 0 _ k psw 2 _ k :
0,800
psw 0 _ k = 133 = 38, 260kN (7.4)
2,781
0,800
psw 2 _ k = 150 = 43,150kN (7.5)
2,781
Q = 1, 45 SW/0 Q = 1, 20 SW/2.
= 1, 210 3 7.2.
69
7.2.2.
m s .

( ). ,
.

,
.
[9] e
. .A.1
() Le (
). k
b
k= o o (7.6)
Le
bo (.7.5),
o , .
Asl
o = 1 + (7.7)
bot p
Asl bo , t p
.
A.1 i ( k )
)

be = i bo (7.8)
7.3
.7.5.
Le [m] Asl [m2] bo [m] tp [m] o k i be [m]
m1 0,85a= 2.125 0.0000 0.200 0.016 1.000 0.094 0.946 0.189
s1 - - 0.0000 0.200 0.016 1.000 - 0.772 0.154
m 0,7a= 1.750 0.0000 0.200 0.016 1.000 0.114 0.923 0.185
s 0,5a= 1.250 0.0000 0.200 0.016 1.000 0.160 0.504 0.101
7.3.
.7.5. .
70
7.2.3. V1.
.7.6, .7.7
.
7.4, 7.5
.
(inf) (sup)
7.6.
.7.6. (x=1,1m) .
.7.7. (x=1,1m) .
2D V1

/
"m1" "s1"
M [kNm] V [kN] M [kNm] V [kN] R2 [kN]
gk - (k-
7.40 0.08 -9.63 22.61 42.27
)
LM71k 75.19 88.41 -67.22 206.13 267.43
SW/0k 46.00 31.12 -52.33 112.36 220.25
SW/2k 51.88 35.10 -59.01 126.72 248.40
1,35{gk}+1,45{SW/0k} 76.69 45.23 -88.87 193.44 376.43
1,35{gk}+1,20{SW/2k} 72.25 42.22 -83.81 182.59 355.14
1,35{gk}+1,45{LM71k} 119.01 128.31 -110.47 329.41 444.84
7.4.
m1, s1 - V1
71
2D V1

/
"m" "s"
M [kNm] V [kN] M [kNm] V [kN] R2 [kN]
gk - (k-
3.91 0.01 -7.82 18.77 37.47
)
LM71k 64.64 87.20 -62.83 196.41 255.37
SW/0k 37.89 35.84 -49.44 106.31 212.69
SW/2k 42.97 40.59 -55.89 120.02 240.03
1,35{gk}+1,45{SW/0k} 60.22 51.98 -82.25 179.48 358.99
1,35{gk}+1,20{SW/2k} 56.84 48.72 -77.63 169.36 338.62
1,35{gk}+1,45{LM71k} 99.00 126.45 -101.66 310.13 420.87
7.5.
m, s - V1.
Ieff,y-y Winf,y-y Wsup,y-y maxM inf sup

Aeff [cm2] 4 3 3
[cm ] [cm ] [cm ] [kNm] [kN/cm2] [kN/cm2]
m1 18.93 25311.2 1092.9 -2998.5 119.94 10.974 -4.000
s1 15.44 23840.7 1073.4 -2539.4 -111.28 -10.368 4.382
m 18.46 25132.3 1090.6 -2937.2 99.80 9.151 -3.398
s 10.07 20703.2 1025.5 -1814.3 -102.38 -9.983 5.643
7.6.
(inf , sup ).
316
z [mm]
284.4
252.8
221.2

189.6

158
126.4
94.8
63.2
31.6
0
15.000 10.000 5.000 0.000 -5.000 -10.000 -15.000
[kN/cm2]
.7.8. (+ , - ).
7.2.4. V2.
3D , .
[9]
- 1/8 .
.7.10 .7.11,
72
.7.9.
7.4, 7.5.
.7.9.
, SAP2000 V.14.0.
.7.10. ( ).
.7.11. ( ).
73
3D
V2

/
"m1" "s1"
M [kNm] V [kN] M [kNm] V [kN]
gk - (k-
7.40 0.08 -9.63 22.61
)
LM71k 65.15 43.07 -56.01 129.78
SW/0k 55.75 37.05 -48.63 110.84
SW/2k 62.88 41.78 -54.86 125.01
1,35{gk}+1,45{SW/0k} 90.83 53.83 -83.51 191.25
1,35{gk}+1,20{SW/2k} 85.45 50.24 -78.83 180.54
1,35{gk}+1,45{LM71k} 104.46 62.56 -94.21 218.71
7.7.
m1, s1 - V2.
3D
V2

/
"m" "s"
M [kNm] V [kN] M [kNm] V [kN]
gk - (k-
3.91 0.01 -7.82 18.77
)
LM71k 56.33 48.91 -59.60 124.71
SW/0k 48.39 43.43 -54.99 108.00
SW/2k 54.90 49.36 -62.10 122.12
1,35{gk}+1,45{SW/0k} 75.44 62.99 -90.29 181.93
1,35{gk}+1,20{SW/2k} 71.15 59.25 -85.08 171.88
1,35{gk}+1,45{LM71k} 86.95 70.93 -96.98 206.16
7.8.
m, s - V2.
7.2.5. .
1 2 6-16% ( 50% m m1).
30-50% LM71 2D 3D
, LM71
,

4 x 250 kN
pQLM 71 ,k = = 156, 25 (7.9)
6, 4 m
2D .
7.2.6. .
- .
7.2.6.1. .
.

.

74
, .
.
VN1:
. - .
,
.
VN2:
.

.
, ,
.
.
VN3:
3D , .
- .
-

. -
.
VN4: -
3D (Shell)
(
).
- .
.
VN5:
3D SOLID e
[24].
-

.
PC Notebook

100000 200000 SOLID 4 (3
). -

,
( RAM ).
-
.
.7.12
VN1. .7.13
.
75
.7.12. .
.7.13. .
76
(.7.12, .7.13)
( 7.4):
kN
g1,k = g1,1 + g1,s = 52,838 + 2,041 = 54,879 (7.10)
m
R 42, 27 kN
g1,1,k = g = = 52,838 (7.11)
2b 2.0, 4 m
kN
g1,s ,k = As s = 0,0260.78,5 = 2,041 (7.12)
m
As = 1,000.0,020 + 0,300.0,020 = 0,0260m 2 (7.13)

( - ):
15,01 2,61 kN
g 2,k = g1,k + g1,s = 52,838.0,826 + 2,041 = 45,686 (7.14)
15,01 m
,
LM71. E ,
:
R 267, 43 1, 408 kN
pLM 71,k = LM 71 . 3,. . = . = 297,761 (7.15)
2b 3,. . 2.0, 4 1,581 m
.1.7
1/18 :
e = 1 / 18.1435 = 79,72mm 80mm (7.16)

.7.13.
1,5.1435 = 2152,5mm , -
. ,
450 :
R 1, 4 1 1 kN
pLM 71, = LM 71 .B. . . = 630,878 (7.17)
2b 3,. . Q 2 0, 45m m
RLM 71 1, 4 2 1 kN
pLM 71, = . B. . . = 1261, 757 (7.18)
2b 3,. . Q 2 0, 45m m
7.2.6.2. .
.7.14. a
t p :
a 2500
= = 156, 25 > 38,83 = 42.0,924 = 42 (7.19)
tp 16
235 235
= = = 0,924 (7.20)
fy 275
4 [8].
.

(shear lag).
77
.7.14. .

b 1,0.1, 250
k= o o = = 0, 2182 (7.21)
Le 5,73
1 1
= = = 0,767 (7.22)
1 + 6, 4.k 2
1 + 6, 4.0, 21822
( ) :
a 2500
be = 1 = 0,767 * = 958,8mm (7.23)
2 2
E
be,o = obo = 0,509.1250 = 636,8mm (7.24)
0,025 0, 025
o = min 0,55 + ; = min 0,55 + 0, 767;0,767 = 0,509 (7.25)
k 0, 2182
.7.15
. (
-) 7.9. 7.10
[1].
A = b f t f + ( hw hr1 ) tw + 2bet p (7.26)
S = 0,5b f t 2f + hwtw ( 0,5hw + t f ) + 2bet p ( 0,5t p + hw + t f ) hr1tw ( hw + t f 0,5hr1 )
zeff = S / A
I eff = I f + I w + I p I or (7.27)
2
b f t 3f t
If = + b f t f zeff f
12 2
2
twhw3 hw
Iw = + twhw zeff t f
12 2
2
2bet 3p t
Ip = + 2bet p zeff t f hw p
12 2
2
hr1
3
twhr1
I or = + twhr1 zeff t f hw +
12 2
78
I eff
Winf = (7.28)
zeff
I eff
Wsup = (7.29)
zeff ( t f + hw + t p )
4 3 3
x [m] tp [cm] be [cm] hw [cm] tw [cm] bf [cm] tf [cm] hr1 [cm] zceff [cm] Ieff [cm ] Winf [cm ] Wsup [cm ]
0.565 1.6 76.35 101.9 1.8 22.0 2.0 0.0 74.9 697983.9 9317.9 -22814.2
0.865 1.6 83.08 102.5 1.8 22.0 2.0 0.0 76.6 726082.5 9479.8 -24604.9
1.265 1.6 92.04 103.3 1.8 22.0 2.0 37.5 77.5 749505.6 9667.6 -25515.4
1.666 1.6 95.80 104.1 1.8 22.0 2.0 0.0 79.8 785093.1 9834.3 -28167.0
2.865 1.6 95.80 106.5 1.8 22.0 2.0 37.5 80.2 815206.8 10162.4 -27280.9
7.9. - .
x zceff
hw/tw (hw/tw)u
[m] [cm]
0.565 56.6 74.9 -2.448 309.3 56.6<309.3 -> 3 EN1993-1-1
0.865 56.9 76.6 -2.596 332.0 56.9<332 -> 3 EN1993-1-1
1.265 57.4 77.5 -2.639 338.9 57.4<338.9 -> 3 EN1993-1-1
1.666 57.8 79.8 -2.864 374.8 57.8<374.8 -> 3 EN1993-1-1
2.865 59.2 80.2 -2.684 346.0 59.2<346 -> 3 EN1993-1-1
7.10. EN1993-1-1.
,
400mm
shear lag
( ) 4.
, .
.7.15
, 7.9
.
.7.15.
[mm].
79
7.2.6.3. .
7.2.6.3.1. . 7.12 7.13
7.14 7.15
.
:
1 =
{
max inf ; sup}=
{
max inf ; sup }
1, 000 (7.30)
fy / M0 f yd
M 0 = 1,05
:
h 1065 0,854
w = w = = 59,167 > 55, 465 = 72 * = 72
tw 18 1, 2

h
( w 72 [9]
tw
).

, .

