UNIT 2 Boilers

Dr S
Dr. S. Murali
Professor & Head
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Boiler
isanapparatustoproducesteam.

Thermalenergyreleasedbycombustionoffuelis
usedtomakesteamatthedesiredtemperature
d k h d i d
andpressure.
Simple Boiler
Applications
Thesteamproducedisusedfor:
Producingmechanicalworkbyexpandingitin
steamengineorsteamturbine.
Heatingtheresidentialandindustrialbuildings
H i h id i l d i d i l b ildi
Performingcertainprocessesinthesugarmills,
chemicalandtextileindustries.
h i l d t til i d t i
Boiler Requirements
Safety.
Theboilershouldbesafeunderoperating
Th b il h ld b f d ti
conditions.
Accessibility.
A ibilit
Thevariouspartsoftheboilershouldbeaccessible
f
forrepairandmaintenance.
i d i t
Capacity.
Shouldbecapableofsupplyingsteamaccordingto
therequirements.
Boiler Requirements
Efficiency.
Shouldbeabletoabsorbamaximumamountof
Sh ld b bl t b b i t f
heatproducedduetoburningoffuelinthe
furnace.
furnace
Construction
simpleinconstruction.
i l i t ti
Cost
Itsinitialcostandmaintenancecostshouldbe
low.
Boiler Requirements
Joints.
Theboilershouldhavenojointsexposedto
Th b il h ld h j i t dt
flames.
Easeofstarting.
E f t ti
Shouldbecapableofquickstartingandloading.
Boiler Classification
1. Accordingtotheflowofwaterandhotgases
a. Firetube(orsmoketube)
Fi t b ( k t b )
Eg:Cochran,LancashireandLocomotiveboilers
b Watertubeboilers
b. Water tube boilers
Eg:babcock &Wilcoxboiler,Sterlingboiler.
2 Accordingtotheaxisoftheshell
2. A di t th i f th h ll
a. Verticalboilers
b. horizontalboilers
c. Inclined
Boiler Classification
3. Accordingtolocationorpositionofthe
furnace.
furnace
a. Externallyfiredboilers.
verticaltubular,locomotiveandthescotchmarineboilers
ti l t b l l ti d th t h i b il
b. internallyfiredboilers
Cochran lancashire
Cochran,lancashire
4. Accordingtotheapplication
a. stationery
i
b. mobileboilers.
Boiler Classification
5. Accordingtosteampressure
a. Low(15
L (15 20bar)
20b )
b. mediumand(20 80bar)
c. highpressureboilers(morethan80bar)
h h b l ( h b )
a. Subcritical(lessthan221bar)
b Supercritical(morethan221bar)
b. S iti l( th 221b )
6. Accordingtowatercirculationarrangement
a. NaturalCirculation
Lancashire,babcock andwilcox boiler
b Forcedcirculation
b. d i l i
Velox,lamont,benson boiler
Fire Tube boiler
advantages of fire tube boilers
Lowcost
Fluctuationsofsteamdemandcanbemet
Fl i f d d b
easily
Itiscompactinsize.
Simple Vertical boiler
Capacity2500kg/hr
Pressure 710
Pressure7 10bar
bar
Cochran Boiler
Salientfeatures
Thedomeshapeofthefurnace
causes the hot gases to deflect
causesthehotgasestodeflect
backandpassthroughtheflue.
Theunburntfuelifanywillalso
be deflected back
bedeflectedback.
Sphericalshapeofthetopofthe
shellandthefireboxgiveshigher
area by volume ratio
areabyvolumeratio.
Itoccupiescomparativelyless
floorareaandisverycompact.
Itiswellsuitedforsmallcapacity
It is well suited for small capacity
requirements.
Cochran Boiler- features
verycompactandrequiresminimumfloor
area
Anytypeoffuelcanbeusedwiththisboiler
Wellsuitedforsmallcapacityrequirements
givesabout70%thermalefficiencywithcoal
g y
firingandabout75%withoilfiring
Cochran Boiler- features
PressureGauge
W
WaterLevelIndicator
L l I di
SafetyValve
FusiblePlug
Blowoff
Blow offCock
Cock
SteamStopValve
F d Ch k V l
FeedCheckValve
Cornish Boiler

No.ofFluetubes one
DiameterofShell 1.25to1.75m
Lengthofshell 4to7m
Max.WorkingPressure 10.5bar
SteamCapacity 6500kg/hr
Lancashire Boiler

