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DOVER PUBI,ICA?'IONS, I S C ,
New York
 CONTENTS
Exumples Puge
vii

C H A P ~1. ~ PAWN
R ENDINGS
I Thc Opposition
2 K,,f-PV. K
3 K,,I-ZPV. K
4 K-bP V. K + P
5 KS-2P 7. K,+P
Copyright Q 1976 by Uoler Publita~iotts,I l l < . . 6 More Pawm: Material Advantage
(:opy~-igl?~
@ 1!)59 f ) y Dl., M a x Euri,c ;ilrtl I>it>itl 7 Mort Pawns: Positional Advanvage
Iooper.
A l l rights rcservcrl u11tlt.r Pan A711eric:in ant! CHAPTER11. MINOR PKECE ENDINGS
111tc1-rrationalCopyright Convpntiona. 1 Kt v. P
2 3 {or Kt) v. 2P
3 B (or KQ Y. 3P
4 B {or fCtj+P v. K
5 B (or Kt)-kP v. P
6 B (OC Kt)+-P v. 2P
7 B (or Kt)!-P v . 3P
8 3 (or KO-tPziwns v. Pawns
"T'his Ilttvcr txlilio~r,first ptiblistrctl i n 1976, is arr 9 B (or Kt)+P v. B (or Kt)
unaltrictgd anrl a)r.rr.c.teri rcpuklication ctf ~ h r\,ttrk
c 10 B (or Kt)+2P v. B (or Kt)
i~rsl prrbliskerl I,? &wid MrKay Co~ripauy, Ilrc.,
W r v I'ork, i ~ r$NU.
11 B (or Kt)+,2P v. B (or XCt)+P
12 More Pawns: Material Advantage
13 More Pawns: Posirionai Advantage
14 B+2P v. B of opposite coIour
15 Bishops o f opposite colour: more pawn.$
16 Two Minor Piems v. Two Minor Pieces
Manrrfarturctl irr t l ~ tU~titedStates of .%llrrrira III. KOOK ENDINGS
CHAPTER
Uover. X'rrblicatior~s, Iric.
180 'l'arick Street I RvP
New York, N.Y. 20014 2 R v. 2P
3 R v. 3P
4 R+P v. R
5 R+2P v. R
 CONTENTS

6 R I P v. Rf P
7 R+2P V. R-I-P
8 More Pawns: Matcrial Advanrage INTRODUCTION
9 More Pawns: Posiiional Advantage
CHAPTERIV, QUEEN ENDINGS
TODAY many more tournament games are being prayed, and club and
match games brought more frcquentfy to a finish, so that the ending is
I Qv.P
not left to the adjudicator:but is becoming of increasing importance to
2 Q Y. Mom Pawns
the ordinary p~a)cf. For the expert it has long been an outstanding
3 Qs-P v. Q characteristic of his play, and it is not accidcntai that the greatest
4 Q+2P V. Q mastcrs of chess have also been the greatest masters of the end-game.
5 More Pawns: Malerial Advantage In the end-game, unlike the opening, proficiency does not d e p n d on
6 More Pawns: Positional Advantage the memory, but upon methodical study, and it i s not difficult, to acquire
a skill that will add its quota of points and half-points to thc score table.
Endings are predominantly positional. in charat%er,although com-
binstive and tactical maneuvring often enlivens the play. The best
endings have their own appeal, one of accurate timing and precision.
But the compelling reason for study i s surely the practical one: after a
long struggle how heart-breaking it is not to reap one's full reward
because of poor end-pby! In more than sixty examples from play in
this book decisive mistakes wcre made, often by tfic greatest masters.
Xn many ways the ending is a different kind of game: the importance
of the pawn centre diminishes; the king becomes active; there is the
possibility of stalemate; and the pawns, no longer a skeleton clothed
by pieces, become powerful in themselves. When the number of pawns
is reduced then vakes change, so that a piece may be worth no more
than a pawn.
Rather than a sketchy outline of the wholc fidd, we have made a
fairly thorough study of those endings most likely to occur in play,
especially chose with rooks. The book is h s l worked through as a
course of study, so that the underlying ideas are absorbed, and a sound
positional judgment acquired. It i s not at first necessary to understand
every nuance, far less to try to remember the mare difficult and
complex variations; indeed, one might weli pass over the sub-varjatians
at a first reading. Some of the examples, noticesably in the later chapters,
are harder than others. Although considered a suitable Cextbok for the
less skilied player, some more cornplicatcd studies, and some recent
theoretical discoveries such as the analyses of R+BP+RP v. R, and
Q-tKtP v. Q, are included. Endings at first difficult yidd to further
study; the wcaker player nced never be discouraged, far in time the
ideaas bbecamc dearer, and a logical pattern is revealed.
The examples arc for the most part classified according to the kind
of pawn-formation, and a d o ~ e nor more series of comparative studies,
e.g. Examplcs 223-225, are intended to show the importance of this.
Most of the usual conventions are folfawed. In chc diagrams White
moves up the board. The player with the advantage, the 'stronger
party', is often calfcd Whilc. Howcver, a question mark is used only to
indicate a dccisivc error that changes the course of thc game, and is not PAWN ENDINGS
otherwise used. The first named player is usually the player of the White
pieces, although the uolours may be reversed for clearer presentation.
-. . . the Pawns: They am the very Life of this Game. They alone form the Atlack
and the Wefencc; on their good bad Situation depends the Gain or Loss of the
Far the same rertson the em--dash is omitted from the moves of sub- Party.' 1749.
PIIIUDCIR,
variations, e.g. P-K4 bccomes PK4.
Acknowledgments are especialIy given to Cheron's three volume I. THE OPPOSITION 4... R-B 3
rnastcrpiect: Lehr- lrr~dE111~fdbuch
der ErrJspiede, Berlin, 1955-57; Kook Bringing the king into play is the Erst 5 K-RS K--Kt2
thing to do in mast cases;for in contrast 6 K---Kt5 ic;,,,,,,,,,132
against fawns, by Mnixlis, Moscow, 1956; Chess Endings-Pawns, to the earlier phases of the game it is in 7 K,,,,,,- R 6 K-Kt 1
Bfshops, a d Knights, by Maizelis, Averbach, and Chekover, Moscow, the endins! that the Irin~. instcad of 8 K-Kt6.
+ ~ 2,, 2854, and Vol. 3, 1957, Warsaw,
1956; Koncowu Gra S ~ u c h o ~Vol. hiding himself or playing'into safety,
an extensive collection of end-games with pieces, by Gawlikowski. b m e s an attacking piece. Black may defend his corner square,
Xts freedom of action as it approaches 8... KRI 9. KB7 KRZ 10. KM, or
We should also like to acknowledge the generous help given by his bishop's square, 8... KBI 9. KR7
its rivai is controlled by a wfationshrp
Mr. F.W. Allen, who assiduously checked thc proofs; by Mr. van den ktwecn their respective positions, which KBZ 10. KR8; but he is powerless to
Berg, who assisted with analysis and in various other ways; and by i s known as the opposition. prevent White forcing his way through
Mr. K . Wbyld, whose resmrch was invaluable. to the back rank.
X The kings stand opposite one
DR.34. EIIWE,Amsterdam. another, i.e. in opposition. I
DAVIDNWPER, Reigate, England. White, having to move, can never
September, 1958. force his way forward: 1. KQ2 KQ5
2. KK2 K K 5 4 1 e is directIy opposed.
Conversely, if Black moves first then he
in turn cannot get to his sixth rank:
1.. . KQ5 2. KQ2 KRS 3. KK2.
The ppayer with the move cannot farce
the advance of his king; but this is not
all, for bc cannot prcvcnt his opponent's
advance.
We shall suppose it to ix Black's
move:
I... K-,QS Dirm opposition
After which White's forward path is
obstructed only on two squarm (Q3, White might as easily have reachad
4133);But if I... KKt5 then White Ihe back rank on the king's side. 'Yo
outflanlrs by 2. KQ3. force this he must first move along the
rank. holding the opposition: I . . . KifS
2. KQ2 (Aftc~the irnmcdiate outflanking
2. KKt3 KQC, WJlite at &st gcts t o
QM8 or QR8.) 2.. . KKS 3. KK2 KBS
White's further advance, or out- 4. K32 KKtS 5. KKt2 and now White
flanking, is restrict& by the edge of the oulflanks by 5... KBS 6. KR3, or 5...
board, so hc rcvakes thc opposition, and KRS 6. KB3, then working his way up
Black, having to move, must again give the fiIes, as before.
way- White, then, can force his way to any
viii
 I PAWN ENDXNGS
part of the board, but not lo any par-
iiculrr square. 1 %musf
~ be careliii nor to
lose the opposilion until his objective is
/ s,,.
in sight. if, for instam, Btack corn-
mcnced by playing I . .. K H , ceding ail
I K K ~5,
three squares in front of White's king,
then Whitc must reply 2. K83 rewining
the oppositior~,fur eithsr 2. KKt3 KRt4
or 2. KQ3 KQ4 loses it.
Conversely, similar powers accrue to
Rlack if White moves first.
When the kings are thus opposed on
file om square ag;dr[ i t is term&
vertical direct opposition. It is usual to
say that tkc player who ttasn't the move
has the opposition, e-g. White bas the
opposition i f i t is Black's move.
Whoever movm first must give
ground; or to put it another way: if you
have the opposition you can oizlflank
your opponent, and moreover you can
choose your momem for doing so.
The player having thc vertical opposi-
tion may force I~iswiiy to the farther-
most rank. Also, a player having the
horizvncal direct opposition may get to
the farthermost file, e.g. White K at
QKt6, BIack K ;it his Q3, which is
simply Exarnpte 1 turned ninety degrees,
'I'hc direct opposiiion (king5 one
square apart on the same file or rank)
is the most fundamentai of alt chess
rnanceuvm; and is of conseqritnce in
most of the pawn endings in this book.
2 The o~tplrsitioni s here the decbive
Factor, for lidnabla White to control the
quacning square.
1 ... K-Kt3
2 K-Kt4 K-I33
3 K-34
White holds the opposition until his
king is in front of the file as)
his Dawn.
I f 4.. . RB3 5. KK5.
i
White cannot take the direct opposi-
tion bacalrse his pawn occupies the
5 K-BS relevant square. This always happens
Thc right moment for the outfianking i when the pawn is beside or ahead of its
movement. ) king I f White is ro win he must be able
I THE OPPOSXTION
5
Trying
... K-Q2
king, fn. if
to manmvre his king clear of obstruc- I wants to get to a square near his KR8
tion by his pawn, as in the first variation. I corner. If I ... KKtS 2. KKt2 Whiie
moves along to KKt2 and then out-
ch. KK3 7. ~136,
if s.,. KKZ 6. KR6.
and
flanks; or it' I . .. KB6 2, KR3 and White
At this stage Black also draws aRer moves to QR7 and outflanks. In botil
4..KK2 (B2) 5. KB5 KQ2, for White's these cases the diagonal opposition,
pawn again prcvcnts his taking the which is often transitory, immediately
opposition. rransDoses to the direct oonosition.
K-K2 5 K-R5 K-B2 1
~nst&d, Black might play I . . . KQS
Black takcs rhc opposition whim 1 KKt2 RR5 3* KB2 Ki35 4,
White's king advances round the side of KK'5 '. KK2 KR5 6. KB2 KR4
his pawn. 7.KB3, erc.
In practice the diagonal oppasiiion is
6 P - 4 6 ch. K-42 usually seen as a defcasive manceuvre, a
,
Instcad, 6 . . . K-QI may be pfayed ~neansofpmventingtheopponent taking
! the direcr opposition, as in Example 7.
at once.
' The direct and diagonaI opposiliuns
7 K-41
1 arc the only forms of close opposition
Now that the pawn is on the sixth only j wkem the square or squares controlled
ibis retrat draws- If7..+ KKI rfll)'! ! by one king may also catjlmandd by
8. KK6 (86) KQI 8. PQ7. I the other. There arc also lona-ran%
8 K.--B6 K-B1 i forms of the opposition, where tl& kin&
Black takes the opposition, and are three or five squares apart.
White's king is unablc to cuminand the The kings are dcfincd as stand~ngIn
queening square. opposition when ( a ) they are on squarcs
of the same colour, and (b) here is an
9 P-Q7 ch. K-4.1 cdd number of squares between them by
10 K-Q6 stalemate. he most dirrct route or routes.
3 The kings arc one square apart on 4 With tllree squams between ihcm
the same diagonal, and are said to be in on the same file, the kings are in vertical
diagonal opposition. distant opposition. The player who has
The possession of any form of thc the opposition (we shalt suppose i t to be
opposition mcans that one can force Whitc) has tbc power to get to any pari
White plays and draws one's way to any part of the hoard. I f it of the h a r d , as in ExampIe I .
Black plays end loses i s Black's move, then M i t e has the
onnosition. and we mav sunoose he
But without the opprtsition White None of Black's eight pwsibIc moves
cannot win. prevents the invasion of his ranks. If he
advances, Wltite takes the diract opposi-
I FC,,,-.ICt3
2 K-34 K--,,B3 tion; if he retreats Wllite pursues, main-
taining rlre ciisiant opposition; and if he
3 P-Q4
movm sideways, as here, White outflanks
White must try this as he will make no by stepping to the other side.
badway with his king.
Whitc outfianks at once. If he wishes
instead to penetrate the king's side, hc
must first play along the rank, 2. K - 4 2 .
2 ... lL-02
3 K-,,R4
Diugonaf opposition 1 There iu often a choice, and either
3
 I PAWN ENDINGS
3. KU3 or 3. KR3 scrvcs; but White
must not d e the vcrtical opposition,
3. KKt4 KKt3.
3 ... K.-Kt1
If 3.. . KR3 4. KRS.
4 K-Kt4
" 4 IC;-,,,,,~
&
Retaking the disiant opposition.
White has thc direct opposition.
One cannot always convert thc distant
into the direcr opposition, and in many
positions where the direct opposition is
decisive, the distant opposition is of no
signikanm.
Imng-distant opposition (kings on the
same file or rank with five squares
between them) confers similar advan-
tages, but the presence of pawns on the
board usually interferes with such
extended rnantcuvring, and exampies arc
rare in practice.
5 White converts the long-distant
into the d i m t opposition. Black submits
to this in preference to being ourflanked
on onc wing or the other; bur if this
position were moved one OF two files to
the right making a king's side out-
Ranking irnpracticahle, then the iong-
distant opposition would nut hc siefni-
flcant, and a draw would corn abo~lf.
1 K-B2
Taking the opposition. The immediate
outffanking 1. KR2? permits I.., KB2
2. KR3 KB3, when 3. KR4? loses, and
I going to the .QK~file cedes the oppoci-
tion, 3. KKt4 KKU, or 3. KKt3 KRt2.
K--Q1
Black plays towards the centre, else
White outganks on the king's side,
I ... KKtl 2. KQ3 KKtZ 3. KK3 KB3
4. KK4 KQ2 5. K34 KK2 6. KKt5
KB2 7. K M .
2 ,K-,,K13
The correct moment for outflanking.
2 ... K-B2
If 2. .. RQ2 3. KKt4. 11 2... KBl
3. RB4 retaking the (distant) opposition,
which also happns after the fext move.
3 K-B3 K-Q2
I f 3. .. KKt2 4. KQ3 KB2 5. KK3.
I
4 K-Kt4
Again outflanking.
Thc direct opposition wins, and would
do so if the position now reached were
moved one or two files to the right.
Whitc plays and wins
Black plays and draws
1 THE OPPOSITION
'Yhe correct outflanking move. Not am thrw squares apatr by the most
6. W35? KR2, when Black has the direct routes, in accordance with our
opposition, and if 7. KKt5 KKr2 earlicr definition. Anothcr definition
8. KKS KB3. also involves odd numbers: visualize the
slnallmt rwtangie containing the two
6 ... K-B2
7 K-J35 K--QZ kings: and if thc sides are both odd
8 K-Kt6 K-Q I numhrecl (as here 5 x 3 squares) the
k i n p stand in opposition.
9 K-B6.
Soon Black's KP is lost.
With the move BIack himself takes the
longdistant opposition, and it so
happens he can maintain the vertical
opposition and thereby draw.
1 ... K-,-Kt2
2 K-Kt2 K-K t3
3 K-Kt3 K-Kt2
The distant opposition. Mack must
not unwarily advance, 3... KKt4 ? for he
loses the opposition after 4. KB3 KKt3
(4... RB3 5. KB4) 5 , KKt4.
K--H3 Oblique opposition
5 K-Kt4 K-Kt3
The squares mark& by dots are those
UIack loses the vertical opposition on which Black's king might also stand
afkr 5. ., KQ4? 6. KB3 KR3 7 . KW. in opposition of one kind or another to
6 K-B3 K-XXZ White's king on QR2. Sixtmn squaris
7 K-3 K-Q2 are in this way related, and there arc
The opposition is not relevant on the four such sets of squares on the chess-
board, as letiercd on the suppIementary
Q, K, or KB, files because of pawn-
interfmcnce, ul~koi~gh Black must keep diagram. If one player moves to a B
on the sarrle 81c as White to avoid being square, the other retains the apposition
outfiankcd on one wing or the oothw. if he ;ilso moves to a B square, and so on.
7.,. KQI 8. K&Q KRI also draws For instance, if White plays 1. KKtl (a
after9.KBSRBZ10.~5PxPIl.KxP 13 square) Black may reply 1 . . . KQ6,
KQ2. I... KB6, I , . . KQ4, or I . . . RB4 (alt of
which arc D squaraf, thus retaining the
8 K-K4 K-KZ(R3) apposition in one form or another.
9 K-,,,,,,~ K,--lU(B 1 )
I0 K-Kt4 K--Kt 1
I I K-RS K-R2.
On wither wing can Whitc get the
opposition.
So far we have shown extended forms
of the dircct opposition with both kings
the same file or rank. Other long-
range forms of the opposition a n m u r
-*sltally howcvcr in composed studits.
6 The kings arc said to be in obiique
opposition, which is compourtdcd of
+
d i m diagonal opposition. 'The kings
 X PAWN ENDINGS
6A This pattern might bc termed
thc natural oppositional fiefd. It mrty be
(and usualfy is) disturbed localiy by
pawns, as aIrcady smn in Example Z*.
7 A player who has the opposition
need never lose it&-unless pawns inter+ '
ferc. Here they cfo nat, and Black draws
an apparently hopeless position by
maintaining the defensive opposition.
?he marked-off areas show thc lower
two ranks as White's domain, and the
qumn's side area as Black's. White
always wins if his king gets into Black's
domain-rcgrdless of the apposition. 1
To get there mite must n~ovethrough
the transitional area (the 25 squares on
the king's side and back rank). If Black
moves to the KB Ale or sixth rank,
White advances the RP; and if Black
capturcs White's KtP, White queens the
RP and wins against Black's KIP,
Example 303.
When White's king is in the transi-
tional arra, he wins with and draws
without thc opposition; when it is on
the lowcr two ranks, the opposition is
not signifimnt.
1 ... K--QS
ntiick stays on K5 and Q5 until White
plays to the rbird mnk (transitional a ~ e a )
after which Black must take the opposb
.."...
tirm
2 K-,-BZ
It is no use sacrificing the RP, 2. PR5
KIM 3. KO3 RKt4 4. RQ4 K x P
5 . KB4 for Black lakes the onmsitian
after S... KR3 6. R x P ~ ~ $ 3 1 -
2 ...
K,,--K5
After 2,.. KF16? 3. PR5 White queens
first.
3 K-Kt2 R-,Q5
4 K--I12 K--K5
5 K-R3
board fo bear a unique relationship to a
elsewhere. The Brjlis,l c o m p o ~ r sq~x'cswhihjlsthis rival, who i s in some
C. D. X,ocwk pioncemd such related i WaY ratrified, must shuttle to and fro on
sauaw
problems (1#92),,,,,,,,fortunatciyY
perhaps, &ch things do not occu~in
7 In practice a situation arises with, say,
Dmwn
The only move to draw, and probably
the only instan~u:of the oblique opposi-
tion in a practical position; for this
ending does accuf in play, e.g. Spietmann
v . Makarczyk, Warsaw, 1934.
Black draws only by maintaining thc
opposition as in the table &low, which
also indicates the sqirarc letters cam-
ponding with diagram bA.
White K. Black K.
KR8 Kg8
QKtS
61Q3
QRr3
ICKtB K 3 KKt5 K4
K2
D KRJ KB3 Q3 KI35 KRS Q4
KR7 KB7 Q2
The defensive opposition 11ere takes
five forms: vcrticaf direct, diagonaI,
horizontal direct, horimntal distant, and
oblique.
8 Triangulation is another frequently
used king nlancruvre. (>ncking purpose-
I,
fully round a triangle d three
I two squares. Obviously, one 'loses a
( ~nuve'in this fadlion.
1. TEE OPPOSITION
Whitc? to mow, and it is desirable for
him that the same position should be
brought about with Black lo move.
Having to move Black must submit to
one d two threats: I . . . KQI (Kt1)
2. KQ5 (taking the opposition) Z... KI31
3. PBf KKt2 4. KQ7 KR2 5. KO8
queening the BP; or I... KBZ 2. KB5
KB1 3. KKiS wininng the RP.
Triangulation is often the means by
which one or other of two closely related
threats may be forced. Whitc lo play
bses a tempo by moving round the
triztn~le 0 5 - W Q 4 , whilst Hack must
from 31 to Ql , or to xtl, for
... 9 2 is always answel& by KB5
winnlng the RP.
White wins
Triangula~ion annot bc demon-
strated with bare kings, for it is the
pawns which restrict the defender. 'rwo
e a r a t e threats are nwessav, and with-
out the RPs this position would
drawn.
9 Quitc a different rnartmvxe, the
diagonal march, i s peculiar to the kings.
In travelling from one part of the h a r d
to another, the king may make a con-
sidaable detour from the straight path,
wihoul taking a greater number of
moves.
White plays and wins
1, this position Whitc myget to
QKtj' in fmr moves by moving along
the rank; he also rakes four moves by
travelling diagonally via QS; but in the
latter case Black's king is kept out.
f K-K6 K-I36
.
1.. KQ6 2. KQS KK6 3. K36 KQ5
4. KK17 coma to the same thing.
2 K-Q5
A game, Schlagc v. Ahues, Berlin,
1921, continued 2. KQ6? KQS 3. KR6
KK4 4. KKt7 KQ3 5. K xP, with a
draw because Whitc's king is imprisoned
after 5 . .. KB2, a stock situation with thc
RP. The same thing would have htrp-
wnd if White had cornmetlced 1. KK7?
m.rte f m s his king in time, and the
i
p;iw, qumns; of marching
sidw of a triangle mCKK6-,-
: Q5,-H&-,,,,Kt7) instead of the
hypotenuse (~-Ky-,-Qy-Bj'-Kt7).
2, KING AND p h ~ s KING
The circumstances under which the
pawn wins are sizown in Exampie 2:
Whitemust at lea51 obtain the uppusition
with his king in front of (clear o f
I obstruction by) his pawn; only thus can
7
 I PAWN ENRINGS 2 KING AND PAWN v. KING
he eventually gain control of the 3. P,--Kt6 ch. K-RI, and Whitc mates 14 The heavy line shows 'the square
queening square. in thrm. of the pawn' and if Hack's king cannot
BI'ick d m no better with the opposi- get into i t , he cannot stop the pawn-a
IO Tlw kings ax oa the s m side ..-""
tion: rulc which, of course, applies to all
of the pawn, but White's is backward. 1 ... K-K2 pawns. After I. P-KI Black is unable
When his king is one file neawr thc pawn to eater the square (which has diminishd
tban Black's, he may be able to gain the Qtting a trap. Instcad, I... K B I , carrespundinglyj so the pawn rum
opposition by the stratagem of crossing taktkiog the apposition, is answered by through without let or hindrance.
ovcr the queening file in front of his 2. fKt6 With the move Black gets into the
pawn. 2 K-B7 K-R 1 square.
3 K-Kt6 I. . a K-B4
Not 3. PKtB? stalenu*. Threatening ro stop the pawn. 2. PR4
KK3 3 , KKt4 RQ? 4. KKt5 KB2
White plays and wins 5 . KH6 KKti and 6 . .. KRI. In endings
Black plays and draws BPak has the opposiiion, and Whitc with RP thc opposition doesn't matter-,-
m o t outflank, but at this stage a if BLack's king pts in front of the pawn
tion by moving up on thc same side of simple pawn advance squmm Black out, hc always draws.
the pawn. IT herc I . KKZ? KR2 2. -3
White has the distant opposition but it
does him no good, Z... KK2 3. KK3
KQ2, and now if White advances to rhe
fourth rank Black takes the oppmition. 13 A pawn on the sixth wins if
Examplm 2, I 0 and I I, show a pawn m i t e obtains the vertical direct opposi-
on Q3; but the same rulm appfy to any tion with his king afongsidc his pawn
White plays and wins pawn (except the KP) on its second, (except with RP).
Black plays and draws third or fourth rank. I K-BS K-31
i K-B2 K-Kt3 2 K-36
2 K-KJ R-Bal 22 A pawn on the fifth rmk wins
3 K-"44 K-K3 if the king i s in front of it, whether or not
4 K-,-B5 K---Q2 White has the opposition, for in eittlc:r
5 K-45. case Whitc gains control of the queening
square {except with KP).
Taking the dixcct opposition. Black to With the movc, White plays I. IC- Whire plays and wins
-.
play draws by moving lo the knight's Kt6 {taking the opposition: if I. PRt6? Black plays and dr;tw$
hle. KBI 2. PKt7 ~ . - K K ~3. IKKt6 stale-
mate) 1...K-Rt 2. K-37 K--R2 1 .,, HB5? enters the square, but
XI It is possible to cross the quaen-
ing fife behind the pawn, for which
1 Black's retreat is then obstnrcted,
12 2. KIM KIC4 3. KBS KK3 4. KB6 KR2
White's king nee& to l x two fifes nearer 5. Pa4 KQI 6. KRt7, and the pawn
than Black's. quwns.
1 K-Q2 K-32 I 2K-B4 K-K3
2 K-BJ
3 K--W.
K-K3 White plays and wins \ 3 K-B5 K-42
4 K-Kt6 K-,,B 1
Only this wins; and after 3. RQ3 Taking the opposition. 2. KK6? KKI Th&w square in the ending with RP.
4. KQ4, or 3 . . . KQ2 4. KQS, White 3. W 7 ch. KO1 4, KOb staIemates, If
takes the opposition. Hack draws with white's kin^ -is not >ontrolling the 1 5 K-R7

I
the movc, by playing to the bishop's file, Wming sq&rc, the pawn c h ~ k i n gon White prevents Black from blocking
I . . . KB2, or I... KB1 2. KQ2 KK2 the seventh draws. the pawn only by blocking it himself.
3. KB3 KQ2. 2 ... K-KI With the RP this draws, bwaux the
In neither af t h w examples could 3 K--KL K-Q 1 crossover stratagem of Exampie I0 is
White have obtained Ihc direct opposi- 1 White wins 4 P-47. 1 not possible,
8 9
 3 RING AND TWO PAWNS v. KING
...
5
6 p R4
. KBI also draws.
6,.
K-B2
K--B3
Not I . KKt1 ? KKt6 2. KBI PB7
3. KK2, when either 3 . . . KKt7 or
3... PB8:Q ch. wins.
17 United pawns {pawns on adjoin-
ing files) always win. 1
2. PR6? KR2, or 2. W6? KB2) 2...
K-Kt2 3. K-B4, ek.
If I . . . W3 2. PR6.
7 P-RS I .,. K-B4
2 P-B6 K-R2
2 K-I32 K-.,-KS
If7. KKt8 KKt3; and if 7. KRG KB2 3 1(,,,,,,,. K--K6 If Black captures the rear pawn the
or evcn 7... KM. 4 R-K1 other advances to queen.
7 ... K-B:! White take? the opposition. 3 K,,,,,-Kt3 K,,-R 3
Not 7... KKt4? 8. PR6 KB3 9. KKt8. 4 ... P-B7 ch. Alter 3.. . KKtl 4. PR6, RIack is in
8 P-RB K-B I 5 K-B1. xumang,* for iT4. .. K R I 5. PB7, or if
9 K ,,,,,,,.Kt6 A draw was agreed, for if Rtack guards 4...KBI 5. f R 7 . Black can be caught in
the PJ37 he stalemates, and if he ahan- this fashion only when rhc pawns are on
XC 9. KR8 KB2 10. PR7 KX31 state- the sixth, for then he Ras no suitabk
mate. dons it he cannot win with the other
pawn. retreat square.
9 ... K-Ktl --
4 K-B4 K-R2
10 P-R7 ch. K-R I 16 Doubfed pawns {except RPs) win Wbitc wins 5 K,,,,-Rs K-R3
I I R-R6 stalcmak. if hrther back. for a tempmove by the 6 K-,-Q6.
In this ~ i l x
a pawn must be sacridoed
The idea of confining White's king to exlra pawn gains the opposition.
the rook's file also draws when the kings 1 I i-Q4 to gain the opposition: 1. K-K4 K-R 1
2. K - 4 . 5 K-,-Kt2 3. P--RS:Q
Avoiding a trap, 6. PB7? KKt2
~ h . 7. KQ6 RBI, when either 8. PR6 or
arc farther back, e.g. White K at QR3, (3. KQ6 KRI 4. KBY? stalemate) 8 . KB6 stalemates.
Not 1. K M ? KKt3, when the extra
P at QR2, v. Black K at QB6.
1 Fawrl islost. 3... K x Q 4. R-B&-diagonitl oppasi-
tion. 19 Curiousty, pawns two fifm apart
I I ... K--Kt3
United pawns can always defend a n n o t defend themelvc~if not beyond
1 KING
-. -- AND TWO PAWNS v. KING 1 K---B4 K-Kt2 themxlves: if here 1... K x P the other the fourth rank. With the move Whitc's
I If 2... KB2 2. KB5 RKt2 3. PKt6
i
With a few exceptions this is usually a . RR3, White gains the opposition by pawn goes on to queen. king succours his pawns; but Black to
play successfully attach them.
sirnpk win. i 4. PKt7 K R 2 5. PKt8 -0ch.. but must 18 Diwnnecied pawns one file 1 ... R-R4
15 DouhIed piwns an the fifth and not play 4. KB6? stalemare. apart also ddmd themsclvm on what- 2 P-K5
sixth ranks draw if the ddc~dcr ever rank fhcy stand; but, like united
pawns, their advance cannot be forced After 2. RKt2 K x P 3. KB3 KKt4
obstructs them and if he has the opposi-
lion. without the help of their king.
Erom hcrc the 13th match game 1 ... K-R 3
Eliskases v. Bogoljubow, 1938, con- Black may play instcat1 I... K-Kt1
tinued : 2. K-Kt3 {advancing a pawn loses them
1 K,,-BI both, Black attacking the fowrnost om,

M i t e wins
3 K-U2 132)
4 P-Kt6 ch. f~ ~ t 2 White plays and wins
5 K-Kt5 K-Kt I Black pfays and drnws
6 K-Rfi K-R I
7 P,,,-KtY ch. K-Kt1 * Literally. 'compulsior: to move', the
8 P--KtS. term implies that Black must give way to
White becatise he is undcf the necessity of
Drawn The decisive tempomove. White wins 1 having to move.

11
 I PAWN ENDINGS 5 KING AND TWO PAWNS v. KING AND PAWN
lf I . KB4 KK6 2. PRP PB5; or if 24 Three posi~ionswith Black RP or he has a rook's pawn. 1 . K-*.
(After
I. KKt4 KK6 2. PR4 KB5. KtP on t h ~second rank: are drawn I. PKr7 K x P 2 . ICQ5 White wins
b u s e of stalemate t h m t s . Btack's RP hut his own is useless.)
I ..+ K-K4 ...
I K-Q3 3. K-K4 K.,,,,-H3 3 . K..,-
Not I ...KKS ? 2. PR4 KBS 3. KQ4 K5 K-Q2 4. R-Q5 K,,-Qi 3. K-Q6
RRt5 4. KK3 PI35 ch. 5. XIB2 b i d i n g (5. KRS KBI 5. PKt7 ch. KRtl 7 .
the BP. RKt6 stalemate) 5... K-B1 6.K-B6
2 P-R4 K-Kt1 7. P-Kt7 R--R2 8.
If2, K-Kt4 P-B5? 3 . K-B3 K-K5
statemate
4. K--Q2 K-136 5. P-R4 K-Kt6
.
(5.. KKtS 6. KK2) 6.Y-,-KS (6.KK2?
26 The other six positions are won
for White whose simplest way is to
KKt'l 7. PRS PB6 ch.) 6... P-36 with sacrifice ORC pawn in order to outflank
a draw.
To 2. K-Kt4 Bkack should answer White wins
2...8--K5 3. K-Kt3 (3. PR4 KB5)
3. .. P-35 4. K-82 K-R6 5. K - 4 1 I ...
K-B7 6. P-R4 P--336 7. P-RS 2 K Q2 K-43
K-Kt?. and he q w s with check.
Taking the distant opposition,
2 ... K-,K 3
3 fi-,,B3
2 .-. P-B5 n - i - ~ iK-BI 4, R-K7 K-KII Uutftanking.
3 PC--BQ 5. K.---Q8K-Ri 6.K-I38 (B7) stale- 3 ... K-Q4
After 3, PR5 fE16 4. PR5 KB3 Black mate. 4 M-43 K,,,,"-X4
queens his piwn, and stops White's. 5 K,--H4 K-Q3
2 4 (no~ diagram). The four basic
3 ... K-KS positions whew Black has a BP or
6 K-04 K-I32
4 K-B3 Centre P on thesecond rank (the position White wins If 6., . KC12 7. RB5 KB2 8. PKt6 c
If 4. PR5 PI36 5. PR6 FB7 6. PR7, df diagram 24 moved one,two, three, or KKt2 9. KKt5 KKtl 10. K XP; this is
and BIack quens with check. four files to the right) are easily won. thc usual winning method.
7 K--.Q5
4 ... K-K6 White may either sacrifice the p a w d
pawn and sq~zee~e Black out, of outflank 7. KB5 also wins, but not if White
5 P--W p B6
6 P-,-R6 P-37 on thc other side. continues 7...KKt2 8. PKtS? KR3
7 P-R7 P-B8 -Q 9. KB6 stalemate.
27 Black Ioscs all seven positions
8P-R#=Q Q--RSch. 25 Only one position with Black's where he has a Dawn on the fourth. 7 ... K--Kt3
pawn on the third rank is drawn-when
Winning White's queen by a skewer White must not sacrificehis passed pawn
check, a not uncommon device. as in the pl-~cedingexample, but should
outffank the enc~ny'sposition. K-Kt2
white must take more care against a
RP,M u s e of stalcmatc threats. K-Kt 3
5 . KING A N D TWO PAWNS v. KING 9 . . . KKt3 10. KB8 KR2 I f . KB7
1 K-A2 transposes. 9. .. RRI prmits mate in 5.