- 7.14
. :
a / hw = 4630 / 1065 = 4,35 > 1,00 (7.31)
a , hw

k = 5,34 + 4,00 * (1065 / 4630 ) = 5,552
2
2
100 *18
E = 19 * = 54, 27 N / mm
2
1065
cr = 5,552 *54, 27 = 301,3N / mm 2
275,0
w = 0,76 * = 0,76 * 0,955 = 0,726 (7.32)
301,3
w = 0,83 / w = 0,83 / 0,726 = 1,143 (7.33)
:
m 1,05
3 = = m 1,091 = 1,143* = w M 0
( )
(7.34)
f y / 3. M 0 f sd 1,10 M1
S275J2
7.11.
t fy fyd fu
2 2
[mm] [N/mm ] [N/mm ] [N/mm2]
>3 16 275.0 261.9 410.0
>16 40 265.0 252.4 410.0
>40 63 255.0 242.9 410.0
7.11. S275J2.
80
MEd
x [m] VN1 - [kNm]
0.565 0.865 1.265 1.666 2.865
- gk: [1] - 99.9 137.9 168.5 207.9
LM71k : [2] - 358.0 523.6 684.0 898.0
LM71k, =80mm: [3] - 367.9 538.2 697.8 897.1
: [4] - 333.5 394.4 448.4 428.0
: [5] - 366.5 349.5 318.1 224.3
1,35*[1]+1,45*[2] - 654.0 945.3 1219.3 1582.8
1,35*[1]+1,45*[3] - 668.4 966.5 1239.2 1581.4
[1]+[4] - 433.4 532.3 616.9 635.9
[1]+[5] - 466.4 487.4 486.6 432.2
7.12.
VN1.
VEd
x [m] VN1 - [kNm]
0.565 0.865 1.265 1.666 2.865
- gk: [1] 117.4 104.2 85.9 65.8 0.0
LM71k : [2] 413.9 413.9 413.9 357.0 0.0
LM71k, =80mm: [3] 425.4 425.4 425.4 344.8 12.3
: [4] 411.8 229.1 134.5 134.5 149.4
: [5] 476.3 111.0 78.3 78.3 78.3
1,35*[1]+1,45*[2] 758.6 740.7 716.1 606.5 0.0
1,35*[1]+1,45*[3] 775.4 757.5 732.8 588.7 17.8
[1]+[4] 529.2 333.3 220.4 200.3 149.4
[1]+[5] 593.6 215.1 164.2 144.1 78.3
7.13.
VN1
x Mmax Vmax Winf inf sup fyd
3 Wsup [cm3] 1
[m] [kNm] [kN] [cm ] 2
[kN/cm ] [kN/cm ] 2
[kN/cm2]
0.565 - 775.4 9317.9 -22814.2 - - 25.24 -
0.865 668.4 757.5 9479.8 -24604.9 7.05 -2.72 25.24 0.279
1.265 966.5 732.8 9667.6 -25515.4 10.00 -3.79 25.24 0.396
1.666 1239.2 606.5 9834.3 -28167.0 12.60 -4.40 25.24 0.499
2.865 1582.8 149.4 10162.4 -27280.9 15.58 -5.80 25.24 0.617
1=max{|inf|,|sup|}/fyd 1,000;
7.14. .
81
x Mmax Vmax Av m fsd
2 2 2
3 hw/tw 72/
[m] [kNm] [kN] [cm ] [kN/cm ] [kN/cm ]
0.565 - 775.4 183.42 4.23 14.57 0.290 56.612 55.465
0.865 668.36 757.5 184.50 4.11 14.57 0.282 56.946 55.465
1.265 966.52 732.8 118.44 6.19 14.57 0.425 57.390 55.465
1.666 1239.2 606.5 187.39 3.24 14.57 0.222 57.836 55.465
2.865 1582.8 149.4 124.20 1.20 14.57 0.083 59.167 55.465
3=m/fsdw *1,05/1,10=1,091 hw/tw>72/h;
7.15. .
7.2.6.3.2. ( ).
, ,
,
(.7.16).
( )
x = 1,666m (.7.12).
.7.16.
x = 1,666m (.7.12). .
M Ed ,33 = 1239, 2kNm ,
VEd ,33 = 606,5kN . 7.14 : z1 = 4,10cm ,
hc = 22,17cm , c1 = 39,74cm , c2 = 44, 24cm .
I eff = 909416,5cm 4 . 1
:
M 1239, 2.100 kN N
1 = Ed ,33 z1 = * 4,10 = 0,647 2 = 6, 47 (7.36)
I eff 785093,1 cm mm 2
,
:
V 606,5 kN N
1 = Ed ,33 = = 3, 237 2 = 32,37 (7.37)
hwtw 104,1*1,8 cm mm 2
:
82
VEd ,33S f sup 606,5*8299, 4 kN N
. = = = 3,562 2 = 35,62 (7.38)
I eff tw 785093,1*1,8 cm mm 2
S f sup = 2bet p ( t f + hw + 0,5t p zeff ) = 2 * 95,80 *1,6 * ( 2,0 + 104,1 + 0,5*1,6 61,9 ) = 8299, 4cm 3
,

TEd = .tw .c1 = 2,562 *1,8* 39,74 = 254,77kN
2,1
MT TEd hc 254,77 * 22,17 kN N
2,1 = = = = 9, 621 2 = 96, 21 (7.39)
W (1 / 6) .twc2 (1 / 6) *1,8* 44, 24
2 2
cm mm 2

.
.
0,5R. . 0,5* 444,8 kN N
2,2 = = = 14, 431 2 = 144,31
y r 2t w 8,56 *1,8 cm mm 2
(7.40)
kN N
2 = 2,1 + 2,2 = 9,621 + 14, 431 = 24,051 2 = 240,51 (7.41)
cm mm 2

T 254,77 kN N
2 = Ed = = 3,199 2 = 31,99 (7.42)
c2tw 44, 24 *1,8 cm mm 2
V
red , V = 12 + 22 1 2 + 3 ( 12 + 22 ) =
= 6, 47 2 + 240,512 6, 47 * 240,51 + 3* ( 32,37 2 + 31,992 ) =

N N
= 250,09 2
261,90 = f yd (7.43)
mm mm 2
.
7.2.6.3.3.
. -
.
fu 410 N
f vw = = = 258,82 (7.44)
3. w M 2 3.0,85.1, 25 mm 2
1-1 lw = 100cm :
V S 775, 4 * 3251,9
TW ,Ed = Ed ,11 f ,inf .lw = .100 = 361, 2kN (7.45)
I eff 697983,9
S f ,inf = b f t f ( zeff 0,5t f ) = 22 * 2,0 * ( 74,9 0,5* 2,0 ) = 3251,9cm 3
,
TW ,Rd = f vw .2a.lw = 28,882.2.a.100cm = 5176,5a (7.46)
Tw, Ed Tw,Rd a 0,7mm .
a = 8mm ( a = 3mm ).
83
w
5.3.
m ( x = 2,865m )
:
M 1582,8*100 kN N
Ed = Ed z = * (80, 2 2,0 ) = 15,183 2 = 151,83
I eff 815206,8 cm mm 2
:
M N
Ed = Ed z = 151,83 < 258,82 = f vw .
I eff mm 2

.
7.2.6.4. .
LM71,
- . ,
TV = 25.106 t / .
RL = 100 .
7.2.6.4.1.
(
, ).
EN1993-1-9, 7.16
c = 112 N / mm 2 . Mf = 1,35 ,
Ff = 1,00 .
7.16. .
84
7.17. 1 [9] L
1 7.17 ECmix
L = 5,73m ( ):
1 = 1,048
2 [12]:
1/5
25.106
1/5
TV
2 = 6
= 6
= 1,000
25.10 25.10
3
:
1/5 1/5
RL 100
3 = = = 1,000
100 100
4 4 = 1,000
:
4
= i max = 1, 400
i =1
:
= 1,048.1,000.1,000.1,000 = 1,048 < 1, 400
85
LM71
, :
fat = 1 + 0,5 ( '+ 0,5 '' )
..
Ldet = 2.5,73 = 11, 46m
:
v = 160km / h = 44, 4m / s
v
160 Ldet 20m
K=
v
Ldet > 20m
47,16.Ldet
0,408
v 44, 44
K= = = 0, 2778
160 160
K 0, 2778
'= = = 0,3815
1 K + K 4
1 0, 2778 + 0, 27784
L2det 11, 462
'' = 0,56exp = 0,56exp = 0,1506
100 100
fat = 1 + 0,5* ( 0,3815 + 0,5* 0,1506 ) = 1, 228

UIC = max min = ( LM 71 g ) g = LM 71
g -
LM 71 - LM71
M LM 71,k 1 898,0 *100 1 kN N
LM 71 = . . z fat = * * ( 80, 2 2,0 ) = 6,119 2 = 61,19
I eff 3, . . 815206,8 1, 408 cm mm 2

Ed = Ff . . fat . UIC = 1, 000 *1,048*1, 228 * 61,19 = 78,780 N / mm 2
:
Cd = C / Mf = 112 / 1,35 = 82,963 N / mm 2
:
Ed 78,780
= = 0,950 < 1,000 (7.47)
Cd 82,963
.
7.2.6.4.2.
(
x = 0,565m x = 1, 265m ). 7.18
c = 80 N / mm 2 .
7.18. .
86

:
Vk 1 = Vk 2 = VLM 71k / . . = 425, 4 / 1, 408 = 302,14kN
Vk 1.S f 302,14 * 3251,9 kN N
x =0,565 _ UIC = = = 0,880 2 = 8,80
2a. I eff 2 * 0,8* 697983,9 cm mm 2
Vk 2 .S f 302,14 * 3367, 2 kN N
x =1,265 _ UIC = = = 0,848 2 = 8, 48
2a. I eff 2 * 0,8* 749505.6 cm mm 2
d = Ff fat max,UIC = 1,0 *1,048 *1, 228*8,80 = 11,33N / mm 2
Rd = C / Mf = 80 / 1,35 = 59, 26 N / mm 2
d = 11,33N / mm 2 < 59, 26 N / mm 2 = Rd (7.48)
.
7.2.6.5. .
.

( ) .7.17.

,
.
.7.17. .
87
[3]
( ).
,
[10].
,
-.
7.2.6.5.1. .
27 . 10.9, . 5.2

. d = 27mm
d o = 30mm .

N t ,Rd = Ant , f f yd = ( b f 2d o ) t f f y / M 0 = ( 22 2 * 3,0 ) * 2 * 26,5 / 1,05 = 807,6kN
Ant , f = ( 22 2 * 3,0 ) * 2,0 = 32cm 2 = 3200mm 2
-

Ant , f 3200
t = = 12,31mm
b f + 2b1 4d o 220 + 2 *80 4 * 30
t = 14mm .
:
k n 1,00 * 2 * 0,5
Fs , Rd = s 0,7 f ub As = * 0,7 *100 * 4,59 = 257,0kN
M3 1, 25
:
n = 2
= 0,5
( rz = 50 70 m ).
k s = 1,00 (1,00
0,85 )
f ub = 1000 N / mm 2 = 100kN / cm 2
As = 459mm 2 = 4,59cm 2
M 3 = 1, 25
:
k k f dt 1,0 * 2,03* 0, 444 * 41,00kN / cm 2 * 2,7cm * 2cm
Fb, Rd = h 1 b u = = 160,1kN
M2 1, 25

kh = 1,0 - (1,0 0,8 )
e 40
k1 = min 2,8 2 1,7;2,5 = min 2,8 1, 7;2,5 = min ( 2,03;2,5) = 2,03
do 30
f 1000
b = min d ; ub ;1,0 = min 0, 444; ;1,0 = 0, 444
fu 410
e1 p1 1 40 70 1
d = min ; = min ; = min {0, 444;0,528} = 0, 444
3d o 3d o 4 3* 30 3* 30 4
:
88
Fsb, Rd = min ( Fs , Rd ; Fb, Rd ) = min ( 257,0;160,1) = 160,1kN

n f N r ,Rd / Fsb,Rd = 807,6 / 160,1 = 5,046 .
6 27 . 10.9 EN 14399-3 (HR )
.
7.2.6.5.2. .
24 . 10.9,
.7.17 ( nw = 11 ).
x = 0,865m
M 11 = 668, 4kNm , V11 = 757,5kN . , (
,
),
M w , N w
Vw :
Iw 161543, 0
M w = M 11 I = 668, 4 * 726082,5 = 148,7kNm
eff
S w,ceff 4306,6
N w = M 11 = 668, 4 *100 * = 396, 4kN
I eff 726082,5
Vw = V11 = 757,5kN

I w = 1 / 12twhw3 = 1 / 12 *1,8*102,5 = 161543,0cm 4
S w,ceff = hwtw zeff 0,5hw t f = 102,5*1,8* 76,6 0,5*102,5 2,0 = 4306,6cm 3
, N w Vw
( ),
M w
. - , -

:
N bV = Vw / nw = 757,5 /11 = 68,86kN .
N bN = N w / nw = 396, 4 / 11 = 36,04kN
z 43,3
N bM = M w nwmax = 148,7 *100 * = 78,11kN
8235, 7
zi 2
i =1
nw
z 2
i = 2. ( 8, 662 + 17,312 + 25,962 + 34, 612 + 43, 262 ) = 8235, 67cm 2
i =1
-
N b,Ed = ( N bN + N bM ) + N bV = ( 36, 04 + 78,11) + 68,862 = 133,3kN
2 2 2
(7.49)
24 .10.9

k n 1,00 * 2 * 0,5
Fs , Rd = s 0,7 f ub As = * 0,7 *100 * 3,53 = 197,7kN (7.50)
M3 1, 25
89
24 .10.9

k k f dt 1,0 * 2,5* 0,577 * 41,00kN / cm 2 * 2, 4cm *1,8cm
Fb, Rd = h 1 b u = = 204, 4kN (7.51)
M2 1, 25
e 45
k1 = min 2,8 2 1, 7;2,5 = min 2,8 1, 7;2,5 = 2,5
do 26
e p 1 45 86,5 1
d = min 1 ; 1 = min ; = min {0,577;0,859} = 0,577
3d o 3d o 4 3* 26 3* 26 4
f ub 1000
b = min d ; ;1,0 = min 0,577; ;1,0 = 0,577
fu 410
24 .10.9
Fsb,Rd = min ( Fs ,Rd ; Fb,Rd ) = min (197,7;204, 4 ) = 197,7kN
N b,Ed = 133,3kN < 197,7kN = Fsb,Rd (7.52)
:
11 24 .10.9 EN 14399-3 (HR )
.