Di
DiameterofShell
f Sh ll 2 3
2to3m
Lengthofshell 7to9m
Max.WorkingPressure 16bar
SteamCapacity 9000kg/hr
Efficiency 50to60%
Lancashire boiler
Itisstationaryfiretube,internallyfired,horizontal,natural
circulationboiler.
Thisisawidelyusedboilerbecauseofitsgoodsteaming
hi i id l d b il b fi d i
qualityanditsabilitytoburncoalofinferiorquality.
Theseboilershaveacylindricalshell2mindiametersand
itslengthvariesfrom8mto10m.
l h f
Ithastwolargeinternalfluetubeshavingdiameter
between80cmto100cminwhichthegrateissituated.
Thisboilerissetinbrickworkformingexternalfluesothat
theexternalpartoftheshellformspartoftheheating
surface.
Advantages
Thefeedpipeprojectingintotheboilerisperforatedto
ensureuniformwaterdistribution.
Itsheatingsurfaceareaperunitvolumeattheboileris
considerablylarge.
Itsmaintenanceiseasy.
Its maintenance is easy.
Itissuitablewherealargereserveofhotwateris
needed.Thisboilerduetothelargereservecapacity
can easily meet load fluctuations
caneasilymeetloadfluctuations.
Superheaterandeconomizercanbeeasily
incorporatedintothesystem,therefore;overall
efficiencyoftheboilercanbeconsiderablyincreased
ffi i f h b il b id bl i d
(8085%).
LOCOMOTIVE BOILER
Locomotive boiler
LOCOMOTIVE BOILER

Muhammad Fadhli Mustaffa

ff & Ahmad Lutfi
f Mohayiddin
y
LOCOMOTIVE BOILER
horizontalfiretubetypemobileboiler.
producesteamataveryhighrate.Therefore,
produce steam at a very high rate Therefore
thisboilerrequiresalargeamountofheating
surface and large grate area to burn coal at a
surfaceandlargegrateareatoburncoalata
rapidrate.Inordertoprovidethelarge
g , g
heatingsurfacearea,alargenumberoffire
tubesaresetup
heattransferrateisincreasedbycreating
y g
strongdraughtbymeansofsteamjet.
Advantages
Largerateofsteamgenerationpersquare
metre of heating surface To some extent this
metreofheatingsurface.Tosomeextentthis
isduetothevibrationcausedbythemotion.
Itisfreefrombrickwork,specialfoundation
I i f f bi k k i lf d i
andchimney.Thisreducesthecostof
i
installation.
ll i
Itisverycompact.
Thepressureofthesteamislimitedtoabout
20bar.
Scotch Boiler Max.WorkingPressure
g 17bar
SteamCapacity 1000kg/hr
Water Tube Boiler
Merits Of Water Tube Boilers
1.Generationofsteamismuchquicker dueto
smallratioofwatercontenttosteamcontent.
Thisalsohelpsinreachingthesteaming
temperatureinshorttime.
2 Its evaporative capacity is considerably larger
2.Itsevaporativecapacityisconsiderablylarger
andthesteampressurerangeisalsohigh200
bar.
3.Heatingsurfacesaremoreeffective asthehot
gasestravelatrightanglestothedirectionof
water flow
waterflow.
Merits Of Water Tube Boilers
4.Thecombustionefficiencyishigherbecause
p p
completecombustionoffuelispossibleasthe
combustionspaceismuchlarger.

5.Thethermalstressesintheboilerpartsare
5 Th h l i h b il
lessasdifferentpartsoftheboilerremainat
uniform temperature due to quick circulation
uniformtemperatureduetoquickcirculation
ofwater.

6.Theboilercanbeeasilytransportedand
erected asitsdifferentpartscanbeseparated.
Merits Of Water Tube Boilers
7.Damageduetotheburstingofwatertubeis
lessserious.Therefore,watertubeboilersare
sometimescalledsafetyboilers.

8.Allpartsofthewatertubeboilersareeasily
8 All f h b b il il
accessible forcleaning,inspectingand
repairing.

9.Thewatertubeboiler'sfurnaceareacanbe
easilyaltered tomeetthefuelrequirements.
Demerits
1.Itislesssuitableforimpureandsedimentary
water as a small deposit of scale may cause
water,asasmalldepositofscalemaycause
theoverheatingandburstingoftube.
Therefore use of pure feed water is essential
Therefore,useofpurefeedwaterisessential.
2.Theyrequirecarefulattention.The
maintenancecostsarehigher.
i hi h
3.Failureinfeedwatersupplyevenforshort
periodisliabletomaketheboilerover
heated.
Water tube Vs Fire tube
Water tube Vs Fire tube
Water tube boilers classification
1. Horizontalstraighttubeboilers
a. Longitudinaldrum
L it di l d
b. Crossdrum.
2. Benttubeboilers
a. Twodrum
b. Threedrum
c. Lowheadthreedrum
d. Fourdrum.
3. Cyclonefiredboilers
y
BABCOCK WILCOX BOILER
Features
Theevaporativecapacityofthisboilersishighcomparedwith
otherboilers(20,000to40,000kg/hr).Theoperatingpressure
liesbetween11.5to17.5bar.
Thedraughtlossisminimumcomparedwithotherboilers.
Thedefectivetubescanbereplacedeasily.
h d f b b l d l
Theentireboilerrestsoveranironstructure,independentof
brick work, so that the boiler may expand or contract freely.
brickwork,sothattheboilermayexpandorcontractfreely.
Thebrickwallswhichformthesurroundingsoftheboilerare
onlytoenclosethefurnaceandthehotgases.
Stirling Boiler
High pressure Boilers
Lamont Boiler
Loeffler Boiler
Benson Boiler
Schmidt-Hartmann Boiler
Velox Boiler
Reference