-
AND PAWN Now Black cannot retain the (distant)
opposition by playing to QB3-in fact K,,-R2
An undemranding of the Inany
pssible blocked positions is essential; his whole defence is obstructed hecause
and a fairly thorough examination of white's pawn controfs this square; for h, mu 12. KKtS wins,
reason, t)le immediate out+ I but White must avoid the stalemat#
these is rhereforc given.
There are 35 different kinds of mition ".king
2- KK3 KK4 3. KB3 KQ4 4. K34
/
aim suffices: 3 . KQ3 KG4 12. RB7? or 12. PKr7 ch.? RKtl
KKt6:
wl~cre White has a protected @
Dawn. and most of these he can usuaiiy xQ3 S. KK4 RR3 6. KQ4 KQ3 11 . . . K-R1
win. I Drawn 7. m,gaining thc opposition. 12 K-Kt6.
14 35
 I PAWN ENDMCS 5 KING AND TWO PAWNS v. KfNG AND P A W N
28 When Black's pawn is on the
fifth, two new dcfendw ideas are poss-
j. K-B8 K,-33 (the defensive anoosi- 1
tian; the counter attack 1 ... ~ ~ k - a l s o
2 . .. -- ---
Y-K<

ible: thc defensive- opposition, shown in

its most extensive form in Example 7 ;
and the counter attack with thc BP an
now to be illustrated.
With the move Black may choose
either dcffnee: 1.. . KWK2 laki np and When While's king is on YB3, or KJ.
holding the opposition as in the Examp{e B!=k must be abte to take the vertical
quoted, or 1 . . .K-.K4 2. K,,,-Kt6K-x5 I dmct opposition: he has no other
3. K--Kt5 K-,Q6
5. P-,Kt6 K , - 4 7 6 . P-Kt? K - B 6 I
4. P-Kt5 K x P defcncc-
5 K-B2
7. P--KI8--Q P-87, when the BP on ) If 5 . , . K ~ 4 ?6. K1O;
R--B5
29 If 1 , . . RBS White ouiflsnks on Ji? When aIf the pawns are on the
J.., K- antre files, White atways wins, except
the seventh draws, Example 305.
White is no betlw off with the
1 (w)? 6.KB3.
rhe queen's side, 2. RB2 RKS 3. KKt2
KQ4 4. KH3 KB3 5. KKt4 KQ4 when his king is an the hack rank and h
opposition: I 6 K-K2 K-K5
K.,,-W
6. KKtS; whitst if I... KQ4 White out-
flaaks an the king's side, 2 KK3 KQJ
~ W S not have the opposition, i.e.
I . KKt8 RKt3 2. KB8 KB3 3. K48
1 E;,.-Kt6 KQ3--Black mainrains the opposition
Not 5 . ,. IC85(W? 6 . KB2 outflank- 3. KK4 KK3 S. PQS ch. KQ3 6.KQ4.
when ~ f ~ ~ kison, the ~ fourth,
jng On queen's side. White to play Iosw a move by a all the rank without leaving the
fifth, or sixth, it i s no use White S L I C F ~ ~ ~ C - trianguiation : square of White's pawn.
ing the passed pawn, 1. PKt5 KQ3 K-K.3
2. KB6 KIM 3, KKS K x P 4- Kw map play 8... RKS 9.KRZ
KKt3 5% K XI',for Black takes the , RQ3, but not 3.,.KB3?
opposition, 5 . , . KB3. 9. KKZ KQ4 10. KB3, when he annot
take the direct apposition.
9 K--81
The distant opposition is no use,
I
7.KK2 KB3 8. KBZ KK3 etc.
9 ... L;-..44
10 K-Kt2 K-B3
11 K-RZ K.--Kt3
Not I I ... KRt4? 12. KR3, when
White wins.
White PI-dys and draws
12 K-R3 K-Kt4. Black plays and loses
W3itc wins
White cannot get through on the
rquen's side. oustornary outffa&i% 3- KKz / Having the opposition, White wins

1 . ..
Drawn
K-R4
In all this, the opposition only reatly
mattered when White's king was on R3
'.-.
-5 2. KR2 KKS 3. KKfl? fails rf&
KQ6
6. Pa7
* PQ6 KFFI
7. PQ8-Q f'87~ a n i wllh
I.., K K f l 2. KKt8 KR) 3, KB8
KQ3 4. KQ8 KK3 5. XK8, ouiRankinp
2 K-Kt5 K-KS or RB3. after I... KB3 6. KQ7, or 5... KQ3
3 K-Kt4 However, the opposition may also & Bkk's on the *night's hit, the BP 6.~ ~ 7 . ~ 1 cannot
d c k by crplw-
on seventh here draws, Example 3M.
me o u ~ a f i k i n gJ , g B 6 is answeE* significant when White's king is on K8 ing j+$iteWs UP. because a centre P on
by J... KQ6. or Q8. If in the diagram position White's
king is at Kg (instcad of KKt7) we get Black's trouble is &at he cannot stay
3 ... K.,,-K$ the following play: Black to move Loses On the K-file (White's QP interferes, con.
Albin playing a s i n s t Charoustk, (White having the opposition) 1 ... ..
wouing KS),and if 1 . -5 2. KB2; 31 Regardless OF the positions of the
Xlertin, 1897, ,made the mistake of play- K-Q3 2,K.--Q8 (2. RB7? KK4 3. w k l ~ tafter I . . . KQ6 2. PQS R x P kin@, this ending is lost for Btack. The
ing3 ... RQ6? 4. PKt5 K x P 5 . PKtb KK7 KKS I . ICQ6 KQ6) 2 . , . K-B3 3--1 the BP is bXwked. defensive opposition d m mt GdVe him
KQ7 6.PIE17 PB6 7. PKt8 =Q P87, (2,.. KK3 OT K4 3. RB7) 3. d,,-K7 K,,,- 2 K-m bacause he cannot play Us king to the
when White's king was nMr enou& for Kt4 4. K-Q6 K-K5 5 . K-45 K-,- RR file, for then White anrwcrs P-B5.
rt mating attack: 8. Q K t t KQ8 9. KB3 Kt6 6.K-W. Mitt to move draws: w k n i n g . 3. K-K3. After 1. KKt8 KKt3 mite wins by
I6
 X PAWN ENDINGS S KMG AND TWO PAWNS 9. KING A N D P A W
6 K-B3
7 K-&4
X K-Q5
K-Kt3 Ym
T h i s is onc of two basic positions
cormlate to nos. 7 and 28. To win,
m i t e needs to have the opposition with '
1 2. KBI KK6
draws.
3. RKt2 KQ7 also

king on the s a n d rank, I . .. KQS ." K-,,,"g6

Not 9. PKtS? KR4 9. K85 stalornatc.
8 .., K.-KM 2. m3 K&Q 3. RKJ, etc. 3 K-BI K-QS
m w to pjay only draws: I. R-,,,.B2 KwKt' K,,-R4
9 K-K5 K-R2 K--KC5
K-BS 2+K-,-Kt2 K-K6 ( 2 . .KKt5 1
The same finesse as on the first move, & draws) 3. P-KM (3. KRt3 KQ7) ) K-R' K-Kt4.
bur this time White gains the horizontal 3... K--47 (orJ... KQ51.instead White I The only move. If 6... KR6 ( 5 , 4)?
opposition because Bktck's king cannot may try 1. K-Kf K-K6 2. K-+l 1 7. RKtl KKt5 8. RBI KB4 9. KQt
occupy R4 or R4. K 4 5 (not 2. ..KB6? 3. gfll KKG KQ5 10. KK2; and i f 6.. . RB4? 7.
9 ... K-,B3 4,~KtCtl) 3 . K - 4 1 K-84 4.K-Kt1 KKtIKKt4 8.KB1.
I0 'K-K6 K-Kt3 K-Kt4 {4. .. KKt5? 5. KRZ) 5. K-RI
White wins K-Kt4 K-R4 6- K-RZ K-KtS. 3 4 (no
~ diagram). In two positions,
1 12 K g7 K US where Black has a blocked CCrHre pawn
playing his king via KR8 to KRJ and -
around to URt3.
- .a lenathy
- . but simple i If 12.-. KR3 13. Kg6 KR2 14. K ~ t 5 . 34 In thm basic positions (as on the sixth, White wilt be ablc to out-
process. 1 13 K.-,,,,.B6 'K-Kt6 diagrammod, or the position moved om flank on one wing or the orher, and
14 P--K~S KXP or two files to the Ieft) White wim nnrrnally wins unless Btik's king can
32 Finalty, two other c a m with regardfarr of the oppasifion, if his king attack White's fear pawn.
15 P-Kt6 K-R7 gets to tfie second rank (one exception:
Black pawn on the fifth are alwiys won. I6 P--Kt7 K-R8
This example compares with no. 27. 17 P,,,-Kt8=Q P-R6. in this position White R at QR2 d m -
not m a r i l y win). There are 28 basic positions where
f K---B1. A EIP on the sixth is helpless against a Mite plays 1. x-m (or 1 . KB2) White has a backward pawn,
The KIP, controlling QB5, prevents queen : 18 Q-K5 ch. K-Kt8 19. Q-..- .
1.. K-34 2. K--K3 K-K4 3. P-Q4
Black's maintaining the (distant) oppo- K 4 ch. K-Kt7 (19... KRS 20. QB2 ch. IC+ 4. K-,,Q3. 35 Two position7 with Black's pawn
sirion. 'Thc routine outflanking is more PR7 21. QBf mate) 20. +Kt4 ch. Black to pIay: on the second rank offcrstalemate draws
long-winded, 1, RQ2 K(i5 2. K K 2 RKS
3. KB2 KB5 4. KKtZ KK5 (4 ... KKtS
K-R7 2 1 . K-.,.Qfi. Alternatively,
Whitc's king i s near enough for a mating 1 .+, K-BA 1 kCause White has u rook\ pawn.
5. PKtSf 5. K K t l . finish: 18. KB5 PR7 19. KK14 KRt8
I ... g-Q4 20. QQ6 PRB-Q 21. QQI ch. KKt7
22. QQ2 ch. KKt8 23. KKt3.
2 K OI K-K4
3 ~--%2 lG-435
4 K-Q2 K--,,,,85 33 When Black's pawn is on the
5 K-K3 K-Q4 sixthrank, he draws if he ran capture
White's rcar pawn.
The counter-attack S... KKtCl fails, as

White plays and %ins I Drawn

Black ptays and draws
this particular position White has
"Manking threats on either wing; con-
WUently I ... KKfi? loses after 2. KQ1
mg 3. KBI KK6 4. RKtf KQS
5- KR2 KB4 6.KKr3.
Whitc wins I 2 K-41
I Here an exchanae leaves White a
usclesv RP. I . ~ z K r 6K--Krl (I ...
PxP'! 2. PR7) 2. P. -Kt7 (2. KKtS
P x P) stalemate.
36 In the other casc also Black can-
not Ix dug out of the corner. I . K-QS
K--.B1 2. K-KG K-Kt1 3. K - 4 7
 X PAWN ENDINGS
Drawn
K-li l 4. K-KtI (4... P x P ?
5. xB7)5. p-.,R7 ch. K-RI stalemate,
37 The five othcr positions with
Black's pawn on the second rank may bc
won by White regardless oi whether or
not he has the opposition.
Xn this particufar ca* Whik is better
off with his pawn at QBS than at QB7.
1 K-K5
Not 1. PB6 ch? P x P ch.? 2. KB5
KQ1 3. KQij KBl 4. K x p and Whire
wins; with (Four) othcr pawn configrira-
t i ~ m qthis method is decisive, but here
Black should reply I... KBI 2. p337
K 0 2 . Examnit 24. White must mt his
king 'to Q7 'OF Q8 More be advances
the BP.
X ... K-,,,B3
I... KK2 fails against 2. PB6 KQI
3. P x P . Black canno1 maintain the
White wins
opposition w k n White's pawns are SO
far forward.
2 K--424 K-02
3 K--QS K-B I
4 1(,,,,,,,.Q6 K 4 I
5 K-K5 K-Bi
If 5 , .. KKI 6. PB6 RQI 9. P x P.
5 K-K7 XC-,,,.Ktl
7 R-07 R.--R1.
White mates in five: 8. PB6 PX P.
9. KB7, etc.
The results of all 21 positions wherc
Black's pawn is on its third, fourth, or
frftlz rank depnd upon who has the
opposition-assuming the kiqgs to be
more or less nomaliy placed.
There arc two main groups, a c c o ~ d i n ~
to the basic pawn-configuration: 12
positions where Whitt: has a backward
BP or Centre P; and 9 positions, less
favourabls for him, where he has a
I backward KtP or KP.
38 p~sitiofiof this diagram, and
the same moved one file left, o* one or
two files to the rihrht, andlor one rank
forwards or backwards comprise the
Whire plays and draws
BIack plays and loses
White wins if he has the vcrtical direct
opposition with his king abreast d his
backward pawn bemuse of the double
...
threat : either outflanking, 1 K - 4 3
5 KING AND TWO PAWNS v.
2 K-B4 K-,K3 3. K-K4 K--Q3
5. K-B5 soon winning Black's pawn;
or exchanging pawns, I . . . K-B4
2 P-@ f x P ch. 3 , K x P K,,,-K3
4. K-B5 (Examplz 10) 4.., K-,,,,Q2
5. K-Kt6 K,,,,,,,,BI,and taking the
opposition, 6.
Without thc opposition White can
ody set snares:
I R,,-B2
If I. KU3 KB4 2. KKt3 KK4.
I .,. K,,-H3
Maintaining the vertical opposition i s
the simpler way, and with Mocked
centre pawns (Example 5) it would be
the only way; but here I .,. K-K3 also 1
draws, 2. K-KZ (the distant opposition
is ineRCEiive because there is not enough
spam to outflank on the other side of
blocked BW or KtPsf 2 . . . K-,,,.B3
3. K-02 (3. KR2 KK1 4 KKtI KK4)
3... K-K3 4. K-332 K-Q3 5.
Kt3 K--83 6. K-R4 K,,,,-Kt3.
Other replies lose the opposition:
1...KM?2.KB3:1...KQ5?2.KK2
Xf 2. KEJ KK4 3. KKt4 KQ5.
KK4 3. KK3; or I . . . KR5? 2. KK2
KKt4 3. KK3.
2 K--K2 K-,,K3.
Black can always hoid the opposition.
39 Where there arc blocked RPs
tExampfc 38 nrovcd two files to the left)
there is no rcal threat of exchanging
pawns, for aftcr I ...
KQ4 2. PKt4
39
Drawn
21
K M G A N D PAWN
P x P ch. 3. K x P,White has a useless
R P.
However, the tbrcr: basic positinns
wherc Black has a blocked RP on i s
third, fourth, or fifth, rank can be won
for White if he has the opposition with
his king one rank farther Forward, on a
level with his blmkcd pawn; and if here
I... K-Kt3? 2. K-Q4 (2. KB4? KB3
draws) K-B3 3. K-FW a simple out-
flanking follows, 3... KKt3 4. KQS
KKt2 5 . KB5.
1 40 The remaining six positions
where White has a backward RP or KtP
1 arc comprised in the diagram position,
and the same movcd one file to the left
II and/or one rank forwards or bacttw&rds.
Whik lacks the space for outflanking
on the side where the backward pawn is.
1 Black to play:
I .,.
2 K,,,,,,,,Q3
K--M
K-K4
2 . h -
Drawn
4 K,,--B2 K-K3
1 5K-,,,-Kt2 K-02
6 K-,R3 K --B3
1 7K-R4 K ,,,,,,,.
i White to play:
! I K-Q3 K-Q3
I... KB3? permiis White to advancc
1 his Ktl', 2. KB3 KK3 3. PKt4 P x P oh.
1 4. K X P KQ3 5. KKt5, Example 11.
 I PAWN ENDINGS
White plays and wins
Black plays and draws
3 K-nl K-c?
4 K--Ql K-KB(K5)
5 K,,,,,-K2 K--B5
If 5... KKS 5. PB3, Example 38.
6 P--Q4
The double pawn movm makes the
diirwnce. 6. PQ3? KK4 draws: whitst
the outflanking 6 . KB2 KKS 7. KKt3?
fails against 7 . .. PB6.
6 ... K-KS
7 I!--33.
As Exampie 29.
With his pawn on the fifth Black has a
new drawing resource (avaifable for the
five pawn corlfigurations related to
Examples 33 and 34) as here with the
move: 1... P-B6 K-Kt4
2. P,,,,,,,,Q3
(2... KRS? 3. KKt1; Z... K M ? 3.
KKt1 KKt4 or KIS 4. KBI).
44 With BP+RtP v. KtP White's
c h a m are not less f a ~ ~ u ~ than
b l cin
the above examples, but a defensive
resource of quite a different kind may
sometimes be effective against pawns
near the edge of the board.
This i s shown in a study bv Griaoriev.
placed.
After 1. P-B4? K-B7 2. K-Kt4
P,,-Kt3 3. K-R3 K--05 (the same
position occurs after I. - PR~?KB7
2. P84 K36 3. KR4 PRt3 4. KR3 KQ6)
White cannot escape the 'closed circle'
of moves: 4. K-Kt4 K-B7 {4 ... KQ5?
5. KKt5) 5. K-R4 K-B6 (5 ... KKt7?
6. PKt4; or 5. KQ6? 6. KKt5) 6. K-R3
K - 9 6 (6... KB7? 7. PKt4; or 6...
KQ57 7.KfCt4) 7.R-R4 K-R6 (7. ..
KH1? 8 . PKt4 7.,. KQ5? 8.KKt.5) 8.K
-R3 K - 4 6 , ctc. If White tries 9. KKtZ
KQS 10. KU2, then lo.,. PKt4.
The same idea occurs one rank farther
forward after I . P-B4? (1. PB37 KB7
2. KKt4 KQ6 3. PI34 RB7 4. PRS
KQ6 5. KKr5 KRSj K 4 7 2. P--B5
K-I36 3. K-R4 K - 4 6 4. K .Kt4
K--05 5. K-Kt5 K-B6 6, P-Kt4
K--Kt6 7. K-R5 K-RS.
With pawns nlorr: mtltrallp placed this
attack from the rear would fail, White's
king having enough space in which to
autnlaneuvre Bhck.
The key move is now clear:
I K-.Kt2 K-47
2 P-Kt4
White plays and wins
2. P M ? KQ6 leads to variations
already given. A dmw follows 2. PB3?
KQ6 3. PKt4 PKt3 4. KKt3 PKt4
5. KKt2 KQ7 6. KKt3 KQ&--an un-
usual use of the opposition in a variant
of Example 38.
1 If 2... PKt4 3. KRt3 follow& by PXW.
1 3 HL-F3- P-K t4
K--KtZ
Not 4 KKt31 KQ5 5 . KKt2 RBS
6. PB3, and the tempo-move with the
5 KING AND TWO PAWNS v. KING AND PAWN
~p is prematurely spent. White first White may continue his outkanking
wants to get his king into the o m . 3. Kf35 KQ4 4. P34 ch., or take the
4 ..- K,-K5 .,.
opposition after 3. KK4 KK3 4. P M ,
lf 4.- KQ5 5, KKg3 KW Mx I Exampie
T ~ E
4u.
iS lmved
6.KB3 KKKS KQ2 KQS 8.
Exampie 38. i
c h L ~ backwards or forwards one rank gives
similar WU~CS.
S,.. KR6 is amweml by 6. PB4, when Example dkrraml--the
B1ackts king is outside the square of the position of no-45 moved UP two mFtk$.
~ t p mik
. wim b m he~p has an This is always won because 1. P-36
ontion of moving either o m or two trans- to Exarn~fe37,
Goves at its first Lap: and it would be
m t to infer that this position one 45 Whik's king i s in front of
rank farthtr forward would be drawn in his pams (when a win is fairly straight-
spite of the tempo-move. forward) ha will in genemi need to
6 K--Q2 K--05- manwvre with SOEM a r e to win this
7 P-33 &. ending.
We first show tfiat with the move
Winning as Example 38. Black cannot save himself:
45 Ofthethreebasicpawncon- IT,- K-35
figurations related to Exampla 33 and If 1. .. K-B4 (I ... KK4 2. KQ.7 KQ4
40,#tP+BP v. BP is the last unfavwur- transpose$ 2. K-Q3 K--Q11(2.. . PB3
abk for White, who usually wins. 3. KK4 KBS 4. KK5) 3. P-l34 ch.
f h e critical position occurs when thc K-BQ 4. K-B3 P-B3 5. P-Kt3
pawns arc about to make contact, lhc (5. PKt4 ch.? RQ3 draws) S... K-Kt3
result depending on the opposition. ( 5 . .. KQ3 6.RM4) 6. K-Q4 K,-KtZ
This position moved one file to the 7. K-IBS K-,-I52 8. K-Kt2
right would bc won, Whi& btocking: the 9. K--Q6 K-Kt3 10. P,,-B5 ch.
pawns to get Example 38; but here If I... P-B4 (I ... PRJ 2. KQ3 P34
1. P-34 draws, Example 40; and 1. 3. PB4 ch. tmnsposrs) 2. K,,,,,,,.K3 K-K4
K-33 K g B 4 2. K-Kt3 1 ~ 1 8~sO W ~ C R 3. K - 4 3 K--Q4 4. P-,--B4ch. K-K4
after Z... K-K5 Q...PBS? 3. f xP). (now White wants this position with
Black to play: after I... K-Q4 Black to play, and triangulata to this
f l + +KB4
* 2. XQ3) 2 K-BQ R - 4 3 end) 5. K-B3 K - 4 3 {CIS PKt4)
6. K-B2 K-K4 (6...KB3 7. KQ3
#' KQ3 8. KK4 RK3 9. PKI3--tb
decisive tempo; or 6...KK3 7. KKi3
outfanking) 7. K--43 K-Q3 (7. ..
KB4 8. K83 KK4 9. PKt4) 8.K-'K4
K-K3 9. P-Kt3, Example 40.
In this fast variation, h e option of
moving the cartdidate (KtP) one or two
squares at its first mow is decisive.
It is good policy to hold back the
candidatep a w , kausepawnexchanges
am thus avoidcd, and because it may
provide u x f d tempomoves affm the
other pawns are blocked. I n this par-
White plays and draws ticuIar ending White wins aniy because
Black plays aod -1 his king threatens to o~mateon both
25
 X PAWN ENDINGS 5 KXNG AND TWO PAWNS v. KING AND PAWN
sides of the pawns; and he travcls to the IPlO.,.KR3 i l RB3KR4 112PKtkh I K--Q5 K-Q2
queen's side vb QB2-QKt3. If fhe cat~di- 1 1 K-Q4 K Q2 Eithcr I . . . KBI or j . . . KQ1 also
lfrtte pawn moves to QKt3, this route is 12 K-K5 K-K2 draws.
biocked. f 3 P-KL4.
2 K-KS K-I32
2 K-42 K-Kt4 The tempo-move gives White the
winning oppo$ition, Example 40. Apin he may play either t ... KBI or
If 2...PB3 a series of triangulations I , . . KQI, but not I . . , KKZ? 2. PR6.
follows, 3. KQ2 KKtG 4. KRI KBS White to play triangulates, getling the
5. KR2 P M 6.KQ2 KKt6 7. KBI KR5 diagram posirion with Black to move. 3 K-,,,,K6 K--41
8. KB2 PX35 9. KQ2 KKt6 10. K B l 1 K-Q1 Aftcr 3.. . KR1 4. RQ6 KQI 5. PKt6
KR5 I I . KR2 KKt4 12. KQ2 RB4 If I . K . 4 3( I . KK3 KH5 2. KQZ Whitc pins the opposition, but nothing
13. KK3 KQ4 14. K%. RQ4) K-B4 2. K-,,f32 (2. KK4? KBS) a h , Example 36.
3 K,,,--Kt3 K-,4353. K-QL K-Q4 White travels 4 K--Q6 K-331
3, KQ3 KB4 leads nowhere, for if
in circles-or more pxocisely in triangles. White plays and dmws 5 K,-K7 K-,,,-B~
After I . K - 4 3 K-,,,,B4 2. F'-Kt31 K-B 1
4. KK4? KB5, and Black's counter-
attack is successful when his pawn i s White's access to the queen's side is
barred and he draws, 2... K-Q4 3.
Black phys and loses
after I... kC---B4 (if I . . . RK4 2. KB3
i 6 K--K8