3
1, 2tw hw 1, 2 *1,8 102,5
3
t h3 twhw3
2 1, 2 t = * = 1,35cm = 13,5mm (7.53)
12 12 2 h 2 95,5
t = 14mm .
7.2.6.6. VN1
VN2 - VN3.
VN2
.7.18.
.7.18. .
VN3 3D
, .7.19.
0,01m
{ux , u y , uz , rot y , rotz } . rotx ,
(
90
).
(
), .
.
.7.20 .7.21
LM71k
80mm .. . = 1,913 . .7.22 .7.23
.

. . / . . = 1, 408 / 1,581 = 0,891 . .7.24 .7.25
( x = 2,865m ) ( x = 0,565m )
.
7.19 ,
VN1, VN2 VN3. VN2
-
-
( ,
).
. 7.19 ,
VN1 VN2 545%,
- VN1 .
-
3D -
- .
MLM71k [kNm] (max;min) VLM71k [kN] (max;min)
x[m] VN1 VN2 VN3 24 [%] VN1 VN2 VN3 68 [%]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
245.6;
0.565 - -593.7 - 425.4 587.9 401.5 5.6
-195.2
267.8;
0.865 367.9 -417.4 27.2 425.4 587.9 401.5 5.6
-116.1
299.2;
1.265 538.2 -182.2 44.4 425.4 587.9 401.5 5.6
-10.5
441.3;
1.666 697.8 45.2 36.8 344.8 507.5 328.3 4.8
-5.9
638.6;
2.865 898.0 349.7 28.9 - 0.0 - -
-1.4
7.19.
VN1, VN2 VN3.
91
.7.19. 3D
SAP2000 V14. .
.7.20.
LM71k .. . = 1,913 .
.7.21.
LM71k ( 80mm) .. . = 1,913
92
.7.22.
LM71k .. . = 1,913 .
.7.23.
LM71k .. . = 1,913 .
.7.24. ( x = 2,865m )
( x103 ).
93
.7.25. ( x = 0,565m )
( x103 ).
7.3. .
.7.1.

.

. ,
[21] .7.29.
.7.26 (
). 4
.
.7.26. .
94
.7.27. .
Csys Cm (
) .
N M
Csys ,
Cm .7.26. .7.27
.

.7.26 7.20. .7.28
, 7.21
.
x bfsup tfsup bfinf tfinf hw hw,int tw Atot IY-Y IZ-Z AVZ AVY zeff ef
[m] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [m2] [m4] [m4] [m2] [m2] [mm] [mm]
0.000 1200 40 1070 40 2460 2360 20 0.26346785 0.18930944 0.19280524 0.09840000 0.09080000 1194.07 -5.93
2.500 1200 40 1070 40 2460 2360 20 0.26346785 0.18930944 0.19280524 0.09840000 0.09080000 1194.07 -5.93
5.000 1200 40 1070 40 2460 2360 20 0.26346785 0.18930944 0.19280524 0.09840000 0.09080000 1194.07 -5.93
7.500 1200 40 1070 40 2460 2360 20 0.26346785 0.18930944 0.19280524 0.09840000 0.09080000 1194.07 -5.93
10.000 1200 50 1070 50 2460 2360 20 0.28616785 0.22341034 0.19526611 0.09840000 0.11350000 1187.39 -12.61
12.500 1200 60 1070 60 2460 2360 20 0.30886785 0.25804792 0.19772697 0.09840000 0.13620000 1181.65 -18.35
15.000 1200 60 1070 60 2460 2360 20 0.30886785 0.25804792 0.19772697 0.09840000 0.13620000 1181.65 -18.35
17.500 1200 60 1070 60 2460 2360 20 0.30886785 0.25804792 0.19772697 0.09840000 0.13620000 1181.65 -18.35
20.000 1200 60 1070 60 2460 2360 20 0.30886785 0.25804792 0.19772697 0.09840000 0.13620000 1181.65 -18.35
22.500 1200 70 1070 70 2460 2360 25 0.35616785 0.30570175 0.20018784 0.12300000 0.15890000 1180.34 -19.66
22.500 1200 70 1070 70 2460 2360 25 0.36590894 0.31180624 0.20211349 0.12300000 0.15890000 1201.50 1.50
25.000 1200 80 1070 80 2460 2360 25 0.38860894 0.34762859 0.20457436 0.12300000 0.18160000 1196.05 -3.95
27.500 1200 80 1070 80 2460 2360 25 0.38860894 0.34762859 0.20457436 0.12300000 0.18160000 1196.05 -3.95
30.000 1200 80 1070 80 2460 2360 30 0.41320894 0.36006104 0.20457436 0.14760000 0.18160000 1198.07 -1.93
32.500 1200 80 1070 80 2460 2360 30 0.41320894 0.36006104 0.20457436 0.14760000 0.18160000 1198.07 -1.93
33.340 1200 80 1070 80 2460 2360 30 0.41320894 0.36006104 0.20457436 0.14760000 0.18160000 1198.07 -1.93
33.340 1200 80 1070 80 2460 2360 30 0.41320894 0.36006104 0.20457436 0.14760000 0.18160000 1198.07 -1.93
35.000 1200 80 1070 80 2460 2360 30 0.41320894 0.36006104 0.20457436 0.14760000 0.18160000 1198.07 -1.93
37.500 1200 80 1070 80 2460 2360 30 0.41320894 0.36006104 0.20457436 0.14760000 0.18160000 1198.07 -1.93
40.000 1200 80 1070 80 2460 2360 25 0.38860894 0.34762859 0.20457436 0.12300000 0.18160000 1196.05 -3.95
42.500 1200 70 1070 70 2460 2360 25 0.36590894 0.31180624 0.20211349 0.12300000 0.15890000 1201.50 1.50
42.500 1200 70 1070 70 2460 2360 25 0.35616785 0.30570175 0.20018784 0.12300000 0.15890000 1180.34 -19.66
45.000 1200 60 1070 60 2460 2360 20 0.30886785 0.25804792 0.19772697 0.09840000 0.13620000 1181.65 -18.35
47.500 1200 60 1070 60 2460 2360 20 0.30886785 0.25804792 0.19772697 0.09840000 0.13620000 1181.65 -18.35
50.000 1200 60 1070 60 2460 2360 20 0.30886785 0.25804792 0.19772697 0.09840000 0.13620000 1181.65 -18.35
52.500 1200 60 1070 60 2460 2360 20 0.30886785 0.25804792 0.19772697 0.09840000 0.13620000 1181.65 -18.35
55.000 1200 60 1070 60 2460 2360 20 0.30886785 0.25804792 0.19772697 0.09840000 0.13620000 1181.65 -18.35
7.20.
.
95
.7.28. .
x htot tf efr tw bf Atot IY-Y IZ-Z AVZ AVY

2 4 4 2 2
[m] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [m ] [m ] [m ] [m ] [m ]
0.000 2586 40 50 30 1070 0.26025130 0.23134111 0.07281639 0.15516912 0.08560000

2.322 2429 40 50 30 1070 0.25084879 0.18796351 0.06902237 0.14576661 0.08560000
4.643 2273 40 50 30 1070 0.24144628 0.15986698 0.06522835 0.13636410 0.08560000
6.965 2116 40 50 30 1070 0.23204377 0.13449591 0.06143434 0.12696159 0.08560000

9.286 1959 40 50 30 1070 0.22264126 0.11173483 0.05764032 0.11755908 0.08560000

11.608 1803 40 50 30 1070 0.21323875 0.09146830 0.05384630 0.10815657 0.08560000
13.929 1646 40 50 30 1070 0.20383624 0.07358086 0.05005228 0.09875406 0.08560000
16.251 1489 40 50 30 1070 0.19443373 0.05795706 0.04625827 0.08935155 0.08560000
18.572 1332 40 50 30 1070 0.18503122 0.04448146 0.04246425 0.07994904 0.08560000
20.894 1176 40 50 30 1070 0.17562871 0.03303859 0.03867023 0.07054653 0.08560000
23.215 1019 40 50 30 1070 0.16622620 0.02337915 0.03283924 0.06114402 0.08560000
7.21.
( x = 0,000 , x = 23, 215
).
96
.7.29. [21].
7.3.1.
.
[9] - bo = 2315mm Le / 8 ,
Le . Le / 8 = 33340 / 8 = 4167mm ,
Le / 8 = 43320 / 8 = 5415mm .
be = 2315mm . 7.20
.
(
2D [9]).
.7.30 2D ,
. .7.27

- .7.31.
.7.30. Frame XZ
(SAP2000 V14.0).
97
.7.31. (SAP2000 V14.0).
7.3.2.
LM71. 2D .

LM71 ,
= 1,21 = 1,052 ( 7.2)
:
e 0,0797m
K lat = 0,5 + = 0,5 + = 0,514 (7.54)
Bax 5,7300m
.7.32
e . LM71
K lat , (-
) .
.7.32. .
LM71
:
Qk ,LM 71 = [ 250kN ] . ..Klat = 250*1, 21*1,052 *0,514 = 163.56kN (7.55)
qk ,LM 71 = [80kN / m '] . ..K lat = 80 *1, 21*1,052 * 0,514 = 52.339kN / m ' (7.56)

(
LM71) :
pk ,LM 71 = 4 *163,56kN / 6, 4m = 102, 23kN / m ' (7.57)
6,4m.
.7.33
gk LM71k (max/min),
1,35*gk+1,45*LM71k(max/min).

.
98
LM71
-37500.0
-35000.0
-32500.0
-30000.0
-27500.0
-25000.0
-22500.0
-20000.0
-17500.0
-15000.0
M [kNm]
-12500.0
-10000.0
-7500.0
10.000
12.500
15.000
17.500
20.000
22.500
25.000
27.500
30.000
32.500
35.000
37.500
40.000
42.500
45.000
47.500
50.000
52.500
55.000
0.000
2.500
5.000
7.500
-5000.0
-2500.0
0.0
2500.0
5000.0
7500.0
10000.0
12500.0
15000.0
17500.0
20000.0
Mg MLM71k,max MLM71k,min Mg+Lm71max Mg+LM71min
x [m]
.7.33. gk, LM71k, g+LM71
.7.34. M {g}+{LM71}(max/min) [kNm].
.7.35. N {g}+{LM71}(max/min) [kN].
7.3.3.
LM71. 7.22
, 7.23 e

(-) [25].

99
-
.

t<30mm S275J2 EN 10025-2:2005
30t<80mm S275N EN 10025-3:2005
80t<120mm S275NL EN 10025-3:2005
7.22. .
2
fy [N/mm ] t [mm]
EN10027-1 16 >16 >40 >63 >80 >100 >150 >200
EN 10027-2
CR 10260 40 63 80 100 150 200 250
S275N 1.0490
275 265 255 245 235 225 215 205
S275NL 1.0491
S355N 1.0545
355 345 335 325 315 295 285 275
S355NL 1.0546
S420N 1.8902
420 400 390 370 360 340 330 320
S420NL 1.8912
S460N 1.8901
460 440 430 410 400 380 370 -
S460NL 1.8903
7.23. [25].
.7.36
, LM71,
.
.7.36. {g}+{LM71}(max/min) kN / cm 2
.

. ,
,
- .
100
[9]
.

