10

Dispersion Strengthening and

Eutectic Phase Diagrams

1022 A hypothetical phase diagram is shown in Figure 1032. (a) Are any intermetallic
compounds present? If so, identify them and determine whether they are stoichio-
metric or nonstoichiometric. (b) Identify the solid solutions present in the system. Is
either material A or B allotropic? Explain. (c) Identify the three-phase reactions by
writing down the temperature, the reaction in equation form, the composition of
each phase in the reaction, and the name of the reaction.

Solution: (a) u  non-stoichiometric intermetallic compound.

(b) a, h, g, and b; material B is allotropic, existing in three different forms at

different temperatures

(c) 1100C: g  L S b; peritectic; L: 82% B

g: 97% B b: 90% B
900C: L1 S L2  a; monotectic; L1: 28% B
L 2: 50% B a: 5% B
680C: L S a  b; eutectic; L: 60% B
a: 5% B b: 90% B
600C: a  b S u; peritectoid; a: 5% B
b: 80% B u: 37% B
300C: b S u  h; eutectoid; b: 90% B
u: 40% B h: 95% B

1023 The CuZn phase diagram is shown in Figure 1033. (a) Are any intermetallic
compounds present? If so, identify them and determine whether they are stoichio-
metric or nonstoichiometric. (b) Identify the solid solutions present in the system.
(c) Identify the three-phase reactions by writing down the temperature, the reaction
in equation form, and the name of the reaction.

111
112 The Science and Engineering of Materials Instructors Solution Manual

Solution: (a) b, b, g, d, e: all nonstoichiometric.

(b) a, u

(c) 900C: a  L S b; peritectic

830C: b  L S g; peritectic
700C: g  L S d; peritectic
600C: d  L S e; peritectic
550C: d S g  e; eutectoid
420C: e  L S u; peritectic
250C: b S a  g; eutectoid

1024 A portion of the AlCu phase diagram is shown in Figure 1034. (a) Determine the
formula for the u compound. (b) Identify the three-phase reaction by writing down
the temperature, the reaction in equation form, the composition of each phase in the
reaction, and the name of the reaction.

54 g 63.54 g/mol
Solution: (a) u at 54% Cu;  33 at% Cu; CuAl2
54 63.54  4626.981

(b) 548C; L S a  u; eutectic; L: 33.2% Cu,

a: 5.65% Cu, u: 52.5% Cu.

1025 The AlLi phase diagram is shown in Figure 1035. (a) Are any intermetallic com-
pounds present? If so, identify them and determine whether they are stoichiometric
or nonstoichiometric. Determine the formula for each compound. (b) Identify the
three-phase reactions by writing down the temperature, the reaction in equation
form, the composition of each phase in the reaction, and the name of the reaction.

Solution: (a) b is non-stoichiometric @ 21 wt% Li:

21 g 6.94 g/mol
at% Li   100%  50 at% Li AlLi
21 6.94  79 26.981
g, is stoichiometric @ 34 wt% Li:
34 g 6.94 g/mol
at% Li   100%  66.7% Li AlLi2
34 6.94  66 26.981

(b) 600C: L S a  b eutectic L: 9.9% Li

a: 4% Li b: 20.4% Li
510C: b  L S g peritectic b: 25% Li
L: 47% Li g: 34% Li
170C: L S g  a 1Li2 eutectic L: 98% Li
g: 34% Li a 1Li2: 99% Li

1026 An intermetallic compound is found for 10 wt% Si in the CuSi phase diagram.
Determine the formula for the compound.

10 g 28.08 g/mol
Solution: at% Si   0.20 or SiCu4
10 28.08  90 63.54
 CHAPTER 10 Dispersion Strengthening and Eutectic Phase Diagrams 113

1027 Using the phase rule, predict and explain how many solid phases will form in an
eutectic reaction in a ternary (three-component) phase diagram, assuming that the
pressure is fixed.