unmoved, because it takes White so long

to get at it.
K,--K3 K-K4 4.5'-Kt4 (4. P34 PB4) KQ4 3. RKt4 KB3 4. KRS-a turning
4... 5. X-03 P-B3 6.P-B4 movemsa around the pawn) 2, K-R4,
ch. K,-Q3 7 . K-K4 (7. KQ4 PB4 ch.) etc., outflanking. The diagram pasition
7... K-K3, Example 45. 1. rnovcd one rarik forwards or backwards
afsoImds to ExarnpIc 45 after: I . . .P-B4 gives rhe same results.
2. K--K3 K-K4 (or 2.. . PB5 3. PKt4,
ExampIe 28). 48 In contrast to Example 45A
1. KBl? is the w r o ~ gway to tri- w h m the pawns on the fifth always win,
angulate, I ... PB4 2. KQ2 PB5 3. KK3 here they only draw because 1. P-Kt6
KK4, Example 40. ch. leads to Example 36.
I ... K--B4 Naverthless White wins if his king
can make a turning movement round
A withdrawal, d... KQ3(I33), is Biack's pawn, which mmns getting it to
answered by 2. KB2 to which Black QB7 or QB8 before advancing the U P ,
Drawn
cannot answer 2,.. RBS. or to QKt6. Black to play prevents this
..
If f . F-Rcb 2. K-K2 K,,&ICS( 2 , . . 0n3y by I... P--Kt3 ~ h .2. P x P ch. Black must not be tempted by 6...
White wins KB5 3. KQ2 KQ4 4. RKJ or 2. PB5 .. K-Kt2, ExampIe IS. The following KQ3? 7. KQ8, nor must he play
3 ... K,,,,-B4 I 3. KB3) 3. f-Kt3, White has the attmatives iose: 6... K--Kilo! 7. K - - 4 7 R-R2 8.
I f 3... PI34 4 P H c h . as hefore. ..
opposition, 3. K-Q4 ( 3 ... PBS I...K-Ktf? 2. K-Kt6 K-Kt K-137 (or 8 . K88 KRI 9. Pa6 PKt3
4. P X P ) 4. K--B3 K-K4 5. K-K3, 3. K-B7 K-K2 4. P-,,,,.KtSch. for 10. PR77) 8... K-RI 9. K-I38 (9.
4 P,--B4 K-,KO Erample 45. PKt6? or 9. PR6? KR2 10. P X P
4. PR6) 4.. K.,--RI, and White mates
If 4... KQ5 5 . RKt4 PB3 6. PKt3. 2 K..,,--B~ K-* in h. statemates) U... K-K2 9. &-Kt6 ch.
5 K-Kt4 P-33 3 K--Q2. i...K-Bl? 2. K,--Kt6 K-Kt1 3. K-R1 30. P-R6, and White mates in
6 P--135 ~ h . P-R6 R-Rl, ( 3... P x P 4. K x P , two.
6. KB3 also wins; but not 6. pKt3? 47 The ending RP+KtP v. KtPdso Example 12) 4, P x P ch. (4. K137 ? KR2 7 P-,-Kt6.
PM cch., Example 40. corresponds to the comparatively ur,- 5 , P x P stalemate) 4... K--....KII 5. Drawing a$ Example 36.
favourable Extlmpfc 40, but is less g-R6 K..-BZ 6. K-,-R7.
6 ... K-R2 favourable for White than the p m d i n g
7 R-RS K-Kt2 exampIe bemuse his king cannot $0
8 F-Kt3 tflcctively threaten to operate on both
Forcing Black to the QFZ file, for if sides board,
now 8. .. KB2 9. KRS. T h i s position is analagous to Example
8 ... K-R2 45. White draws aRm 1. P-Kt4,
9 K-Kt4 K-Kt2 Emmpfe 40;or after 1. K--K3 K---K4
10 K-M K-B2 2. K-333 K-.,-QS. Black to play loses
26
 5 KING AND TWO PAWNS v. MNG AND PAWN
IF3. PR3 KB5 4. KB2 PKt4 5. PKt3 10. K-B3 (out&anlring) 10 ... K 4 4 g x P, when Black bas the opposition) 51 Unlike the preceding M,
ch. Ksri 6.KQ3 RQ4, Exampie 47. 11. R - 4 3 X-R3 32. K-K4 4-43 .
4.. K-R3 @. .. PK* I.PKt* ch.1 howcver, l a c k draw if bh pawn k on
3 ... K-W 13. K+, Example 47. 3. K-Kt4. 1 thc fifth rank, for after I... K-B5
First given by Sa.ccani, 1924. Aftcr 9K-43
3.. . PKt4'! 4. PR3 KB4 5. RKJ KQ4 White can hold the opposition on thc
6. KQ3 White hrts the winning oplposi- bishop's e e but cannot exploit it 5, P-Kt3? seems no less eflectivc but
tion, Example 47. h a u s of the w m o n trap, 9. KB3 ody draws! 5... K-R3 6. K-B4
4 'K--B3 KB3 10. -4 PRt4 ch. (6,KB5 KR4 7. KB4 PKt3 8. KB3
If 4. P-RJ K,-Q4 S. K-K3 (5. 9 ... R-42 pKt4) 6... K-,,,,R4 7. K-,,-.B5 P-Kt4
p. P x mmarkabie stalemate,
PR4 KB4 6. KB3 PKt3) 5... P-Kt3 The only move, taking the distant
6.K--Q3 F...--Kt4,Example 47. opposition. 5 ... K-R 3
6 K-R4 K-RZ
4 ... K-Kt4 10 K-K3 K--,K2 7 K--Kt5 K,-,-KI
5 P-R3 f l K-B4 K - - 43 8 K-Kt6 K-Ktt
...
Not 11 KB3? 12.PR5. 9 P-Kt4.
12 K--K3. Winning as shown in Example 43.
As Example 47.
Drawn
With the move White gets his king in 50 KtP+RP v. RP is without 2. K-K3 (2. KBZ KQ5 3. PKt4 B X P
f~ontof his pawns, and wins by a ddiW question the least favourable pawn for- e.p.Icomes2... P,,,,,,,,R6
3.P-Kt 3 e,p.
attack upon, and turning-movement mation from White's point of view. ch. K-B6, Example .M.
around, Black's pawn. When Black's pawn i s on the third or
fourth rank the critical positions 52 A similar position with Black's
1 K-Kt3 corr'espond to Examptea 45 and 47. RP unmoved is &ways drawn Wess
Also 1. KQ3 wins; or 1. KE3 KKt4 H a 1. K-K3 KKK4 2. K-33 White's king can get to R6. After
2. KQ4 KKtS 3. KQS RKI4 4. KQ6
KKt3 5. KQ7, snon attacking Black's
pawn--compare Example 4%.
Whitc plays and wins I ... K-Kt4
Black plays and draws
Not 2. PR3? KR4 3. KB4 KEiS
An ingenious draw fo1lows 5. PR4 ch. pxt4 10. ~ ~ pKtS.
1 2
KR4 6.Kn4 PKt3 7. -3 PKt4. -- - .
5 ,..
- P-RI
ti - --.
K x P 5 KKU, Example 2 With his
tf 6. PKt4 ch. KKt4 7 . KKt3 KB3
8. Kl34 PKt4 ch. king in fr;mt White
of his pawrms has
6 ...
7 P-Kt4 ch.
8 K 32
,,,,,,,.
P-Kt3
K-Bf 1 reason to fear a r a m exchanae. because
he may subsey;ently take &e. opposi-
tion.
If 2... K-I34 3. K-B3
4, %-Kt3 K--Q4 t4... PKt4 5. PKt4
P--Kt3 Drawn
White takes the distant oppwition.
ch.j 5. K-K t4 K-R3 6.K-B4 K-B2 X--QS is pointless; if, instead, White 2. F x P, Example 13; but be may piay
IS ... K--B2 .
(6.. PRt4 ch. 7 . P x P ch.. Examole 16) plays 1. KB2, Black answers I ... KR3, now or later 1 ...
PR3, Example 25)
The only move, kmping on the same 7. K-Kt5 (the frontal 8ttacirj 7.,; hiding the (distant) opposition. Black 2. K-,,,,B6K-Kt1 3. P-Kt7 (3. KKtS
file. White wins if he gets the distant K-Kt2 8. P-Kt4 K-B2 9. K-R6 .
to phy loses, not having the opposition: P x PI 3 . . P,--R3 4. K-Kt6, stale-
oppcsition on the qutcn'~file or farther -the turning-movement. ! K-34 2. K-,K4 K-B3 3. K-+4 mate.
east, e,g. #... K,,-,Q3? f8.., KQ4? K + w (3 ... KQ3 4. PR4) 4. K-M 1
9. KQ3 KB3 10. KK4 or 8... KQ27 3' K-R3 IC--.-R3 K--B3 5. P-M. Examole 39. The 53 I f White's king is on Rd he
9. KQ3) 9. K-Q2 K-K3 (9... KR3
10. KK3 wmes to the sama thing) / Tf 3. .. &,-Kt3 4. P-Kt3 (not 3
PKU ch.? nor 3. KKt)? PK14 4. P x.
djagr;im position moved ipone rank. cannot make a turning-movement (as
similar results. 1
against a KIP, rtc.),hut he may win if hs
28 29
 X PAWN ENDINGS 5 KING AND TWO PAWNS v. KING AND PAWN
can c~chmgepawns so as to leave him" 2. PARS K--,-Kt2 3. K-Kt5 K-E11 2. PKt3 KKf4 3. PR3 KB4, &ample 6. PR4, or 4... KQ4? 5, PR4 RQ3
self the opposition as Exantpic 13. (3 ... PK3 ch. 4. KU85 KB2 5. PKt4, 50) 2... K-Kt4 3. P-,-R4 ch. K-R4 6. KQ4, White has the opposition,
white here wins with or wirhout the Example 39) 4. K--R6, Example 53. ~ ~ ~ . Q 439.
4. K-.R3 K ~ ~ ~ ~Example , White's Examnb 50: bur Black mav nlav 4...
move kecausc he has the option of t ...PR4 cb. 2. KIM KB3 3. PKt3, tempo-move with the backward pawn is KB3 '5. ~ ~ KKt4 ~ k~t3.
t 63.P R ch.
playing the KtP one or two squaxm at Example 39. of no significance. 5 K-Kt3 K-133
its h t leap. T h i s prrnirs him to lose a I ... P-R3 2. K-B.1 K-R4 ( 2... If 1. KQ3 KQ4.
move if nmsary: I. P-Kt4 K-Ktl KB3 3. PKt4, Examplc 50, or 2. ..PR4 1 ... R ,,,,,,,.Kt4
Not S... KKt3? 6 . KR4 KB3 7. PR4;
3. KQ5) 3. P-Kt3, Whitc m y move nw 5... PR4? 6. PR4ch. and 7. PKr5,
2 P.--R3 Example 27.
his pawns from the secand rank now
that Black has done SO, 3.. . K.--,Kr3 If 2. PR4 ch. KIM 3. K33 PR4. 6 p,,,,-~4 K-Kt2
4. K,--,Q5 K-R4 5. K-B6 (5. KB51 2 ... P-R 3 Black may here play 6... KQ3 (Kt3,
stalemate) S... K-Kt5 6. K-Kt6 As shown by vcln der Lass and 4 2 ) 7. KBJ RB2, or 7. KB4 KB3; but
P-R4 7 . K-RC. Bilguer, 1843, this draws. loss after 6..K B Z ? 7. KB3, or 6...
Othcr moves lm: KW? 7. KB3.
2... KB4? 3. KR4 KB5 4. PKt4 KB6
5 . KKt5 KRt6 6. PR4 KRS 7. PKS
KKt6 8. PR6.
2 . . .P-,R4? 3. K-82(only chis wins,
if 3. KB3? KRS, then 4. KB4 stalemtc,
or 4. KQ4 RK16, or 4. KI32 KKt4
5, KQJ KB4 7. KB3 PRS, Example 39)
White wins
3... K-B3 (3 ... KR5 4. K33 KKt4
2, P-Kt5 K-RI 3. P-Kt6 P x P 5. KQ4 KRS 6. KB5; or 3 . . . KKt3
4. P x P K-,,,-Ktl 5. P-Kt7 (the pawn 4, KB3 KB4 5. PKt3, Example 50; or
on thc seventh m a r not give check]; or 3 . .. KBS 4. PKt3 ch. KQ5 5. KQ2 KB4
Black to piay, I... K-Kt1 2 !?--Kt3 6.RS3, Example 50) 4. P-Kt3 K-Q3
wirh play as before. 5 , K-Q2. This is Example 50, in which
White wins White wins with, or dram without, the
White could win just as easily if,
instead of rhe KtP, his RP were kin- 2 K--R5 K-K t2 distant opposition, S... K ;83 6. K-K3
moved; but ifneither pawn has this first K.-T34 7. K-K4, etc.
If 2... K-B4 3. P--Kt3 (now play- 2... K-R4? 3. K-B3 (thconly way) Drawn
move option, then tRe: win depends upon
whose move it is, White no longer abfs bemuse Black's king cannot p t 3... K--.Kt4 (3 ... KRS 4. K34) 4.
cunuolling eventu, back to the corner. 3. KR6? KKtS K-Q4 K-R5 5. K-34 (5. KBS? The only move. Black must hold the
4. PRS KR5 5. PKt3 ch. KKtS draws) KKt6, or 5. KB3'? PR4) S... K-R4 (direct or distant) opposition when the
54 Tn general, against a Black pawn 3 . . . K,,--Q5 4. K-R6 K-B6 5. KXP. (5.. . PRJ 6. KB5) 6. K --B5K-RS k i n e are on the open files, Exampk 50.
at R2, Witc cannot win unlas he at 3 K.,-KtS. 7. K-86. If now 8. KQ3 KQ2 9. KK3 KK2
Imst has his king on the fourth rank, and To Z... K-R4? White must not lo. KB3 KQ3 (10,.. Kf12? 1 I. PKt5).
Either 3... K-R 1 (B2, B1) 4. R-86 answer 3. K-B4? when Black stages an Black also draws with t h move: ~
one pawn (preferably a e KtPf unmovd. K-Kt1 5. P-R5, or 3 , . . K,-,-Kt1
. 4. K-R5 K-,RI 5. P-RS. I d s to instructive counter-attack: 3... K-R5 I ... K-I35
-
4. K--B5 (4. KR3 PK4 as Wore) 4...
%is tmpo-move gains the opposi- K--Kt6 5. K-B6 K x P 6. P-R4 t . . . K K t S 2 . K Q 3 W 3.KK4KBS
tion, p ~ t 3mite lost.s first- 3... PR3 ~ h .4. KB5 XI32 K-a6 7. P--R5 K-05 S. K-KO draws; but not I . . . K 4 5 ? 2, K-Kt3
move o~tion.Black simdv ~ctmtinn K-B4 9. K X P K-H3 10. K-Kt8 K-34 (2... KQ6 3. KKt4 KB7 4. PKD)
I.. .K K 2.~ K K ~ SKR1 5. K R KILL<
~ (10. PR6 K32) I0 ... K-Kt4. 3. K-R4.
when thc cventual exchange of pawns
leaves White without tht: opposition.
Black's retreat must be calculated =re- 4. KB3 PR49 mmple
fuliy, for if 2... KKil? 3. KR6 While K 4. KQ3 PM 5. Kl33 PRS,Example
wins. 39, or here S. PKr3 KQ4, Example SO. If 2. P-Kt3 ch. K-Kt5 3. K-Kt2
If 1. KB3, Black draws as shown by F,,,-R4 4, P-R4 (4. FR3 ch. S X t 4
1 ... K-33 4 Rcichhelm, 1873, by 1... P-R4 2. 4 ... K,,-..Kt4 5 . KR3 KB4. Exam~feMI 4... K--&$
1
The alternatives are: I . . . K-,423 K.-Kt3 (2. PR3 PR5, Example 39, or After 4... KKt3(Q3)'! 5 . ECB4 -3 ( 5. k-~3K*, &ampie 39.
30
 X PAWN ENDINGS
2 ... f-R4
2 . . KQ5 also draws.
3 K,-32
Advancing the candidate 3. PKt3 ch.
KKtS leads to an tnxchaage after 4. KB2
PR5.
If 3. PR3 KRt6 4. KDI PRS.
3 ... P-RS.
As Example 5 1.
56 With unpasscd disconnected
pawns White's chances are lrrs promis-
ing. He cannot in general win unless his
king is in front of his pawns, and he
must also haw somespare tempo-moves.
White may win by a pawnexchange
leaving him the opposition, or by a tum-
ing movement of his king around Black's
1 s t pawn, in which thc wgpositian is also
important. A third winning idea, which
s u m d s only against an unrnovcd BP
or Centre P, is the sacriPxce of one TAWn
su as to yumn the other.
i K--423
A h 1. K-,,-,B3? R-434 Black having
the opposition draws. 2. &-Kt4 ch.
(2, KQ3 KKt5 or 2. KKt3 KQS) 2...
3. K-Kt3 B-I33 4. K-R3
(PQ3) P-M, and White has nut the
opposition.
If1. KKt3? KQ4 2. Kg14 KQ5
3. KKt5 KQ6 4. H(B6 K x P 5 . K x P
KQ6, and thc Past pawn faus.
White plays and wins
l3Jack plays and draws
5 KING AND TWO PAWNS v. KING AND PAWN
the horizontal opposition, $0 KECt7
KQZ 11. KR7 KK2 (distant opposition)
I 2. KR8 KK1, etc.
7 K-B5 K-42
K-W 8 x-Kt6 K-43
Having the opposition on the queen's 9 P-44
file does not save Mack: I . . . K--Q4 This tempo-move gains the (hori-
2. F-Kt4 (2. KB3? KGki d r ~ s )2... mtal)opposition, so tkat the turning-
P-R3 3. K-B3 K-K4 (3 ... PB4
movement may be completed.
9 ... K-42
7. P-Gs' P x P 8. K x P ~ 4 3 9:' 10 K-Kt? R-43
K-B4 K-33 10. P-Q3, mitt has 11 K-38 K--K3
the opposition. 12 K-B7 K--44 Drawn
I... W3 2. KW PB4 3. PKt3 TCB3 13 K-47.
4. PQ3 brings about a standard type of With the move Black draws by (and 3. PR3 PKt4 4. PR3 KR3 5. KKt4
position in which White wins with, but only by) taking the distlini opposition, KKt3, Black takes the opposition.
draws without, the opposition. If now ...
I... ES-BJ (1 KQ4? 2. KQ3 or I . . . 3 ... K-Kt3
4... RQ3 5. PQ4, or if 4... KKx3 -2 2. KB3) 2. K-I33 (2, KQJ KKt4
5. PKt4; but with the move White wuld or Z KKtJ KQ4) 2... K-34 (Blstck J... P-Kt3 also draws, 4. P-R3
not force a f;t~,ourabfeexchaage. talc= the direct apposiiion on the <4.KR3 PKt4 5. P85 PKtS ch. 6. KKt3
bkhop1a file) 3. P--Kt4 ch. (3. PKt3 KKt4) 4.. . K-R3 5 . K-Kt4 R-R2
2 K-B3 (not S... KKtZ? 6. KKtS KB2 7. KR6
KKM, or 3. PQ3 KQ4) 3.,. K-Kt4
Hcre, too, While wins with, but draws 4. K-Kt3 P-B3 5. &-I33 (5. PQ3 KB3 8. PR4 Kg2 9. KR7 KB3 10.
without, thc opposition. PB4) S... P--34 6. PxP K x P , Bkack KKtg) 6. K-Kt5 K-Kt2 7. P-84
2 , a . P-B3 h a the opposition. K.-B2 (not ?... RRZ? losing the oppo-
sition after 8. RB6 KR3 9. KQ6, or
Black m a y leave thjs pawn unmoved,
57 Black dots httcr with a knight's 8. I'R5) 8. K--R6 (8. PB5 P x P) 8 . . .
2... K - w 3. B-Kt4 R - 4 3 4. K-B4 K....-.B3,Black has: the opposition.
K*K---B3 5. P-Kt5 ch. K,-Kt3 6. K- pawn. He induces White to advailce his
Kt4 R---,R2 7. K-BS K-Kt2; w h BP, so that ir will most iikeIy be cx- 4 K-Kt4 K-B3
White wins either by a pawn-exchngu
changed, a males RP mmailring. 5 p-It3 K ....,,,,Kt3
8. PQ3 RBI 4. PKt6, or by a pawn I K--B3 K--Kt4 5 . . P-Kt3 6. P-R4 K-U2 also
sacrifie 8. PQ4 KKtf 9. K M KBI I... K-B4? permits White to ex- draws.
lO.PQ5 KQl 11. KKt7KQ2 12.KKt8 change his RP after 2. P-R4 PKt3
6 P-R4 K,--R3
KQI 13. PQ6 P x P 14. KR7. 3. KKt3 KQ4 4. KKta KB3 5. KB4 7 $'---I35 K-RZ
3 P-Kt4 ~ h . K-Kt4 KKt2 6. WCtS KB2 7. PR5, or 2... 8 K-Kt5 K-R I
4 #-Kt3 K-R3 U t 3 3. KK14 K33 4. PR5 KQ3
5 K-I34 K-Kt3 5. KKtS KB2 5. KBS KQ2 7. KKt6 Bfack may also safely play S... K-,-Kt1
K B I 8. PR6. 9. R-Kt6 K,--BI (not 9... KRI ? 10.
6 P-43 KB7 KR2 11. PRS KRI 12. PR6)
A tempc-move; 6. PQ4? KKtZ 2 K-Kt3 10. K-R7 K-B2, and White has no
7. KB5 KB2 draws, Btack having the The opposition is here of nu account: winning plan.
opposition. to have winning chanm White- must 9 K-,,,,,KtC K-Kt 1
6 ... K-B2 fiave hip, king m fhe fourth rank. JO P--RS K-,,B 1
White wins after 6 . . . K-Kt2 7. 2 + a . K-R4 10... KR I ? loses as in the above notc.
I I R-R7 K-B2
K-B5 (7. PKt5? KKt3) 7... K-BZ Alsohereif2... K M ? 3.PR4. 12 K--R8 K-B1.
8, P-Q4 K - 4 2 (8 ... %Kt2 9. PMS)
9. P--05 exchantxinu- - -oawns: but )re 3 P-EM While cannot exclvange his RP and
I must not attempt a turning-moment,
9. KKt6? KQ3, for Black can maintain
Aher either 3. PR3 KKt4 4. PR4 ch.
m4 5. KR3 PKtJ 6. KKt3 PKt4, or
win; hc cartnot outfiank; and here the
pawn sacrifice 13. PB6 only draws,
 I PAWN ENDINGS 5 KXNG AND TWO PAWNS v. KING AND PAWN
58 When White has doubled pawns 9. K-334 R-K5 (now Black cannot get therc is insufficient space for Black's
on the same fife as Black's pawn, he back, in rime to prevent a qumn's side wide-swept counter manmuvres.
usually wim if they arc cent= pawns, for ou@anking, brit if 9.. . KK3 10. KKt4 1 K-R4 K-,-B3
he may nutflank on either side. KQ4 1 I. PB3) 10. P-B3 K ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 2~K-,,,Kt4 ~ ~ ~ K 4 K-Kt3
11. K--Kt3 K--K3 ( I I ... KQ4 12. 3 P-B4 p,,,,,,,,,~3
gKt4) 12. K-K4 K-Q2 13. K,,,,,,,,R5 Xf 3... P-B4 ch, 4. KWH3 K-R4
KKB2 14. K-R6, a variation which (4. KR3 5. KQ3 KQ3 6. KK4 KK3
If2. .. P.,-Q3 (2... KB5 3. KK4 P Q 3 W l d be compared to the text play.
4. PQ3 ~ h KHh
. 5. PQ5) 3. R - 4 3 59 11. is less easy to outflank oil thc 7. PI33 KQ3 8. KBS) 5. K . 4 2 (5.
K-R3 4. K B4 K ,,,,,,,.K2 5. K ,,,,,,,.Q5 8 K-83 K-K5 KQ3? KKt5) 5 . . . K-RS 6. K-R3
shorl sidc of bishops' pawns which are 9 K-,,,-M K-K4
K-Q2 6. I'-,43 K.---K2 7. K-B6 therefore less favourable to White. In K-Kt5 7. K.--03 K-RS 8. K-R4.
10 P,,,,-BJ 4. 5-B5 ch. K-62
8 . P-5
K,,,,,,,,K3 ch, K-K4 9.P-Q4 this position dtcr Grigoriev, 1436,
ch. White wins onfy if he gets his king in TRc best chance, for either 10. K-Kt4 I f J... KR3 4. PR3 KKt2 5. KB4 as
3 K-K4 p.,,,,Q3 front of his pawns-which BIack with K . - 4 5 (I0 ... KQ4? X I . PB3), or in the text play.
the rnove prevents: 10. K--Kt3 K--Q4 (10... RQS? I I .
$ 3 3 4 KQ4 12. P133)draws at once. 5 K-RS K ,,,,,,,.
6 P-BJ K-R2
10 ... K-K3 7 K--Kt4 &-Kt2

--m---apa'8 Instcad White may try 4. K-K4

K--.K3 (no1 4... KD4? 5 . KQ3 KQ3
If 7... KR3 8. KR4 KR4 9. KQ3 but
not 9. KQ4? KKt4.
8 K--B4 K ,,,,,,,.B2

a El I
I mwa M m
6. KQ4, when White has the opposition)
5. K-03 K,,,-K4 6. XC,.,-U.! for 6. KKJ
PIM 7, PB3 K W 8. RB3 KK4) 6 . . .
9 K-44
10 K-KS
11 P-34
K-42
K-KZ
K-42
P,.,,-,,M 7. K-Kt2 (7. KQ3 KB5, or 12 K-36.
i
Iam2 m mmm I
7. KKt3 KQS-the standard draw) 7..,
K ,,,,,,,.Q3 8, K-K3 1(,,,,,,,.8 3 9. K Kt3
K--182 (Black must stay on the bishop's
l'he tempo-moves are prettily us&.
60 Efforts to outRank are uxless
against an unmovcd KP,arid Black may
file for if 9...KQ3'! 10. KR4, or if
I m a B 9 . . .KKt3? 10.KI33KB3 JI.KQ3 KQ3 simply stay in the comer (QRI,QRZ,

a White wjns
, 'i 12. KK4 KK3 13. PB3) 10. K-,,,,,,R4
K---Kt3.
4 ... K-K3
Whire plays and wins
Black plays and dram
I QKtl) until White staiemates him
fPKt6, KB7).
Even so, there are many drawing
positions with the KtP on other ranks,
5 K-K4 K-B3 forced expend a beciause White's attempts to outflank are
l'hc tempo-moves of the rear pawn 6 K--QJ K-KJ ~ I u n b f etmw (10. PB3) B k k hastens limited one side of the pawns, e+g,
must not be wasted, and here the 6.. . Kt34 7. KQ4 KK3 also draws. to prevent Whitds cnfry on Ihc queen's
complete block after 4. M)3? PQ4 ch.
draws. 7 K--Q4
11 K-Kt3
4 ... K-I33 Black's counter-attack depends on
answering White's K,---QRt4 by ... If 11. KKt4 KQ4.
Whire gets through o n the king's side K-Q5; and to ensure this be must also 11 ... K 4 2
after 4... KK2 5. KB5 KB2 6. PQ3 be able to answer White's K-QB4 by 12 K-R4 K-B2
(04); but after the text move he g m to K-K4, e-g. 7.KB3 KQ4 8. KKt4 KQ5 13 K-Kt4 K-,,Hl
the qumn's sidc. 9. PB3 ch. KQ4, or 7 . KW KK4 8. The only move, wakhing both flanks.
14 K-,,,,R5 R,--Kt2
K--Q.a K ,,,,,,,.Bt$ KKt3 KQ4 9. KKt4, etc., the standard
6 P,,,,,,,.Q3 K-3 3 draw. I5 P--B4 K-R2.
7 K-R3 By meails of the text-move White tries A dificult draw, Black's counter-
So as to answer V... KK4 by 8. KB4 to outrnanauvre Black. art-, which reached orit to the KB file,
7 KIM?KK4 (8.PC$ cb. KKS) draws at 7 ... K-B4 deprived White of his tempo-rnovcs.
With the move White at first operates
one, and is the standard form of Not 7...K-B3? 8. K-B3 K-K4 on the short side of the pawns, where I Drawn
counter-attack, (S.j.KK3 9. KRt4 KQ4 10. P33)
 X PAWN ENDMGS
f . K,,,-Kt4 K-Kt3 2 K-W K-B3
3. P-Kt4 P-Kt3 4. K--Q4 K--33 (not
4... KKt4? 5. KR3 KB3 6. K84
PKt4 ch. 7. K W KQ3 8. PKt3) 5.
K - 4 3 K--Q4 6. K-B3 P-Kt4,
drawn.
Doubled R R arc not usually more
significant than single ones.
61 When the doubld pawns are on
an adjoining SIC,the essence of Black's
play is counter-atlack (except against
doubled RPs).
White to play pins Black to the
defence, and soon forces a favourable
pawn cxcxchange: I . KQ6 KBI 2. PI34
KQ1 3. PB5 KB1 4. PB6.
Against doubted BP5 or Centre Ps,
Black usually has enough space for
counter-attack, as here with thc move:
I ... K-HZ
2 K-RS
White piays and wins
Black plays and draws
Xf 2. P-I34 K-...Kt3 (if 2... KK12?
3. KQ6 KKt3 4. PB3 BIack is in
mgzwng) 3. K--Q6 (3. WS ch. KKt4)
3... K-R4 4. P-B3 (4. KB5 KRS)
4... K-Kt3 (4... KE5? 5 . KXP)
5. PUB5 ~ hK-Kt4
. 6. K-Q5 K-R5
{6... KR4? 7. PB6) 7. PR6 (7. KQ4
KKt6) 7...P x P ch. 8. K x P K-Kt6.
2 ... K-Kt2
3 P-B4
If 3. KQ6 KKt3 4. P W KR4 as
before. 3. K,,-,,-Kt5K-82 ( ~ 3... t White wins
5 WNG AND TWO PAWNS v. KING AND P A W
KR2? 4. PB4 KKt2 5. PBS) 4. P-34 w i l y enough, krt as things are he hasn't PQ4, for if 2. KKt2 PQS 3. P x P
transposes to the text play. a chance: I... K-Kt2 ( I . , . KQZ X( x KtP, or if 2. KQ2 PQ5 3. P x P
...
3 K-B2 2. pKt4 and 3. KB6) 2. P,-,-Kt4K-Kt1 K x QP.
(2..* KR2 3. K136 KR3 4. PKtJ) 3. White triangubtcs to lose a move:
Not 3... R-R3? 4. K--Kt4 K-Kt3 K-B6 K-BI 4. P-Kt5 K-Kt1 1 K-41
5. P-I35 ch. K--R3 (5. .. KB3 6. KB4) 5. P-Kt6 8-RI 6.P-.Kt4.
6. G - M K-R2 7. K-I35 K,-,,,Kt2 Not I. KK2? PQ4 3. KK3 K x P
This position moved five files to the
...
8. K-Kt5 K-R2 (8 KR2 9. PE6) a t (KKtPs v. KRP) is atso won for
4. PKt5 PQ5 ch.
9. K-B4 K-I33 10. P-B3 K-Kt2 White, I.+.. K-,-Kt4
I I. K-c;---Q~
IS-I32 12. P-I34 K--Kt2 White answers I... PQ4 by 2. KB2
f 3. K--Q5 K-BI 14. P-.M 36-QI PQ5 3. PxP, so that if 3... KxQP
15. P-BS. 53 Black simply stays in thc corner.
this c & , only he plays defensively, fo* 4. KKt3, or 3... K x K t P 4. KQ3,
4 K-Kt5 Example l 1.
If 4. RQS KKt3, or if 4. PB3 KKtk 2 K--312 K-R 5
5. KQ6 KKtL 3 K--42 p e
4 ... r;c-c)n 4 K-,-I32
5 K-Q3
K-Kt4
5 K-Kt6
If 5 . PI35 ch. RQ4 6. PB3 RK5 7. The blockade is retievtd, and a win
KB4 KK6 8. KQS KQ6 9. PB4 KB6. soon Wlows 5... KB3 6. KQ4 KQ3
7. PKtS.
5 ... K-K4 White is fortunate in havine thc right
6 K-135 IS-K5 kind of pawns. If this poszion were
7 K-Q6 K-45 moved one fiIe to h e left or four files to
8 P-B5 K-BS the right the break-up would l a v e a RP;
9 P-33 L-Kt4. an the other hand if the position were
The play is not subtle. Hack strives at Drawn nearer White's side of the board a
aii times to counter-attack White's triangulation is not feasible, the rauft
pawns. an cxchanp of pawns cannot help then depending on the move.
White.
62 In the prweding cxample, the 65 A passed pdwn usually deflects
defending king ranged from the QR to 64 White's chances are always wry or decoys the enemy king, and if it i s
the K files. With KtPs White's cc'nmnm goad if he has a passed pawn-a stand- only one file away it is not very ~Rective
arc somewhat betier bemuse Black m a y ing threat which hinders the Black king's for this purpose.
bc restricted on one side o f the pawns. movements. When Black hiis a RBP or Centre P on
If Black's king were a l w d y aggres- Here l a c k threalers to break up the its home square, staIemate threats will
sively placd {say at Q6) he would draw pawns, and indmd draws after 1. KBZ? hamper White. Xn t h ~ sposition, and
tho same moved one or two film to tke
right, White wins only h a u s e his
passed pawn i s uamoved.
1 K--45
White depends on the option of
moving his KP one or two squams at its
first Itap, and failing this he draws,
1. P-K3? K--B2 2. K-35 (2. KQS
KB3 3. KB5 KK4 4. KKt4 RQJ 5.
KKtS KQ4 6. PIC4 ch, K x P) I...
K-K2 3. K Kt6 K - 4 3 (3. .. KK3?
4. PK4 KQ3 5 . RR7) 4. P K4 K-R3,
Black takes the horizonla1 opposition,
White wim and 5. K-Kt7 K-82 6. P-KS K-KI
 t PAWN ENDINGS S KING A N D TWO PAWNS v. KING AND PAWN
gp, and draw by getting his own BP to
t~ seventh rank :
I R-43 K-B4
j... K-I35 2. P--K3 ~ h (2,. PK4
-4 3. KK3 KKt5) 2... K-B6
3. K--Q2 K-K5 transpow.
2 P-K3
ff 2. K-B3 K-,,KS 3. K-Kt2
(3. RKt3 KQS) 3... K-K6.
2 ... K-K4
3 K--Q2 K-K5
4 K--K2 K-R4
White wins White wins White plays and draws
Not4 ... KK4? 5. KB3 KW 6. PK4 Black plays and loss
7. K-B6 K-BI 8. P-K6 K-KI KKt3 by RRS-in fact 5. KKS? KKt3 ch. KK4 7. KK3, and White wins.
9. F-,-K7 is stalemate. draws. 5 K-I33 K-K4 The pusition of this example moved
I ... K-I33 5 ... K-R 3 6 P-K4 K--a 1,2,J, or 4, files tto the right, andlor one
2 K-,,,,,B~ K-K3(K4) 6 K--Q5 #--Kt3 7 K-I34 KxP rank ncarcr to White's side of the Ward
3 K-Kt5 .
K-0.4 - 7 K-K5 K-R3 8 P-KS
9 P-K6
K-Kt6
P-35
gives the SRW results, although the play
varies sIightly.
If 3... KQ3 4. PK4,
4 P-K3 K-Q3
10 P--K7 P-Rb
11 P,-KS:Q P,,,-B7. 59 When the pawns are not yet
5 P-K4 K.,,-R4
6 K--R6. With ;BP,,f-RPv. RP Whitc can win The queen cannot win. Exampk 304. btwked White wins unless his king is
only by outflanking, both here, and in Having the apposition White wins by very backward, as happens hem with
White could not outflank in this way
if the positioa of this example were the position of this example moved down ...
1 K M 2. KB3 KK4 3. PK3 KIM Black to play:
moved onc or two f i k s to the Icfi, when
thc board one or two ranks. 4, PK4 ch. KK4 5 . KK3 KBJ 6.K34 J ... K-B6
Black would have a blocked KtP kr RP. KK3 6. PK5, ctc.-Black is given no 2 K--QI P-R3
A draw would thcn be normal, although
67 In other cases where Black's chance to counter-attack. Btack blocks the pawns, to suit him-
pawn i s on the third or fourti1 rarik
a win is sometimes possihlc, as in White wins in a different way: the king
self. He may instead play 2... P-R4
Example 69. and passed pawn advance torether, 68 When Black's pawn Is on thc 3. K-B1. PARS 4. K-Ktf (4. PR3
- . RQS 5. KQ2 KBS) 4... K-Kt5
White finishink as in Example 8. fifth or sixth rank he will at least draw,
55 With blocked BFs and passed and sometimes win, if he is prrnitted to 5. K-,Kt2 P,,-,,R6~ h 6. , K,--Ktl K-BS
Therc is one exception, here shown. 7. K-Bl K-B6, Example 68.
RP Black has less space for counterplay, BIack may sometimes capture White's capture White's blocked pawn, his o w
and White wins nrovidina his RP is not pawn then bacoming dangerous. 3 K-31 P-R4
keyond the fourih rank. " Having the opposition White wins as 4 K--QI P-R5
I K-R5 before, I... KQ4 2. KQ3 KB4 3. PB4 S K-Bl
nmn picking up Black's RP.
The immediate outRankitlg fails,
Without the opposition White must If 5. P--R3 K-Kt7.
1. K-BS? K--R3 2. K-K4 (2. KK5
10.~43 a pawn: 5 ... P--,R6
RKt3f Z...K-R4, and Black has time 6 K-Kt1 K-B5
to capture the RP.Therefore White first 1 K-,Q2 K-Kt6
triangulates, forcing Black to retreat. 2K A 7 KxP Not 6..,KQ7? 7.P34.
3 K-62 7 K-BI K-36.
After 3. PB4 KKt6 4. fB5 Black As Example 68, where. Raving the
Queens first. Aftcr the tat-move he hi move, White draws.
a ~tFd~1~3ate&fence. The win rcquir~care because i t is
3 ... K-R7 d i h l t for White to get at Black's rook's
4 P-I34 P-R6 pawn if he leaves it where it is. n i s
Wite pfays and draws 5 P-45 K-R8 ending is not uncommon, SW. Examples
M i t e wants ro answer Black's ... Black plays and loses 6 P-36 P-R7. 86 and 286.
38
 I PAWN ENDINGS
In this study of hasic pawn endings
we see that the most important principle
is that of getting the king into play, as
far forward as possible, and in fact this
is n w t y always the first thing to be done.
6. MORE PAWNS: MATERIAL
ADVANTAGE
A pawn up nearly always wins unless
onc has a serious positional weakness.
71 Najdod v. KO~OV. Saltsjobaden,
1948. As there arc RPs, White s11ould
tab are to avoid the drawn endings of
2 pawns v. 1 pawn, which Grandmaster
~ g j d o rfailed
i to do!
I P-Kt4 K-132
2 P-Kt5
Advancing tho candid2 te 2. PR4 KKZ
3, PBs isbeat, u m i n g a passed pllwn
after 3... P x P 4. P x P, Exitn~pfe69, or
3... KB2 4. PB6.
2 ...
K-K2
3 K-45
Ihis and the following few rnov~rare
aimkss. 3. PX34 RB2 4. PDS?now draws
after 4... P XP; hut White wins sirnply
by 3. PI34 KBZ 4. HQB KBI 5. RK6
KKI 6 . K B 6 K 8 1 1 . P K 3 K K t l 8.
White wins
6 MORE PAWNS: M A m A L ADVANTAGE
action, and with the text-move (1. PB3)
M i r e plans to get a pawxi pawn on the
RKt or KK files, sacrificing to that end
if neoewry.
1... K,- Q4
..
I f I . KQS 2. KR2 PR5 3. PK3 ch.
P xP ch. 4. KR2 KB5 5 . K x P KKt6
6. PB4 P x P cfi. 7.KB3 K YP 8. PKt5
White now wins only becaux he has
the option of moving his RP one or two PR6 9. PxP.
sqcarts at iis first Ieap, and if this is 2 K--B2
wasted a dead draw resirfts, 8. PR4?
KB2 9. PTiS KKZ 10. P x P (10. PR6 Bringing the king into the gam.
KB2-Ktl-RI) 10... F x P,Example 38. 2 ...
I 8 .. K,--K2
White wins 3. K-KI
K--QS
K-B5
i1 9 K-,K3
10 K,-K4
+
K-4.2
K-Q3
K x QF 3. KB2 KKS 4, KT33 K x P
5. K34 KK4 ant1 Black's king returns in
After 3.. . KKG Whitc gains the oppo-
sition with the tempomove 4. fKt3, and
time. Also I. KBl(BZ)? fails after i f 4...KQ5 5. KQ2.
1 Tf instead 10... KK3 11. PR3 KQJ
1...PQ5 2. P x P KxBP.
I X2. PR4, as in thc ncxt note.
1 ... P-QS
4 K--42
1 1 P--R3? The gdme continued 4. P-K3? Px P
Ii He should play I I . P - - R ~ K-K3
12. I\--RI P x P (12... KQ3 1 3 P X P
After1 ...KB4 2. RQ2KK5 3 . K K 2
Biack. must relieve the blockade, or play
P-45 as in the text.
5. K-K2 K - - 4 5 6. P-Kt3 (although
here nmsary, it Is gmmally inadvisable
to move the pawns on h a t side of the
( P x P, Exam&' 38) 13- P--,.B5 ch.
2 PxP KxBP h r d which ;s k i n g defended. Ideally
decisive gain of a tempo) 1 3 . .. K--03
14. P,,,,-R5(1 4.. . KQ4 1 5. PK tG White should fiere manauvre o d y with
If instead 2. K x QP 3. Kfi2 RK5
his king7$side pawns, and ~ i a ~ k hjs
a.
P x P 36. P x P K K 3 17. KKXS PKS 4. KfCt3 KX14 5. KB3 KB3 6. KK4 side pawns) 5... K , - B ~ 7.
1 18. KR6) 15. K...-Kt4 K-'ti4 16. P.--I36 KKJ 7. KQ$. P,.,--I34P x P 8. P-Kt5 K-05 {White
K,,,-K 3 17. K 'x P 11'--It3 I 8. K-R5
J'x P 19. K- -Kt&
3 K--.Q2 K ,K5 bad overlooked this) 9. P xP 6-h6 ch.
4 K-B3 K- Q4. 10. K X P K--Q6 11. P-R7 P-K7
31 .. . K-K3
And White won after 5. KQJ KQ3 12. I?--R8=Q P--K8=Q 13. -8
1 K--a3
i 12 p 8 4
I J ~BJ.
6. KIM KR1 7. PQ5 ch. KO3 8. KQ4
KQ2 9. KB5 KB2 10.KKi5.
~ h K-B6
. 14. QxP ch. K x P 15.
P,-Kt6 Q-.,,,,Q8 ~ h .IS. K-Kt3. NOW
Black carelessly played 16... Q x P'!
73 Szaba v. Pirc, Nastings, 1938-9. (16. ..QK8 ch. is correct) resigning aftor
White's king i s backward, his qumn's 17. PIS17 QKt4 ch. 18. K33 Q&Qch.
side prawns weak; but he wins, not least
h u s c Black's blocked king side pawns
... PxPch. arc a silting iarget.
II 13
There followed 14. K n P KK2 IS.
KKI K 8 2 1 6 PRS when Kotov settled
I P-.B3
The rlsi~alwinning idea is to create a
p t ~ c dpawn which dccoys the enemy
forces. Having a wing majority (4 pawns
v- 31 on the king's side, Whire will them
make his passed pawn; but if I . PK3?
P x P 2.PxPPR5 3.RBBKQ4 4 . K K 2
fEB5 5 . RQ2 K x P , the RP i s not
distant enough to be menacing.
I K-K1 A passed pawn is eEcciivc in propor-
Nor 1. KQI(QZ)? F Q S 2. P x P tion to its distance from the scene of White plays and wins
42
 X PAWN ENDINGS 6 MORE PAWNS: MATERIAL ADVANTAGE
19. KK3 QKt4 ch. 20. KQ4, because st back to stop the &es no part in the proceedings, its mere 9 K-47 K-83
Whitc 's king finds a haven at QR7. newlymated passed pawn : -
G(
: ultimately ensuring victory. It) K - 4 6 ,
4 ... P-,,,R5 K-,.T14 1 ..+ K-42 Finally not 10. KKS? KK3. After the
4.. K p 5 . p ~ trlfnsp-;
3 and if If1.-.K-BS 2- K-Kt2 canriot There is l o be a struggle for the text-move WRik wins theKtP, 10...K82
the bzo@kade*and the horizontal opposition, and the alterna- I I . KKS KKt3 12. KK6 KKt2 13.
4.. KQ5 5. PKt3 (again this tempo- ICE15KR3 14, hCB6KR2 IS. KxP,and
move is nmary) 5.,, KQ4 pK3. opposition, after 2 . . KKt4 3. KKt3 or tive is I... P-R4 2. K-Kt3 K-QZ
fie
Z...KQ6 3. KKtJ (3 ... KK6 4. KB2 (2.., PQS 3. I334 KK4 4. KKtS KQ4 the two pawm wia.
5 P-K3 P X P ch. KR7 5. PM). 5. PBB) 3. K-,-R4 K-B3 4. K X P
g x P 5. (not 5 . PB3? RBS and 76 G.A. Ilhomas commenting on rt
I f 6 ... KKt6 I.P'B4PxPch. 8.KB3,
sami*im pawns to mvc time, 8.. . K x P
9. PKt5 Pi6 (now 9... P x P d m not
I xB3 4- KR6 KB2 5- KR7 KB3 6,
RR'8 KRt4 7. Km K 3 5 8. RQ6, etch
2 F-134 PxP
Black wins) 5. .. 1'-,-Q5 (or 5 . .. RB3
6. PB3) 6. R,-Kt7 R-03 7. K-,,Kt6
(not 7. KB8? KR3, Black holding the
game in the Boys' Championship at
Hastinp, 1949, shows that Black wins
in spite of having doubled pawns.
give chwk) 10. P x P PR7 11. PR7 3 P-QS PxP opposition). I ... P-K5 ch.
quwniog with check. 4 P-...K6 2 PxPc~. K-B4