. 7.24
.
x Atot IY-Y IZ-Z AVZ AVY zeff ef zinf zsup W inf,y W sup,y W in,z W out,z
3 3 3 3
[m] [m2] [m4] [m4] [m2] [m2] [mm] [mm] [m] [m] [m ] [m ] [m ] [m ]
0.000 0.312668 0.214175 0.013100 0.147600 0.090800 1200 -0.28 1.260 -1.240 0.16994 -0.17276 0.02183 -0.02183
2.500 0.312668 0.214175 0.013100 0.147600 0.090800 1200 -0.28 1.260 -1.240 0.16994 -0.17276 0.02183 -0.02183
5.000 0.312668 0.214175 0.013100 0.147600 0.090800 1200 -0.28 1.260 -1.240 0.16994 -0.17276 0.02183 -0.02183
7.500 0.312668 0.214175 0.013100 0.147600 0.090800 1200 -0.28 1.260 -1.240 0.16994 -0.17276 0.02183 -0.02183
10.000 0.335368 0.248298 0.015561 0.147600 0.113500 1194 -6.36 1.266 -1.244 0.19607 -0.19965 0.02593 -0.02593
12.500 0.358068 0.282959 0.018022 0.147600 0.136200 1188 -11.71 1.272 -1.248 0.22250 -0.22668 0.03004 -0.03004
15.000 0.358068 0.282959 0.018022 0.147600 0.136200 1188 -11.71 1.272 -1.248 0.22250 -0.22668 0.03004 -0.03004
17.500 0.358068 0.282959 0.018022 0.147600 0.136200 1188 -11.71 1.272 -1.248 0.22250 -0.22668 0.03004 -0.03004
20.000 0.358068 0.282959 0.018022 0.147600 0.136200 1188 -11.71 1.272 -1.248 0.22250 -0.22668 0.03004 -0.03004
22.500 0.380768 0.318164 0.020482 0.147600 0.158900 1184 -16.46 1.276 -1.254 0.24926 -0.25381 0.03414 -0.03414
22.500 0.390509 0.324231 0.022408 0.147600 0.158900 1203 3.30 1.257 -1.273 0.25800 -0.25464 0.03735 -0.03735
25.000 0.413209 0.360061 0.024869 0.147600 0.181600 1198 -1.93 1.262 -1.278 0.28533 -0.28172 0.04145 -0.04145
27.500 0.411141 0.359945 0.024869 0.147600 0.181600 1197 -2.95 1.263 -1.277 0.28500 -0.28186 0.04145 -0.04145
30.000 0.409031 0.359828 0.024869 0.147600 0.181600 1196 -3.99 1.264 -1.276 0.28468 -0.28199 0.04145 -0.04145
32.500 0.406921 0.359711 0.024869 0.147600 0.181600 1195 -5.03 1.265 -1.275 0.28435 -0.28213 0.04145 -0.04145
33.340 0.406212 0.359672 0.024869 0.147600 0.181600 1195 -5.38 1.265 -1.275 0.28424 -0.28218 0.04145 -0.04145
33.340 0.406212 0.359672 0.024869 0.147600 0.181600 1195 -5.38 1.265 -1.275 0.28424 -0.28218 0.04145 -0.04145
35.000 0.407285 0.359731 0.024869 0.147600 0.181600 1195 -4.85 1.265 -1.275 0.28441 -0.28211 0.04145 -0.04145
37.500 0.408900 0.359821 0.024869 0.147600 0.181600 1196 -4.05 1.264 -1.276 0.28466 -0.28200 0.04145 -0.04145
40.000 0.410515 0.359911 0.024869 0.147600 0.181600 1197 -3.26 1.263 -1.277 0.28491 -0.28190 0.04145 -0.04145
42.500 0.389430 0.324173 0.022408 0.147600 0.158900 1203 2.75 1.257 -1.273 0.25784 -0.25470 0.03735 -0.03735
42.500 0.379689 0.318097 0.020482 0.147600 0.158900 1183 -17.07 1.277 -1.253 0.24908 -0.25388 0.03414 -0.03414
45.000 0.358068 0.282959 0.018022 0.147600 0.136200 1188 -11.71 1.272 -1.248 0.22250 -0.22668 0.03004 -0.03004
47.500 0.358068 0.282959 0.018022 0.147600 0.136200 1188 -11.71 1.272 -1.248 0.22250 -0.22668 0.03004 -0.03004
50.000 0.358068 0.282959 0.018022 0.147600 0.136200 1188 -11.71 1.272 -1.248 0.22250 -0.22668 0.03004 -0.03004
52.500 0.358068 0.282959 0.018022 0.147600 0.136200 1188 -11.71 1.272 -1.248 0.22250 -0.22668 0.03004 -0.03004
55.000 0.358068 0.282959 0.018022 0.147600 0.136200 1188 -11.71 1.272 -1.248 0.22250 -0.22668 0.03004 -0.03004
7.24. .

,
[27].
7.3.4. .
(envelope) . .
7.3.4.1. .
(ABF)
.1.2.2 , [7].
1, 2, 3, 1+2, 2+3, 1+2+3 ( 7.25). 1 e
5 6, 2 6 2, 3
2 1 .7.37.
tlk ,
. 2D
tlk 1 = ( 0,5 + e / Bax ) tlk
7.25.
tlk 2 = tlk 1. ( 0,5 e / Bax ) . ( 0,5 + e / Bax ) .
1
101
La,b qlak*La,b Qlak max qlbk*La,b Qlbk max qlak qlbk tlk tlk1 tlk2
[m] [kN] [kN] [kN] [kN] [kN/m] [kN/m] [kN/m] [kN/m] [kN/m]
P1 33.34 1100.2 1000.0 666.8 6000.0 29.99 20.00 29.99 18.65 17.64
P2 43.32 1429.6 1000.0 866.4 6000.0 23.08 20.00 23.08 14.35 13.58
P3 33.34 1100.2 1000.0 666.8 6000.0 29.99 20.00 29.99 18.65 17.64
P1+P2 76.66 2529.8 1000.0 1533.2 6000.0 13.04 20.00 20.00 12.44 11.76
P2+P3 76.66 2529.8 1000.0 1533.2 6000.0 13.04 20.00 20.00 12.44 11.76
P1+P2+P3 110.00 3630.0 1000.0 2200.0 6000.0 9.09 20.00 20.00 12.44 11.76
7.25. .
(L)
(
Lk = 100 / 2 = 1, 21*100 / 2 = 60,5kN ) 5, 15, 6, 4, 2, 25 1
.7.37. ( L 3D .7.49)
.7.37. 2D .
(T).
, .

Tmax = 45,7o C Tmin = 27,7o C
1.10 100 . ,

To = 10,0o C .

.
10o C .
:
TNcon = To Te. min 10 = 10 ( 27,7 3 10 ) = 50,7o C (7.58)
TNext = Te. max To + 10 = ( 45,7 + 16 ) 10 + 10 = 61,7o C (7.59)
([33], [34])
TNcon TNext
10o C .
(W).
,
. II ( 1.8)
100 . :
102
vb = cdir .cseason vb,0 .C prob = 1*1* 24 *1,0884 = 26.121m / s
b / d tot = 6860 / 2540 = 2.701 c f , x = 1,7 .7.39
K r = 0,19 ( zo / zo ,2 ) = 0,19 ( 0,05 / 0,05)

0,07 0,07
= 0,19
k1 = 1,00
co ( z ) = 1,00
z = 31,374m - .7.38
cr ( z ) = K r ln ( z / zo ) = 0,19 * ln ( 31, 374 / 0,05) = 1, 2239
vm ( z ) = cr ( z ) .co ( z ) .vb = 1, 2239 *1,00 * 26,121 = 31, 970m / s
k1 1
Iv ( z ) = = = 0,1552
co ( z ) ln ( z / zo ) 1* ln ( 31, 374 / 0,05)
q p ( z ) = 1 + 7. I v ( z ) .0,5. .vm2 ( z ) =
kN
= [1 + 7 * 0,1552] * 0,5*1, 25* 31,9702 * 0,001 = 1,333
m2
qwk , x ( z ) = q p ( z ) .c f , x = 1, 333*1,7 = 2, 266kN / m 2
( )
:
pwk , x ( z ) = pwk , x ( z ) .d tot = 2, 266 * 2,54 = 5,756kN / m ' (7.60)
.7.38. z=31374mm.
103
.7.39. cf,xo=cf,x.

, [14].
e 1,5kN / m ' .
, 4,60m (
40-60cm Skode 190E [36] baim UIC 567 1 typ Y)
(.7.40) b / d tot = 6860 / 6540 = 1,049 ,
z = 33,374m , c f , x = 2, 2 (.7.39) -
:
qwk , x ( z ) = 2.974kN / m 2 , pwk , x ( z ) = 2,974 * 6,54 = 19, 45kN / m '
.7.40. d tot .
EN 1991-1-4 [14] 4,00m .

.
[14].
, (
)
,
104
.

.
. .

EN1993-1-10. .
Ed
( [48] 7.26):
G
j
k + A ( TEd ) + 1Q1,k + 2,i Qi ,k
i
(7.61)
A (TEd ) ( ), 1Q1,k
, 2,iQi ,k
. ,
:
G
j
k + A ( TEd ) + 0,8{gr11} (7.62)
gr11 1.15
:
TEd = Tmd + Tr + T + TR + T . + T cf = 27,7o C + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 30o C

Tmd

Tr [12] [28]. [28]
. [16] - .
T ,
,
TR 0oC
1440 f y ( t )
.
T . = . ln .
550
o
.
o = 4 *104 / sec .
0oC
T cf 0oC
.
[12] .
7.3.8.
7.3.4.2. .
. 1.
,
.

. 7.26. ,
7.27. ,
..
105

- q

1 g = 1,35*[52] 1.35
2 LM71=1,45*[53] 1.45
3 g+LM71=[1]+[2] -
4 Tcon = 1,50*[54] 1.50
5 Text = 1,50*[55] 1.50
6 w ( ) = 1,50*[56] 1.50
7 wv ( ) =1,50*[57] 1.50
8 t(P1+)=1,45*[58] 1.45
9 t(P1-)=1,45*[59] 1.45
10 t(P2+)=1,45*[60] 1.45
11 t(P2-)=1,45*[61] 1.45
12 t(P3+)=1,45*[62] 1.45
13 t(P3-)=1,45*[63] 1.45
14 t[(P1+P2)+]=1,45*[64] 1.45
15 t[(P1+P2)-]=1,45*[65] 1.45
16 t[(P1+P3)+]=1,45*[66] 1.45
17 t[(P1+P3)-]=1,45*[67] 1.45
18 t[(P1+P2+P3)+]=1,45*[68] 1.45
19 t[(P1+P2+P3)-]=1,45*[69] 1.45
20 env_t (8,9,,19) . . -
21 L node5 = 1,45*[71] 1.45
22 L node15=1,45*[72] 1.45
23 L node6=1,45*[73] 1.45
24 L node4=1,45*[74] 1.45
25 L node2=1,45*[75] 1.45
26 L node25=1,45*[76] 1.45
27 L node1=1,45*[77] 1.45
28 env_L -
29 g+gr11=g+LM71+env_t+0,5env_L=[3]+[20]+0,5*[28] -
30 g+gr12=g+LM71+0,5env_t+env_L=[3]+0,5*[20]+[28] -
31 [29]+0,6*[4] -
32 [29]+0,6*[5] -
33 [1]+[6] -
34 [29]+0,6*[7] -
35 [1]+[4]+0,6*([6]) -
36 [29]+0,6*([4]+[7]) -
37 [1]+[5]+0,6*([6]) -
38 [29]+0,6*([5]+[7]) -
39 [30]+0,6*[4] -
40 [30]+0,6*[5] -
41 [30]+0,6*[7] -
42 [30]+0,6*([4]+[7]) -
43 [30]+0,6*([5]+[7]) -
44 [52]+0,756*[54]+0,8*[79] -
45 [52]+0,756*[54]+0,8*[80] -
46 [52]+0,756*[54]+0,8*[53] -
47 [47]=envelope([1],[2],[3],,[43]) -
48 [48]=envelope([44],[45],[46]) -
7.26. .
106