Solution: FCP1
At the eutectic, F  0, C  3 0  3  P  1 or P  4
Therefore, L S a  b  g and 3 solid phases form.

1030 Consider a Pb15% Sn alloy. During solidification, determine (a) the composition
of the first solid to form, (b) the liquidus temperature, solidus temperature, solvus
temperature, and freezing range of the alloy, (c) the amounts and compositions of
each phase at 260C, (d) the amounts and compositions of each phase at 183C, and
(e) the amounts and compositions of each phase at 25C.

Solution: (a) 8% Sn

(b) liquidus  290C, solidus  240C,

solvus  170C, freezing range  50C

(c) L: 30% Sn a: 12% Sn;

15  12
%L   100%  17% %a  83%
30  12

(d) a: 15% Sn 100% a

(e) a: 2% Pb b: 100% Sn
100  15
%a   100  87% %b  13%
100  2

1031 Consider an Al12% Mg alloy (Figure 1036). During solidification, determine

(a) the composition of the first solid to form, (b) the liquidus temperature, solidus
temperature, solvus temperature, and freezing range of the alloy, (c) the amounts
and compositions of each phase at 525C, (d) the amounts and compositions of each
phase at 450C, and (e) the amounts and compositions of each phase at 25C.

Solution: (a) 2.5% Mg

(b) liquidus  600C, solidus  470C,

solvus  400C, freezing range  130C

(c) L: 26% Mg a: 7% Mg;

26  12
%a   100%  74% %L  26%
26  7

(d) a: 12% Mg 100% a

(e) a: 1% Mg b: 34% Mg
34  12
%a   100%  67% %b  33%
34  1
114 The Science and Engineering of Materials Instructors Solution Manual

1032 Consider a Pb35% Sn alloy. Determine (a) if the alloy is hypoeutectic or hypereu-
tectic, (b) the composition of the first solid to form during solidification, (c) the
amounts and compositions of each phase at 184C, (d) the amounts and composi-
tions of each phase at 182C, (e) the amounts and compositions of each microcon-
stituent at 182C, and (f) the amounts and compositions of each phase at 25C.

Solution: (a) hypoeutectic (b) 14% Sn

(c) a: 19% Sn L: 61.9% Sn

61.9  35
%a   100%  63% %L  37%
61.9  19

(d) a: 19% Sn b: 97.5% Sn

97.5  35
%a   100%  80% %b  20%
97.5  19

(e) primary a: 19% Sn %primary a  63%

eutectic: 61.9% Sn %eutectic  37%

(f) a: 2% Sn b: 100% Sn
100  35
%a   100%  66% %b  34%
100  2

1033 Consider a Pb70% Sn alloy. Determine (a) if the alloy is hypoeutectic or hypereu-
tectic, (b) the composition of the first solid to form during solidification, (c) the
amounts and compositions of each phase at 184C, (d) the amounts and composi-
tions of each phase at 182C, (e) the amounts and compositions of each microcon-
stituent at 182C, and (f) the amounts and compositions of each phase at 25C.

Solution: (a) hypereutectic (b) 98% Sn

(c) b: 97.5% Sn L: 61.9% Sn

70  61.9
%b   100%  22.8% %L  77.2%
97.5  61.9

(d) a: 19% Sn b: 97.5% Sn

97.5  70
%a   100%  35% %b  65%
97.5  19

(e) primary b: 97.5% Sn %primary b  22.8%

eutectic: 61.9% Sn %eutectic  77.2%

(f) a: 2% Sn b: 100% Sn
100  70
%a   100%  30% %b  70%
100  2

1034 Calculate the total % b and the % eutectic microconstituent at room temperature for
the following lead-tin alloys: 10% Sn, 20% Sn, 50% Sn, 60% Sn, 80% Sn, and 95%
Sn. Using Figure 1022, plot the strength of the alloys versus the % b and the
% eutectic and explain your graphs.
 CHAPTER 10 Dispersion Strengthening and Eutectic Phase Diagrams 115