I
7 P--R$ PxPcfi. Nirnzuwi&cfi wits that backward Not 2... KK4? 3. KK3, when White
8 KxP P-B4 pawns have a natural lust to expand, and has the opposition.
9 P-Kt5 PxPch. ' indeed break through sacrifices of this 3 K-BJ P,--K4
10. K--KJ kind arc by no means uncommon.
Not 10. K x P ? P-RS 11. P-RB
(11. KB4 PB6 12. P x P PR6) $1...
P-,,R6 (I1 ...PBS? 12. P X P PR6 13.
PR7 PR7 14. PB4 ch.) 12. P X P P-BB.
10 ... P-85
11 P-R6.
White, who after 91obtained ;a passed
pawn on the KR file, g u m s first.

74 In king and pawn mdings a 2 K-Kt4 K-33

backward pawn is in pnerA less of a 3 K.-.R5 KxP
handicap than in other kinds of cnding. If3... K-Kt2 4. P-B3 (not 4. PI36 Black wins
This is hcause ihe enemy king wmot ch. ? K x P 5. R x P PQ5 for Black has
White wins the opposition) 4. K-B2 5, K xP
usuaily ho!d a blockade indefinitely, and Gaining the opposition, and wt-
bsxusc of the. possibility of sacrif~ing K-B3 6. K,--R7 K-R2 7. PUB6 Ranking White's position.
Xf White plays 1. PB4 A. P x P ch. K x P 8. K-R6 (not 8... K-,W&?
the backward pawn. 2. KB3 he regains his pawn Z... KKt3 4 K,,,-Q3 K--Kt5
If White has the opposition he wins 9- K-Kt3) 8...K-ECa 9. K-Kt7.
3. KxP, but loses i h opposition 3... 5 K.--K2 K-B5
easily after 1 . .. K-Kt3 (I.., KR4 4 KxP K-B3
6 K V 3 K-B6
2. PI541 2. R-Kt4 K-I33 ( o h w i s e K33, Example 5. T h i s idca wins, how-
ever, if the diagram position is moved up If 4... PQ5 5. KKt7, or if 4... KBS 7 K-,-B2
Whita outflanks, 2... KB2 3. RB5, or 5. WCt6 KB6 6. KBS. 8 K-B3
K-4s
K-06.
one rank. whcn exchanges lead to
Z.,,KKt2 3. KRt5f 3. P-B4 (after Example 37. 5 P--R3
3. K --R5?K-R2 4. KfcKi4 K-Kt3 White fares no 'better with the move,
5. K-Kt3, BIZ& rakes the distant Simiiar positions with RPs are aften This tcmpo.move p i n s the oppoai- , I . KK3 E'K5 2. PB4 (if-2. P x P cA.
drawn, exchanges transposing to Ex- tion. KK4, Blnrk has the opposition) 2...
opposition and dmws, by S... K--Kt2,
andif6.KR3K94 3...PrP 4.KxP. amples 35,36, or 39; whilst if the pawns
are nearer White's side of thc board a 5 ... K-B4 '
I
P x P ch. 3. K x P KQS 4. PKtS PK6
5. PKt6 PK7 6.PKt7 PK8-Q 7.P a 8
Example 5. White offers the pawn ex- 5 K-Kt7 P-Q5
change when BIack retrcats lo QB3. sacrifice is not feasible, so that White - Q QR7 ch. 8. KK15 QKt6 ch.
Wtthoui the opposition, White has a
wins only with the direct opposition. If 6 . . . KQ3 7. KKt6, hut not <
7. U I ?KBJ. 77 Teichmann v. Blackburne, Ber-
I
combination. Sacrif~es of backward 1
pawns arc common in pawn endings 79 Persitz v. Paffley, Southend, 7 PxPch. KxP ' lin, 1897. Here the doubled pawn
hcausc the king is a stow-moving piece, 1955. Ifere White's backward pawn 8 R-Bb K-K4 1
provides rt decisive t w o - m o v e . Black's
44 45
 1 PAWN ENDINGS 5 MORE PAWNS: MATERIAL ADVANTAGE
king's sidc pawns are slightly better than Now White's passd pawn is the The first phase is to deprive White's
White's because of the proswt of a stronger, bur he loses becaux his king KRP of spare moves.
passed pawn on the KR file. Iris remark- is poorly placed; indeed, if it were at
KKt2 he would turn tbc tahlm on Black. 2 K-Q4 K-K2
able that t h w two slight advantaps 3 K-RS P--.R3
suffice for a win. - ... -- Thesc threc variations show that in 4 K-Q4 K-B2
Having thc move, White cannot This important finesse (instcad of the diagram position White's king is on
defend against P--135 : Not yet 4...PKKtd'?(which the text-
3... KK5? at onw) inveigle White's its k t squarc; and that Black wants to move thrcatens) because of 5. PKR4
Variation A: king to KR3, so chat Black thrcatens to bavc this position with White to move.
I K-B2 P-RS P x RP 6.P x P KB2 7. PR5 closing this
queen with check. This he achieves by a triangulation. wing, and leaving Black no tempo-
2 P.-TM ch. K-w 4 K-RJ K-K5 I ... K-KJ moves. White's next move is forced
3 PxKtP 5 K
If 3. P x R P P x R P Black's passed ..
Not of course I , T?B4? prematurely k a u s t BIack is now threatening to open
this wing.
After 5 . PR5 KK6 6. PR6 PI36 using his tempo-move. Neither can he
p w n is stronger than White's Ixcaust.
il is P a h e r away. If 3. KB3 PKt5 ch. 7. PR7 Pi37 8. PR8 ::,- Q P,,--B8=Q ~ h . win by I , . . PRS? 2. PB4 ch. K M 5 P,--KR4 K.,,.--KZ
Black easily wins the queen and pawn 3. PxKtP P x P 4. K x P K x P , for thc The second phase &gins--depriving
4. KB2PxPch. 5. KxPFl34.
ending. wmpo-move Is no help when his king i s
3... P-R6
5 ... R* only on the fourrh rank.
Whitc's QRP of spare moves.
A move made posibte by White's 6 K-BJ 2 R-R3
playing to the KB file (I. RB2). J... If 6. P-R5 K-K7. The gamc continued 2, K- R 2 K- -B3
6 ,.+ KxP (2... PR5 would be sirnptcr) 3 . K- Kt2
7 P-R5 K-Kt6 eventually leading to Variation C .
8 P-R6 P,-,-B6 If 4. KB2 PR5 5 . PR4 PR6.
9 P-R7 P--BY 2 ... K- 8 3
I~P....-R~:.IQ P-BBzQ. 3 K-Kt2
Itere too the qumn and pawn eading
is won for 3Pack. If 3. KRZ PR5. Xr 3. PKt4 PR5 4.
Variation C : PB4P x P 5 . K x P K K 4 and Black wins
I R-R3 P-R 5 the queen endings after 6. PKt5 KK5
2 K-,Kt2 7. PKt6 PB6. or 6. KR3 KKS 7 . RKr?
For 2. P-n$ ch. see Variation B. If KQ5! BPack wins
3 ..,
Hack wins
2 . P x P P x P 3.KKt;l-PB.I 4. PMch.
KK5 5. PI35 PR6 6. PB6 PR7 and
K- K 4
I
And not yet 3 . , . PR5? 4. PR4 P x BC 1 K-q3 K-42
Black wins 5. P X R P K M 6. KB3, when White wins; I 7 K-33 K -R2
PxPch? 4 . K x P K x P d r a w s b z ~ a i 1 s e 2 ... PxP but after the text-move White, having to 1 K--Q3 K-Kt2
Black's king is only on the ffiurth rank; 3. K x P K-R4 mow, must submit to one or the given I A tempo-move, or finesse. The point
whcrcas afttx the text it gets to the fifth 4 K-,Kt2 RUB5 variations. A d~Rcultending composed is that White has an answer to tach of
rank. 5 K-32 P-&I of well-known elements: sgarc pawn- ( the two irnnccliate atternpis to force
4 P-Kt4 ch, K xf(Kt4) Again thc tcmprnove wias the moves, triangulation, opposition. 1 ... PQR4:
5 K-Kt3 P-..-R7 opposition. 1 # . . . K U 3 9.KQ4PQR4? IO.PxP
6 KxP KxP 6 K---K2 K-Kt6 78 A position the erne
1 PKtS 11. PR6 KKt3 12. PRY K x P
1I
7 K-Kt2 K-R5 7 K-K3 K-R6 13. KW KR3 14. K x P , and White's
h d e r V . Rahr. Freibiiiy. 1932. Black QRP IvffiCjently c m m u for ~ ~~ i ~ ~ y
8 K-B2 K-K 5 Blackburne fiad foreseen this movc, huan extra and protected passed piiwn, Qpq
9 K-K2 P,,,,,,,,W altho~rgh the gilmc took a different a mt advantage; but his problem i s . 8. ,, Km-Rt3 9, K-43 p - 4 R 4 ?
Taking the opposition and outflank- cou~sc.White cannot now mainvriin the to get his king into White's tnlf of / 1 0 p , ~ , d brrallhroughisfeasibk
(distant) opposition b e a u s hc cannot the board.
ing.
Variation B: By carefutiy I orrly when White's king is on the K-file
Vare pawn- I 07 furrher east, and when Black's is on
1 K-K2 P-RS movm, inducing White spend 1 the QKt or QR file) I#... I3P r, P (la...
2 f-R4 ch. PxP Taking the diagonal opposition, and &s, Black wins by a tempo.
i PR4 is safe, but leaves BPack no spare
3 PxP outflanking next move. 1 +., K - -Q2 1 pawn movq and so draws; wMkt if
47
 I: PAWN ENDINGS 7 MORE PAWNS: POSITIONAL ADVANTAGE
... . ..
10 R F X P I I . P R 5 P x R P 12. PKtS)
11, I?--RS P x R P 12. P-35 P-Kt6
I 3. P x P ch. K-B3 14. P-B6 F 4 S
maturely spndhg his tempo-move,
IS...PR4 16. KB3 KQ4 17. KQ3, and
White having the opposition drawg,
abkcircumstanm, but the attempt fails:
1. K-BI K-,445 2. K-KI P,-B5
3. F-Kt4 K-37 4. K-K2 K-38
1 6
7 K-RZ
K-Kt2
K-K8
Px P

cb. IS. K-B3 P--Q6 16. P-B7 7-Q7 After sacrificing his pawn t... PQS) 5. K - 4 3 (57 PB61 K-Q%
5 h . 4
~t istoo late for white to eiEthe
17.K-K2 F-Kt7 18. F-BS -= Q, with Black wants to answer K x P by ...KB3 outflanking aft- 6. KK4 KK7 7. pH3 oppusitian, $ 8. KKtl p M ,
drawing chanca. -another example of mmoeuvring for a KB7,
8 ... K-K7
4 K--Q4 square (a kind of triangtllation) ~tawas 1 ... K46 9 P-33 K-K6
seen on the 8th move. 2 K-Kt2 K-K7
White wants to answer ... KKt3 by 15 K--Q4 K-Kt3 3 K-Ktl K-Q7 As Example 21.
...
KB3 by KQ4, as in the
KK3, and
variarions given; but, having to move,he
15 K,-B3{K3)
17 K-QJ
P--Q5 ~ h .
K-B2 * 7 b e Mmediate 3 . .. PBS ? I M V White
opposition, 4. P x P PxP 5 - KRt2,
~~ / $0 ~~~e v , Pirr,fifih match game,
wnnot maintain the status quo.
K-Kt3
I 9. K-K3 (9. KK2 3 3 3 ) 9..
10. K-K2 (10. KQ4 PQR4)
. 18 K x P
I9 K-l33(K3)
20 P-RS
K-B3
K-44
and a draw.
4 K.-R2
/1 1H9, White's king i s better p l a d (this
uruallv mwnv mare advancedi and he
has a grcatcr number of spare pawn
.
lo.. K,---B3 (10. .. PQR4? 11. PKt4) S . SO Black should draw.
~ O V ~Even
I t . K-K3 P 4 R 4 12. P x P (the
sacrifice 12. PKt4 i s of no avail when
20. KQ3 PR4 is also hopeless.
20 ... PxP
white plays to the
after 4, K.,--Kt2 K-K8
(S+ KB3 6. KK3
file, bwau*
5. K-Kt1
7-
1 i P-R4
uws his spare pawn movm to
Black's king is on the QB file, 12 ... 21 K - - 4 3 P-R5 '..
KdCtn . P-B5 it is 'lack who has
RPxf 1 J . P R 5 P x R P X4.PKtSPxP 22 f x P P-R4. king's advance, a familiar idca.
t 5. P x P KQ2) 12... 13. P-,Kt4 Ihe apposition.
And Black's king enters Whi& ... -P-R ---7
P-KR4, with a safe king's side, and
entry for his king via QKt4. terrain, with decisive results. In the game Black lost after 1 . . . PR4?
2. PKKt3 PR4 ch. 3. KR4 KR3 4.
Xf 9.KRJ RKt3 10. KQ4 PQR4.
PKKt4 P x P 5. K x P KKt3 6. KB4
9 ..+ K-B3 7. MORE PAWNS: POSITIONAL KB3 7 .PKx3, and having the opposition
10 K-,,33 ADVANTAGE white won the QP.
lf 10. KKJ(Q3) PQR4.
I0 ... K-Kt3 With level pawm there are winnitu 2 I?-Kt4 P-K14
Not I0... r Q R 4 ? 11. P x P KKt2 possibilities only when one side has some Black will fox the tempo struggle, but
12. KKt4.
kind of positionat advanwge. his manner of doing so I s of comquence,
and the pawns must be blocked in thc
I l K--Q4 79 Botwinnik, 1952, shows that right way. After Z... PK4? 3. PKt5 RB3
He can no tonger delay Black's PQR4. h m the better position of Black's king 4. KRS KB4 5 . K x P play continues
I1 ... F-,-QR4 ensures victory. much as in the text, White quwning
whilst Black gets his QP only M the
12 P,-R3
The breakthrough fails when White's
1 K-B3
White cannot prevent Hack's out-
Black wins
I mvcnth. The queen then wins anainsl the
king is on the Q file, X 2. PKt4 BE' x P flanking him, The main idea fallows
J ... K-Q8 Ii gassed pawn as exemplified ii; chapter
7.1

13.PRSPKt6 14.KK3PQSch. IS.KB3 1. K-Ktl (1. KRI KQ6 2. KKtt KK7 White must be forced into the comer,
PQ6 16. P x P PQ7, and Black qumm 3. KKt2 PB5) I . . . K--Q6 Z K-BI ur 4..P B S ? ~ r m i t s5. P x P PxP 6.
with check. K - - 4 7 3. K--KU (3. KKtl KK7) KR3.
12 ... PxP 3.. . K-R8 4. K-Kt l K-KT 5. K- S K-RI
13 P x P Kt2 P,-BS, when BIack wins m u s e ! h 5. ICI33 KK8 6. KKt2 loses as Wore.
Black now has one tempo-move, now has the opposition, 6. PxP (6.
PKt4 KK8, or 6. KKtt P135) 6... P x P s +,, P-BS
White none, In thc third phase Black
sacrificeshis QP and gets his king to Q4, 7. P-B3 (7. KKtX PB6) 7... G K 6 , ObviausIy BPack cannot fum the win
then plays F-KR4, thus forcing entry Example 21. b 5... KK7 6. KKtl, or S... KK8
for his king at QBS or K5. I. K-R2 (if 1. KR3 RK5, not I . . . 6. KKU.
KQ6? 2. PB4) I . .. K--Q6 2. K-RI
13 ... K-B3 K--Q7 3 . K-R2 K-Q8 4. K-Rl
14 K - 4 3 K-Kt2 F--B5 transposes to the text play.
Not 14... PQS? 15. K x P , wheoBiack White coufd draw this position if iHI
cannot g t to his Q4 exapt by pre- wuId get Us king to K2 under favour- I Drawn
 1 PAWN ENEiNGS 7 MORE PAWNS: POSITIONAL ADVANTAGE

UP.
The tcxtis thequickestway to bmk
/
ing, if hecan, before his own arc gobblwl
up Black's pawns. If 7. K-Q2? (Black
may safely aivc u p a pawn after 7. PR4
wk3 8: P X P K X F 9. PKtJ KKt3
10. P x P K x P 11. KK3 KKt3) 7...
P--QR3 8 . P x P R x P a n d n o w :
(0)9. K-B3 P-B6 10. P x P (10.
PKt3? PK6) 10... P x P 11. K-Q4
K-Kt3 12. P-R4 K x P 13. K,-,,,85
R-R4 a?in the game, when a draw wm
get a p d pawn if he so wish-
note to Black's third move. If Black
wererldofeitkoftbweaWhe
BI&s passed pawn is a liability
m&r than an asset, for it is iuolatcd and
rids defending, and is not distant
may ex* to win, but it is not so m y
for his king to get at BIack's pawns, and
once again tempo-moves are the decisive
would draw; if rid of both be would have to be menacing. factor.
winning ch-. 5 ... P-R3 I .., K-Q2
6 K-Q3 P-B5 ~ h . 2 K-K4 K-K3
A bold and ingenious defence follows; 3 P-KKt4
This breaks up Black's queen side
pawns. Such a 'minority' attack would &t cautious pIay is no bettm: Securing his king's position.
kc positively bad in many a=,but is 6... P-KC4 7. P-Kt4 P x P 8. 3 ... P-QBJ
here justified, for it is the means of RPxPK-K4fB ... KQ3 8. KB4 IC83
10. P f o 9. K-B-4 K,,,-Q3 10. P-K4 Prvvcnting White's king entering via
exploiting Black's pawn weaknesses.
K-43 11. P-K5. and Whits wins the QS.

naktent book) 9... RKt3 10. K B K

~ xP $.PKBPxP 10. P X P K Q I~i . PKSch.
fl.KQ4PK6 1 3 . P x P P x P 12. K x P K x P 12. R x P KB5 13. KKt5, and
KKt3, drawn. White queens the QRP.
(c) 9. PKU KKt3 10. P x P K x P
I I. KR3 KKt3 12. K x P KB3, drawn.

If8 ... P x P 9.PxP,Blackrunsoutof

White wins by a tempo after 7... tempo-moves, losing the BP,
PQRJ 8. P x R P K x P 9. P x P KKt3
10. KK3 R x P 11. K x P RKt3 12.
KK5. This finesse deprives Black of t e m p
8 PxP Px P movts with his REP. A curious draw
follows 9. PK5 KQ4 30. PK61 K x P
9 K-Q2
10 PXP
P---QR3
KxP 11. K x P PKi4 12. KKt5 KQ4 13.
1 White wins
J 1 K-B3 K-Kt3 White ghys and wins K x P R M 14. KK6 KB3 15. PRS PR4
16. KR7 KBZ 17. PR5 PRS, when
.
If 3.. K-R3 (3 ... KQ3 4. KBS KQ4
The exchange of pawns on the KKt 5. PR4 KQS 6. PKtS P X P 7. PKRS)
Necessary, for White threatened Whitc's king is incarccratcd. 4. K--05 K---Kt4 (else PKR4) 5.
fib deprives Black of the counterthrust
PKB6 that ws played in the game. K-R4 fixing the backward QKtf. 9... P-R4 K x KP k-RS 6. ~ , , , , , . K M
K;P 7.
3 K-B3 10 P-K5 K.,,-Q4 P,,,-KtS P X P 8. P x P K-Kt5 9.K--Bfi
12 K-Q4 P-K6 11 P---KG KxP K-BS 10. P-B4 K-Kt5 11. K x P
13 P x P PxP After 3. PB3 ? PI35 cb. 4. F x F PKfi, 12 K x P P-Kt4 K x P 12. HE-K6.
14 K x P KxP the protected passed pawn extsum a 13 K-Kt5. 4 P-KR4 P-B5
1s K--B4 K ,,,,,,,.Kt3 draw for Black. And if here 4. KB3?
16 K--Kt5 K-B3 Black r e s i ~ sEle
. m a y have hoped for A sacrifice to obstruct the entry of
W x P 5 . P x P c h . K x P 6. KxPBlack White's king, for i f 4... I333 5. KQ3
17 K--R6. wins because of his outside passed pawn. 13. P x P ? K-R4 14. K,,,-KtS (14.
KK3 6.KI34.
...
meremayfoliow17 KQ4 18.KxP 3 ... PXP
KQS K x P 15. ECKS KR5 16. K x P
H a h a t e ) 14...K x P 15,KxPK-R5
...
KKS 19. RKt6,nr 17 KQ3 18. K x P
Under nomat dnwmstances: the with counterplay.
5 PxP
6 P-Kt5 ~ h .
K- -B3
Px P
KKZ 39. KKt7.
remote passed pawn created after J... White's passed KP proved morc 7 PxPch. K-K3
83 Eliskases v. S. Rubinstcic, PQBS 4.PxPch. K X P S.PxPch.RM Wuable than Black's p a s 4 QBP; but AfterT,.. K x P 8. KxPWhitcwins
Vienna, f 932. BIltck has thc quwn's side would suEm; but hcrc thc weakness of mite's reai advantage was that he could the QBP.
majority, but he i s at a disadvantage Black's king's side fails him, for after -dictate the moment for creating the
6. PI33 PRS 7. PK4 P x P 8. P x P PR6 Passed pawns. 8 P-RS P-R3
bemuse of two pawn-weaknesses: firstly, 9 P--KB3 P-R3
his P at QR4 hampers the mobilization 9. PK5 the d i s c o m t e d pass4 pawns,
of his majority-it would kc biter which can defend thcmlv@, are 84 Analysis kom the game Botvin- I f 9 ... PQB4 lO.PB3KQ3 It.ICR5.
placed at QR3 to support the QKtP; superior to Black's QRP. nik v . Srnyslov, Sverdlnvsk, 1943. BlacPs I0 P x P KxP
secondly, his P at KW (it would be Pawns are very weak (four arc isolated), 11 PB4 PxP
better at KB2) permit.. White quickly to and White's king is better pboced. White 12 K x P K-K3
 1 PAWN ENDMGS 7 MORE PAWNS: POSITIONAL ADVANTAGE
13 K-K4 K-43 I ... K-B2 2... PQR4 3. PRS leads to play m in I0 IK-B7
14 K--Q4 P-I34 ch. If I ... P x P 2. PKr5, and although the text. The position eventually transposes to
15 K,,-K4 K-K3 Rlack's pawns can force their way for- IfBlack moves his KRP, White ex- Example 69. Certain squares are corre-
16 P-B3 K-43 ward, it so happens that White gets there changes passed pawm, takes the hori- lated, and White must move carefully-
17 K-B5. frrsr, Z... PKt6 3. PKt6 PKt7 4. KB2 zontal uppsj!ion, outflanks Bfack, and here 10. KBG? K x P draws.
wins his vulncrabie KKtP: Z...P,--.KR4
63
PB6 5. PKt7 PB7 6. PKe8-Q ch.
{or Z... PQK3 3. KKt4 KR3 4. KU4 SO ... K x P
Black to play: 2 P-R5 KQ2 5. KQS PKR4 6. KB5 KEZ I 1 K-R6 K-BZ
12 K-Q7
1 ... K-B2 White wins because of thc great 7. KRt4 KKtl 8. KRS KKt2 9. PKGt

Black wins because of his powerful

strength of the protwted passed pawn, i: k-,,-f~t4K-83 4. IC...--RS~ - - ~ t 2 Either $2. KQ6? K83, or 32. KQ5?
which restricts the Biilck king's freedom. 5. K,--Kt5 K-132 6. K-R6 K,GKtl KK2 draws.
outside p d pawn which decoys 7. P-K6 R,&i32 8. K XP K-Q3
White, and because of White's trackward 2 ... K-fC3
9. K-,,,-Kt6K X P 10. K-,B6 K;-,,,K2
12 ... K-I33
QBP-Black's one pawn at QKt4 holds 3 K-132 K-133 I 3 K-Q6 K-Kt2
,-..A 4 K-Kt3 K-B4 11. K - 4 7 K-K3 12. K-Q8 K--B2
(12 ... KQ4 13. KK7 KK5 14. KB6 KB6 If 13... PR3 14. KQ5 KKt3 15.
2 K-K3 IS. K x P K x P 16. KKt5) 13. K-Q7 RK6 KKt2 115. K x P KB2 17. KK5
Hem Mack cannot both protect his K-I33 14. K-ICH K--Kt2 1 5. K,&K7 RK2 18. PBS KB2 19. PBh KKI, and
There is no time to exchange the weak KtP and remain within the wuart? of White wins by triangulating, 20. KB4
pawn, 2. KQ3 KK3 3. PB4,because of K--Kt l 16, K-,-AB6 K-R2 17. K-R7
White's passed pawn (but IIC wuld do so g,-R3 18. K-Kt$. KR1 2f. KK4 KKI 22. ICKS.
J... PKt6. if the uassed nawn were at KK14 instcad 1.6 K K7
of ~ i t 5 ) . *
Here 34. KKS? KB2, or 14. KK6?
5 P-Bfi KKr3 draws.
7 K-R3 K-B6
8 'PUB7 P-Kt7 14 ... K-Kt1
9 p B8 =.Q X)-Kt8 KQ IS K-K6
10 Q-SS ~ h . K-K7 Not 15. K-Bh? K-BI 16. K-Kt5
If. Q x P c ~ . K-R8 (16. K x P PR5 37. P x P KK2) I&..
A qumfi exchange cannot be avoided. P-R5 17. K x P (17.PxPKB2) I f ...
If I I . . , KB6 12. QB5 ch. KK7 13. P-R3 and Black draws.
QKt4 ch,, and if I f ... KQT(Q8) 12. 15 .., K-B 1
QQ5 ch. KBGB7) 13. Q35 ch. I6 R,,,,-BB
12 Q-KS ch. K- Q7 Not 16. K x P ? PR5 17. PxPKK2.
13 Q-,,.QSC ~ I . K-Kg(K7) White wins 16 ... K-Kt I
Whoever plays wins I 14 0--K4 ch.
IS +Kt2 ch.
K,--Q7 17 KXP P-,,R5
2 ... K-K3 $8 P x P
3 K-K4 P-Kt6 86 Afthaugh thwe are occasions White wins as Example 69.
4 K-R3 K.44 when an outside passed pawn is rhe
5 KXP K-B5 equal of a protected passed pawn, the Thc scxond phase, weakening Black's 87 Thc ending of a game Schwcda
6 K-B3 K-B6 Liter is usually sironger, as in this sfudy pawns. After the immediate cxchangc v . Sika, Bmo, 1929. Neither side appears
7 K-,.K3 K x BP by Eim, 1941. The extra pawns create 6. PK6? K 8 2 7 . K x f KQ3 8. KKt6 to have any positional advantages in tRe
8 K .......
Q$
artdirional threats fur Whit?. K x P 9. KB6, Black takes the opposi- no~rnafsense.
8. KK2KKt6 9.KQ1 K x P also loses. I K-Kt4 .
tion artd draws, 9.. PKR4. It is obvious that a movo by either
8 ... .,,,,,,,~ t f i
In the first phase Whitc positions his 6 ... PxP king loscs a pawn. It is thedore a battle
9 K--.R5 K RS. 7 p,,,,,,,,,Kfj of pawns, and the player with the movc
king for thc inevitable exchange of is able to arrange the pawn-moves to his
White to play: passed pawns, and here I . KQ4 KB2 The third phase, excl~anging the own advantage in cach case. It is difffcult
t P,-R4 2. KBS KQ2 3 . RQ5 WRJ 4. KB5 p
aw pawns. to say why this should be so, although
The characteristic brcakthmugh sacri-
comes to {he samc thing. 7 ... K-B2 the option of moving a pawn one or two
free, oftcn seen with backward pawns f ... K-Kt3 8 KxP K-Q3 squarm et its first k a p is a significant
when the e n m y king is far away, 2 K,-X<4 K-B3 9 K-Kt6 K-K2 factor.
 I PAWN ENDINGS 7 MORE PAWNS: POSlTIONAL ADVANTAGE
Whiw to piay :
1 P-KR4 P-,-OR4 I 4. PxP, Bfack's first-move options
, d ~ i d e ) 2... P-Kt4 3. P-K3 P-R3, Otherwise BIack loses his pawns.
'' ' P--KR4 '' P-''R3
pawns am awangd symmetrically. In :
with, in e k t , symmetry; and i f 4.
p--K<4 PARS, but not 4.. , fJ x P 1, h e
fosinga move. Forced, for the same wason.
all such cases the player who has to A ttmpa struggle in a very cfca2lr-cut
move first cannot lose a movc, and there 6 K,-K5 P--R5
might follow 2 . . P-Kt3 (2... PKt4 ; 7 KxP P--R6
3. r ~ f 43.)?-Kt3 p-R4 4: P--R4(if
4' PKt41 an e x c h a n ~is
I gd A kind of poritjonnl If now 7...KB2 8. KK4, and the
gnP fails.
to lose a I rnmctimes occurs when both s i d ~
move, 4... P x P 5. P x P PKt4). I 8 K-B6.
2 PAR5 'Inassed Dawns. but one set of them is
horn danger&. This means they arc
Depriving Black's KRP of its filrt m r w to queening or more mabile, or
An advanced pair of united passed
pawns may contain two kinds of threat,
move option. After 2. 1>R4? pR4, or there is a mating threat involved. the pawn-male 8... PR7 9. KKt6 Black pistys and wins
2. PKtJ? PR4 3. PRJ PKt4, Black wins. Tftk study by Guy, 1951, shows the PRI=Q 10. PR7, or the quwn-mate
idea in simpls form. (which occurs on zhe edge of the board, White's king is tied dawn (Mmked by
2 P-R5
* A .