- q

52 g 1.00 E
53 LM71 1.00 E
54 Tcon 1.00 E
55 Text 1.00 E
56 w ( ) 1.00 E
57 wv ( ) 1.00 E
58 t(P1+) 1.00 E
59 t(P1-) 1.00 E
60 t(P2+) 1.00 E
61 t(P2-) 1.00 E
62 t(P3+) 1.00 E
63 t(P3-) 1.00 E
64 t[(P1+P2)+] 1.00 E
65 t[(P1+P2)-] 1.00 E
66 t[(P1+P3)+] 1.00 E
67 t[(P1+P3)-] 1.00 E
68 t[(P1+P2+P3)+] 1.00 E
69 t[(P1+P2+P3)-] 1.00 E
70 env_t . . - E
71 L node5 1.00 E
72 L node15 1.00 E
73 L node6 1.00 E
74 L node4 1.00 E
75 L node2 1.00 E
76 L node25 1.00 E
77 L node1 1.00 E
78 env_L - E
79 gr11=LM71+env_t+0,5env_L=[53]+[70]+0,5*[78] - E
80 gr12=LM71+0,5env_t+env_L=[53]+0,5*[70]+[78] - E
81 [79]+0,6*[54] - E
82 [79]+0,6*[55] - E
83 [52]+[56] - E
84 [79]+0,6*[57] - E
85 [52]+[54]+0,6*([56]) - E
86 [79]+0,6*([54]+[57]) - E
87 [52]+[55]+0,6*([56]) - E
88 [79]+0,6*([55]+[57]) - E
89 [80]+0,6*[54] - E
90 [80]+0,6*[55] - E
91 [80]+0,6*[57] - E
92 [80]+0,6*([54]+[57]) - E
93 [80]+0,6*([55]+[57]) - E
94 [94]=envelope([53],[54],...,[93]) [83], [85], [87] - E
95 [95]=[94]+[52] - E
7.27. .
107
7.3.4.3. , .
.7.41, .7.42, .7.43
, 2D .
3D .7.3.4.3.
.7.41. [47] envelope MEd
.7.42. [47] envelope N Ed
.7.43. [47] envelope VEd

(
24) :
Ni M j, y y Ni e f M k ,zz
inf,in ,i , j ,k = + + (7.63)
Atot Winf, y y Wi in , z z
inf,out ,i , j ,k = + + (7.64)
Atot Winf, y y Wout , z z
sup,in ,i , j ,k = + + (7.65)
Atot Winf, y y Wi in , z z
sup,out ,i , j ,k = + + (7.66)
Atot Winf, y y Wout , z z
108
i = max, max, max, min, min, min
j = max, max, min, max, min, min
k = max, min, max, max, max, min
inf , sup
. in out
. .7.44

.
.
- - ,
(Shell)
.

(
) (
)
.
(inf) (sup)
-300.0
-250.0
-200.0
-150.0
-100.0
-50.0
[N/mm ]
10.000
12.500
15.000
17.500
20.000
22.500
25.000
27.500
30.000
32.500
35.000
37.500
40.000
42.500
45.000
47.500
50.000
52.500
55.000
2
0.000
2.500
5.000
7.500
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
fyd+ fyd- sinf,in1 sinf,in2 sinf,in3 sinf,in4 sinf,in5 sinf,in6
ssup1,in ssup,in2 ssup,in3 ssup,in4 ssup,in5 ssup,in6
x [m]
.7.44. N / mm 2
109
7.3.4.4. .
, [11] 80
.7.45. 20mm 8mm:
l = 20 + 2 *8 * 2 = 43mm < 50mm c = 80 N / mm 2
.7.45. [11].
Ldet = 47.667m
v = 160km / h = 44, 4m / s
v
160 Ldet 20m
K=
v
Ldet > 20m
47,16. Ldet
0,408
v 44, 44
K= 0,408
= = 0,1948
47,16.Ldet 47,16.47,6670,408
K 0,1948
'= = = 0, 2415
1 K + K 4
1 0,1948 + 0,19484
L2det 47,667 2
'' = 0,56exp = 0,56exp = 0,0000
100 100
fat = 1 + 0,5 ( 0, 2415 + 0,5.0,0000 ) = 1,121
. fat = 1, 21*1,121 = 1,356
LM71 2D
:
( 0,5 + e / Bax ) . fat = 0,514 *1, 21*1,121 = 0,697
:
1
c 4
Ed , LM 71 Rd ,LM 71 = min i ;1, 40 (7.67)
Mf i =1
:
N ( M y N .e f )
Ed , LM 71 = + Ff
A Wy y
A
W . N M
LM71 (
) Ff = 1,00 .
110
Rd = 80 / 1,35* ( 0,635) = 90,32 N / mm 2
1
c = 80 N / mm 2 , Mf = 1, 25
,
4

i =1
i = 0,635*1*1*1 = 0,635 .
.7.46 Ed ,LM 71 Rd

.

LM71
100.0
95.0
90.0
85.0
80.0
75.0
70.0
65.0
60.0
[N/mm ]
55.0
2
50.0
45.0
40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
0.000
2.500
5.000
7.500
10.000
12.500
15.000
17.500
20.000
22.500
25.000
27.500
30.000
32.500
35.000
37.500
40.000
42.500
45.000
47.500
50.000
52.500
55.000
x [m]
Delta S Rd Delta S Ed sup Delta S Ed inf
.7.46. .
7.3.5. .

3D .7.49.
. [8]
k yy , k yz , k zy , k zz .
,
.
.7.47. -.
111
.7.48. -.
3D ,
r e
, [9].
71
N Ed ,k , fict = 7214.6kN .
(buckling analysis) -
, .7.50, .7.51:
cr ,in _ plane , y = 27,398
cr ,out _ plane, z = 36,888
.7.49. 3D .
112
.7.50. Fact=27,398.
.7.51. Fact=36,888.
y-y
z-z :
N cr , y = 27,398* 7214.6 = 197662.8kN
N cr , z = 36.888 * 7214.6 = 266132.1kN
(x=0) :
N Rk = Atot f y ( tmax ) = 0,16623* 265000 = 44049,9kN
N Rk 44049,9
y ,eff = = = 0, 4721
N cr , y 197662,8
N Rk 44049,9
z ,eff = = = 0, 4068
N cr , y 266132,1
113
1019 / 40 = 25,5 < 30
4.5,
= 0, 49 .
y = 0,5* 1 + 0, 49 * (0, 4721 0, 2) + 0, 47212 = 0,6781
z = 0,5* 1 + 0, 49 * (0, 4068 0, 2) + 0, 40682 = 0,6334

1 1
y = = = 0,858
y + y eff , y 0,6781 + 0,67812 0, 47212
2 2
1 1
z = = = 0,894
z + z2 eff2 , z 0,6334 + 0,63342 0, 40682

. :
2 EJ x ,i
leff , x ,i = J x ,i x
N cr ,i
i = y y ( ) z - z ( )
0,5
J
x ,i = leff , x ,i x ,i x
Ax
i .
0.900
0.890
0.880
0.870
0.860
0.850
0.840
0.830
0.820
0.810 buckling coeficient hi y-y
buckling coeficient hi z-z
0.800
0.790
0.780
0.000
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
5.000
6.000
7.000
8.000
9.000
10.000
11.000
12.000
13.000
14.000
15.000
16.000
17.000
18.000
19.000
20.000
21.000
22.000
23.000
24.000
x [m] 0.000 2.322 4.643 6.965 9.286 11.608 13.929 16.251 18.572 20.894 23.215
y 0.791 0.797 0.804 0.810 0.817 0.823 0.830 0.837 0.844 0.851 0.858
z 0.838 0.843 0.848 0.854 0.859 0.865 0.870 0.876 0.882 0.888 0.894
.7.52. y (hi y-y) z (hi z-z)

(x=0 , x=23,215m
).
114
x ,i fy
x ,i ,eff = f y = 265 N / mm 2 , E = 210000 N / mm 2
E
x ,i = 0,5* 1 + ( x ,i ,eff 0, 2 ) + x ,i ,eff 2

1
x ,i = min 1, 000;
x ,i + x ,i 2 ( x ,i ,eff )
2

.
x=11,608m 7.21.
,
N Ed = 13561, 4kN ; M Ed , y = 10342,3kNm ; M Ed ,z = 4015,0kNm
N Rk = 56508,3kN ; M Rk , y = 26893,3kNm ;
M Rk , z = 26671,5kNm .
( ):
N Ed 13561, 4
k yy = Cmy 1 + 0,6eff , y = 0,9 * 1 + 0,6 * 0, 4721* = 1,005

y N Rk / M 1 0,823* 44049,9 / 1,1
k yz = 0,986
k zy = 0,8*1,005 = 0,804
N Ed 13561, 4
k zz = Cmz 1 + 0, 6eff , z = 0,9 * 1 + 0,6 * 0, 4721* = 0,986
z N Rk / M 1 0,865* 44049, 9 / 1,1
:
N Ed M M
py = + k yy Ed , y + k yz Ed , z =
N Rk M Rk , y M Rk , z
y
M1 M1 M1
13561, 4 10342,3 1706
= + 1, 005 + 0,986 = (7.68)
56508, 3 26893, 3 26671,5
0,823
1,1 1,1 1,1
= 0,321 + 0, 425 + 0,069 = 0,815 < 1,000
:
N Ed M M
pz = + k zy Ed , y + k zz Ed , z =
N Rk M Rk , y M Rk , z
z
M1 M1 M1
13561, 4 10342, 3 1706
= + 0,804 + 0,986 = (7.69)
56508, 3 26893, 3 26671,5
0,865
1,1 1,1 1,1
= 0,305 + 0,340 + 0,069 = 0, 715 < 1,000
.
V1. -
cr ,in _ plane, y , cr ,out _ plane , z

.
( ). V2
115
cr ,in _ plane , y , cr ,out _ plane, z 1,000
.7.53.
V2 .
7.28
V1 V2.
.7.54. V2
- V1.
y (hi y-y) e - ( V1 e
V2 ) z (hi z-z).
V1 -
-
V2, , V1
( V2 ).
, V1
, V2 .
e

[8] e
- .
.7.53. V2
.
x [m] 0.000 2.322 4.643 6.965 9.286 11.608 13.929 16.251 18.572 20.894 23.215 Ncr,y [kN] Ncr,z [kN]
y 0.791 0.797 0.804 0.810 0.817 0.823 0.830 0.837 0.844 0.851 0.858
V1 197663 266132
z 0.838 0.843 0.848 0.854 0.859 0.865 0.870 0.876 0.882 0.888 0.894
y 0.875 0.880 0.884 0.889 0.893 0.898 0.902 0.907 0.912 0.917 0.922
V2 354388 325059
z 0.865 0.869 0.874 0.879 0.883 0.888 0.893 0.898 0.903 0.909 0.914
7.28. V1 V2
.
116
0.930
/ buckling coeficient
0.920
0.910
0.900
0.890
0.880
0.870
0.860
0.850
0.840
0.830 V1 buckling coeficient hi y-y
0.820 V1 buckling coeficient hi z-z
0.810 V2 buckling coeficient hi y-y
0.800 V2 buckling coeficient hi z-z
0.790
0.780
0.000
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
5.000
6.000
7.000
8.000
9.000
10.000
11.000
12.000
13.000
14.000
15.000
16.000
17.000
18.000
19.000
20.000
21.000
22.000
23.000
24.000
x [m]
.7.54. hi y-y hi z-z

V1 V2.
7.3.6. . .7.55
.
.7.55. .
() x=0
(.7.27),
.

7.29. 7.30
EKSPAN Standard Spherical G Bearings (11G Constrained Sliding) [38].
50mm .
E

/ SALS / ULS
gk /
all / all /

RVmin [kN] 819.1 426.4 615.4

RVmax [kN] 819.1 2065.8 2993.7

RH [kN]
- 309.6 464.4
7.29. E .
117
7.30. EKSPAN 11G Constrained Sliding
E 11G250

/ SALS / ULS / SALS / ULS

gk / gk /
all / all / all / all /

RVmin [kN] 819.1 426.4 615.4 2121.0 2500.0 3250.0

RVmax [kN] 819.1 2065.8 2993.7 2121.0 2500.0 3250.0

RH [kN]
- 309.6 464.4 - 250.0 325.0
7.31. 11G250.
E 11G400

/ SALS / ULS / SALS / ULS

gk / gk /
all / all / all / all /

RVmin [kN] 819.1 426.4 615.4 3403.0 4000.0 5200.0

RVmax [kN] 819.1 2065.8 2993.7 3403.0 4000.0 5200.0

RH [kN]
- 309.6 464.4 - 400.0 520.0
7.32. 11G400.
7.31 7.32
. 11G250
. 11G400
,
60%.
7.32. .7.56,
7.33.
118
.7.56. 11G .
7.33. 11G .
To .