Solution: %b %eutectic
10 2
10% Sn  8.2% 0%
99 2
20 2 20  19
20% Sn  18.6%  2.3%
99 2 61.9  19
50 2 50  19
50% Sn  49.5%  72.3%
99 2 61.9  19
60 2 60  19
60% Sn  59.8%  95.6%
99 2 61.9  19
80 2 97.5  80
80% Sn  80.4%  49.2%
99 2 97.5  61.9
95 2 97.5  95
95% Sn  95.9%  7.0%
99 2 97.5  61.9

8000 8000

7000 7000
Tensile strength (psi)
Tensile strength (psi)

o-
Hyp
6000 r-
6000 pe
Hy

5000 5000

4000
20 40 60 80 100 20 40 60 80
% % eutectic

1035 Consider an Al4% Si alloy. (See Figure 1023.) Determine (a) if the alloy is
hypoeutectic or hypereutectic, (b) the composition of the first solid to form during
solidification, (c) the amounts and compositions of each phase at 578C, (d) the
amounts and compositions of each phase at 576C, the amounts and compositions
of each microconstituent at 576C, and (e) the amounts and compositions of each
phase at 25C.

Solution: (a) hypoeutectic

(b) 1% Si

(c) a: 1.65% Si L: 12.6% Si

12.6  4
%a   78.5% %L  21.5%
12.6  1.65

(d) a: 1.65% Si b: 99.83% Si

99.83  4
%a   97.6% %b  2.4%
99.83  1.65
116 The Science and Engineering of Materials Instructors Solution Manual

(e) primary a: 1.65% Si %primary a  78.5%

eutectic: 12.6% Si %eutectic  21.5%
100  4
a: 0% Si b: 100% Si %a   96% %b  4%
100  0

1036 Consider a Al25% Si alloy. (See Figure 1023.) Determine (a) if the alloy is
hypoeutectic or hypereutectic, (b) the composition of the first solid to form during
solidification, (c) the amounts and compositions of each phase at 578C, (d) the
amounts and compositions of each phase at 576C, (e) the amounts and composi-
tions of each microconstituent at 576C, and (f) the amounts and compositions of
each phase at 25C.

Solution: (a) hypereutectic

(b) 100% Si

(c) b: 99.83% Si L: 12.6% Si

99.83  25
%L   85.8% %b  14.2%
99.83  12.6

(d) a: 1.65% Si b: 99.83% Si

99.83  25
%a   76.2% %b  23.8%
99.83  1.65

(e) primary b: 99.83% Si %primary b  14.2%

eutectic: 12.6% Si %eutectic  85.8%

100  25
(f) a: 0% Si b: 100% Si %a   75% %b  25%
100  0

1037 A PbSn alloy contains 45% a and 55% b at 100C. Determine the composition of
the alloy. Is the alloy hypoeutectic or hypereutectic?

98.0  x
Solution: %a  45   100 or x  56.15% Sn Hypoeutectic
98.0  5

1038 An AlSi alloy contains 85% a and 15% b at 500C. Determine the composition of
the alloy. Is the alloy hypoeutectic or hypereutectic?

100  x
Solution: %a  85   100 or x  15.85% Si Hypereutectic
100  1

1039 A PbSn alloy contains 23% primary a and 77% eutectic microconstituent.
Determine the composition of the alloy.

61.9  x
Solution: %primary a  23   100 or x  52% Sn
61.9  19

1040 An AlSi alloy contains 15% primary b and 85% eutectic microconstituent.
Determine the composition of the alloy.
 CHAPTER 10 Dispersion Strengthening and Eutectic Phase Diagrams 117

100  x
Solution: %eutectic  85   100 or x  25.71% Si
100  12.6

1041 Determine the maximum solubility for the following cases.

(a) lithium in aluminum (Figure 1035),
(b) aluminum in magnesium (Figure 1037),
(c) copper in zinc (Figure 1033), and
(d) carbon in g-iron (Figure 1038)