1 1 K-34 K,,,-KiX that is with K t F k R P as here) S... KRZ the QBP), and Black captures White's
2 K-BS K,,-B2 9. Kl37 PR7 10. PKt8-Q ch. K x P ..
QP and KKtP, after4. KK4 5 . ch.
3 K-B6 11. QKt6. KB4, as in Example 19, fur they art. not
With the move Black, plays 1 ... PR4 forward enough to be dangerous.
Whik 10% a move. Black cannot do
the same, his king must oscillate from 2. RB4 PQ4, and one of his pawns will If 2. XBS K t 5 3. f Kt6 KK2.
QRtl-QB2, or from QKtl-QR2. queen. 2 ... P x P e.p.
3 ... K-Kt1 89 Another kind dadvanrage is ttxt: Not 2... PKt5? 3. P,B5 ch.-~ith
As iong as White's king remains on possibility of a breakthrough sacrifice pawns three files apart on the fifth rank
KB4, KB5, or KB6, Hack will lo= his when the defending king is coo far from White will queen om of them, J... KK2
pawns if hc dares to advance them, e.g. h scene.
t 4. PB6 P x P 5. PB7 KQZ 6. PKt6, etc.
3... PR4 4. KKtS PQ4 5. K x P , and In the finish of the game EmoIaev v. 3 8-43 ?--Kt5
White's king is in time to stop the &her Karpinsky, Ukraine, 1950, Black's 4 P-Kt6 K-K2
pawn. position tor should one say combina- s PxP
tion?) is worth more than a pawn.
Whoever plays wins Avoidi:~g the qimn ending which
I ... P-RS follows 5.. . PKt6 6. PQ5 PKt7 7. PQ6
If Z... PR3 3. PK4; if 2... PKt4 Not 1.. . PKt5 ? 2. PR4, when Black's ch. K x P 8. PKt7.
3. PR6; and if Z...PKt3 3. PK4. pawns are blocked.
6 P.--QS P-X-'-B7
3 P-R6 P-Kt3 2 P-l34 7 K-Q2 P-87.
The attcrnpt t o lose a move by a White sces but cannot avert the threat White resigned dter 8. F-Kt7 (if
sacrifim usually fails, e.g. 3 . ., PR6 of ...PKt5. 8. PQ6 ~ h K . x P ) 8...P,-B8=Q ~ h .
4. B x P PKt4 5 . PR4 P x P 6. PR3, 8. K x Q P-,-R8=Q ch.
when Black still has ths move.
4 P-Kt4
The first-move option decides t h
issue. 4. PKt3? PR6 Ioscs.
4 ... P x P e.p. Whwver plays wins
5 PxP F-Kt4
6 P-Kr4.
Elask to play wins by 1.. . P-QR4 I4 K-Kt6
If endings of this kind are to be wm,
2. P-Kt3 (2. PQR4 PR3 makes a there comes a moment when the cncmy
symmetrical arrangement of pawns, pawns must be permitted t o advam,
wfiiist if 2. PKR4 BR5 3. PRt3 P x P I and the risk.must be calcdakxl carefully.
55
 I. MINOR PIECE v. P A W N
91 The knight i s less ~Ecctiveagainst Not 4... KtK2 ch.? 5 . KQ7 KtQ4
a KtP. 6. PR6 KtKt5 7. PIt7 KtQ4 8 . KB6.
1 K-KtE Kt-Q2 ch. 5 K,,-Kt6 Kt--84
CHAPTER
I1 2 K-B8 d F-R6
Not 2. KB7 ? KtR4. XI 6. KB7 KtQS 7. PR6 KtKt4 ch.
MINOR PIECE ENDINGS -
7 . ..
.-
3 K-Q8(B7).
ICt,-.Kt3 ~ h . 6 ... Kt.43.
'Hew I'm amazed at tk' actions of a knight Black" knight pfays to QSf or QKt4.
That doth bold wonders in the fight;' And the pawn will ufely qumn.
ABRAHAM GWLEY,
Pindoric Odes: To De.s!iny, 1656. 92 Against il RP ihe knight operates t
Jittle more than half-strength, and, as
We shall not consider knights and i 4 K,-Q6 K-Kt7 here shown by Grigoriev, 3932, it has
bishops srparatdy, hut will sliow in a 1 5 K--B5 K-136 mnre dimEliley drawing a s i n s t a RP as
comparative study their diRcring char- Kt,--BI ch. far back as it? sctond rsnk.
actcristics. The bishop has mom mobility I P-,-R4 Kt-I36
for it may cross the board in one move, After I . . . KtB2 ch.'? 2. KB7, or
and a greatc* r a n g for it map contrd I... KtKS ch.? 2. KB6, the pawri goes
squares at a distance. The knight may through.
take as many as six muvcs to rcach a
given destination, but is 1 6 s easily
obstructed, and has greater s c o ~being
,
able ro conb-oI squares of either colour. White plays and wins
In open positions with only a fcw
pawns the bishop is stronger, whereas 93 A well known stratagem which
the knight is the better piece in positions occurs only with the RP: I . K t s P ch.
where the bishop is obstructed by its Kt x Kt 2. PR6,and if Z... KB2 3. PRY.
own pawns.
I . MINOR PIECE v. PAWN 2. MINOR MECE v. TWO PAWNS
The knight draws if it can occupy a
This is normally drawn, the piece This ending is normally drawn, brtt
sacrificingitself forthe pawn if necessary. there are winning chancs for the pawns
Against an advanced pawn the knight if thc defmcling king is far away.
may find this dificcult. Drawn
If now 7. KKt7 KtQ3 ch., or Y,.,
2 K--45
94 As a rough guide Black draws if
knight operates at full strength on either If 2, PR5 KtQS 3. PR6 KtKt4 ~ h . his king is within thc square ofthe united
side d the pawn. 4, KT36 Kt112 ch. Fmm here the knight pawns, and if his ~ r ~ i i r vyr i r a is ~-camn-
safely moves around the circuit QRI-Q3- abfy welt placed, as here, where the
1 K-338 QKt4-QRZ, i,c. 5. KKt7KtKt4 5 . KKt6 kni&t effectively operates from behind
If 1. PB8 ==QKtQ3 ch. The fork is tha KtQ3, or 5, KKt6 KiBl cb. 6. KKt7 the pawns.
theme of I3lack's defence. KtQ3 ch.
I R-Q6
If 1, KKtWKt8) K K 2 , or if I. KB6 2 .., Kt-R5
KtK2 ch. 2. KQ7 RtQ4, stlacking the 3 P-,-,R5 ~t ,,,,,,,,~4 White tria to hold OR Black's king.
pawn, and forking if it queens. If I . K- B4 2. P-85 Kt-
The key square, from which the knight Kt5 &. 3. K-Q6 (3. KIM KtB3 4.KKtS
1 ... Kt-K? ch. threatens to get on to the above- RtQ5 ch 5. KKt6 KK4 6, PB6 ICtK3,
Not I . . . RtQ3 ch.? 2. KQ7 RtB5 mentioned circuit in thrw diKe~ent or 3. KBB KtB3 4. PKt4 KK3 5 . PKt5
3. K36 KtK4 ch. 4. KKt5 KtBZ 5. KB5. wys: ... KtQ3; ... KtK2-QBl; or KQ2) 3. .. K-K5 4. P--B6 Kt-Q4
KtQs-Q~t4. 5. K-B5 ( 5 . PKt4 KQ5 6 . f Kt5 KE5)
4 K-I36 Kt-QS ch. .
5.. K-KB 5. P-Kt4 Kt x P.
 I1 IMINOR PIECE ENDINGS 2 MINOR PIECE v. TWO PAWNS
Xf I. P-Kt4 ( I . KKt6 RR4 2. PB5 1 85 A minor piece also normally Greville, Paris, 1848.
KK4 3. PI36 KtKt.5) 1 . .. / draws against two disconn~tcdpawns,
2. IZ-Kt5 Ii-K3 3. K-I36 Kt--QS ck. / t h e king holding back one d thern, and j in its heyday, this is, as Kieseriisky
K-K4
4. K.,,,,,,,U7 5. P-Kt6 Kt-K3 ch. the piece the other. This i s not always / remarked, a very interesting ending.
6.K-BbK---.QS
I ...
2 P-B5
K-B4
Kt-R6
ch.
7 . P-Kt7 Kt........Q1
11 easy for the knight, whose versatility is,
however, wcll sllown in this ending by
Grigoriev, 1934.
I 1 K-Kt4 K-B3
I(....-ICt3
Kt-04 ch.
ttt the syatelxatic move
raws without trouble. Thc
king should oppose the most advanced
3. KKt2 trips the knight, but only ing thc advance of its
draws aflcr 3 . . , K x P 4. X x Kt K M , then 4 RK5 KtB3 ch.
Example 14. 6.KKG KtR3 7. PB4
White plays and wins KeQ5 ch.; or 4. PR3 KtQ4 ch. 5. KK4
3 ... K t . .88 ch.
KtHG c l ~ .6. KBS RtK7.
:.lot 3 . . . K x P ? 4. P R ~K ~ S Sch. 1 K-,,Q5 In thew variations rhe kcight plays
5 . KR4 KtK7 6 . PR5 Kt35 7. PR6 Thcalc:,ing 7 . immediate 1 a w y from and behind the pawns, thus
p ~ ~ ~h~
RtK3 8. PR7 KtB2 9. KBS KtRI
10. KBS KB3 I 1. KKt7. Blxk is unable advancc draw, 1, R K 2, ~ KQS tending to draw off White's k.~lg.
to hern White in after sacrificing the BKtl. 4 K-KS Kt,,,-Kt5
knight. 1 ... B,--K4 I S P--B3

If 3 . P-Kr4 Kt--B5 ch., by mcans of

2 P-Kt 3 ch .
3 P-.--Kt4ell.
4 &.Kt5 (ch.)
5 P-Kt6
6 P-KKt7.
K ,,,,,,,,$34
K-BS(B3j
K-R4
K-B 3 I
j1
White advances his pawns rotler
fashion, more or less abreast, so as to
k e p ou: Rlack's king and avoid
blockade.
S ... Kt,,-Q6 ch.
this check Biack's king forces its way
nmrer, 4 K-QS (4. KBY KK3 5. PKLt5 96A For h e twin brother o f this ,i,pie ! .
5.. KtB3 ch. 6. KK4 KR4 is still the
KQ4 6. PK!6 KtK4) 4. .. Kt-Kh ch. amusing study (no diagram), place a
5. K-RS K-K3 6. P-Kt5 Kt-,,,,,.B4 knight at Black's KKtS and remove the 6 K K4 Kt-M ch.
7. !?---Kt6 Kt-QS ch. 8. KB7 KQ4. bishop-Whitc wins in a sirnihr way 1 7K - q Kt--K3 ch.
If 3. KB6 KK3 4. KKt6 KQ?. after I . KQ5 KtK4 2. ?Kt3 ch. K u This ru;d the fal)owing
3 ... Kt-,Kt4 ch. 3. PKt4 ch. 4. KtQ2 '- r@metn t i e
White's king whew i t wants to go. Black
.
4 K-B5
If 4. K-,-Q7R,,,,,,-K45 . P,,,,,,,B7(5. Black plays and draws fathered by Rinck, 1937. I
Ktx ch. 6. KK6. Both studies were ' should play 7 . . KtKt6 ch. gettlnp: into
the wide opcn spidces.
PKt4 KQ4) 5.. . Kt x P: or if 4. KQ5 4 K-K34 Kt- R7
KB3. 5 P-R4 Kt- BS
6 P--RS Kt -Kt3 3. MXNUK YIkCk v. 1 H R t h PAWNS
4 ... Kt-82
5 p 6.,. KtK3 loscs as Irefore. Chances are often in favour of the
I f 5. KKt6 KtQ4 ch. 6. KKt? KK4 7 P-RG Kt--K2 pawns, and values are approxi~mtelyas
7.PKt4 KQ3 8. PKt5 KB4. 8 K-B5 fol1ows: the knight i s qua1 to three
5 ...
united pawns on tRa fourth but Loxs if
K-K4 I f 8.PR7 9. PRI Q KtRt3 ch. they are farther foward; if the thrw
6 P-Kt5 Kt-K3 ch. 8 ... ~r-uI pawns are widely separated they win
7 K-Kt6 K-03 9 K -BG K 7, P.
8 K ,,,,,,,.Kt7 against the knight. The bishop nurmiilly
Kt-ai cb. draws agains; thrcc united pawns; and
In these variations Black draws by 96 1sol:nted pawns may win i f the also draws against disconnected pawns
setting up a kind of bfwkah, wi:h his defending kingcannot play his part; then unless they are we11 advan&.
knight and king at the side o f or k l ~ i n d tbc minor picce, trying to hold both Four pawns usuafly defeat a piece-no
the pawns. pawns,is averburdcned. exan~ple,~are given. Drawn
 31 MINOR PIECE ENDINGS 4 MINOR PIECE AND PAWN v. LONE KING

8 K-KS Kt-Bi ? advanced, and even the bishop cannot 99 White plays 1. Kt-R6, and his
9 P-Kt4 hold t b m . kimp;a p e s ; but if it is Black's movt ha
The ali&nmcnt of the pawns on the plays I . . . K12, and as Whik's knight
fourth rank is the danger mosnent for never lose n move i t cannot force
BIack He should then lx ready to attack Black's king from QB1 and QH2.
5. MXWR PIECE AND PAWN
them effectively with his knight, which
he carnot do here. 99A The other draw with a knight v. PAWN
&o jnvOIvL?S a KP on fit: sevonrh. Black
9 ... Kt-QZ cb. EBB nevcr IX dug out d the corner.
Although normally a win, there are a
10 K-M? When White's king guards the pawn, few exceptions.
This g i ~ e s Black anorher chance. hopiog to roe the knight, he stalematcs.
Whitc should invade the enemy a m p by 101 X sacrifice is ncmsary for
10. K - - 6 ;if 10... KtBJ I I. KK6, and 100 Black to play moves l...KR2 White cannot outflank, but he mates in
if 10... KtBl I I . KK7 KtR2 12. PI34 and 2 . . KR1, after which his king is not five by 1. KtM.
KKt2 13. PR5. dislodgeable, because the bishop does 101
15 ... Kt-B4 fiat contrd the quwning square. This is
1I K-K3 Kt--K3 Rlack wins dcrrsd to as RP with bishop of the
12 P-&a Kt-Kt2 ? 1 S B 6 P-,Kt 5 wrong cdour, a we11 known draw.
A fm from bold knight. 2 K-H2 P-R6 However, Black mr~stbe abXe to reach
12... Kt-334 draws, 13. K-Q4 (13. 3 ~-,,~r3 K-Kr3 the queening square, and merely Mock-
-3 KtQ6 14. KRt3 KtK8) Kt,,-Q2 4- K-13.I ing the pawn i s not good enough, White
14. K-K4 (14.PB5 ch. KB3 f 5. KK4 5 3-K3 K,,,,,,,,K5 to play wins by keeping Rlack out of the
KtFM ch.) 14... Kt-B3 ch. 15. K-B3 6 L Q 2 K-.Q6 corner.
Kt-Q4 16. P-I35 cR. (16. PK5 ch. 7 &,W P-B6
KR3 17. KK4 KtB3 ch. 18. K B 5 KtQ4 8 KxP K-KS.
19. KKSKtKg) I6...K-33 17. K-K4 White resijps.
Kt-BG ch. 18. K--Q4 Kt-K7 ch. To summarize: in all these basic
19, K-K3 Kt-Kt6 20. K-B4 (20. exampb of minor piwe v. pawn w Whitc wins
KB3 Kt x P) 20... Kt-,,--KTch. pawns the bishop p r o w itself superior
Aftcr the text-move White p t s his to the knight. IOXA Aker I . . . 3386 2, KKLl no
pawns to Ole fifth, arrd Black i s ~mstred progrces IS posstble. A KB instcad afso
by the pafin roller. draws. I f there are Mocked RPs, with
13 K-K4 Kt,-KI
4. MENOR PIECE AND PAWN the defender's pawn unmoved, neithcr
14 P-BS ch. K-B2 v. X.,C)NB KING the knight nor the bishop can win.
IS P-,.Kt5 Kt-* ch. This is a win,with a few exceptions as
16 K-34 Kt-RI shown below. 102 When the king is absent the
17 P-R5 Kt,,--,Kt2 White plays and wins knight (mare rarely the bishop)may haw
18 P--XI6 Kt-KI
99 9 9 ~ cfifkully in gmventing the loss or ex-
Black plays and draws
19 K-,,-,K5 K-Ktl change of the last pawn.
20 P,---ICt6 K-B1 1 K.,",.,,KtB K-Kt3 This beautifti1 study by Rakes, f9M,
21 P--B6 Kt-,,DZ 2 P-R3 K-K3 shows most of the possible ss:atagcms.
22 P-R7. 3 DB5 R ,,,,,,,.Kt4
4 B,,-KJ K-R 3 1 p--w
Black resigns. Not I. K t x P ? KB7 2. PQ4 KQ6
A bishop in circumstances similar to If 4... RRS 5. BBI.
3. KNr5 KB5 4. KRt2 K x Kt 5. KB3
the Iast example would draw with case. 5 K---R8 KB3 6. KK4 KQ3.
The same principles agpfy: the king 6 K-KL?
blocks the fommost pawn, the bishop 7 B--42 I .-. K-B7
attacks from behind. 2 Kt-KS
8 &--Kt4
A umfice which is passibb m u se
98 Duhrssen v. Seibold, Corn- While plays and wins Drawn 10 3 - 4 5 Black's k~ngi s outside the square QC the
pondence, 1930. The pawns am tea Black &aysand draws I I &Kt4 pawn. 2. KtKtS? p r ~ i t2... ~ KQ6
 XI MINOR PIECE ENDINGS 5 MINOR PIECE A N D PAWN v. PAWN
102 the drawing area, the 30 marked-off
squarcs This thc king and bishop arc 20 G B 4 K-KtS
able to do because Bliack has a tempo 21 B-Kt5 K-.Kt6
p K--RS K-B6
move w:th h ~ uRP, but for which ho 23 13,-B4 K Kt7
I could stily in t l ~ e a r aand bestalemaled.
24 P-K3
,,,,,,,.

Thus 3 . KBI fahs because of 4. RB7

forcmg 4. . PK6, and White captura the piow that Black is firmly barred from
'
I
pawn with h b bishop, w~nning a h the drawing area this muvc :nuy be
Exampie 100. play&. White ncxt captures the RP with
4 B-B7 K -K3 his king, wh:lst still keeping out Black's
5 B-Q6 K-B4 king.
6 K-Q7 K-B3 24 ... B6
......,.
8 7&R3 K-K4 25 %-R6 K-K th
Whltc plays and wlns 8 %K7 K- W 26 B,-Kt5 K-I36 Drawn
3. KtB3 KK6 4. KKt2 KK7, Black bas Borwil;l, atid Kling show$ tho win
the opposition and draws, 5. KKt3 KK6 from herc (1851). a RP, and where thc minor piacc is a
knight.
6. KKt4 KK5 7. KKtS K x Kt 8. KB5 27 B--B4 K---K t 7 White to play: 1 , Kt-Kt4 K-Kt1
KK6. 28 K-Kt4 K-R7 ..
(i. KRl ?loses, 2. KKtG KKtl 3.KtB6
2 ... K-B6 29 %I31 K-K7 PR7 4. PR7 ch. KRI, and White mates
If 2.., KQ7 3. PQ5 KK6 1. KtB6 30 K-B4 K-Q8 in two) 2. K,,,,,,,.KtG
K-Ri 3 . Kt-%
KK5 5. KtX7. If 30... KQ6 31. BK3 KB5 32. KK5 P-R7, and both playcrs qumn.
KKt6 33. BBS as in the wxt fray, and il With the move Black must retreat just
3 Kt---I33 K-Q6
4 K-R2 30... KB7 31. UK3 ch. KKt7 32. KKt4 ils ~ ~ ~ f ~ I .l , .l K-RL
y : f l ...K K t l ?
KR7 33. BB4 ch. KKt7 34. UKt3 KKt8 lose) 2. K,,,,,,,,K16K-Kt1 3. Kt-Kt4
Nut 4. KKIZ? KK7. K-RI, as in the first variation.
35. KB3 KR8 35. BKt8KKlII 37, KR4
4 ... K ,,,,,,, K7 KKt7 38. KQS KBd 39. KBh KK5 'The knight here shows one of its
S K.,,,-KrZ K-K6 40. KKtS RQ.I 41. BRZ KR3 42. K x P, wwkrre.ms-,,,ircannot lose a move.
6 K,--,Kt3 K-K5 Example 100. With the kings and the KRP as dio-
7 K-Kt4 K-KB grarnn1~4Rlack draws if his pawn i s on
31 K--B7 vile of tho following squares: QR6 (as
If I . . , PQ4 8.KKt5. 32 K-KS K-Kt6
White plays and wins shown), QR7 QKt7 0 7 , KB7, KK16,
8 K-BS K x Kt Black plays ~rnddraws 33 %B5 K-HS RKt7, or KR7, and if it is blocked by a
9 K-,K6 K,,,.,-Kj 34 K-Q6 K,,,,,,,,,
knight.
10 p........
Q-j.
If I I . . , KKtl 12, KB6KBI 13. BK7 35 K,,--QS K-R4
ch. KKI 14. KKG, forcing ... PR6. 36 K-B6 K-R 3
103 The most frequent exception 12 I-l-Rh 37 &K3 K-R4
K-R 3 38 K ,.,,,,,. K ,,,,,,,.Kt4 6. MINOR PIECE AND PAWN
with a bishop occurs when it is d thc K-H7 K-R4 Y. TWO PAWNS
wrong colour for a RP. In thls study by 39 B-Kt6 K- ns
n-X7 K,,-Kt 5 $0 K-B6 K-Kt6
Rauser, 1928, after Teichmm, 1899, rhe i K-K6 K B5 This is normally it won ending, as
win is simple in principle but not easy 41 &BS K-85 might be e x p ~ t c d .
f 6 G,,B5 K-KS 42 a,,,,-K3 K ,,,,,,,,Kc6
in cxccution. 17 &KS
With the move Black draws bygoing to . 43 B--BI K-RS 105 Where them are no passed
theyueeningsquure I . . . K K t l a n d 2 ... '! It would be Prelnature 10
PR3? ~ K ~ U SBlack
17.
Kin get back into
4 %Kt2
45 K-KtS.
K-Kt6 pawns White lorccs a blockade, drives
KRI, after which no harm befillls him. C offUIeck's king, and attacks and cap-
Whits to play kmps Black from the 1 the marked-off area by 17 ... KBS. tures the pawns.
qumning squam: 17 ... K-,Bfi 104 When both players haw a *

1 &...Kt3 K-,,,.Q~ 18 B.......R2 K-,,,,.K~s pasmd pawn White normally wins, his I K--H4
2 B-K2
K --Kt3
2 K-Kt7 K-Q 1 19 IS--B6 K-R6 king supporting his own pawn, his piece
3 K-B6 K-R2 hoIdine UD RIack's Dawn. Not 2. KKt4? PB4 ch. Black's chief
If 19... KR6 20. RRS KK6 21, KK5 drwirtg resource is of coum an ex-
White ncx drives Black's king outside I KQ6 22. KQS.
~ifxicu~;~ arises ady when Black's
Pawn is veq advanced, wherc While has : change of pawns.
64 65
 I1 MINOR PIECE kNUINCiS 6 hfINOR PIECE A N D PAWN L,. TWO PAWNS

I . K-Q4 {I. KKt4 is profitlas) I .. . 2..+KB2 3. B x P ) 3. K-R4 K-B3 1 Kt-R4 K--88

K-R1 2. K-K5 P-W 3. K-Q6 4. K x P (1tat4. B x P ? PKtb 5, K x P I f I... KKX 2. KKJ KB8 3 KB3 KK8
P-Mt4. u t 4 ) 4... K-B2 5 . BxP. 4. K x P KK2 5. KB4. KQ3(QI) 5.
H 1... P-,,R3
submitting to a back- KtKt2 ch., a fortunalt tadical resource.
I07 When White has a RP with wardpawn,White m a y even aliow Black
into thc coma! 2. R-Kt6 (a simple win
2 K-I33 K-QS
bislmp of the wrong colour he draws 3 Kt-46 K-KT
unicss Ire: bab ollm advantilgc5: his fotbws 2. KBS) 2 . . . K-RI 3. K-Q6
4 Kt-AS K-I37
pi- must Lw well advanced and Black's K-Rtl 4. X - 4 7 K-R1 5 . K,-98
king unable to reach the queening #-Kt1 5. RL-Q4 P-Kt4 (ti. . KRI 5 Kt-,R4.
square ; or there must be a Pavcrurable allows mate in three) 7. P r, P e.p., con- White captures the RP and retwns to
blockade. d n g the moribund RP into a live thc king's side.
Black with thc move gcts to thc ----
WtP. With Black to play it tmkes fongef to
qriwning square. 2 BxP 8-I32 prepart: this ma&vre, bcxause the
!might annot lorn a move.
Whitc wins I I ... P-Kt3 If2... PKt3 3. PR5 KB2 4. KQ4 Kt13
Keeping thc KtP ahead of the RP is n 5. m.
safe rub. 3 K--44
2 &K5 p.,'...-..R3 3. KB5? PKt3 ch, 4. Pw P ch.,
Not 2 . . . KBI ? 3. KB6. incarcerating the bishop, draws; a
mistake made by L-Paulscn in his game
3 %Kt3 P2.-.,,Kt4 against Metpr, Nuremberg, 1888.
4 I.'-R 5 p ......
~t5.
3 ... K.--B3
4 %Kt6 K-03
Either blockade loss, 9... PQ4 5 K--B4 K-I33
10. KKt6 KQ3 I I. BR3, or 9... PB4 5 K,--Kt4 K ,,,,,,,.QZ
10, PQ5. If 6...KQ3 7. KKtS KQZ 8.BBZ.
It is much rl~esame with a knight, 7 K-B5 K--R I
which in compact positions likc this is 8S R 7 K-I32 White wins
not infcrior to Lhc bishop. 9 K---Kt5 R,,,.-.QZ
10 &Kt8 K-B 1 i ... R K 8
I 0 6 Pawns nmrer the edw arc in 11 &R2. If I ... K,,,,-,88 2. Kt-R4 K,--Kt8
consequence a better matcl~for the piwe, (2. RQ8 3. KtQ6 KK8 4. KtB5) 3.
a fact almdy show^^ with the knight. I08 Ueischrnann v. Mieses (Monte iC-2 K-R7 4. K--U2, duly giving
The same applies to a bishop, although Carlo, 1904).When BIack has an outside up lfie knight for the RP. Tkc game was
not in s o marked a degrm. gdtssad pawn White may have diRcutty agreed &-awn after 1. .. KBS 2. KtKt5
An exchange is incviiable after Whilc plays and wins with the sh~rt~ranged knight, but may KKt7 3. KtQh KKt6, although White
Black plays and draws mmzt to win if the pawn is not too could still have won.
daigcrous. 2 K-,,-.K3 K ,,,,,,,,Q8
This pawn decoys White either by Whitc cannot leave the knight (as he
5. K 8 4 KB3 6. K x P KKt2, or 4. BB4 cwld a bishop) to take care of the If 1. ..KB8 2. KB3 ECK8 3. KtS4.
PKt6 6. RRS PKt7 7 . B x P KR2. passed pawn, 1. KK3 KB8 2. RB3 3 Kt,,,,-l34 K-B7
White to play: mt7 3. KtRtS KKt6 4. K xP RB5, 4 K-Q4 K-Kt6
1 P-R5 because the need for a continuous series 5 K-Q3 K-Kt5
Not 1. B x P ? PKtJ 2. B x P(BRt8) of knight-movs leava him no time to 6 Kt--K3 K-Kt6
advance his own pawn, 5. KtR3 ch. 7 Kt .,,,,,,. BZ
KBI.
KKt6 6.KtKtl KB7 7. KtR3 ch., etc.
X ... K-B I White gradrrally brings his king
a r e f o r e White must stop the passed towards the RP, whilst keeping Bhck
If I . . . P-Kt3 2. (the point; Pawn with his king, whilst the knight from thc king's side.
not 2. B x PS KBI) 2... K--Bl &-,K5. Wards the KKtP. An alternative idea is
If I ... P-Kt4 2. P-R6 P-Kt5 tfae acrifice of the knight for the RP, 7... K-R7
Drawn I (attempting to d m y White's pieces, if &us obtai~nga winning pawnqnding. If 7... K-Kt7 8. K-Q2 K-Kt6
 II MINOR PIECE ENDINUS 7 MINOR PIECE AND PAWN v. THREE PAWNS
& and cannot be driven bxk, 1. .. 9. K-,83 p-45
K - R ~ 2. 3-B7 ($0answer z.,.KKtS pims
art: now comlly
bY 3. BQ5* for if 2- 'Q6 KKt5 3h KK3 plrtced, and continued defensive play is
1 .
4. KB2 PB5 ilK5 Kw 6-33Kt7 hoplms: 9 . . KKJ 10. BBS K W 1 If.
54

Kg5) 2... K,-,,,,-R43. K,,,--KJ hi--Kt5 . p ~ t d K K 12,

2 K-Kt5 ~ fCK3
~ 3 KW
~ 8 13.
4. P,-B4
B--Q4 K-U5.
B-K16 P-'B5 1
KK13 14. BKt6 KA1 IS. BQ8 ~ h KK13
16. RK5,
.
1 ... K--B5 I BLck herefore advances his pawns, a
2 &K1 counter-ettack not to be underrated.
mite3 bILop sakpirds his pawn, 10 F X t l ih. K,--K3
P-n4 4
K
P,,,-B5
P-B6
pQ5 decoying ihe bishop. Whit$ there f 5 %Kt7 K B5
fore regro~lp. I6 K-K2
The pawns fall to u, combuud apauli.
There i s a naaral tendency lor White's
king to go to thc same part of the bwrd
White wins
1 s BlacYs king, thus fdinghis %heme.
3 K,-K1 K,-,,.K3 Not 2. Kt-R4 K - ( 3 3. Kt xi'? 16 . . . Xz--Q6 ch.
4 Kt-K2 P X Kt 4. K X P P--RS 5. P-K6 K--03 17 K KJ p-47
If 4. KtB? PM ch. 5. KK3 KB3. ( 5 ... PRh? 6. PK7 P1t7 7. PICIY-b If 17.- PXT7 8. X3Kt2.
4 ... P-B4 ch. PR8::::::Q8. QR8 ch.) 6. K-R6, when K-Kt6
both players queen.
5 K-Q4 P-R4 K-85
6 Kt-.-BI 2 ... K-Q4
3 K-H6 p,,,,,,,.f35
If 6.KtKt3 PBS 7 . Kt x P KB2 trap- 4 Rt,,-R4 K-K5
ping the knight. 6 ... PR5 is also good.
5 KKP P-I36 I l d When Rlack has three wired
6 ... K B3 I 6 KtxP, White plays and wins passed pawns, such a phalanx may well
7 K-K3 1
The sacrifice of the piccc for a winning 2 ,.. !L-,.B4
draw against a knight. Por a bishop
however there arc g m d winning chances
...
White w a ~ t sto answer the threatenetl , pawn-ending is a well known theme.
PKtS by Ka4, firmly blocking thc After q m ~ i n Black g falls into a mating Blad's king has a choice of dcfeoaes:
it mny harass White's pawn, as now; or
I if the pa- are not beyond the r e c ~ d
or third mnk, but a probabb draw if
pawns with his king. nct, 6 . . . K x Kt 7. KB5 PR5 8. PRB .