, (
, , ).

[1]. uh ,+ uh ,
(.7.57) :
uh , = hs .roty+ = 0,088292 1, 26*0, 004750 = 0, 094m = 94mm (7.70)
uh ,+ = + hs .roty = 0.085395 1, 26* ( 0, 001816 ) = 0,088m = 88mm (7.71)
94mm -
50mm , * .7.56
7.33, .
119
.7.57. roty ,
. hs
.
7.3.7. .
160km/h [6],
.3.2. .7.58
L / ,
0,9.
,
LM71.
1:
L 33,340
= = 1190,7 > 1005,0 = 1117,0 * 0,9 (7.72)
0,028
2:
L 43,320
= = 1732,8 > 851, 4 = 946,0 * 0.9 (7.73)
0,025
- LM71
L - .
120
.7.58. L /
33,340m -> 1117 43,320m. -> 946
[6]
,
.

, .

-
, 3.2.
-

:
L 101,000
= = 1629 (7.74)
0,062
,
600.
7.3.8. -.
80mm.
t [mm ] 80 N
f y (t ) = f y 0, 25* = 275 0, 25* = 255 (7.75)
1mm 1 mm 2
:
TEd = Tmd + Tr + T + TR + T . + T cf = 30o C (7.76)

[48] 7.26

Ed = 74,01N / mm 2 (7.77)
Ed / f y ( t = 80mm ) = 74,01 / 255 = 0, 29 7.34

7.35 [12] -30oC.
121
o
S275
TEd=-30 C
ML, NL M, N J2
Ed/fy(80mm)= 0.25 190 145 125
Ed/fy(80mm)= 0.29 180 137 118
Ed/fy(80mm)= 0.50 130 95 80
7.34.
.
7.35. [12].
80mm
7.34.
122
8. 2.
.
8.1. .
. .8.1 .8.2

. .8.4.
,
.
.8.3.
.
.8.1.
.8.2.
.8.3.
123
.8.4.
8.2. .
3D
, - .8.5.
.
.8.7.
.8.5. 3D .
-
- .
-
124
- .
. .8.6

.8.10 .
.8.6. SAP2000 v14.0
.8.7.
.8.8 .8.9
. e
2,24kN/m 1 (LM1) :
M m = 197,5kNm
M s = 122,0kNm .
.8.10 .
:
b 1,00 *150
k= o o = = 0, 0593
Le 0,7 * 3611
125
1
1 = = 0,978
1 + 6, 4 * 0,05932
bem = 0,978*150 = 146,7mm (8.2)
.8.8. 3-

.8.9. 3-

.8.10.
126
:
b 1, 00 *150
k= o o = = 0,0831
Le 0, 25* ( 3611 + 3611)
1
2 = = 0,675
1
1 + 6 * 0,0831 + 1,6 * 0,08312
2500 * 0,0831
bes = 0,675*150 = 101, 2mm (8.3)
8.1
.
Jyy,eff Wyy,inf Wyy,sup zinf zsup
[mm4] [mm3] [mm3] [mm] [mm]
266494009.1 1093084.9 2254601.0 243.8 118.2
234536346 1040703.7 1716495.2 225.4 136.6
8.1. .
362.0
325.8
289.6
253.4
217.2 sm
z[mm]
181.0 ss
144.8
108.6
72.4
36.2
0.0
0.0
200.0
175.0
150.0
125.0
100.0
-100.0
-125.0
-150.0
-175.0
-200.0
75.0
50.0
25.0
-25.0
-50.0
-75.0
Stess[N/mm2]/[N/mm2]
.8.11. sm ss [N/mm2]
[N/mm2] [N/mm2]
z[mm]

0 180.7 117.2 inf
362.0 87.6 71.1 sup
8.2. .
S275
, 3.
:
127
b 300 235
= = 25,0 < 38,8 = 42 * = 42 * 3
t p 12 275
z 118, 2
= comp ,m = = 2,063
ztens ,m 243,8
= 35,0 < 252,1 = 62 * 0,924 * (1 ( 2,063) ) * ( 2,063) = 62 (1 ) 3

hw 350
=
tr 10
:
b 150 235
= = 12,5 < 38,8 = 42 * = 42 * 3
t p 12 275
z 225, 4
= comp ,s = = 0,606
ztens ,s 136,6
hw 350 42 * 0,924 42
= = 35,0 < 82,6 = = 3
tr 10 0,67 + 0,33* ( 0,606 ) 0,67 + 0,33
8.3. .
2D 3D
. 2D .
.
(, ) .
,
:
(GL, gl)
,
1 (LOC1, loc1)
.
2 (LOC2, loc2)

.8.2.

(
) :
be , glob = min {4152mm; 0,125*60000mm} = 4152mm (8.4)

1 (
) :
be ,loc ,1 = min {4152mm; 0,125* ( 0,7*2*3611mm )} = 632mm (8.5)
.8.12. 2D ()
()
128
.8.13.
.
2D
A = 161113,6mm 2 y-y
I y y = 11824507200mm 4 .

, [9]. .8.14 .8.15
e (
, M+) ( M-) gl. .8.16
.8.17
e ( , M+) ( M-)
loc1.
.8.14. GL , M+ .
.8.15. GL , M- .
129
.8.16. LOC1 , M+ .
.8.17. LOC1 , M- .

8.3. 8.4
. inf, supr sup
,
.
Le bo tp Asl be
o k
[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm ]
2
[mm]
M+ 42000.0 4152.0 12.0 55370 1.453 0.144 0.000 0
GL
M- 27639.0 4152.0 12.0 55370 1.453 0.218 0.000 0
M+ 5055.4 4152.0 12.0 0 1.000 0.821 0.000 0
LOC1
M- 3611.0 4152.0 12.0 0 1.000 1.150 0.000 0
Le bo1 = b o2 tp Asl be1 =be2
o k
[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm ]
2
[mm]
M+ 42000.0 268.0 12.0 55370 4.268 0.027 0.000 0
GL
M- 27639.0 268.0 12.0 55370 4.268 0.041 0.000 0
M+ 5055.4 268.0 12.0 0 1.000 0.053 0.000 0
LOC1
M- 3611.0 268.0 12.0 0 1.000 0.074 0.000 0
8.3. .
130
Aeff Iy-y,eff zeff Winf Wsup,r Wsup e

2
[mm ] [mm ]
4
[mm] 3
[mm ] [mm ]
3 3
[mm ] [mm]
M+ 146951 17298827200 796 21743299 197489892 -63040876 24

GL
M- 96950 14410295200 711 20267644 4803431733 -40140098 109
M+ 75235 12490191300 643 19424870 -192156789 -29251033 177

LOC1
M- 62744 10491203500 574 18277358 -78292563 -21151620 246
8.4. .
8.3.1. .
.
8.3.1.1. . 2D
78,5kN / m 3 .
( , , , , )

gk = 12,915kN / m (
).
, g k 2 = 10,167kN / m .
8.3.1.2. 1 (LM1=TS+UDL). .8.18 .8.19
TS UDL 1,
Qi = 1,0 qi = 1,0 .
.8.18. UDL .LM1 23,85kN/m
.8.19. TS .LM1 323,53kN

8.3.1.3. .
:
Qlk = 0,6Q1 ( 2Q1k ) + 0,1 q1q1k w1L =
= 0,6 *1,0 * ( 2 * 300kN ) + 0,1*1,0 * 9,0 kN / m 2 * 3,0m * L [m ] =
360kN + 2,7 * L [m ] (8.6)
180 q1 = 180 *1,0 = 180 Qlk 900
131

:
t1,lk = 0,749 * qlk [kN / m ] (8.7)
360kN + 2,7 * L [m ] 900kN
qlk = min ; ; [kN / m ] (8.8)
L [m ] L [m ]
0,749

.
8.5
. 2D
+
- .
L Qlk qlk t1,lk

N
[m] [kN] [kN/m] [kN/m]
1 50.556 496.5 9.821 7.355 1

2 65.000 535.5 8.238 6.170 2
3 50.556 496.5 9.821 7.355 3
4 115.556 672.0 5.815 4.355 1+2
5 166.112 808.5 4.867 3.645 1+2+3
8.5. .
8.3.1.4. . 2D
. , . ,
To = 10o C
10o C . (.8.2.8)
([33], [34])
:
TNcon = To Te. min 10 = 10 ( 27,7 3) = 40,7o C - (8.9)
TNext = Te. max To + 10 = ( 45,7 + 16 ) 10 = 51,7o C - (8.10)
8.3.1.5. . ,
.
100. :
vb = cdir .cseason vb,0 .C prob = 1*1* 24 *1,0884 = 26.121m / s
b / d tot = 9400 / 7120 = 1,320 c f , x = 2,1 .7.39
K r = 0,19 ( zo / zo ,2 ) = 0,19 ( 0,05 / 0,05)

0,07 0,07
= 0,19
k1 = 1,00
co ( z ) = 1,00
z = 16,819m -
cr ( z ) = K r ln ( z / zo ) = 0,19 * ln (16,819 / 0,05) = 1,1055
132
vm ( z ) = cr ( z ) .co ( z ) .vb = 1,1055*1,00 * 26,121 = 28,875m / s
k1 1
Iv ( z ) = = = 0,1719
co ( z ) ln ( z / zo ) 1* ln (16,819 / 0,05)
q p ( z ) = 1 + 7. I v ( z ) .0,5. .vm2 ( z ) =
kN
= [1 + 7 * 0,1719] * 0,5*1, 25* 28,8752 * 0,001 = 1,148
m2
qwk , x ( z ) = q p ( z ) .c f , x = 1,148 * 2,1 = 2, 411kN / m 2
:
pwk , x ( z ) = pwk , x ( z ) .d tot .k r = 2, 411* 7,12 * 0,344 = 5,899kN / m ' (8.11)
k r = 0,344

.
2,0m ([14])
pwk , x ( z ) = 2, 411* 2,00 = 4,822kN / m '
.8.21
.
.8.20.
z=16819mm
.8.21.
3 () 7 () .8.3
8.3.1.6. .
() ( )
20mm .
133
.
.

.
8.3.2. () .
1.17.

.

(ULS) :
Ed 1 = 1,35* g ki + env (uz ) + 1,35* LM 1,k + 1,5* pk (8.12)
i
Ed 2 = 1,35* g ki + env (uz ) + 1,35* ( 0,75* TSk + 0, 40*UDLk ) + 1, 35* Qlk (8.13)
i
:
g ki
env (uz ) -
.
LM 1,k = TSk + UDLk 1 - TSk
LM1, UDLk
LM1.
pk
.