Solution: (a) 4% Li dissolves in aluminum

(b) 12.7% Al dissolves in magnesium

(c) 3% Cu dissolves in zinc

(d) 2.11% C dissolves in g-iron

1042 Determine the maximum solubility for the following cases.

(a) magnesium in aluminum (Figure 1036),
(b) zinc in copper (Figure 1033),
(c) beryllium in copper (Figure 1033), and
(d) Al2O3 in MgO (Figure 1039)

Solution: (a) 14.9% Mg dissolves in aluminum

(b) 40% Zn dissolves in copper

(c) 2.5% Be dissolves in copper

(d) 18% Al2O3 dissolves in MgO

1043 Observation of a microstructure shows that there is 28% eutectic and 72% primary
b in an AlLi alloy (Figure 1035). (a) Determine the composition of the alloy and
whether it is hypoeutectic or hypereutectic. (b) How much a and b are in the eutec-
tic microconstituent?

20.4  x
Solution: (a) 28   100 or x  17.46% Li Hypereutectic
20.4  9.9

20.4  9.9
(b) %aEut   100%  64% and %bEut  36%
20.4  4

1044 Write the eutectic reaction that occurs, including the compositions of the three
phases in equilibrium, and calculate the amount of a and b in the eutectic microcon-
stituent in the MgAl system, (Figure 1036).

Solution: L32.3 S a12.7  g40.2

40.2  32.3
%aEut   100%  28.7% and %gEut  71.3%
40.2  12.7
118 The Science and Engineering of Materials Instructors Solution Manual

1045 Calculate the total amount of a and b and the amount of each microconstituent in a
Pb50% Sn alloy at 182C. What fraction of the total a in the alloy is contained in
the eutectic microconstituent?

97.5  50
Solution: atotal   100%  60.5% bTotal  39.5%
97.5  19
61.9  50
aPrimary   100%  27.7% Eutectic  72.3%
61.9  19
ain eutectic  60.5  27.7  32.8%
f  32.860.5  0.54

1046 Figure 1040 shows a cooling curve for a PbSn alloy. Determine (a) the pouring
temperature, (b) the superheat, (c) the liquidus temperature, (d) the eutectic tempera-
ture, (e) the freezing range, (f) the local solidification time, (g) the total solidifica-
tion time, and (h) the composition of the alloy.

Solution: (a) pouring temperature  360C

(b) superheat  360  250  110C

(c) liquidus temperature  250C

(d) eutectic temperature  183C

(e) freezing range  250  183  67C

(f) local solidification time  600  110  490 s

(g) total solidification time  600 s

(h) approximately 32% Sn

1047 Figure 1041 shows a cooling curve for an AlSi alloy. Determine (a) the pouring
temperature, (b) the superheat, (c) the liquidus temperature, (d) the eutectic tempera-
ture, (e) the freezing range, (f) the local solidification time, (g) the total solidifica-
tion time, and (h) the composition of the alloy.

Solution: (a) pouring temperature  1150C

(b) superheat  1150  1000  150C

(c) liquidus temperature  1000C

(d) eutectic temperature  577C

(e) freezing range  1000  577  423C

(f) local solidification time  11.5  1  10.5 min

(g) total solidification time  11.5 min

(h) approximately 45% Si

 CHAPTER 10 Dispersion Strengthening and Eutectic Phase Diagrams 119

1048 Draw the cooling curves, including appropriate temperatures, expected for the
following AlSi alloys.
(a) Al4% Si (b) Al12.6% Si (c) Al25% Si (d) Al65% Si

Solution:

780 1200
630
577 577 577
T T T T
577

Al 4% Si Al 12.6% Si Al 25% Si Al 65% Si

t t t t

1049 Based on the following observations, construct a phase diagram. Element A melts at
850C and element B melts at 1200C. Element B has a maximum solubility of 5%
in element A, and element A has a maximum solubility of 15% in element B. The
number of degrees of freedom from the phase rule is zero when the temperature is
725C and there is 35% B present. At room temperature 1% B is soluble in A and
7% A is soluble in B.