PR6 9. PK7 PR7 10. PI3 -.Q KKt7 support his own passed pawns as later. they BE farther forward. There are
7 ... K-- K4 Thcre is no such countewhy after r ~ r d yany winning prospar9 for Rlack,
K B3. 11. KKt4 PRB-Q 12. QK2 ~ h KKt8 .
8 Kt-Q3 cb.
13. RKt7, Exampie 306. 2. .. KKt5 3. KK5 K R4 4. KB5 PR4 l m l a White overreache himlf.
If While l e r n ~ r i Black
,~ maintains 5 . PKt4 ch., blocking and thereby safe-
the status quo,"but rntrsl not try and guarding his pawn.
f o m matters, for afterg. KB3 PKt5 ch.? 313 Xf Black kds a pa:r of united 3S K 3 K-K3 The noma1 winning method foiiows,
10. KB4 Whitewins. p a d pawns White usually wins if t h y the kidg supporting the KKtP, the
4 &,-K:8 K-H4
If White tries anything Black soon arc neither loo forward nor too far 5 Si37 K-Kt3 bishop blocking Black's pawns.
forces a pawn exchange, 9. KQ4 PKtS away, and if hc ha? a bishop, ns in this
10. KtR4 KKt4 11. KK3 PRS $2. position by Avcrbach, 1954 White is tempo-manauvring. I f now 1 -. P-I%
Under favourable circtimstanccs a s... KK7 A. PKt4. 2 P-Kt4 P,,-Kt3
KtKb ch. KB3 13. KtQ4 RRt4 14.
KtK2 PR6 and now IS. RB2 PB5, or knight might also win, but a draw would
15. KtB4 PKt6. be more likely.
6 %-a
7 K-,,,K3
K-,,,B4
K--K t5
If Z.. PKt4 3. BK3 KQ3 4. FKt5
PKtS, and them foltows a sacrifice,
1 X B-32 B K-32 K-&f 5. B x P ch. K x B 6, PKt6 PKt6
' I . nq:.
112 Kashdan v. Ffuhr, Hamburg, Yrevcnting ... KKt6. I. %R2?isIas
1930. If a blockade already aktr (or can clear, lor Black's king ways on his fifth
If 8... PQS 9. KK2 K34 10. KQ3
KK3 1 t . B85. I 1 8-44
70
 X I MINOR PIECE ENDINGS
A blockade also foltows 3. .. PI35
4. BQ2 PR4 5 . BB3 PR5 6.BKt4.
4 L B 7 P-Kt3
5 &-Kt6 - P-B5--
...
If5 KQ3 6,PKtSPKtS 7.BxPch.
6 B-R5.
The r a t is easy, thc bishop making
tempo-mow if necessary. 6 . . . KB3
7 . KB4 KKt3 8. PKt5 KKtZ 9. K85
KB2 10. PK16 ch. KRtl l 1. KRd KBI
12. PRt7 ch. KKtl 13. BKe4.
Rtack with the move avoids a fatal
blockade.
block the enemy pawns, so he f r w his
bishop from thc n w d of defending tllc
KKtP, for if 2. UB3 ch. KBS 3. BKI
PR4, or if 2. PKt4 PI34 3. XPK3 PKt4.
If 2. P-Kt3 P-B4 3. I&-84 cR.
K.-+ 4. P-Kt4 P--Kt4 5. P-K15
P-R5 ch. 6. K-B3, Black draws by
6... K-K3. He must avoid the fiendish
trap 6,..PR4? 7. PKt6 PKrS ch.
8. KRt2 KKJ 9. BKtS, whm his king
dare not move whilst the pawns, having
to do so, fall like ninepins, 9... PKS
10. BR4 PR6ch. 11. KR2 PB6 I2.KKt3,
I f 2. L K 3 P-R4 3. P-Kt3 P-R5
4. B,,-H4 ch. K-N4 5. B x P (5. BBl
7 MINOR MECE AND PAWN v. THREE PAWNS
315 Black's b a t chances occur
wwnhis pawns are widely spread.
Zf advanced they may defcat a knight
a d pawn, otherwise they draw. As usual
bishop is stronger, and may win if
Black's pawns are far hack.
I n the ending Thomas v . FIobr,
~ a s t i n g i 1935-36,
, White's king is badly
placed outside the square of Rlack's
p w d pawns, yct the p m c should h
drawn.
1 B-42
Controlling the advanm o f tfme QRP
snd OP from one diagonal, Kl-QRS.
>
br advacced they we, foirr pawns tend
to be somewhat better than a minor
piecc and pawn.
8. MINOR PIECE AN13 PAWNS
v . PAWNS
126 In the preceding examples
Black's defcncc hinged upon the cx-
change of White's last pawn. If White
has two cf more pawns his prospects are
therefore a grrnt deaf better. Xn general
two pawns will not then be suficient
cornmwation for the niece.

P34) 5.. . P-R6 6. R-B3 (6. BKt6 fitomas lost after I. KQ%?PR.8 2. PKt4 K''-K3
PR7 7. BQ4 KKtS) 6... P-Kt4 7. pR5 3. PKtS PQ6 4. KK? PK6,Black
K-Kt3 P-,Kt5 8. B-Q6 K-Kt5, aueninn first. 1 The first phase, centralizing the pieces.
1 ... K,-Q2
White's king is on thc wrong side of the
bard. 2K t 4 3 K-Q3
J R-K4 B-E4
2 .., P-B4 4 Kt,,.,,-B4
3 K-R3
The second phase, forcing some kind
A check teavcs the bishop badly of pawn weakness. Black will have to
placed, 3. BB3 ch. KIM, or 3. I'Kt4 move his KKtP.
PKt4 4. BB3 ch. KK3.
4 ... P-+Kt4
3 . .. P-Kt4
4 B,,,,,,K3 As weaknesses will be induced any-
way, Black takes the bull f>y the horns,
Whitc plays m id wins
n
Black plays and draws
I If 4. BB4 ch. KK3.
4 ...
S P-Kt4
K,-03
White plays and draws
and advances his queen's side pawns in
an attempt to get coirntarplay.
5 Kt-KS P-Kt3
Preventing the enemy king's advance, Thc a tternpt to force a q w n , S. KKt4 Black plays and wins 6 Kt,,--B4 P-QR4
fur the time being. PKt5 6.KRS? fails bemuse BIack does If6 ... PKt5 7 . RtQ3 PQK4 8.PQKt3,
Black's king must be within rmch of .
so fiwt, 6 . . PKtG 7. BR1 PB5 8. BKt2 1 ... K-"6 or if 6.. , PB5 7. KQ4.
the KKtP, yet able to assist his own K34 9. BB3 PR4. 2 &RS K-K7
pawns. If he at once plays I ... KB4 3 K-Kt7 P-Q6 7 P-KKt4
2. KR3 KKtS? then after 3. KBZ PB4 I f 3 ...KB6 4. K x P K x P 5. KKt6
4. PKt3 PKt3 5. BB4 his unsupported pB4 6. KB5.
vawns am soon Hocked.
4 KxP P--,Q7
After 1... p-B4 2 . - . ~ - ~p-Kt4
1. B-W 3-
4
I
4. P,,,-,,KtdP-Kf J Whik
7. KB5 PRS i s even dangerous for
5 BxP
6 K-Kt6
KxB
K-R7
5. K-B5 P-.M 6. P-Kt5
FKt6 7. RBI PBS 8. BKt2 KIM) 6...
P-Kt6
(6. K36
7 . %BI P,-BS 8. B,,--Kt2
11 7 ,
8B-431.
A
P,,-Ktb 7 K-RS
8 K-QS
9 K-,K5.
K-B6
KxP
R - K ~ 9 . ~ - ~ t b,,,,,-p~5 1 0 ,..,,,,.KC
~ BIackdrawsaftfl8...PB5 9 . B K t 2
~ - 4 211, p-Kt6 p - n ~ 12. B p PR5 10. KBS KK2 J I . KKt6 KVZ; Much depends on where the pawns
p-KG, mitt:Qumnsfirst, althou& it afkr 8.,. KK3, whcn White cannot do me. Wilh the move a rapid advance wins
is doubtful whether he can win. more than liquidate all the pawns, for Rlack, h a u s e Whitc's king is out
9. BR3 PBS 10. BKt2 PR5 11. KQ4 of the play, I... PR4 2. KQ6 PRS
2 K..-K3 RR4. M%ite7'shlocbda is not effective, 3. KK7 PQ6 4. K x P PR6, etc.
Whik7's first task i s to atlack and Black's pawns k i n g too br forward. to how widely 8 w or i White wins
72 73
 9 MINOR PIECE A N D P A W v. MINOR PIECE
4 BxP K-K5 Black will try to give up his piwe fur the 3 Kt- ch, K-B2 121
5 K-uK6 R-B5 pawd, irtd will succeed, e ~ c e p lagainst me knight cannot Ime a move; and /
6 B---Q6 ch. an advanced RI' of KtP, if his king i s not hvifig to play neiiher can Black:
Although 6.BK7 drives Black from the too far off. But if the defending king is
o n the far side of thc h a r d , then there I ... Q2
drawing m a , Whik's pieces are not so
pIaced that they can keep him out. are somehmes winning chanca for an If1... RR8 2. KtKt7 cb. scretning thc
rmmovcd Kt? or RP, or for a wett pawn's advance.
6 ... Kt4
,,,,,,,,.
a d v a n d BP or Cent~cP. 2 Kt-Kt7 K -83
Noi 6... KKS? 7. BRZ, for in this way As to the pawn, the nearer the edge 3 RxB K ,,,,,,,.B2
Black can be f o r d permanently out of the betrer, the KtP and RP having the 4 Kt*.
.
the drawins area, 7.. RQS 8. KQ6 RB5 best prospects.
9. KBG KKtd 10. BQ6 KB5 11. BB5. Fim.Iy, a% to the piece, the bishop is 121 Even when Bkick's king i s as
7 K-45 K-B 3 stronger than the knight m these open far away as it can bc White has winning
8 K-BS R-K3 positions. &nccs only when the pawn is well White plays and wins
9 K-Bh K-B2. F . n d i n ~ with hishnps of opposite dvanccd. As a rough guidc this r-rcansa Black plays and draws
colour arc treated @pa*ately, Examples T(P on the fourth as in Example 244, 1
A draw follows 10. K-Kt5 K-K3 174-188.
(10. KKI? K x P 1 1 . KQ2 KKt5) a KtP on the fifth, a BP an the sixrh as !
jn this exurn2le by K ~ s e k ,1910, or a Kt-R4 L R 4
11. K x P KxB. 10 Kt-Kt2 K-KS
X t bas h e n stated that four pawns am If0 For White the least iauoumble a n t r e P on the seventh.
I f Kt-w.
gcaefally a Iittle superior to a minor piace prrnutation of p i w s is Kt t-P v. B. I Kt-QC B-Kt8
and pawn. However, w h the= arc Black mostly draws if his king is not too 2 P-B6 RKr3 The kf.ight on QB4 chases away the
more pawns on the board the piece is PATaway. The most favou-able pawn is 3 K-K6 B-82 bishop. Btack to play may control this
about equal in vafuc to t h m pawns. For the RP or KtP, and this cr.tlcal posilton vimf square with hts king:
with RP on the seventh relates to Om long diagonal (Black's QKtl-
instance, an ending with minor piece and KR?) and nr short divponal (QlJJR4)
two pawns v. five pawns is normally Example 99.
intersect on QB2, across which the pawn 2
it;,,,,,,Q6
P--,BC
K-Kt7
%-Kt8
drawn. If either sida has a positional
advantage he may win: if the enemy
pawns are or can be blocked, the minor
bas yet to move.
Ihe result is targcly dcfcrnlincd by the
length of the shortcx diagonal, and here
: B-...Kt3
R 8 2
&-Kt1
piece may lead to victory; but if the fwr squares i s not soflicicnt for the K1-""K8 K-B7
player with the pawns has them welt bishop which is tvcntually drivca: away. The king must choox his roure care-
advaned and mobile, then he will X f for instance the pawn had yet tn cxoss ft~lly. After 6 . . . K,,-,-88? 7, Kt-B7
probably win. White's 486, in wkidl case the shorter I K-,K7 (he runs into an awkward check
The relative merits of iRa knight and diagonal has fiw squares, the bishop on this square, but if 7... BR2 8. KtR6
MsRop when oppostyl to one another #uid hold it back. RKt3 9. KtB5 KK7 10. KtR4 BK4
haye b n debated for many y a w ; but Pawns nearer tlie edge of the board 11, KtKrZ and Black" kkig cannot pkay
the% is no doubt that the bishop is a have bcttcr chances of winning hcavsc to 06) 8 . K-B8 L . R 2 9. Kt-KG
superior alternative to the knight when the diagonals arc thcx shorter, and the . B-B7 (9... BRt3 IO. KKt7 RR4 f 1.
combating an cnemy superiority of
pawns, and wpcciaIIy when those pawns
arc widely spaced. Only in blocked
effective.
4 K--Q7 B-Ktl
1
defending bisllop projmriionately less KRS) 10. Kt-B4 ch. I C - 4 6 1 1 .
K-KO.
7 Kt-B7 B-R2
positions is the knight sometimes a 5 Kt-K8 K ,-,'Kt7
superior piece as in Example 11 8, bur 8 Kt -R6
6 Kt-B7 H-R2
even iherc a hishop of thc right color~r A cyclic rcpeiltion follows 8. KB8
would do as much. If h... K,,,-.-Bh 7 . K-B8 R-,R2 BQ5 9. KtKtS HK4 IO. KQ7 UKtl
White plays and draws
Black plays and Insa
8. Kt,-Kt5 &,,,,,,,Kt3 .
(8.. BK6 9. KtQ6
I I . KtA7 BR2. If 8. KtKi5 BKtl.
BKt3 10. KtM nKt8 11. KQ7) 9.
9. MINOR PIECE ANXI PAWN Kt-,,q6 K--K7 10. Kt-T34 driving off 8.,. R-Kt3
v . MINOR PIECE bishop, 10... BB7 l l .KQ7 BKth 9 Kt-B5 K-K6
12. PTtQ6. 10 Kt,,,,,,,R4 b R 4
The position of Black's king i s of first BIark plays to a square the same 11 Kt-Kt2 K-QS.
importance in this ending. if it blocks colour as thar on which the knight 7 Kt-R6 B-Kt3
the pawn a draw is normal. Otherwise stands. 2.,. KBZ? loses ro 3. RtQ6. 8 Kt-B5 K-- -86 Preventing 12. Kt-EM.
 9 MINOR PIEtX AND P A W v. MINOR PIECE
122 R h v s k y Rassolirn~.Am-
v. KR4; but if 9. KKtB KtKt4.
sterdam, 1950. Rt+P v . Kt is ;a more 7 ... K ,,,,,,,,,R4
favowable arrangcmnt OF pieces for
White, and the RP is then much bhe Or 7 . . . KtR3 ch. 8. KB6 KtU1 9.
strongest pawn. Here White wins with KB7 KtR2 10. KKI7 KrKt4 1 1 . K---
a RP on the fourth. Rth K l ,,,,K3 12. KrKl8 Ktfll ch. 13.
KB7 K t R 2 14. KKt7 KtKt4 IS. KtH3
I ... Kt-K3 ch. ch. KB5 I6. K K t t KtK3 17. KtQ7
2 K,-B6 Kt-% KtKt4 18. KtK5 ReK3 19. KtR7. The Biack's bishop cannot be driven off
3 P-R5 Kt-K5 ch. method is the same, here, in the game, the diagondl Qf -QK4. The Ieagth of this
4 K-B7 K--B6 and as follows. diagonal is the critical faciu:, and h u r
In the game, Black lost after 4 . . squares is just suffcient.
8 Kt,--Kt8 Kt-K3 ch.
KtKt4ch.? 5. KKt"lRK5 6. PR6 KH4 9 g,,,,,-~7 ICt,,b,Kt4~ h .
7 . RtB8 Kg15 8. KKtB KR5 9. KtQ7 125 Centurini, 1856. A RP on the
10 K-B6 Kt---R2 cb. firth wins because the critical diagonal
KKtS 10 K t K S ch. KBS 11. KtB7 11 K--Kt7 Kt-Kt4 Whitc plays and wins
KtK3 12. KB6 KlBl 13. KKt7 KtR3 12 Kt-R6 ch. K ,,,,,,,,,R5 has only rhrcc sqmra.
A tempmove, for if 3. PB4? KKtl
ch. 14. KKt8. 13 K-Kt6 Kt--K J 4. PBS KK1 5. KB7 KiKt4 ch. 6.
14 Kt-Q7 Ki-Kt4 KtxKt stalemate; or if 3. KB7?
Or 14 ... RtB5 ch, 15. KB7 KR4 IG. KtKt4 ch. 4. KK7 Kttl6.
PR7 KrKt3 17. KKt7 KKt4 18. KtKS. 3 ... R-Ktl
I5 Kt-,-K5 Kt-K3 4 P-B4 K-R I
16 Kt R7 K---Kt fi S K-B7 Kt-Kt4 ~ h .
17 K-,,,,,B6 Kt-R1 6 PxKt.
18 K-Kt7 Kt-,,,-R3ch.
19 K-Kt8. 124 Whitet$prwpwts with bishops
I n general a KIP is not so favourable, arc? wmewha~better still. If the defend-
although it has =me winning charms; ing Iring is ucable to Mock the pawn hut
but zgtinst a BP oar QntreP the defend- ran attack it from the rear, then White
ing knight opemtes at full strength on wins with a pawn at R5, R6, Kt6, or
either side of it, and in wosaquenm Kt7; sometimes wins with a pawn at
Hack plays and draws usually draws. KtS, BS, B6,B7, w a Gntrc pawn on the
Whm Black's king is on the far side of sixth or seventh; hut draws if the pawn Whitc wins
the board White has wiraiag chams is farther back, or at R7.
Thc KtP is the strongest, fallowed by If 2... RQ2 3. BB1 BBJ 4. BKt5
with an unmoved RP, or anot too back- BKt2 5. DQY.
ward KIP; but bas charms with B BP RP,BP and Centre P in that order.
BZack's knight holds back the pawn Here a rook's pawn on the fourth 3 12 B1 B-.Kt2
by moving on the 'circuit' KKt4, K3, w Centre P uniy if it is already far
advand. d~itws. 4 %Kt5 B-31
KR1, and K R 2 Whiie'r knight plays 5 R-R6.
via RRt8, KBS, 47, and K5 t o RD7,
thus controlling Black's KRt.1 and 123 Thee are w~ptions to a]# Black is now in mgmang. Xf S... BR6
interrupting the circuit. @neralzations a b u t knights becrtuse if 6. PR6, cr if 5 . . . KB5 6. BKt7.
From l:me to time White's knight one i s badly placed several moves may A RP on the sixth will win; but if the
guards thc pawn, thus making it pos- be needed for regrouping.This study is diagram position is moved up two rank3
sibfa for his King to rnovc frcxly, and by Nalberstadt. (RPon wcnth) Whik draws bocausc! he
to gain time wbifst avoiding harassment X Kt-B4 Kt-R2 has means of opposing bis:?opson the
diagonal.
Iongno
from thc black knight. 2 Kt-TCG
7 Kt--KT A great weakness of the knight: if on
the edge of the board it may b o r n e 126 A KtP on the fifth draws if
7.KtK5 ch.? KR4 8. Krn7 KtK3 ch. Btack has the direct opposiiion, which
9. KR7 KtS2 draws (Reti). The pawn trap&. with the move he takes, I K-Kt6
is btocked and Black frees his knight, 2 .. . K-R 1 2. B-Kt6 &Kt4 3. &B2 (3. KRt7
threatening checks at KI, KB3, and 3 P-B3 Drawn KRS 4. KB6 KKt6 S. BBS BQI 6.BQG
 XX MINOR PIECE ENDINGS 9 MINOR PIECE AND PAWN v. MINOR PIECE
1 &B7 B-B7 situated White's prospacts arc somewhat
2 P--R4 .&K8 htter.
3 &K16 B.,,,-Q7 As s h m by Dehler (1922) White can The RP is strongst, followed by KtP,
4 3-45 %-Re this crucial position only if it is BP,and Centre P,in that ordcr.
Fo~;cd,btxausc 5. BKt4 is threatened, W s move. As before, Black draws if his king
but now White gains a lital tcrnpo by blocks the pawn, uniess his b i g h t can be
attacking the bishop on this swam. trapped on the c d p of tht: board.
With Black's king attacking from the
5 K,--W K-A7 rcar a RP on the sixth or w e n t h wins,
6 K,--.KtS xt-Q1 but an t h Afth it may be held, as in this
7 B-Kt&. position from a game played in I,lolland,
And the pawn goes through. 1953.
I &-KC8 K-BS
132 Grigoriev, 1931, shows how a 2 K-Kt6 K-Q5
KtP an t11c foufth may win w11c11 the In this kind of ending White cannot
enern) king is far away. shield the pawn's advance, as he does
Drawn whcn Rlack has a bishop; nor can he
1 B-Q5 K-Kt4
U I... BKt4 2. KQ4 KKt4 3. KT35 challenge the knight when it is on a
2 ... %,,,,,Kt7 syuafe of the wrong calour. White's
3 B-Kt4 3-K5 BR3 4. BR4. White plays mn
id wins chief weapon is zugzwang, which comes
4 B-,-B8 B-Kt7 2 R--H4 about after 2... KKtS? 3. BKtS, for the
5 BxP 33--.I31 Thc bishop shields tho pawn's 11 . . * L R 3 knight, unabfe to lose a move, must
G B -...RG nxn advanx. forego control of QR3.
7 KXB K-RZ(B3). If1 I... BB6 12. BQSBxB 13. K x B ,
2 ... B-Kt5 Example 13. 3 I%--37 Kt-Q2 ch.
Xf Z... JIBS 3. PKt5 KB3 4. RKt4 This and his next move draw off
131 Wlzcn Slack's king is Far behind, KK2 5 . KR5. White's king, SO that Black's may
White has winning chances with an un- approach. If 3... KtR5 ch? 4. KB6
moved RP, as shown by Cheron (1956). 3 P-Kt5 K-R3
4 ?-Kt6 B-- ,331 13 B--X1Q R-334 KtM 5 , KKtS squeezing out the knight.
With thc move Black draws by I...
nKt3 2. PR4 LlQl 3. BQ6 flKt3 4, BK7 ..
114 EEBB 5. KQ4 BKtZ 6. BQ5. 14 K-Kt'? B - - K S dl. 4 K-B6
BB2 5 . BB5 BQI 6.KB4 KR7 7 . KKtS 15 K-R7 g--Q2
5 K,--44 K-K2 4. KB7 KtR4 5. KB6 KtR3 6. RKt6
KKt6, Example 124. 6 K.- 3 5 K--Q2
I5 L R 6 K--Q3tQI) KtKzCtl wmcs to the same thng.
White to play circumvents this 7 B-Kt5 ch, K-Ql 17 %-Kt7 3344
defence. 18 &B3 I%-BI 4 ... Kt-.Kt{ ch.
If 7 .. KK2 8. KB6 KQ1 9. BB4. 19 B--Kt4. 5
8 K-B6 Finishing with the customary scrifim
The continuation given by Fine, --BItlck's bishop must have h e short
8. RQS? BKt2 8. rlQ7 BKt7 i0. BK6 ewraat.
8Rt2 I I . KBS, draw, for after 1I . . . ..
Black to play draws by 1 . KKt4,
BB6 12. BQS Black is not forced to "wiftly gctfitg his king back, or by
exckange bishops but plays 1 Z... BK7 I... BQ8 2. PKt5 BR5.
13. PKr7 KB2. With a BP or Centre P not kyond
mpectively the fourth or fifth rank, a
8 ... &Q2 ch. 9 is unlikely even though the defcnd-
U 8... BR6 9. KKf7 as in the text. 1Il& king is atrsent. I3ehlcr's position (see
9 K-Q6 B-HX -Ye 11) is drawn except with the KtP,
k clear from Example 129.
...
I f 9... B-84 (9 B x B 10. $'Kt71
10. P-Kt7 L R 1 11. P-Kt8::::;B. the
U'Ilite plays and wins ...
only mow, 11 H--w 12. B--& ch. 133 B+P v. ~t cornpara with B+
v- B; but if the knight i s awkwardly
Black plays and draws K-Bl 13. G R 6 mate. Drawn
83
 II MINOR PGCE ENDINGS 10 MXNOR PIECE AND TWO PAWNS 1,. MINOR PIECE
A tempo manauvrc.
9 ... S K I
I0 B-Kt3 B-Q2
Black to ptay is caught on the wrong Black's KI -QRS diagonal is too
foot. short, and lfle bishrtp is forcd to play to
An attack on two fronts, the knight
from base and the king froin the reor. {his square.
7 K-Kt6 K ,,,,,,,.~ f i 11 I S - 4 5 &R6
8 K-Kt? K ,,,,,,,,Ki5. Black is in zugmang, if I 1 ... #K1
'The bishop changes diagonats with a 12. BB6.
check.
134 A somew1~atsimilar attack 0x1 12 K--B6 K-B3
two fronts usuaily draws agiinst a 3 ... K-,,B4 (K4) I3 K--BY.
centre pawn, as here with Whte la play: 4 &K4.
Drawn ! Not 13. PQ7? KK2, hut after the text-
1 &-B7 ch. Thc knieht on the edge of the b a r d move Black $uses his bishop for the Q P .
i s trapped. Black to play prevents an eflmtive
Xf I. BR5 KB4. If the gositsition of this diagram wcre End of blockade always draws except
I ... K --B3 moved to the left (White QBP cr QKtP) when the knight is on the edge of the outflanking movement:
the critical diagonal is longer, and the board or on the second rank, where, not I ... 13-K1
Not I . . . KIM? 2. BK5. having a suejcient choice of squares for 2 K-Q3
bishop can lose a move and out-
2 B-K8 ch. K- Q4 rnanceuvre Black. On the other hand its oscillatiow, it will be trapped. White cannot outflank nn the king's
Again not 2... K 3 4 ? 3. BR5. White also wins if the diagram position 1 ... K-w side, if 2. KB2 KR5.
3 B-K5 K---a
were moved two files to the right (White Both pawns now faII. 2 .., B-Kt4 ell,
KBP) &cause then the knight is trapped
On the critical diagonal (White's in the corner. White's king must not bt. allowed to
If Black's knight were here at QR4 or play to QB4.
KR5--K8) the squares used by the
bishop, KRS, KB7, and KS, correlate QKt3 he would draw with or without the 3 K-B3 B-K7
r e s p I i v d y to the squam used by Move. Compare 5rample 1.10 f o ~another 4 K--Kt4 K Q3
Black's k,ng, QB4, QR3, and Q4; and There a x few examples showing m c whcw the pawns cannot Ire held. 5 K-.R5 &Kt5
neither player can lose a move. Black's king on the Tar side of the board, 6 K-Kt6 1F-Q2
but it seems that White's chances are not 136 White nlust try I O Puppurt the 7 R-Kt7 B Kt5
4 R-43 less promising than with B+P v. B, and 8 K . -R6 B-K7 ch.
advance of the more forward pawn, here
This a d d s the cyclic reptition, but that an unmoved RP, or a KtP on Ihc the QP. Not 8 . . Bnl ch.? 9. KRt5 BQ2 ch.
when the bishop leaves the diagonal in fourth, inight win in comparabfc circum- 10. KR4 KK4 1 I . KX3S.
qumtion, the knight can harass White's stances. 1 K--Q3 E--K 1
2 K-64. B-Q2 9 K-Kt7 H--RtS
king. 3 K-,,,-.,BS B--RS 10 K-Kt6 L O 2
4 P-Qfi Q2
10. MINOR PIECE AND TWO
5 &B3 8-R5
PAWNS v. MXNOR PIECE
If 5 . . , 8 K 1 White may offer a piece,
6. 3K5,and if: G . . . BQZ 7. BKt6 BR5
In all normd circumstances the pawns 8. BB7 as in th- tcnl-play.
win. Black snrnetirnes draws if the pawns 5 B- K2
cannot be dcfendde; if he can establish
a blockade; or when While has a bishop hstcad, While o&rs a pawn.
of the wrong colour for a RP. 6 ... n-- QZ .@Bqg#
I f 6 . . , K x P 7 . &KtS.
139 In this study after B~rtlcr,1889.
White's bishop is bxdly placed. 7 L Q 3 C -KI
8 a434 I?-R 5
1 P-I36
u8... K X P 9. BQ5ch. KK4 ID.BBh.
White plays and draws j Afkr 1. RRS RQ2 2. KKtS Kt33 the White piays and wiKs
Black plays and t o w I knight sfiuttlm to and from QB3. This 9 B--R2 Black &ys and draws
 H hl1NOR PIECE EhTXNGS I0 MINOR PIECE A M 3 TWO PAWNS v. M M R PIECE
Hot 10...BBI? 11. KKt5. 1 his tracks) S... R,-K4 6. Kt-K2 In passing it may be noted that in the K-B4 12. S K P K-Kt2
11 P-K5 ch. KxP 1 SIC2 K-B4 8. Kt-Kf.3
7. P........KtS ,&in@ K$+2 P v. Kt tho defcndu can (12.., KK2 13. PR6 K83 14. PKtl
12 K-B7 B-KrS 12 ch. K-,.f35 (dse White! pfays KKt4)
9. P-Kt6.
d s sustain a blockade. 1 8 n P 15. K r B . Example 100) 13.
Not 10... BRS? 13. PQ6 KQS K-Kt5 3.-,,Q6 14. &-&Kt6 B-,,K7
14. BB6.
3 3 $5--Q6 K.-Q5
1 ...
2 K-33
K-Kt4 138 A fine analysis by Cheron,
3945, shows the correct play when the
shop is ofthe wrong cotour for the RP.
I IS. P-R6 ch. K-Kt1 16. K-&+
B-.Q8 17. B-K4 L K 7 18. B.,,-83,
when the Kil" advances after all.
14 B-36 8-84. If 2. KtK6 ch. K x P.
. . B,,,,,,,,R4
Black will try to sacrifice his bishop I P-tCt4 L R J
If the diapam position were moved
two files to the left Whits would win
even without the m o v ~ ,either by out- (
1 *

Xn ttrc game a draw was agreed hew.

for the KrP, whilst White in his turn
must shield its advance wit11 his bishop.
1 ... S R 6
I f 9,.. BR4 1% P x B KBJ 11. PRG
K 8 2 12. SR7, Example I#.
flanking on the king's side, or by advanc- 3 - R-R3
inp the KtP to Kt6 as Examplo 127.
Otherwise a blockade with pawns on the
11 +