(SALS)
:
Ek 1 = g k 2,i + env (uz ) + LM 1,k + pk + 0, 6* Text (8.14)
i
Ek 2 = g k 2,i + env (uz ) + LM 1,k + pk + 0,6* Tcon (8.15)

i
Ek 3 = g k 2,i + LM 1,k + pk + 0, 6* Text (8.16)

i
Ek 4 = g k 2,i + LM 1,k + pk + 0, 6* Tcon (8.17)

i
Ek 5 = g k 2,i + Text + 0, 75* TSk + 0, 4 *UDLk + 0, 4 * pk (8.18)

i
Ek 6 = g k 2,i + Tcon + 0,75* TSk + 0, 4 *UDLk + 0, 4 * pk (8.19)

i
:
g k 2,i

, , .
Text Tcon
.
8.3.3. .
.8.22 , .8.23
.8.24 .
134
.8.22.
.8.23.
.8.24.
U m
.8.28. :
N Ed = 5817,3kN
M Ed + = 2036,1kNm
M Ed = 526,5kNm
VEd = 1341,8kNm

:
N N Ed * e
i = Ed + + loc1,i + loc 2,i f yd (8.20)
Agl ,M + Wgl ,M + ,i
f yd ( t = 20mm ) = 265 / 1,05 = 252, 4 N / mm 2
Agl ,M + , Wgl ,M + ,i
, . e
.
loc1,i - ,
M Ed + M Ed , - loc1 M+
M-.
loc 2,i e

, . gl, loc1, loc2
. z
.
135
GLOB LOC1 LOC2 s1max
z [mm] GL - N GL - N*e M+ M- M+ M- -
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
- [N/mm ] [N/mm ] [N/mm ] [N/mm ] [N/mm ] [N/mm ] [N/mm ]
1070 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1070 39.6 2.3 -69.6 24.9 -87.6 71.1 -115.4
708 39.6 -0.7 -10.6 6.7 180.7 -117.2 209.0
708 39.6 -0.7 -10.6 6.7 - - 28.3
0 39.6 -6.5 104.8 -28.8 - - 137.9
8.6. .
1 070.0
963.0
856.0
749.0
642.0
535.0
s1max
428.0
s2max
321.0
fyd=252.4N/mm2
214.0
fyd=252.4N/mm2
107.0
0.0
0.0
-50.0
-75.0
275.0
250.0
225.0
200.0
175.0
150.0
125.0
100.0
75.0
50.0
25.0
-25.0
-100.0
-125.0
-150.0
-175.0
-200.0
-225.0
-250.0
-275.0
Stress[N/mm2]/[N/mm2]
.8.25. .
:
v Av f y 1,00 * 2 *1030 *16 * 265
V pl , Rd = = = 4802674 N = 4802,7kN (8.21)
3 M 0 3 *1,05
hw 1030 235 / 275

= = 79, 2 > 55,5 = 72 * = 72
tw 16 1, 2

a = 1806mm = 3611 / 2 (

)
a / hw = 1806 / 1030 = 1,75 > 1, 00
2
100 *16
E = 19 * = 45,85N / mm
2
1065
k = 5,34 + 4,00 * ( 0,57 ) = 6,642

2
cr = 6,642 * 45,85 = 304,5N / mm 2
136
275,0
w = 0,76 * = 0,722
304,5
w = 0,83 / w = 0,83 / 0,722 = 1,149 w = 1,00

( 1,05
)
:
VEd 1341, 8
3 = = = 0, 28 < 1,00 (8.22)
V pl ,Rd 4802, 7
Om .
. 534 / 16 = 33, 4 < 38,8 = 42 - 3
A = 35776mm 2 , J y y = 1789817400mm 4
.8.26. Om Os

:
N Ed min = 5980,6kN ; N Ed max = 502,7kN ;
y-y
Leff = * L = 1,0 * 7222 = 7222mm
2 EI 2 * 210000 *1789817400
N cr , y = = = 71123447 N = 71123, 4kN
L2eff 72222
N Rk = A * f y = 35392 * 275 = 9732800 N = 9732,8kN
N Rk 9732,8
eff , z = = = 0,370
N cr 71123, 4
= 0,34 b
= 0,5* 1 + 0,34 * ( 0,370 0, 2 ) + 0,3702 = 0,597
1
y = = 0,938 < 1,000
0,597 + 0,597 2 0,3702
N b,Rd , y = y Af y / M 1 = 0,938* 35392 * 275 / 1,1 = 8298005 N = 8298,0kN (8.23)
8186, 4kN .8.2.6
( 8.7).
Om :
N Ed min = 5980,6kN < 8186, 4kN = min {N b,Rd , y ; N b,Rd , y } (8.24)
Os .
137
A = 35776mm 2
N Ed = 6297,0kN -
N t ,Rd = Af y / M 0 = 35392 * 275 / 1, 05 = 9269333N = 9269,3kN -

N Ed = 6297,0kN < 9269,3kN = N t ,Rd
8.3.4.
. 3D
.8.27 .8.28.
8.3.4.1.
. .
B1:
1 (LANE1)
buckling analysis. .8.29

cr = 19,117 .
Om .8.28
N cr = N k , * cr = 3211,6 *19,117 = 61396, 2kN
N k , e
buckling
N Rk = A * f y = 35392 * 275 = 9732800 N = 9732,8kN
N Rk 9732,8
eff , z = = = 0,398
N cr 61396, 2
= 0,34 b
= 0,5* 1 + 0,34 * ( 0,398 0, 2 ) + 0,3982 = 0,613
1
z = = 0,927 < 1,000
0,613 + 0,6132 0,3982
:
N b,Rd , z = z Af y / M 1 = 0,927 * 35392 * 275 / 1,1 = 8200379 N = 8200, 4kN (8.25).
B2:
1 (LANE1) e
buckling analysis. .8.30

cr = 23,509 .
Om
N cr = N k , * cr = 2560,0 * 23,509 = 60183,0kN
N k , e
buckling
N Rk 9732,8
eff , z = = = 0, 402
N cr 60183,0
= 0,34 b
= 0,5* 1 + 0,34 * ( 0, 402 0, 2 ) + 0, 402 2 = 0,615
1
z = = 0,925 < 1,000
0,615 + 0,6152 0, 4022
138
:
N b,Rd , z = z Af y / M 1 = 0,925* 35776 * 275 / 1,1 = 8186360 N = 8186, 4kN (8.26)
.8.27. 3D .
Om
Os
Um
Dm D23
.8.28. 3D
.
.8.29.
B1 - cr = 19,117 .
139
.8.30.
B2 - cr = 23,509 .
8.7 , Om
B1 B2.
.
cr Nk [kN] Ncr [kN] z Nb,Rd [kN]
B1 19.117 3211.6 61396.2 0.927 8200.4
B2 23.509 2560.0 60183.0 0.925 8186.4
8.7. Om.
.
E :
E. J z 210000 *1728588120
lk = = 3,14 * = 7716mm < 8666mm = 1, 2 * 7222 = 1, 2l (8.27)
N cr 60183040
,
:
N 5980600
FEd = Ed = = 59806 N = 59,806kN (8.28)
100 100
.8.31.
.8.31. FEd .
140
8.3.4.2. D23 . .8.28.
(-)
- 8.8.

8.9.
maxNEd [N] = 1250240 maxNEd [kN] = 1250.24
minNEd [N] = -1314740 minNEd [kN] = -1314.74
MEd,z [Nmm] = 63315185 MEd,z [kNm] = 63.32
8.8. D23.
Iy-y W- Iz-z Wz-z
A [mm2] 4 3 4
[mm ] [mm ] [mm ] [mm3]
D23 22080 597847040 2989235 960588800 3531576
8.9. D23.
.
:
1314740 63315185 275,0
max Ed = + = 59,5 + 17,9 = 77,5 < 261,9 = = f yd (8.29)
22080 3531576 1,05
. .
z-z :
N Rk = 22080 * 275 = 6072000 N = 6072kN (8.30)
M Rk , z = 3531576 * 275 = 971183529Nmm = 971,2kNm (8.31)
,
0,9 .
2 EI y 3,14 * 210000 *597847040
N cr , y = = = 28075155N=28075,2kN
( 0,9 * 7002,8)
2
Leff , y 2
N Rk 6072
y = = = 0, 465
N cr , y 28075, 2
y = 0,5* 1 + 0,34 * ( 0, 465 0, 200 ) + 0, 4652 = 0,653
1
y = = 0,899 (8.32)
0,653 + 0,6532 0, 4652
-.
3D
gk+LM1k.
N cr , z = 23,509 * 782 = 18384kN
N Rk 6072
z = = = 0,575
N cr , z 18384
z = 0,5* 1 + 0,34 * ( 0,575 0, 200 ) + 0,5752 = 0,729
1
z = = 0,850 (8.33)
0,729 + 0,7292 0,5752
4.11:
k yz = 0,929
141
k zz = 0,929
:
N Ed M 1314,74 63, 32
py = + k yz Ed , z = + 0,929 * =
N M Rk , z 6072 971, 2
y Rk 0,899 * (8.34)
M1 M1 1,1 1,1
= 0, 265 + 0,067 = 0,331 < 1,000
:
N Ed M 1374, 72 63,3
pz = + k zz Ed ,z = + 0,929 =
N Rk M Rk , z 6072 971, 2
z 0,850 * (8.35)
M1 M1 1,1 1,1
= 0, 280 + 0,067 = 0,347 < 1,000
,
( ).
. ,

.
8.3.5. . D23 (.8.28)
FLM3 .1.5.
- -

.8.33.
, - .8.34.
8.10 c = 71N / mm 2
[11]. FLM3 :
Pm = 60 * ( 0,6697 + 0,8959 ) = 93,936kN (8.36)
36kN
, -
40m. :
36
Pm 2 = 93,936 * = 28,181kN (8.37)
120
.8.32. FLM3
142
.8.33. D23
8.10. .8.34 [11].
.8.34.
143
.8.35.
.8.36. Moving Load FLM3

D23 AD 23 = 22080mm 2
:
D23,min = 165200 N , D23,max = 165200 N .

:
D D23min 165200 ( 165200 )
FLM 3 = 23max = = 14,96 N / mm 2 (8.38)
AD 23 22080
( ) :
4
= min i ; max
i =1
max = 2,0 Leff = 60 * (1 2 * 0.15) = 42m - .8.37
Leff 10 42 10
1 = 2,55 0,7 * = 2,55 0,7 * = 2, 23 .8.38
70 70
144
2 = 1,00 FLM3 480kN
N o = 0,5*106 /
3 = 1,00 100
4 = 1,00

:
Ed = Ff . . FLM 3 = 1,0 * 2,0 *14,96 = 29, 93N / mm 2 (8.39)
Rd = c / Mf = 71 / 1, 35 = 52,59 N / mm 2 (8.40)
:
Ed = 29,93N / mm 2 < 52,59 N / mm 2 = Rd . (8.41)
.8.37. max
.8.38. 1
8.3.6. . 3 7
.8.3. 8.11
. .8.39
MAURER Spherical Bearings [35].
145
, /
.
RvZ,max RvZ,min Rh,X Rh,Y Rh uX,max uX,min

[kN] [kN] [kN] [kN] [kN] [m] [m]
3 6991.3 1651.6 817.4 610.1 1020.0 0.0000 0.0000
7 3068.9 204.9 0 402.9 336.33 0.0726 -0.0556
8.11. E .
.8.39. MAURER Spherical Bearings KF 32 N / mm 2 ()

KGe 32 N / mm 2 () [35].
8.3.6.1. 3.
F-11 Maurer ( 8.12, [35])
RRd ,V = 11000kN ,
RRd ,H = 0,1* RRd ,V = 0,1*11000 = 1100kN .
( R ) + ( *1,5* Rwk ,3 ) = (817, 4 ) + ( 0,6 *1,5* 677,9 ) = 1020,0kN

2 2 2 2
Rh = h, X 0 (8.42)
Rh , X ,
Rh ,Y = 0 *1,5* Rwk ,3
.
Rh = 1020,0kN < 1100kN = RRd ,H (8.43)
Rv = 6991,3kN < 11000kN = RRd ,V (8.44)
. F-11
Du = 740mm , H = 152mm . .8.40 3,
.8.41 .
60o.
N Ed = 6991,3kN
M Y Y = RX . ( H / 2 + 0,02m ) = 817, 4 * ( 0,5* 0,152 + 0,02 ) = 78, 47kNm
M X X = RY . ( H / 2 + 0,02m ) = 610,1* ( 0,5* 0,152 + 0,02 ) = 58,57kNm
N Ed M X X M Y Y
Ed = + + =
A WX X WY Y
146
6991,3*103 58,57 *106 78, 47 *106
= + + = 184,52 + 9, 80 + 22, 46 = 216,78 N / mm 2
37888 5977999 3493937
265
Ed = 216,78 N / mm 2 < 252,38 = = f yd ( t = 20mm )
1,05
.8.40. 3.
.8.41. 3.
147
. C35/45
:
f ck 35 N
f cd = c = 0,8* = 18,67
c 1,5 mm 2
(x,y)
:
N Ed M X X M
Ed ( x, y ) = + y + Y Y . x
A I X X IY Y
A = Du 2 , I X X = Du 4 / 12 , IY Y = Du 4 / 12 , x y
X-X Y-Y - .8.40.
.8.42
.
.8.42. .
max Ed = 14,80 N / mm 2 < 18,67 N / mm 2 = f cd

-
FRdu - A * f cd ,
EN 1992-1-1 FRdu
.
8.3.6.2. 7.
KGe 4, ex= 100mm Maurer ( 8.13, [35])
RRd ,V = 4000kN ,

RRd ,H = 0,1*VRd ,V = 0,1* 4000 = 400kN
100mm .
148
Rh = 1,5* Rwk ,7 = 1,5* 224, 2 = 336,3kN e
.
Rh = 336,3kN < 400kN = RRd ,H (8.45)
Rv = 3068,9kN < 4000kN = RRd ,V (8.46)

KGe 4, ex= 100mm :
u X = max { 0,0726 ; -0,0566 } = 0,0726m = 72,6mm < 100mm (8.47)
( , +
)
8.12. KF 32 N / mm 2 - .8.39.
149
8.13. KGe 32 N / mm 2 - .8.39.
150
A.
. [9]
.
:
beff = .bo
:
= f (k ) A.1.
.b
k= o o
Le
Le
Asl
o = 1 + .A.2
bot
Asl bo

.
.A.1. Le
[9].
.A.2. .
151
A.1. = f ( k ) .
.A.3. .
152
B.
4. 4
:
Ac ,eff = . Ac
B.1.
fy b/t
p = =
cr 28, 4 k
, k
B.2. B.3
t
b hw c
.
235
=
f y N / mm 2
cr = k E
2
100t
E = 19 N / mm
2
b
k B.2 B.3
,
(.4.4.(4) [9]):
com ,Ed
p ,red = p
fy / M0
com ,Ed
.
.