Solution:

1200

1000 L
b+L
Temperature (C)

800 a+L
a b
600

400 a+b

200

A 5 20 40 60 80 85 B
%B
120 The Science and Engineering of Materials Instructors Solution Manual

1050 Cooling curves are obtained for a series of CuAg alloys, (Figure 1042). Use this
data to produce the CuAg phase diagram. The maximum solubility of Ag in Cu is
7.9% and the maximum solubility of Cu in Ag is 8.8%. The solubilities at room
temperature are near zero.

Solution: Tliq Tsol

0% Ag S 1085C
8% Ag S 1030C 950C
20% Ag S 975C 780C
50% Ag S 860C 780C
71.9% Ag S 780C 780C
90% Ag S 870C 780C
100% Ag S 961C

1100

1000
Temperature (C)

900
L
a+L
a
b+L
800
b
a+b
700
Cu 29 40 60 80 Ag
%Ag

1051 The SiO2 Al2O3 phase diagram is included in Figure 1027(b). A refractory is
required to contain molten metal at 1900C. (a) Will pure Al2O3 be a potential can-
didate? Explain. (b) Will Al2O3 contaminated with 1% SiO2 be a candidate? Explain.

Solution: (a) Yes. Tm  2040C  1900C No liquid will form.

(b) No. Some liquid will form.

100  99
%L   100%  5% L
100  80
This liquid will weaken the refractory.
 CHAPTER 10 Dispersion Strengthening and Eutectic Phase Diagrams 121

1066 Consider the ternary phase diagram shown in Figures 1030 and 1031. Determine
the liquidus temperature, the first solid to form, and the phases present at room tem-
perature for the following compositions.
(a) 30% B20% C, balance A (b) 10% B25% C, balance A
(c) 60% B10% C, balance A

Solution: (a) TLiq  220C; b; a  g  b

(b) TLiq  330C; a; a  g

(c) TLiq  390C; b; a  b

1067 Consider the ternary phase diagram shown in Figures 1030 and 1031. Determine
the liquidus temperature, the first solid to form, and the phases present at room tem-
perature for the following compositions.
(a) 5% B80% C, balance A (b) 50% B5% C, balance A
(c) 30% B35% C, balance A

Solution: (a) TLiq  390C; g; a  g

(b) TLiq  330C; b; a  b

(c) TLiq  290C; b; a  b  g

1068 Consider the liquidus plot in Figure 1030. (a) For a constant 20% B, draw a graph
showing how the liquidus temperature changes from 20% B0% C, balance A to
20% B80% C, balance A, (b) What is the composition of the ternary eutectic in this
system? (c) Estimate the temperature at which the ternary eutectic reaction occurs.

Solution: %A %B %C Tliquidus
80200 390 C
702010 355C
602020 300C
502030 210C
402040 150C
302050 210C
202060 270C
102070 320C
02080 400C

400
Temperature (C)

L
300
a+L
g+L
200

100
B = 20%

0 20 40 60 80
%C
122 The Science and Engineering of Materials Instructors Solution Manual

(b) The composition of the ternary eutectic is about 40% 20% B40% C,
balance A

(c) The ternary eutectic temperature is about 150C

1069 From the liquidus plot in Figure 1030, prepare a graph of liquidus temperature
versus percent B for a constant ratio of materials A and C (that is, from pure B to
50% A50% C on the liquidus plot). Material B melts at 600C.

Solution: A B C
50 050 200C
451045 180C
402040 150C
353035 280C
304030 330C
255025 375C
206020 415C
157015 485C
01000 580C

600

500
Temperature (C)

L
400
b+L
300

200
a+L %A=%C
100

0 20 40 60 80 100
%B