4 ~-84 8-Kt5
B,,,,,~K~
2 P-Kt3 K--B3
Lf 2... KR3 3. DBI BKt5 4. PR4
B-B2
Bb-Rd ch
K Q5
5 K-B~ BB$ 5. KBZ RKi5 6. KK3 I3K3 ?. KB4
fourth and fifth generally draws.
Not 5. ..RQT? 6.KtB4 cutting ofTthe B Q ~g. BQ3 HK6 y. BBS, the bishop zugiwang, if 12... BK1.
win dependS on a saLTifice, of
cithr a pawn or the Mshop, and a bi"hop. shietds the advanceof tRe RtP 9. BB8 .ch. 14. KR5, or i f
10. PK[4 BK7 11. PKtS 'ch. "KR4 followed by PR5.
blockade with pawns farther back thcrc-
fore draws; whilst if they a~ farther 12. KKt3. K-K4
forward White wins in most cast.s. 3 B-B1. R K 3 K-K.3
In a genera! way the two pawns win 4 R-B2 K-R4 15 K,,--B4 R-B2
without any real diffkuities, regardlas 5 Ku-K3 U,-,"Q2 16 B-35 s-8
of the k i d of minvr pi%w on cillrer 6 P-R4 B Kt5 I 7 B-Kt4 a-B7
side. When White ha?a bishop he should 7 B-KZ %-K3 18 P-RS a--Qs
8 -3 19 B,-,,,B5 B-KT
avoid placing both his pawns on squares
of the same dolout as those controlled
20 P-R6 &R4
White next kiss to gct his king te K W . 23 K-KS K--ZPI
by his bishop. If 8. ? K-I34 Black estabfishcs 22 K-B6 K-Kt 1
his king at KKt4, and the pawns are 23 B-,ICd ch, K-R t
137 Vajda v. Alekhine, Kecshemet, Mack4 after 9. BQ3 ch.KKt4 10. BK16 24 &R7 S--Q8.
1927. B v. Kt-tRP-t-KtP is for Black BKt5, or 9. KQ4 BB2 10. BQ1 RKI
st relatively favourabla assortment of 11. K Q ~~1 3 2ch, 12. KQB ~ n 313, WIGlt: rrialus i r ~Four.
White plays and wins
pi- and pawns. KQ7 KKI4. White atso wins if Black has a knight
instead of a bishop in this ending.
1 P-RS? 6 Kt-BZ K R 6 8 ... B-I32
We have examined the knight's block- 7 Kt-K4 B-Kt5
White threatened P-R5. The altema- 139 Black's only hope against dis-
ade of bishop and pawns, and the Not 7... BK2? 8. KtBGthe other tiw is 8.., &Kt5 9. R-Kt6 B-Q8 , cwnmted pawns i s that of feaving
b l x h d e when both sides have bishops. way of cutting olf the bishop. 10. P-XS R - 4 3 (dse 1 1. PRfr) If. 1 Whitc a rook's pawn with bisho~of the
Xt b also pussibla for the bishop to 8 Kt,-Kt5
blockade a knight and two pawns, as in wrong cotour, but White can oftin avoid
the following play. If 8. Kt,--BS L Q 7 4. Kt-Q5 B-,- this.
in this care a blockade i s bat avoided Kt4 (9... BR4? 10. PRtS ch. K x P I R K I
by kwping at least one pawn on a square 11. PKt6). Tha c o m t plan b first to shield thn
OF thr: same colour as thost controlled 8 .,. B,--R6 advance of the 'good' pawn as fat as
by the enemy bishop. FIert: this means 9 K t 4 3 7 cR. K-,-Kt2 possible. H the RP is moved up it
advancing the KtP first, I . Kt-Kt2 10 R--K6 L B S becomes a Ifis effective decoy, Black
K-Kt3 (nmvcntinp 2. KRS) 2. I I P-K6&. capturing it sooner.
l3-K2 ~:K.-.-.K~~-&QI (3. .. BQ3 ch. Xf I t . FHEt5 B x P . 1. f K S ? BK7 2. BK8 RKtS brings
4. KtB4 ch. KB3 5 . RB3 KK4 6 . PKt5 about a position which occurred in the
KB4 7. KtK2) 4. ICt.,-,,B4~ h R-R3
. I1 K-Kt 3
game Gaglidze r. Kaspafyal (Tiflis,
...
(4 KR3 5. KtK6 BK2 6.PKtS ch.) 12 K-K7
13 K-I38
&--Q7
BxPch. 1929)3. KO8 KKR3 4. RQ7 B x P 5. PK6
5 . K-R3 (not 5. PKtS ch.? KB4 KKt2 6. PK7 KBJ 7. BK8 B08 8. BB7
6. KtR3 BKZ, and White is stopped in S e afso Example 150. W i t e wins I (the bishop cannot at o m to KRS,
 1X MINOR RECE ENDlNGS 11 M W R PlRt'P, AND TWO P A W S v. MINOR PIECE A N D P A W
and loses a vital tempo) S . . . BRS KQ3 15. BK8 BB7 16. BB7 BRS 140 Tairnmv v, Spassky, k n k - 1 K-BS K-K2
9. BR5 KK4 10. BK14 KQ3. 17. PRS. &, 1952. T k defender usually bses 2 K-Kt6 K-B;
Another line is f . PRS? BK7 2. RK8 12 K-Q7 KxP g & kiog cannot block the pawns, but 3 K-R7 K-I32
BKt5 3. KQ6 K R 3 4. H47 B x P 13 K-Q8 K-Kt4 an ingenious counter-auack. draw. 4 P-KtS b B 6
5. PK6 RKtZ 6. I'K7 ICB3 7.BR4
UKt3 8 . KQ7 RK4 9. KQ8 KQ3.
14 B- I36 K-H3 1 K-Kt6 K t - 4 .
If 4.. BQ3 5 . PR4 BKt6 6.PR5 BR5
'The diagonal opposition here losa~, Z K-B? K-It4 7. .Kt6 ch. EC83 8. KtKS, threabning
In both varbtions Black bas time to PR6.
capture the RP, and to rerurn and iiike but ~f 14. .. BR4 i 5. BKE; BQ8 16. BH7 2.,. K t x P 3 . K x P a l s o h w .
the vertical opposition, as 13xamplc 129. HR5 17. HK6. 5 P-R4 '&--Kt7
1 ... K-R3 15 B-K8 S B 7 3KMtl
4 Kt-B3
Kt xP
P--K$
If ...
5... P--Kt3 (5 KK3 6. KKth)
15 B Rj &I25 6. Kt,--R2 (thmtcning 7. KtKt4 and
If I . . . BKt5 2. RQ6 KR3 3. BQ7. 17 B-.Kt.l K.--K4 KtR6) 6... &K8 7,P-RS.
I . . . BKtb 2. BRS KR3 3. HKt4 trans- 18 S Q 7 .
pm. 6 P-R5 B-46
Mock allnost certainly draws against 7 Kt,--R4 S Q 7
KDP+KITP with bishop of the wiung El* White plays KtHS and Kt xP.
colour; but if instead rhe pawns were K-33
8 F-Kt6 ch.
more widely spaced fe.y. QP $.KRP),
then Whits wins mom amity. 9 Kt--RS
In the general case with disunited
pawns Black will be forced to block one
with his king and ihc other with his
piace. Whitc takes his king over towards
the enemy piece, whrch usually has to bc
sacr~ficedfor the pawn it blocks.
White plays and draws
11. MINOR MECE A N D TWO I f & . . KKS 5. KiQ2 ch. KQ6 6.
White wins PAWNS ti. MINOR PIECE AND KtBI PB4 7. -6 threatmifig KtKt3
2 K B6 PAWN foIiowed by K t x P . I'he king attacks
If 2 , KQ6 BKt6 3. BB6? promaturely Urilike + f ~~vr~q~drdtrle
c paw11 endlrlg:,
From thc mar, the knight from base,
ceding the decoy pawn, thtn 3 . . . KR4 nos. 35-63, a draw is normal whcn there much as In Examples 133 and 134.
4. BQ5 BB7 5. PK6 RxPdraws. is no passed pawn, and wken the defend- S Kt-R4 ch. K-Kt4 I
White plays and w i r ~
Instcad White mnauvres his bishop
to the better square KK14, and when he
ing king is present; it is then of littic 6 Kt--33 ch. K-B4 1
consequence whethcr one kas a bishop 7 Kt-R4 ch. K-,-Kt5 A sacrifice typical of minor piox
finally gives up h e RP hc gains a tclnpo or a knight. endings.
on the above variation. Xn a general way White h a winning
How else make p r o m ?
2 ... 13-Kt5 p r o s w t s only if he bas a passed pawn.
3 &Kt6 B-,.QZ When this 1s three or mox hies away
4 S-,.OS B-R5 from {he othtr pawn then the bishop is
superisr to the knight; and the farther A draw was, agreed, for the defending not 11. PR6? KR4 12. PR7 BB6 ch.
5 &Kt4 R-Kt6 w t has suffxient man~uvringspace
6 K-K7 B-I35 away the p a d pawn the greater the 13. KB7 KR3 with blockade.
Wound a centre pawn.
Black can onfy mark time whilst superiority of the bishop. 11 . - . B-36
White regroups his king. The knight is the better piem when the 12 P,-R6.
passed pawn i s onfy two film away, or I41 Analysis by Botwinnik from the And White queens.
7 K-Q6 H-Kt6 when the cncrny pawn or pawns are Sirn BoImlausky v. Bondarcvsky,
8 &B3 ,,,,,,,,~5 mow or 16s fixed on squares of the same b i n g r a d , 1941. The defending king is
9 -5 B-46 colour as those covered by the bishop. tItO far away, so White's king may I42 Capahfanca v . Fine, %mrnering
10 p,,,,,,,.Kfi &Kt3 In the latter case the enemy has a 'bad control the queening square; there is 1937. This kind of pawn formation is
11 P,,,,-K7 R-44 bnhop' or 'a weak colour complex', fv* also a weak colour complex to be also usuatly drawn txxause the p a s d
This fails by a tcmpo, but if II ... KKtZ of c o u m he will have litt'e control over W1oited by White's two p i e . Rere pawn, which is only one file away, does
12, ICQ7 KBJ 13. KQ8 KK4 14. BB6 squares of the opposite colour. knight is superior to the W. not form an effective threat.
 I1 hlINOR PIECE EKDXNGS 11 MINOR PIECE AND TWO PAWNS v . MINOR PXECE AND P A W N
Boh on this and his next move Black preventing in time 7.. . RR6. 4 IZ,--R6 K-B4
must avoid a fork, if J... KR5 4. KtBS 5 F-R4
ch. 7 ... P-R4
4 K-135 B-RG 8 P-R3 Else Hack plays his king to QR6,
ff8. PR4 BB3 9. BQI BxP. attacking White's TAW.
5 Kt-86 K,,,-RS
6 KtxP KxP 8 ... P--R5 S ... K-Kt5
7 Kt--86 K-K15 9 &Kt4 B,,,,,,,,~3 h B-Kt5 K-R4
8 Kt-Kt4 K-Bri 7 8-K8 P,,,,,,,,8 3
10 S R 5 P--hE7
9 p R5 K-,,,,,K
J
11 B x P KXR. For the time being this keeps Wllir,'~
10 P-R6 &-Q5 bishop off its QKc5 square.
I 1 K-B6 H-H7 White cannot gel back to (he queening
12 Kt-,@
13 K-,,,,.iitrl.
E-R2 square.
1 8 &Rh
9 B-K8
K-Kt3
K -84
10 K- -BI %K3
White wins I f K-K2 K-Q5
146 Santasiere v. Kashhdan, Rncfnn, I 2 B 86 B 8 4 ch.
1938. An outside passed pawn hree or S . B x P R K 7 6 . B K b K x P 7.PB5KB4
8. P86,Black has a better squarc for his 'Yhus Hfitck's hishop has changed
more files away (the farther the kttcr) sides.
often wins when White has a bishop. bishop than in the last notc, 8... BR4.
It makes h s diflerencc what kind of 4 ... K-Rl 13 K-K1 K-B4
piccc Btack has. Of course all these 5 K-B6 E,-Kt1 14 M 7 K-Kt5
positions correktc to Examples 120-134, 6 K-Kt5 K-I31 15 B 436 P-,H4
and after the uusual Iwvn exchange B+P 7 B-R4 16 B-. -Q7 P1-Kt6
v. minor p i c e is marc likcly io win tlrnn Thus capturing the BP wiilr ~ a i nuC The idea Mlind BIa~k'b ca~cful
K t - t P v , mirror piece. tempo. manRuvrlng; but only a d ~ a wcomes
Black's ling is as favourably ptnced 7 . . K-Kt1 itbout.
as it can bc, blocking the passed pawn; 8 HxP fi,,,,,,.~ f i White plays and draws 17 K--,K2 BxP
but his bishop is on too short a diago-
nal: were. i t at QU7 he could draw.
9
10
B--R7
P-BS
K-,,,,KtZ
RxP
B1ac.k.plays and wins 1 18 B--Kt4 R-B6
With the move White draws by block- - 19KxP B-Kt4
If P-B6 B,,-Q4
P-I14 12 R-Kt6 K-B4 hg the passed pawn: I Xf $4. .. KB7 20. BB5 ch. KB8 21.
1 K-K7
2 K-86 S K 6 f3 %-Kt7 K-,-Q3 1 K-Q2 j BKB, or bere 20. .. KKt7 21. X3Kt4.
3 K,,,-KS I4 LKt8. The game continuation 1. S Q S ? j z0 a""""Q1.
The B+P v. B ending must be are- P-K6 2, K-...Q3 should have lost after Black mnnot get his pawn to the fifth
fully assessed, for after 3. KKt5 K B I 147 Seilrold r. Keres, Cwrespun- 2.,. -2 3. K-K2 (3. El34 4... K 3 d i t~ithoutpermitting Wtx~ee'sking to block
dence, 1930. When the bishop is of the and S... KB7) 3 . . . B-Kt4ch. 4. K-KI .
: it, 20.. RKtS 21. KQ2 BBS 22. KBI.
4. BK6 ch.? Black will eveniualfy take
the vertical, opposition, 4... KKt2 wrong colour for his RP a win i s stilI
possible i f the other pawn is far enough
P-R4 5. P-RJ 3G-K.4 6. B-.Kt3
K--Q5 7. P-..R4 (7.BB2 KEG 8. RQI
,.See atso Example 161.
S.BxPBRt7 6.8Q3BR6 7 . B K 2 K x P
8. BKt4 BU8 9. W5 KB4 10.P86 RBS away (three or more files) and circum- BB5 9. PR4 RKtFi) 7...-0'2 R. I 148 M ~ r s h a l i v. Mnrco, Monte
11. KK16 KQ3 12. KRt7 KK4 13. BR5 staoms are favourablc. K--K2 (8. BB2 KB6 9. BV1 BK1) I Chrln, 1904. Having two passed pawns
1 ... 8. .+BKtS ch. 9. ZG-K I K,,,,-I36 10. /
KRS, etc.
L --
* K,,.,-.Hj
*.A
K-,,.KtS
W S B-....Q2 II.
against one pas& pawn, White cannot
:iorm&llywin with knight against bishop,
3 ... L K t5 12, K x P B-Kt4 13. K unless all the pawns are cIox together
M i r e prepares to take the vertical
Now if 3... KBI Black gains a tempo opposit:on, cfx the KP queens. If 2. 14. K-.,KI P-86 19. K as in Exnrnplc 152.
on the last note bemuse of his better KO2 Ka7 3. RBR PK6 4. KQ4 BK7 16. K-Q2 B-K5 17.8 p-,,,.u5
king positicn, 4. BK6 cl). KKt2 5 . B x P 5.13K6BB8 6.BRt4 BKr7. t h i s , White's bishop P-R6
RRB 6. EK6 K x P 7. FBS KFS2 8. W6 2 ... K-,,,f37 m d his RP from the K-85
KQI 9. 3337 BQ6 10. KR4 KQ2 I I . UR4. In the hFoHclrviog pl K ,,,,,,,.Q4
3 K,-Q4 P-K6
KKtS KQ3 12. K R 6 KK4 13. KKt7 4 K-KS R-K7 it from tte diagonal B- 4 3
BKt4 14. BKt3 BRI 15. BI32.
4 B-Kt2 S SF37 G R 8 P ... Black's correct pian is t o use his
6 I%-RS 13--,Kt7 2 K-KI advanced QRP to tie down the knight,
The only way, for after 4. BK6? KRr2 7 3s-I44 3 %-Kt5 and his king to stop the passed pawns.,--
93
 MYNOR PIECE E W N G S 11 MINOR PIECE AND IWQ P A W v. MINOR PIECE AND P A W
the bishop attacking them as masion g. K-K2 K-R6 (8.,. KtQ4 9. PKt6 5 P-BS
demands. 5 . . . KK4 6. PKt4 RE3 is l... KtR6 is abo playable, and after % ~ ch.5 10. KQ2) 9. K-BI K-R7 Failing to see Goloml~k'ai n p n i o u ~
therefore simpler, and if Whitc rhcn gms the best continuation, 2. KQ3 PKtS 10. Kt--B3 ~ h K,,-R8
. (10 ... KR5 defence. 5. Kt,-+ wins wicMy, White
for the QBP Black at imst blocks, and 3. KtK4 K1B7 4. KtE6 KtK8 ch. 5. 11. PKt6 KtB3 12. PKt7 'KtKtl 13. sacrificing his knight after 5,.. KtKt2
probably wins, the unired pawns. K Q 4 KtB7 ch., may simplify to Example mtl KtR3 14. KR1 KtKtl. 15. KtK5) 6. KQ5 Kg5 7- KtK6 ch., or queening
6 P-Kt4 B-K2 94, 6, K135 KKt4 7 . K t x P K x K r . 11. P-Kt6 12. F-Kt7 Kt- first after 5... KR5(R6) 6. PB5 PKt5
7 P,--Kt5 K-K4 White's problcm is always tlre saIrle: ml 13. K-K2 K-Kt7 (13 .. KtB3 7. W6.
14. KK3 KtKtl 15. KtQ4 Kt33 16.
8 K-KM
9 Kt-B2
B,,,,,,,,31
K-K5 ?
what to do about Bfack's passed pawn.
m) 14. Kt* K-R6 (14.,. KR8
5 ... KtxP
When he sacrifiw thc kninht for it. the 6 P-B6 Kt-R4
result of the knight v . two pawns ending 15. KB3) IS. P--B6 P-Kt7 (15 ... 7 P-,B7 Kt435
Black has illusions of counterplay.
9... KK3 is indicated. is of consequence, and here 6 , .. PKt6? ~ t x P 16. Kt xKt, PKt7 17. K32) 8 K--QS KtV-Kt3 ch.
losc.~after 7 . RiRS ch. KKrS 8. Kr x P 15. K-B2 K,,--R7 17. Kt-33 ~ h .
10P-RS K-46 9 K-BA Kt-B1
K x Kt 9. PKt4, bcrause Black's kinr- RRR8 18. P-B7. In this variation 10 K--Kt7
is one Squarc farther away. Black loses W u s c his king is badly
pirtoed.
2 K-43 KC-U3 ?
This fails because Black's king Is
4 ... Kt-R4 ?
forced into a bad position. 111stmd a The knight alone cannor stern the
draw Follows 2... Kt-Btr 3. Kt-.,,,,Q7 pawns' advance. Instead, Black cauld
(Whire's knight must try to stop tIlc put up a tough and possibly adequdte
KKtP. If 3. KtK6 ch. KK4 4. KtKt7 .
defence by 4.. K,,-.,,R5,as follows:
PKt5 5. KtR5 then S... K t 0 5 6. PKt4 5. K--Q5 is not a real t h a t hecause
KIM 7. PKt5 PKtB) 3... ofachartrllcteriristicwcakncss of thc knight
(simpler than 3 . .. PKt5 4. KtB6, which for after S... PKt5 5. K x K t PKt6
h o w w r probabfy feds to Exampfe 94) 7. KtB4 ECKtS 8. KtK2 PKt7 9.KQS
4. Kt-Kt6 P-Kt5 5.K L Q 5 &.Kt4 IUB6 10. KtKtl ch. KB7 11. KtR3 clr.
5. Kt-,,K3 cR. K-K4 7. Kt-Kt2 KKt6, or S... P-,,-.KtS 6. Kt-B4
Drawn Kt-,Q5 8. P,,-,-Kt4Kr,,&.K3. P--Kt6 7. Kt-Kt2 ch. K-Kt5 8. Drawn
This i s the normal way of drawing: Kt-KI (8. K x K t KB6 9. KKtS
After 10... KK4 1 1 . P R d K R 3 12. the lofiepawn ties down Whitc's knight, 10. K-Q7? Kt-Kt3 ck. (not 10...
K x K t leads to Example 315) 8.., KtRZ? 11. KlQb K R 6 12. KtKtS)
KRS KDZ f 3. PKt6 ch. KKtl 14. PRY and Black's piwcs stop White's pawns. K-B5 9, K X Kt K-K6 10. K-5
11. K-48K-R5 12. Kt-RS P-Kt5
ch. KR1 Black thrmtens, in time, to If White's king goes over to captuw the K-37 I I . Kt--Q3 ch. K-K6, White's
move his knight to KB7. 13. Kt--47 P-Kt6 d~rtws.
KRtP, Btack s~crificeshis knight for knight cannot sacrifim itself for the
$1 Kt-Rl White's pawns. KKtP, nor a n it pause. In g e m 1 this I0 . .. Kt-K2
Not 11. KtKX ? KQ7. kind af draw by repetition occurs with a OF 10... Kt-Q3 ch. 11. K-Kt8
3 Kt-KB ch. K-Kt5
I 1 ... K-W KtP on the sixth or seventh as here, or K-R5 (11 ... KWorR4 12.KtKt7ch.
12 P-I16 R--K4 If 3... KB4 White exchanges knighls with a RP (bitmple 108). Around a KKt3 13. KtKS) 12. Kt-KtW-Kt5
13 K-RS K-B4 and wins the pawn ending. a t r e P M BP the !might ha.. suficient 13. Kt-,,,-BSch.
14 Kt-32. mnauvring space {Example 148).
4 8-K4? 11 Kt--Q4 K--B5
5 . Kt x P R x Kt 6. KQ5 KKtS ch.
Black has n o good waiting move, and A rrove difEcult to assss. 4. F-B5 12 Kt-RG Ki-R4
is similar to Example 94.
resigned a k r 14... BQJ IS. KtQ4 clx. certainly wins, for Whitc then mtabIishes 13 K-Kt8?
The best continuation is 5. Kt-Kt7
KK5 16. RtR2 PI37 17. PKt6 BRh his knight on the central square Q4 from &-Kt5 5. Kt-B5 ch. K-Kt4 7, f-H5 White could win by 13. KBS! KtQ3
18. PKi7 KQ6 19. PKtS ;;...Q K x Kt wherc ~tinfluences the pIay on both sides (7. KtKi3 KtR4, or 7. KrR3 PKt6) ch. 14. KQ7 KtBS 15. KtK7 KK4 16.
20. QR2. If 14... RK3 15. KKt6 BQ3 of the board. T here may follow: 7... K.,-B3 8. Kt-Kt3 K,,-,-K3(not KtRS! I f Ib.., K x K t 17. KBG, or if
16. RR7. 4.. . K--R5 (if 4. .. KtR2 or 4., . KtK2, 8.. .KRt4 ?) and Black's king is back in 16.,. KtKt3 ch. 17. KBb RtBI 18.
then 5. KK4) 5. Kt-Q4 Kt-K2 ( ~ f play, ?he White knight alone holds up ICKr 7.
149 Yanofsky v. Golnmkk, Nast- 5... Kt x K t the pawn coding is lost, KKtP by operating on the squares 13 ... Kt-43
in@, 1951-52. White's chances am some- if 5... KtK4 ch. 6. KK4 KtQZ 7. PB6 14 K t 4 4 P-Kt5
wheal better when Black too has a knight, KtKU 8. PB7 KtBI 9. PKt4, or if r.,.
but Re still draws if the fone pawn can bc Ktlitl 6. PKt4 KtK3 7. KIM) 6.
*
=I, KKt3 and KRS. Even so ir is not
bow White can form his pawns'
advance in the face of Black's two
15 Kt-Kt5
16 Kt x Kt
P-Kt6
f-Kt7
madc a real threat. P-Kt4 P-Kt5 7 . P--Kt5 P--Kr6 Pi-. 17 P-BB-Q P-Kt8 =Q
 K l MINOR PlECE ENDINGS
18 Q-RS ~ h . K---Kt6 knight, which may control squares of
19 Kt-iC.4 ch. K-Kt7 either colour, and is suited to infighting.
20 +Kt4 ch. K-RY? With 3 united pawns opposed by 2
'This slip ha; drastic consequences. piiwm, the game shuuId Ix drawn.
20.. . KB&draws, but after the text-move So much for inherent factors. Other
positional considerations such as strong
comes 21, QK4 ch. KKt7 22. QKt3 ch.
KK8 23. QR3 ch. OK7 ck. 24. KtKt3 or weak pawns, or badly pPaoed king or
ck. KKr8 25. QBJ mate. minor piece, will a$ usual influen= and
In contrast, a bishop and two united modify these general propositions.
phwfi5gt.nemlig win easiIy apinst minor
The usual winning prmedurc i s out-
piece and pawn, bccarrsc tllc bishop can lined in the note3 to Example f 54.
maintaixr control of squarm at a distance.
It is the salnr: if White's two passed
1SQ Fine v. Reshevsky, Sernrnering,
pawns are discocnected: wiih a bishop 1937. White has some disadvantage in
they freq~rently win; with a knight,
that his king cannot get fir forward, but
rare1y. hc itas an outside passed pawn, the
QKtP. Even so Black's bishop holds the
passed pawn on one side and confines
Sometimes wiih only two or three White's king on the other side, and
pawns left on the buard the players may althorgh Wh~tedoes everything possible
have two or morc minor pieces each. In by wakening Black's pawns, and
such cases :he basic positional ideas arc advancing his awn passed paw3 as Tar as
tho samnc as irr ilic i~buvttexitrrr~rfrs,but he can, he cannot break through.
mere pieces in a general way increasc the Whtte's difficulty is that his knight
drawing propcnsitics, and oRer more cannoi oppose or dislodge the enemy
tactical and cornhinative chances. b~shop. Xf instead of a knight on K5
One characteristic of a pfumlity of White had a bishop on, say, QZ, he
minor pieces is the strcngik of two would win easrb.
bishops as opposed to two knighrs; for X P-QRt3 n -Q5
a pair of hishops working together can
2 K t - nd K-U2
control squares of elther colour, and 3 K-Bl K- K 3
in this sense two hishops arc more titan
4 Kt-K3 L 34
twice as strong as one. 5 K-K2 P-XI4
This move keeps White's knight out
; of his KKt4 square.
12. MORE PAWNS: MATERIAX, I
6 Kt-B2 P- Kt4
ADVANTAGE 7 P-OKt4 13-03
With a total of five or more pawns P - - ~ ~ ~ K-k4
spread over five or morc files a pawn irp : P--Kt5 B-R$
normally wins. Exceptions may occur , 10 K t,,,,,,,,K3 L-QS
when the stronger party has a knight and 1 Whi:c was threatcninp PRth,
the dcfcnder a bishop, and 1Rcl.c is a : Kt-135
total of stven or fewer pawns on the K--K4
12 K t,,,,,,,,Kt7
board; or when them is no way for the
king to c n a thc d~fcndcr'sposition. Fixing prwnsOn black
If the pawns are spread over forrr files ;
a pawn up usually draws when the , 12 ... P-R5
stronger parly has a bishop because its 1 13 P,,,,-Rt4 B-Kr3
chid advantage, its long range, is at a ' B,,-,,.B~
14 Kt-B5
diwount. He sometimes wins if he had a .I5 Kt-,K3
12 MORE PAWNS: MATEaXAL ADVANTAGE
351 Sfierbakov v. Averbach, Mos-
cow, 1950. The knight's Iircited range is
well shown. In spite of his extra pawn
Black must play camfully to draw.
1 P-Kt4
IF 1. K x P ? R t x B 2. PR5 KtQ6
3. PKb KtK4 ch, (the check gains a
tempo) 4. KKt7 K34 5. PR7 KtKt3.
Also ifI . U,,-Kt2? P-Kt5 2. K-Kt4
(2. K x P PR5 3. PR5 PR6 4. RKt7
Kt35 ch.) 2... Kt-B5 3. H-B1 P--
Ki6 4. k R 3 P-RS 5. B.h81 K-36
6. B,-R3 Kt--RS ch. 7. K X P K X P
White to play
8. K-B6 Kt-B5, and Black wins.
I
If 15. PB3 KBS. the text-move apin
t h t c a s PKt6. 1 I... Kt x U
I f 1 ... K W ? Z.KxP,imdWbite's
pawns move faster. BIack therefore
15.. , K-45 accepts the sacrifice, but tht knight is at
i6 ~ t - B S ch. its wont twin2 to combat an advanced
As pointed out by RWhevsky, if RP, as i s well known.
16, PRJ BKt3 17. KtBl (threatening 2 P-,R5 PXP
18. KtQ2) 71 ... P x P ch. 18. K x P Not 2. .. PKtS? 3. P x P
KQ6 White's king is still hemmed in, and
his passed pawn a bystander, for if 3 PxP P-Kt5
19. KtR2 HK6 20. KKt2 K135. If 3 . . , KtQ6 4. PR6 KtK4? both
K B5 players get a queen, but White's is
I6 ...
17 Kt-R6 KxP skewered, 5 . P a 7 KtB2 zh. 6. KB6
KtRl 7 . KKt7 PKtS 8. K x Kt PKtG
18 Kt-B7 K-B5
19 K t x P K-w 9. KKtS, etc.
20 P-33 PxP ~ h . 4 P-R6 P-Kt6
21 K t x P K-KS 5 P-R7 P,,--Kt7
A wry fine move which Imds to a
curious hlockttde of White's pawns, I
1 6 P.-R8'-"Q Kt-Q6
A f m the race to queen the nature of
whereas 21 ... BK2? liberates white's i the position is chanicd ccrnpletely. As
king, 22. KR3, and he later captures the ;
RPand wins.
22 K t x P K-U5
23 Kt-35
Forced, else one of the pawhs is lost.
23 ... &--Kt3.
White cannot relieve the blcckade. If
24. KBI KBB 25. PKt5 BQ1 26. PKr6
BB3 27. PK17 B x P 28. Kt x B KKtG.
After the game continuation 24. KQ3
WI 25. KQ4 RR3 ch. 26. KQS BKI
27. KQ6 BK4 ctt. 28. ICK6 BR8 29.
m 7 BKt7 30. KB7 KICd a draw was

ii happens BIack draws, althnugl~such
results are not easy to foresee.
Drawn.
In this and the preceding exarnple the
pawns are s p a e d over seven or eight
files, and heir numbers arc few, so that
tlre hishop moves frmIy aboutthe board.
whilst the knight has few points of
anchorage.
152 Capablanca v. Reshevsky, Not-
tingham, 1834. The play takcs place over
a limited area, when the knight is not at
such a disadvantage. Even so, and
having atso the advantage of a well
centralized king, the win is a close-run
thing.
I ... K-Kt6
2 ?-I34 P-KKt5
3 P-.J35 3-43I
4 K ,,,,,,,.K'j -2
5 P-K4 &Kl
5 . .. K-B6, freeing the p a d RKZP,
sets White a harder pfoblem, which can
k soivcd only by meticulous play,
6, 12--B6 B--KI 7 . P-Kt4 P-Kt6
8. Kt-,,B4 K-Kt5 (a,,. BBZ 9. KB5
BKt6 10. KtKlh) 9. KtKt2 K-B6
(9 ... BB2 iO.KQ6KB6 11.PK5KxKt
12. PK6 Kl37(86) 1 3 . P x B, and White
can just in a diRicult queen and pawn
ending, or 9... BKt3 10. KK6 KB6
11. K1R4 ch. KKr5 12. KtxB) 10.
Kt-134 ch. K,,,,,-K15f I . Kt-B5 &Kt3
(11 ... KB6 12. K t x P ) 12. K-Q6
P,,,,,,,,Kt7(12... B x K t $3. PU7) 13.
Kt-K3 ch. K--B6 14. Kt X P K x P
IS. K-K6, the only move. losing a
tempo, I5 ... I&-KI(IS... RR4ch. 16.
KK7 BKt3 17. KtK1 KQS f 8. RtB3 ch.
KB6 19. KtK5 RR4 20. KtB6, or 15.. .
BR4 16. KK7 KB6 17. PR7) 16. Kt-
R 4 EC,L.Q5 (16 ... BB3 17. KtB5 HQ4 ch.
18. KQ5 BKt6 19. KtK7) 17. K,,-K7
&R4 18, Kt,,,-85 ~ h K-B6
. 19.
Kt-Kt7 &Kt3 20. ICt-,,,,K6K x P
21. Kt.,-M, and the BP queens.
6 K-.Q4
An easier way than 6. PI36 K36 irans-
posing to the above variation.
6 ... K--J36
If 6... G B 2 7. P,,,,,,,.Ii5
K-R6 8,
P-K6 P-Kt6 (8. .. BKtl 9. KR5 PKtS
IO.Kt84KKtS I I . P B S H x f 1 2 . K x B )
9. P XB P-Kt7 10. P-BX- - Q
Kt8=Q ck. 11. K.-KS.
7 P-KS P--Kt6
8 Kt-K3 K-BS
There are two ways in which Black's
bishop may fort% a blcckade of the
pawnson the fifth,but neither saves him:
8... 8,-.-K4 9. P,--K6 &Kt5
P-,-Kt4 K-B5 (1 0... PKt7 3 1. Kt x P,
or10 KK7 11.RK4) I:.Kr-....Kt2ch,
K-Kt4 farter I I ... KR6 12. RtR4 ch.
the bishop occupies the squaw nceded
f 0.
for Black's king, and if 12... KBS
13. PK7 BR4 14. KtKl6 ch.) 12. P--K7
&K4 13. K-K5 K-Kt5 (13.. . BRZ
14. RtKJ) 14. K-K6K-B6 15. P-136
L K t 5 ch. 16. K-I37 K x K t 17.
K-7.
S... G Q 2 9. P-K5 B-BI 10.
P-R7 B--02 I I. P-B6 B-K1 12.
Kt-.BS. With the knight on this key
square the KKtP cannot escape, I2 ...
P-KT1 f 12... RR2 13. KK5, or I2 ...
RKt5 13. Kt x P K x Kt 14. KKS BB2
IS. KQ6) 13. Kt-R4 ch, K-.U5 (or
13 ... KKt6 14. KtxP) 14. KtxPch.
12 MORE PAWNS: MATERIAL ADVANTAGE
Threatening to attack White's KBP,
and indkecily securing the advance of
his passed pawn, the QRP.
6 K-K5
bishop can no longer hold White's
p w a , but the text is a forlorn hope. The passed pawn tics down White's
10 KtxPcR. KxP knight.
I I K--W K-Kt5 7 Kt.--K4 ch.
12 Kt-,,K3 ch. K-U5 The inmedisttc diversion 7 Kt X P
13 K,..-Q4. leads to !he IMS of all his ?awns after
And Black resigns. 7 . , . KtQ7.
Where thcre are more pawm, which
obstruct the bishop hut do nce much
h & r the knight; or where the pawns
cIoser together, spread over five or
at most six files; then a pawn up should
win cven though the stronger party
5&ts with a knight against a bishop.
With a greater concentration or nuntbcr
of pawns ;here arc g e n e r ~ y more
squares on which the knight may be
firmly based. The generat winn~ngplan
fur all such endings is thc samc as that
iklinwted in Example 154.
153 Goldenov v. Szilagyi, Minsk, Black to play
1957. When both players have knighLs a 7 ... K-KS
pawn up pne~allywins. The greater 8 KxP P- R6
number of pawns favours tk stronger 9 Kt-Q4 P . .R7
m y because somc of the (iirawing 10 Kt-R? Kr-Q7
mourns d the basic endings aw not
11 Kt- R1 K- R6
available-notably hose variations in 12 Kt-B2
which the defender sacrifices his piece so
a to liquidate all the pawns.
Black's extra p a w , the KP, ia neither
' AfteflZ.KK3KKrh 1 3 . K x K t K x P
Black wins eas~lyon the king's side.
With thc tm-move White attempts ro
exchange oKall Black's pawns.
If 12. PKiS KR5 13. P x P P x P
easy to dcfcnd nor much of a threat in
itself, so he excllangcs it for White's 14. KK3 K t x P 15. K x K t K x P , and
QRP. 1.k thereby gets a queen's side the two rock's pawns win.
majority, and eventually a pas3ed QRP 12 ... ICt,,,.,,.Krd
which divcxts While's picas from the I J K ,,,,,,.K4 K,,,,--Kt6
dd- of his king's side. Black must not y t l accept the sacrifice,
13... PR8 =Q? I$. K t x Q K t x K t
2 ICtxKP P-R4
3 Kt--Q7 ch. K--,Kt4 IS. KBT, when all his pawns are ex-
changed. Instead, his kingouimuncruvrer.
4 PXP
White's king. To retain one pawn will be
4. Kt x P P x Y 5. KtR4 PKt6 is even suficicnt for victory, There is a natural
stronger for B1:nck. tendency for the mok's gaviavins to be left
4 .. . P xP on the board, which is to the advantage
5 Kt--B5 Kt-K18 of the knight, for then the RP is as good
 I1 MiNQR FELCG ENDINGS
as, in fact rather better than, any other 1
pawn.
i Kcepirq ouut Black's king.
6 ... B--K4
In the present case thc passed pawn,
which is always least favourable wben in
the wntrc, does not at the moment form
his king into the game. In am way at
j least this suits White, who may yet hope
to draw by exchanging offall the pawns.
14 K-K3
15 K K$
K--,,R6
K-Kt7
Qntralizing the bishop.
7 B-RZ K-B3
, effstive d m y , but might do so i f the
kin$s were dsewhere. With tkc text-
19 B,,,,,-%CR.
20 ~p x p ~ h ,
K--R4
PxP
The turning movement induces White
to weaken his pawns, for if nDw 16,
8 B-K~ move, 8... PB4, Black therefore plms to 21 R-Q% B.-R5
pKt5 p p $7. KH.5 ~ t 0 ch,-
5 When rhe pas& pawn i s in the ccnlrc, ~ O V Chir king over to the kine's side 22 B-,x? P x P ch.
-- if
.- with this end i l ~ k w and
; indeed this is I 1,
or when tnere is a Iarge nurnber of pawns ~ ~ 22,,4
j playrd ~ Y
k ~16y
' KP-334
1 616 K 3 K K t 6 1 7 . K KK-Kt6
4'~7ehh !on~hc~ard,theatlaekermyhava the most systematicmethod,if not in this ! ,
,seducd by tactial Iwssi-
I
17 P-Kt5
18 P x P
19 K-K5
20 P-X-15
K-Kt5
PxP
KxP
K- .Kid.
/ difficulty getting his king inlo thc game,
a problem especiafly prone to m u r in
hishop endings. Here Rlack*s king can-
not easily support the further advance of
rile passed pawn, nor othzrwise get
instanm tile quicker.
The player ~ i t the
h extra pawn has the
inherent advanfage that he may ofkr an
exchanp of p i ~ e s ,on the suppasition
that hc can win the pawn ending; whilst
1
)