1,000 p 0,673 1,000 p 0,748

= p 0,055 ( 3 + ) = p 0,188
1 p > 0,673 1 p > 0,748

( ) ( )
2 2
p p
B.1. .
153
B.2. .
B.3.
154
.
.
.C.1 :
Ac ,eff = c . Ac ,eff ,loc + bedge,eff t
Ac ,eff ,loc = Asl ,eff + loc .bc ,loct
c

c
loc
Asl ,eff Asl

bc ,loc
loc , ( B.1)
Ac ,eff * Ac ,eff .
.C.1. .
c
(plate like behaviour) c
(column like behaviour).
Asl ,eff Asl
bc ,loc
_
C.1. . p
:
_ A, c f y
p =
cr , p
Ac

Ac ,eff ,loc (
)
cr , p = k , p . E

2 Et 2
2
t
E = = 19000 N / mm 2
12 (1 ) b
2 2
b
t
b
hw .

155
( )
2 1 + 2 2 + 1

2 ( + 1)(1 + )
4
k , p =

4 1+ ( )
> 4
( + 1)(1 + )
:
2
= 0,5
1
I
= sl
Ip
=
Asl
Ap
a
= 0,5
b
I sl
b.t 3 b.t 3
Ip = =
12 (1 ) 10,92
A
sl
Ap = b.t
1 2 -
C.2. .

.
:
2 Et 2
cr ,c =
12 (1 2 ) a 2
cr ,c
cr ,sl , -
- :
2 EI sl ,1
cr ,sl =
Asl ,1a 2

I sl ,1
.
Asl ,1
.C.2
:
fy

_ cr ,c
c =
A, c . f y

cr , c
A
A,c = sl ,1,eff
Asl ,1

Asl ,1,eff
.
156
.4.12
:
0, 21

e = 0,09
+ i / e
.C.2. .
I sl ,1
i=
Asl ,1
157
e = max ( e1 ; e2 )
- e1
( )
e2
.
= 0,34
= 0, 49
C.3. .
:
c = ( c ) . . ( 2 ) + c
:
cr , p
= 1, ( 0 1)
cr ,c
cr , p
cr ,c
c

[9].
158
:
[1] ., . , , 2006.
[2] ., -
Eurocode 4, Part 2. , , 2012.
[3] ., . . , , 2001.
[4] ., . . , , 2006.
[5] EN 1990 -
[6] N 1990/1:2008 A2 ( EN 1990) -
.
[7] EN 1991-2, 1: . 2:

[8] EN 1993-1-1:2005, 3: . 1-1:

[9] EN 1993-1-5:2007, 3: . 1-5:

[10] EN 1993-1-8:2007, 3: . 1-8:

[11] EN 1993-1-9:2007, 3: . 1-9:

[12] EN 1993-1-10:2005, 3: . 1-10:
.
[13] EN 1993-1-11:2007, 3: . 1-11:

[14] EN 1991-1-4:2005, 1: .
1-4: .
[15] EN 1993-2:2007, 3: . 2:

[16] Hendy C.R., Murphy, Designers guide to EN 1993-2 Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures
Part 2: Steel bridges, Thomas Telford Limited, 2007
[17] Greiner R., Taras A., Development and Application of a Fatigue Class Catalogue for Riveted
Bridge Components, SEI, 1/2010
[18] EN 1090-2:2008+A1:2011,
. 2:
[19] EN 10025-2:2005, . 2:

[20] Miki hitoshi, Fatigue in Orthotropic Steel Bridge Decks and Retrofit Works, First
International Conference On fatigue And Fracture In The Infrastructurebridges And Structures
Of The 21st Century, Lehigh University & The ATLSS Research Center, Philadelphia PA,
USA, August 6-9, 2006.
[21] Longitudinaly profiled plates (LP plates), Dillinger Hutte GTS, Rev 2004,
http://www.dillinger.de
[22] Robert Connor, John Fisher, Walter Gatti, Vellore Gopalaratnam, Brian Kozy, Brian Leshko,
David L. McQuaid, Ronald Medlock, Dennis Mertz, Thomas Murphy, Duncan Paterson, Ove
Sorensen, John Yadlosky, Manual For Design, Construction, And Maintenance Of Orthotropic
Steel Deck Bridges, US Department Of Transportation Federal Highway Administration,
Publication No. FHWA-IF-12-027, February 2012
[23] Mustafa Aygl, Mohammad Al-Emrani,Shota Urushadze, Modelling and fatigue life
assessment of orthotropic bridge deck details using FEM, International Journal of Fatigue 40
(2012) 129142, 2012
159
[24] Miki C., Ito Y., Sasaki E., Fatigue and Repair Cases in Steel Bridges, Department of Civil
Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan, Lecture, Internet
[25] EN 10025-3:2005, . 3:
/

[26] Calgaro J. A., Tschumi M., Gulvanessian H., Designers guide to Eurocode 1: Actions on
bridges N1991-2, EN1991-1-1, -1-3 to 1-7 and EN1990 Annex A2, Thomas Telford
Limited, London, 2010.
[27] Darko Beg, Ulrike Kuhlmann, Laurence Davaine, Benjamin Braun, Design of Plated
Structures: Eurocode 3: Design of Steel Structures, Part 1-5: Design of Plated Structures,
ECCS Eurocode Design Manuals, January 2012.
[28] EN 1991-1-5:2005, 1: .
1-5: . .
[29] N 1991-1-5/NA:2010, 1: .
1-5: . . .
[30] EN 1991-1-4/NA:2010, 1: .
1-4: . , .
[31] Igor Kolyushev, Detailed Design of the Neva River Twin Cable-Stayed Bridge,
http://www.gpsm.ru/, 5 Symposium BRCKENBAU in Leipzig, Germany (February 2005)
[32] , 2, ABC
, 2009.
[33] Lee D.J., Bridge bearings and expansion joints, E&FN Spon, London, 1993
[34] Ramberger G, Structural bearings and expansion joints for bridges, IABSE, 2002
[35] http://www.maurer-soehne.com/files/bauwerkschutzsysteme/pdf/en/brochure/
MAURER_Spherical_Bearings.pdf
[36] http://www.cadforum.cz/catalog_en/Default.asp?fo=DWG
[37] http://dwg.ru/
[38] http://www.ekspan.com
160

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ISBN 978 - 954 - 724 - 054 - 4

.1.6. 71 (LM71, 71) .

.1.10. SW/0 SW/2.

SW/0 133 15.0 5.3

SW/2 150 25.0 7.0

1.6. SW/0 SW/2.

LM71 SW/0 SW/2

Qlbk = 35[ kN / m '] * La ,b [ m ] SW/2

C prob = = = 1,0884 (1.5)

zo, II = 0,05m 1.8.

HSLM 1.00 1.00 0.00

TS 0.75 0.75 0.00

gr1a UDL 0.40 0.40 0.00

gr1b ( ) 0.00 0.75 0.00

gr2 ( ) 0.00 0.00 0.00

gr3 ( ) 0.00 0.00 0.00

gr4 (LM4 ) 0.00 0.75 0.00

gr5 (LM3 ) 0.00 0.00 0.00

Fwk - 0.60 0.20 0.00

Tk 0.60 0.60 0.50

40 63 80 100 150 200 250 400**

S450J0*** 1.0590 450 430 410 390 380 380 - - -

t 30mm T27 J = 20o C EN 10025

30mm < t 80mm EN10025, S355N/M

t > 80mm EN10025, S355NL/ML

S235J2 1.0117 -20 27 27 27

S275J2 1.0145 -20 27 27 27

S355J2 1.0577 -20 27 27 27

S355K2 1.0598 -20 40d 33 33

nnn - N/mm (Mpa)

4.6 5.6 6.8 8.8 10.9

f yb N / mm 2 240 300 480 640 900

fub N / mm 2 400 500 600 800 1000

0,i , 1,i , 2,i 1.14

> 200 1.5

V = VEd w .hw .t. f ywd / 3

As [mm2] 84.3 157.0 245.0 303.0 353.0 459.0 561.0 817.0

.6.9, .6.10, .6.11

.6.12. Bronx Whitestone Bridge Redecking.

7.2.1.3. SW/0 SW/2.

s1 - - 0.0000 0.200 0.016 1.000 - 0.772 0.154

m 0,7a= 1.750 0.0000 0.200 0.016 1.000 0.114 0.923 0.185

s 0,5a= 1.250 0.0000 0.200 0.016 1.000 0.160 0.504 0.101

SW/0k 46.00 31.12 -52.33 112.36 220.25

SW/2k 51.88 35.10 -59.01 126.72 248.40

1,35{gk}+1,45{SW/0k} 76.69 45.23 -88.87 193.44 376.43

1,35{gk}+1,20{SW/2k} 72.25 42.22 -83.81 182.59 355.14

1,35{gk}+1,45{LM71k} 119.01 128.31 -110.47 329.41 444.84

SW/0k 37.89 35.84 -49.44 106.31 212.69

SW/2k 42.97 40.59 -55.89 120.02 240.03

1,35{gk}+1,45{SW/0k} 60.22 51.98 -82.25 179.48 358.99

1,35{gk}+1,20{SW/2k} 56.84 48.72 -77.63 169.36 338.62

1,35{gk}+1,45{LM71k} 99.00 126.45 -101.66 310.13 420.87

Ieff,y-y Winf,y-y Wsup,y-y maxM inf sup

m1 18.93 25311.2 1092.9 -2998.5 119.94 10.974 -4.000

s1 15.44 23840.7 1073.4 -2539.4 -111.28 -10.368 4.382

m 18.46 25132.3 1090.6 -2937.2 99.80 9.151 -3.398

s 10.07 20703.2 1025.5 -1814.3 -102.38 -9.983 5.643

SW/0k 55.75 37.05 -48.63 110.84

SW/2k 62.88 41.78 -54.86 125.01

1,35{gk}+1,45{SW/0k} 90.83 53.83 -83.51 191.25

1,35{gk}+1,20{SW/2k} 85.45 50.24 -78.83 180.54

vm ( z ) = cr ( z ) .co ( z ) .vb = 1, 2239 1,00 26,121 = 31, 970m / s

Ek 5 = g k 2,i + Text + 0, 75* TSk + 0, 4 UDLk + 0, 4 pk (8.18)

Ek 6 = g k 2,i + Tcon + 0,75* TSk + 0, 4 UDLk + 0, 4 pk (8.19)

( R ) + ( 1,5 Rwk ,3 ) = (817, 4 ) + ( 0,6 1,5 677,9 ) = 1020,0kN