22. KK6 KtQ5 ch. Black never queened
his QRP, a case o f the threat k i n g
stronger thanits execution, ln the event
kni&t w;d.P lied dowll whilst1 l ' h m n c ~ stage
Black's had active threats.
254 Uofdfinik ,,+ Boodarevsky, , do .W- In ;his case tile passed pawn (QP)
Moscow, 1941. When both sides have "lfeddy
[ agrEd white
.,
bilities of a sacrifice of his KRP fPKR4-
: S - ~ cre;lting a K ~ t P The
. game
for 2 1 moves before a draw was
QP with his
, king 2jLKO3 KKt3 24. KQ4, and hold-
raund to attack White's QRP. if thc defender declines to exchange, and ] ing up KRp his
withdraws his piece, then thc ae;acker 1 24,,. RB2 z5. Rkd RK3 26. BQU
.+ , P-X14 accordingly advances and improves his pKa4 2?. ~ ~ 4 . phywas in+
Centralization i s now compteie.
t is usually to make the
position. Botwianik indicaies how this ( i, ,,
t, for the movE he
factor may herc h i d tto a direct win: ( tlcprivcd his king of the of enter-
extra pawn a rml thmt. This means BQ3 9. BB2 BB4 lo. UK1 KKt3 ; ing WhiteS haif of the board, which was
making a passed pawn, or threatening to Bo2BQ3 12+ KQ4 3. BKI surely thc main purpose of his previous
BK4 ch. 14. KQ3 KB4, Black has j , i,p,
~Xlghtiyirrrpruvcd his king's position, but

i
23KxP R--,K4
bishops a pawn up wins h t h more Asthe passed Wwn can rarely be entry is not yct assured, 15. BQZ BR8 1
ceftajnfy a~zdmore directly than is the forcibly qumned7 it is
case with any 0 t h ~p i ~ c s ,wilJl the , enemy pi-?,
tc ~ K O the
or one of them. 1n $he
Y 16,BKI F Q 5 17BQ21186,andnow
Whits must a h w Black's king to attack )
;is7 tC-334 3
K-Kt
26 pLKt4 ch.
possible exct.plion of bishop v , knight. r preoerfineexamplc Bjack's QHP d m ~ c d QRP' Or xB 1 Elx B w . ,. pKR.Q,
lot brig &fore in game each phycr White's kniglnt. If instead the passed K x P X'QR*I, after which Black wins the
had a rook, a qumn, and a bishop, Black Paw" d ~ o y osr is blocked defend- tempo-strugg~e,thereby eains the oppo- 1 26 .
27 -8
. %R3 J
exchanged for nrefcwm the major ing king, jhen the attacking king gms i o
picccs, lmving a bishop and the other side of the board and there
sition, and iinally advances his king into
the enemy position. Although rtIways I 28 R--RS K-Kt4
ending.
~n most endings the processes
mops up thc pawns (cp. Example 156).
Thus positions with pawns o:1 both
ore the same, ~ ithe ~king~andt other , sidesof the board are easier to win-the
available, opportunities of return:ng the
extra pawn mist not !x overlooked. I 29 B-K1 P--Q5
ThC culmirdtioo of Black's plan. NOW
To summarim, the player with the ' h a t the kings arc on the king's side, the
pi- must & a n t r ~ i z d ,brou&r to ! decoy dnws the defender's forces pawn up has in mnsulucna iwJ yosi- p a s d ccme pawn becomes an effaivo
good squares where they have the gmat- I away. tional advantages: his pawn may itself decoy.
est mobility. aad he rmdv for active I be a threat; or kc may offer to exchange 30 ~ . 4 ch. 2
service on ;ither ffank. - picccs, the dwiension of which impmova I 1~ 30. ~ ~B K t ~ 3 33. ~ n 133 ~ 5
his game, i 32. BR5 PQ6
Thc dcfmdzr also centra1izt.s. 9 B--.B2 K--Q3 30 ... K-R5
10 &-,,.R7 K-KJ 31 I3 -XI ch. K-RB
$ 1 &,-K3 K-B3 32 B-02 P-06
i2 S Q 2 K-Kt3 33 I)-Kt5 B+QI
13 R-K2 K-K4 34 K- K4
While correctIy puts his pawns on 14 'R-XI K-,,,,,Kt4 After which Black's king dmisisivcly
Whllcsquares, where lhey do not &peck 15 13%-02ch. &-RS enters, but i P 34. BB4 BR4, followrd hy
the bishop. 16 B-el ch. B-Kr6 j
35... $47.
17 B-B3 P-Kt4 ' 34 ... K--Kt5
I8 B-Q4 p - , , , , , ~ t ~ i 35 K x P RxP

White to play
Whether he l i k i~~ 01 not Bbck will
,haw to exchanp some pawns :o force 1
1 36
And Black wins.
P,-KR4.

fOI
 XX MINOR PIECE ENDINGS 12 MORE PAWNS: MATERIAL ADVANTAGE
155 Kerm v. Lilienthai, Tallinn, B x P 9. KR5, and the KRP blls, 9... 157 Smiltinc~v. Portisch, Moscow,
1445. White's king has no way of cn:er- KB3 10, K x P, when BIack l o w chiefly 1956. The bishop shows itsd'to be better
ins Black's game, and can neither assist because his KBP obstructs his bishop, than the knight when bvlding up a
the advance of his passed pawn, nor I0 ... BK3 11. RR7 HQ.1 12. PR4BB5 passcd pawn. Here BIack's bishop not
eff~ctivtiyattack Black's pawns. 13. PR5 BQ4 14. BK8 BK3 15. PR6, only proiwts hii own pavan, and pie-
I K-Kt3 now White's problem is that of extri- vents the advance of the KP, but may do
so from many diffcrcnt squares;whcrus
White tries the king's side. He cannot cating his king, IS. .. I%- B2 16. &Q7 the knight ctin only shuttle to and from
R S 17. B x P (the not ustypical
do anything on the queen's side. for Ssacrifice) 17.. . KB2 18. 847 BQ6 ch. its QKt'l square.
there the black squaws are resolutely We fitst show that While e play loses.
Mocked. 19. PB5 KH1 20. BKB, and Black
resigned. 1 Kt-Kt2
1 ... S K I
2 K-R4 K-I33 8. K C 8
3 1E- .K6 %KG White's king, limited by the edgc of
the bard, cxnnot get into the game White to play
I ... K-K8
4 B-Kt3 K---Q3 2 K-K3 P-45 ch.
s &Q1 witl~our this sacrifle, which however
only draws. 8 BB7 KK2 comes to much on his I333 squalr:; bul White. outflanks After this usefut chcck, Bfdck's king
To make a waq for the king via KR5, it, in the best military tradition, emerges.
the same thirg.
5 ... K-R2 8 ... K-K2 If 3.. .KtQZ 4, PB6 KK4 S. PI37 KK3 K--Q3 K-B7
9 K- R5 6. K t 4 ch. 4 K-K4
Of course iT 0.BKt5, then 9.. . BKt3, 4 B-Q5 If$. KWKKB4 5 . K x P K x P 6. KW
9 ... KxB The pawn cannot advance, 4. PBd? ~ 1 3 4 7 . K Q ~p ~ i 5 8. KtQ3 P K ~ B
10 K X P n- . K ~ I KtR2 ch., but is st suficjent d w a where
~ g. gt~lPQ6. The knight alone is ntr
I1 P - 4 6 K-Q2 it stands. match for the discunnccted passed
I2 P-R4 &82. 4 ... Kt-Q2 pawns.
Not 12... K x P ? 13. KK16 BBS 5 K-Kt6 Kt-Bj 4 ... K.,,,-K~
14. PR5, but d k r the text-move the
6 K-B7 Kt-Q4 5 K-BS B.--K2
game is quice drawn. 7 R-B4 6 K-K4 K-Q7
Instcad, 7. RK8 may be play& at 7 KxP K--B7
156 BoncR~Osmolovsky v. Kon- onm- 8 Kt--R4 P-,Kt7
stantinopolsky, Moscow, 1949. When . ...
7 R t-K6 9 Kt-B3
White to play
thc stronger pwrty has a bishop against a 8 B--K6 Ki-~ts If 4. Kt x P K x Kt 10. K--QS K-B6
knight he wins easily; always excepting 11. K-B6 K,,-QS 32- K-QT B--xt5
thow c a m where there is a weak colour The pawn ending is lost after 8...
13. P,.--fC7B x P 14. K x B RK4, win-
Opposing the king's entry is more
jrnportant rhan snatching the quecn's complex (pawns on the same coloured
KtxP 9 . B x i C t K x B ID.KK7.
9 K-R7 Kt-B3
/ ning the pawn ending.
pawn, if S... KQ4? 6. BR5 BRZ 7, squares as his bishop, so that he is very Kt-KS
10 1E-13B
BB7 ch. K x P 8. KRS K g 5 9. R x F weak on squares of the other miour).
IIcrc the pusiliurml Facturs balance, I I K---Q7 KxP
K x P 10. P-R4 K-,,,,,KtS 1 1. P,,-RS.
and White wim simply because of the 12 K-B6 ~ h .
5L R 5 R-82 inherent advantage of bishop v. knight The passd pawn has diverted Rtack's
7 P-Q5 and a pius-pawn. king so that his queen's side pawns mdy
If7.BKSRxB 8.KRSKB2 9 . K x P I P-Kt5 be mopped up.
BKtl 10. KKtS KK3 I I. PR4 BE2 White's piem arc aimady c e n t r a l i d .
I2.PRSBKtl f3.PRbRR2 14.PQSch. He next cream rt passed pawn to tic 12 . . . K-K4
13 K x P Kt43
R x P IS. K86 KQ3 16. KKt7 KK2 down BIack's pieces. 14 h K-04
17. K x B KB2, a drawn variant of
Example 66. I ... RP x P ch. 15 B,--Kt5 Kt--,,BI ~ h .
2 PxP PxPch. 16 KxP.
7 ... K-,Q3 3 KxP K-K4 Black resigned after 16... KQ3 17.
LilicnthaI plnyed 7...BRtl? which The player with the knight seh up a BR6 KtK? 18. KKt6 KtQ4 ch. 19.
permitted White's king toenter, 8. BKt6 typical strongpoint defence, in this case KKt7 KtK6 20+BK2 PBS 21, PR5. Black.to play
 X I MINOR PIECE ENDINGS 12 M O W PAWNS: MATERIAL ADVANTAGE
28 P-R6
B - 4 3 &.
B x Kt. 1 7 Kt-Q3
8 K-K3
&-K2 If Kt-B3 ch.
12 Kt-K1.
K-B5
K-K5
Kt--Q5
29 K,--BS
31, K-K6
Kt,--Q2
K-R S
K-,Kt4.
White raiw, for after II. PK7 13 K--Bl
PKCt8-Q 12. PKR=QBfack forces a I4 K-Kt2 Kt-K? With 5 united pawns v. 4 pawns the
queen exchange, and thexi wins with his 15 Kt-B3 stronger party may e x p t to win
KKtP. BUR3
K-B8. B 15. RBI Kt35 16. RKtl KtQ6 whether be has a bishop or a hight. The
Having to move, Black rannot directiv I?. KtKt2 PK7. method is the r a m , a paswd p ~ m in
win; but another-facct of the bishop% crcated, and either forced through or
superiority, its ability to lose a move, 158 Chemikov v. Chekover, Lenin- 35 ... K-Q6
16 Kt-KS &. K-Q5 u d as a decoy.
mables him to obtain this position with p d , 1968. In all endings with piem and
White to play. pawns the defcnder has exmllcnt draw- Not 16... K W ? 17. KB3 KQ7 18.
1 ...
ing chances whm all the pawns are on KtB4 ch. 159 Fine v. Najdarf, New York,
K-,,Kt8 one sidc of the board, spread over fom 1949. With 3 united pawns opposed to
At preswt Black cannot get his king 17 Kt-B? ch. K--,R6
or fewer files. 2 pawns the gamc is drawn regardlw of
into the game, for if 1 . .. RQ1. 2. KK3 If the stronger party has a bishop a
18 Kt,--K5
the kind of minor p i m , although
{threatening the QP) Z... BBJ 3. KB3, pawn up generafly draws, and it is the knights do offer somc chancts of a win
or1 ... BK2 2.K.K3I)B4ch.? 3 . K t x B same in rook or qumn endings; but if if the dafcndef is at all carelw.
PKt7 4. KtKt3. thc stronger party has a knight, then a
The idca behind the text-move is to 1 ... Kt-K2
pawn up often wins. Thc knight's short 2 Rt,--K4
hold White's king to the defence of his range is here no handicap, whifst its
KKtP. ability to control squam of either coIour 2. RtKZ KtQ4 3. KtKtl is simpler.
2 Kt-Kt2 is a distinct a=t.It makes IittIe differ- Thc knight kmps out Black's king,
If 2. K-Kt3 (foregukig his threat of ence whcthw thc defender has a knight guards the RP,and leaves White plenty
KQ4) 2.. . L Q 1 and after 3. K 8 3 BK2 or a bishop. of elbow room for his own king; and a
4. KKt3 BB3, or 3. KtKt2 BK2 4. KtQ3 1 Kt-.Q2 Kt-Q3 draw might honourably Ix a g e d .
BB3, Black has lost a move with his 2 Kt--Kt3 K-B3 2 ... Kt--I34
bishop. 3 Kt-42 K--44 3 P-R3?
4 K-43
2 ... K-R7 P-H4
White to play
3 Kt-Q3 Waving centralid his p i a s Black
After 3. KB2 13QI White's king cantlot creates a passed pawn. In the nature of Xf 16. KBI KtB5 17. KKI KQh
things this wifi not be far from the other 18. KtK5 ch. KKS 19. K1B4 KB6
Iave his post, 4. KK3 KKt6 5 . KQ4 pawns,a ci~cum~tafioe which favours the
K x P 6. K x P K M 7.KB4 PKt5 8. 20, KtK5 ch. KKt7 21. PR4 PR4.
knight, whereas it would b to the dis-
K x P PKt6 9. KtQI U 3 5 10. Kt33 18 ... Kt-B5 ch.
KB6, arid the KtP queens. AIso if 3. advantage of the bishop. 19 K-B3 ' P-K3
KtQl BQ1 4. KK3 KKt6 5. KQ4 5 PXP PxP M K-B2 Kt-Q6 ch.
K xP 6. K x P KB6 7. K W PKt5- 8. -.
- --
6 Kt-Bl 2I K x P
K x P PKtB. The pawn ending is tmily won after White resigned after 21. KtxKt
3 ... -1. 6. i(K3 KtB5 ch. K x Kt 20. KRI KK6. He loses the
Black's bishop 10% a tempo on the 6 ... P-K5 &. &mpu struggle, 21. PR4 PR3, or 22.
diagonal KB3 to QI, atthough the pro- 7 PxP& PxPch. PR3 PR4.
cess i s intemp;cd, being completed on 8 K- K3 K- -K4 21 ... Kt x Kt
Black to play
his eighth move. 9 ~t--q2 Kt-B4 ch. 22 K-K3 Kt-Kt3
10 K-K2 P-K6 23 K-K4 K-Q7
4 Kt-Kt2 24 K-RS K-K6
Mack now advances his passed pawn, This extra weakness i s fatal. Imtmd
And if here 4. KK3 KKtL 5. K W winning the knight for it. With a knight 25 K Kt5 he should pPay 3. Kt-B2 Kt-KG ch.
R x P 6. K x P KB6 7. KR4 KK6
8. KtKt2 PKt5 9. K x P PKtG. he can sometimes do this even when the The game is not to bc savecl. ...
(3 KtQ5 4. KtR3 PKt4 5. KtKtf)
pawn i s directly opposed by thecnemy's If 25, KB6 RR6 26. KKl7 KtB1. 4. K-Kt1 Kt-37 3. K t 4 3 P-Kt4
4 ... &K2
%-I34 ch.
king and minor piex, a procedure 25 ... K-J36 4. K-R2 K-R6 5. K-Ktl, when
White's knight firmly prevents Black's
5 K-B263) impossible with bishops--or for that 26 P-R4 K--Kt6
6 K-B3 K-Kt8 matter any other pieoes. 27 P-RS Kt-31 .
intended 5 . . Kt--K8a
 II MINOR PIECE ENDINGS
A near sacrifice. Once a ~ a i na mok's
pawn is shown to be very strong againsr
a knight.
Whitc resigns hecause hc cannot stop
theRP. I f $ 1 . KtxKtPPRh 1 2 . K t x P
K x Kr 11 KO7 K K t 7 hilt rlrrl here
160 GuIdin v. Averbrtch, Baku, '
1955. Here threc pawn? win agajns: two
pawns b ~ i i u s elhcy are spread over four lost for ihe KP,
fik.
1. ... P-Kt4
'ro fix hit^-^ so tllaf later
KKtP hcorncs a target.
2 P-R5
In general White would
exchange, but hcrc 2, P x P &. K x P
13 MORE PAWNS: POSXTXONAI. A f l V A h T A G E
pawn structuxe, he often wrns (Exarnplcs attacker is that of getting his king into
170-172). If ox r he contrary his position the enemy's li~les,--tkeprobiem of king-
is orherwlse infcr~or, the bishop may entry. 'l'11t function of a passed pawn (as
afford su%cime comwnsatlon to avoid one can rarely queen it) is usually to
& f a t { r e notes to Example 168). decoy the cnerny king so that om's own
Open positions, pnhns confined to 5 king enters, as in Example 16I.
or at most 6 files: the knight and bishop A knowledge of certain peculiarities
are about eqiral in viiluc (Exampic 169). of the knight may assist one's calcula-
Pawns confined to 4 or fewer liles: tions. For instanw, a knight on Q4 can
the bishop's chief advantage, i;s long reach any square in three or fewer
range, is of no account ; and the knight moves, except QKtZ, QKt6, KB2, KE6,
is supel,ior,for its abiliiy to cover sy wares and KR8. An adverse king, on the same
of either cofo~ris uscful in clow warfare. diagonal at; the knight with one square
Black to p l ~ y Twdve or more pawns, closc but not bctwen them cannot bc checked in
Mocked positions* irt jprrcral the knlght under three moves: in eRcz ihe king is
I theAsblockading
in Exernpte 158, the knighr xen-luves
king.
is not greatfy inferior to the bishop; but as far away as possible. Another useful
pawns tend to be cxcl~inged,and the distancc is to have one's king on the
' 9 K-U2 Kt-K9 position rhercby opened up, when the snmc line, rank or file, with two squares
10 K-Kt3
K-B5 bishop comes into its owr, The player between them, These relationships are
Whire resigns, for his knight will be with the knight must therefore avold commonly scen, as, for instance, in
owning u p ;he game too much. This Example 165.
sometimes ~xmakesit dificult for hifir to
i cxpluit an advuntagc (Example 168). JdI hvcrbach v. Veresov, Moscow,
i 13. MORE PAWNS: POSXTXONAL Blwked positions: if the player with 1947. White's queen's side majority
ADVANTAGE $he bishop has pawns on the same colour l a d s to a passed pawn which is farther
as used by his piece, then ha has a away and ehcrcfoxe of more value than
'HIE two mmt important factors are: bad bishop, or weak coiour complex, Black's passed pawn. This advantage,
to fkeiinherent Potentialities o f tRc pawn wbm the marked superiority of the and the fact that the KP is vulnerable,
on@:player having a passed knight i s well known. In many usesthis and wen to some extent hampers its own
I paw"+ a wing majority, or in some way
8

txposcs his Ktp too much, and leads single factor auAim for victory (X:xample hishop, are suficient for viclory.
a tosf pawn ending aftcr 3. KB3 pK5 ch. 1 b c i i c ~ a c l u 0~1i J I I I ~ G J ' I Ip~ dI ~m~ d pdwnh;
4 , ~ K t KtBS
3 I
5. KtR2 KtQ7 6, K g 2 2nd the position of one's king, Eilhw
-Y d~xisive,
167).
The pawn-structure is said to be
*k
I B-R3
in: liquidation,
F--QKM
as good a chanct
KB5 7. KK2 KKt6, or 3. KtR2 PK5 : balanced when, as in Examples
4. KQ$ KRS 5, K t ~ KtKi4 l &. 6, ~ g ,5 Weaknesses such rtS isolated, doubled, 163 and 166, neirher player has as any. To move the king would let in
PK6. or backward pawns, although trorrble- an actual or potential passed pawn Wfirtc's king.
some, are not so serious as rhcy arc in or pawn majority. An u n b l a w d policy, The winner analyses the 'wait and see'
rmk and pdwn endings. pawn-structure, E~ample 161 el aL, I . . . &RI 2. B-Q7 B-Kt2
Thc position of the minor piece is often fads to the creation of passed P--BS 3. %-Kt4 P x P 4. P x P B-Rl 5.
rarely vttal. A bishop can r ~ p o stion ! P x P 6, P x P K Q4 (if 6 . . .
pawns, which in gtncriil arc more
itself in a move or so--except for tho= effectively handled by the bishop than RQ4 7 . DKI KR4 8. PI36 KKtS 9. PB7
special c a s t s wIlere there is a bad bishop by the knight; but i t does nof fdo)lowthat BKJ 10 B x P K x P l l . R x R P K x P
Black's king makes a tempo-move (Example 156). Sometimes the knight is 12. BB7 BBI 13. K x P, Example 128)
~nhalancedpawns necessarily favour the
before guarding his KP, for if at once a lit ile rnisp'aced, requiringscveraf moves bishop. 'I'he way in which tt. e pawns are 7. G R 8 P- K t 4 dnuSling \%%i!e's
6... KQI? 7. KtKt4cl-1. KK4 8. K t S h to ~ c a c hthis or that sqrrare. unbalanced is more impartant: in pawns, 8. P x P K x P 9. BKt6 BQ4, else
ch., and White's knight is aggressively Of the powcrsof the bishop opposed to Example 172 rk ur~balance favoirrs thc bisl~opsare forced off), 10, B x RP
glaccd, those of he knight the concensus is as Black, who has :I bishop. and who wins; B- ,Kt l I 1. K-B4 34-QQ3 12. K - 8 5
7K t 4 4 aC=-,,Q4 I folfows: whereas in Example 168 irke unbalance K- KZ 13. K-Kt6 K-R1 13. K-RG,
8 Kt-K2 1 Upen positions, pawns spread over 6-8 favours White, who has a knight, and
I fiks: the bishop i s supmior, but not
If hc take? g o d care no1 to create passcd
KtBS K t x K t , Black wins, ' decisively 50; if the player with the pawns too hastily, but rather to maintain
Exarnpfe 32. bishop has also some other advantage the threat <{doing so, and he too wins.
8 .. . Kt-B5 ch. a betrer placed king or a rxrorc favourable The mosl usual dificculty for the
 X I MINOR PIECE ENDINGS 13 MORE PAWNS: POSITIONAL ADVANTAGE
ck. 10. KKt4 KtK4 ch. $1. KBS 8 Kt-B4 P-Kt6 PW 113. RK2 B x B 14. K x B PBS; or
QWB7 ch., etc. 9 ~t ,,,,,,,.~ t l K-I37 1 0 . B K 2 B x B I I . K x B P K t 3 12.PR4
2 , .. K-Q4 10 P-RS P-R5 PB4 1 3 . P x P P x P 14.PRSPRS.
3 Kt-i(3 ch. K ,,,,,.,.K5 1 I Kt--B4 K,,-,48 6 ... P-KKt4
Black can renew the nlating threats Threatening 12... PI26 13. Kt x P Black wanis to fix Whitc's king's side
only by capturing thc KRP. This would PKt7 mate. pawns on White squares, thus further
bc impracticable if White's pass4 pawns resir~ciing his bishop. The rrnrncdiate
were mare advanced. 12 Kt-KtZ p Rd
13 Kt-K3 ch. K-B7 king advance, 6... K M 7- KBZ KK5
4 P-R4 is answered by 8.llR5 KQ6? 9 . BKtG ch.
14 Kt,,-Kt4 ~ h . K-K7.
If 4. PKt4 KtQS 5 . PR4 KBG 6. 7 K-K2
PKtS K x P. White rmigns, for he is matcd in 2,
7. PR4 avoids what foflows, but the
4 ... K-06 game is epmd irp so that lack-s king
Whitc to play 156 Srnystov v. Keres, U.S.S.R. enters, 7... P x P 8. P x P PI34 9. KB2
Uharnpionsk~s,M o w w . 1951. Because P85 1 0 . K B 3 P x P I I . K x P B K t 3 .
3 ... K--Kt1 The advance of the RP is too slow,
5. P-RS K-K7 6. P-R6 K x P
his queen's sidc pawns axe on white
4 R-B4 K-Bl squares, and haw to IE dcfcndd by,
5 K-B5 K-KtI 7. Kt-KI ch. (7. KtBS PRS 8. Kt x P whilse tiley also obstruct, his bishop
6 K-B6 P-RS K t x K t 8. PR7 PKt6 10. PR8,:::Q moving on wkite squares, White is said
7 K-K7 PKt7 ch.,with mare in 3 ) 7...K,--.K7 lo havc a bad bishop. This is not in ilself
8. K t 4 3 3 ch. (8. PR7 PKt6 with mate fatal, but his pawn+structure shows
In the game Black's counter-thrust
drew, 7. PK7? PKt6 8. P x P P x P 9.
..
in 2) 8. K.,,,-.88 9. Kt-K4 P-RS another disadvantage: the isolated KP,
10. F,,-R7 P.-Kt6 I I . Kt,,--C)2 ch. which pennits Black to owupy a fine
Hi51 HQ2, for Whrts could only win this K t x K t 12.P-RS-Q,a11dBIackmata
position withou: the movc. and if sqirarc at his K4, and evcntuafly to
~ O . B K ~ ~ B11.XICK6BKI
P .I~.KXP penetrate the position with his king, as
m2. Kercs shows with flawless technique.
7 .., P-Kt6 1 ... %-Kt8
8 PXP PxP First Black fixes the queen's side
9 %K4 BxP pawns, which b d s to the immobilim-
10 K x P K-BI 1iv11of WIriieL l?,islrvga i Ql.
1 K,,,-.,.B7 K-K2
12 B--Kt2 %K 1 2 P-R3 P-QR4 7 ... B-R4
3 B---QI 8 I-'.--KK14 &Kt8
13 B-R3. 9 K-133
And White wins. ..
To prevent . UB7, which remaim a 9. KQ2 loses the RKP, 9..RK5 ;md .
standing threat for the r a t of thc garne. 10. BKt7.
185 Tarlakowcr v. Botvinnik, tim-
ingen, 1946. Sometimes om pIaycr's 3 ... K-Kt3 9 ... P-B4
passed pawns are more dangerous tkan Next Black antralizes his king. 19 f x P
Black to play
those of his opponent, generally bemuse Now his KRP ~ o m e avulnerabte,
they aar farthcr advamd. 5 . . . K-K7 4 R-Kt2
5 K,,-R3
K ,,,,,,,.
K-K4 and Black has threats on hath wings;
1 ... P-R4 6 Kt-R4 ~ h . KxP but if 10. KK2 BKS I I . KB2 PB5, and
7 K t x P ch. 6 P,,,--QRI
2 Kc-B4 ch. Black's king fm@s its way through.
After 6. K-K2 B-EM 7. P-,KKt4
Unless this piece succonrs the im-
Aftcr 7. Kt x P Black mates in 6, coln-
(7. PKR4 DKt5 ch.) 7,..&Kt8 8. 10 ... KxP
prisoned king, an immediate break- mencirrg 7 . . . PKtb 8. Kt x P K x K t P-KR4 (else 8... PKKt4 fixing the I I K-B2 B--KS
ifirougti decider, as shown by Bronsfein,
9. PR5 PR7. 12 K-Kt3 K Kt3
7 ... K-I38 king's sidc pawns on White squares)
2. PIX4 KtQ7, keeping out Whitc's 8... K-KS 9. K-02 L Q 6 , and now White's RRP is to Ire fixed on KR3.
knight, 3. PR5 PRS 4 . - ~ PKt6 ~ 6 5. Not 7.. . P x K t ? crippling his pawns; if 10.PR5 PH5, whilst otherwise Bfattck's 13 K,-]B2 P-R4
P x P P x P 6. PRY PKt7 ch. 7. RR2 for their steady advance now wins. welbpPdceti king ensures a won pdwn 14 K,,-Kt3 P-,-R5 ch.
KtBb ~ h 8.. K x P PKt8 - Q 9. PR8-- Q Mwnwhiie Rtack's king eva&s the ending: 15 K-l32 B-84
and White is in a mating net, 9... QR7 checks as n~uchas possible. 10. PR4PKtJ 11. f R 5 P x P 12. P x P 16 K-Kt2
 I X MfNOR PIECE ENDINGS 13 MORE P A W S : WSITIONAI. ADVANTAGF,
2 P-,,M 170 Konig v. Smysbv, Great Britain KKt4 t h knight is trapped on the edp
K t K t 3 ? Tied to the Y. U.S.S.R.. Radio match, 1946. Other of the board.
Better
i consider"ions apart, the unbalance of
defencr of pawn {hc knight, pawns should favorrr White, who has
other pioces, i s immobilized. a queen's side majority, whilst Mack has 171 M. Vidmar v. UIvestad, Yugo-
2 .. . K,,,-Q1 nnlv a central majority; but Black's slavia v. U.S.A+, Radio match, 1950.
Each party has a pawn majority but
If Z... P B ~3 , P x 1' P r P 4. K t 8 4 L i n g is mvh bite; piaked, and in the Dlack's ia under resrraint, and the three
BB3 5 . KtQG ck, KQI 6 . PX37 ch. Play event enten and captllres the queen's
with thc knight a l w ~ y sinvatves va:ious I side pawns whilst his own passed pawn
pawns ace for the time bc ng held by
two. Also, his QKtP is a vulnerable
ti~ctical conrinuations. This sense of . holds White's king in the ccntw.3 tax@. The position is open, and the
im~mcdiacy contrasts with tkc dclikr- rcversnl of the normal procdum which bishop therefore inhcmnt y stronger
ateIy prcpard rniinreuvrcs of the bishop, only just succmds. In addition White's than the knight.
3 K-K4 K-B2 king's side pawns are wcak, so that his
4 k-,,,Q5 P-B4 knight must dcfend the RRP and cannot Black to play
White wins crsily rficr 4.. PBJ
5 . KtK4.
i
rnanmuvre freely. Finally, in this open
Posit& the bishop has a natural
j superiority ovcr Ihc knight.
If 5. Kt-K3 &-K2 7. Kt-Kt2
8. P-Kt4 I),,,,,-RS 9. P-B3
The liquidation 2. BR3 PB5 3. P x P
K t x P 4. B x P R t x P 5. BxP?cfraws
1 ... X)-,,,,,Kt4 ..
(9. KQ2 PB5) 9. P X P cR. 10. K x P kcanst: all the remaining pawns arc on
K-Q5. the side of the b a r d ; but here 5. BQS,
A correctly timed altack on White's
KRP, for 2. P x P P x P gives Black a 6 ... P-B5 trapping the knight, is to be considered.
dangerous king's side majority. e.g. 7 P-B3 K-Q5 2 ... P-R4
3. KR2 PR5 4. P x P P x P 5. KR1 PR6 8 PxP
Hoping to exchange some king's side
6. K K t l KK4 7 . KR2 KB5, and wins. If 8. PRd PK6 9. PKt5 PK4, and pawns. A sturdier ~csistance folollows
Mot infrequently the attacker may alter White is still ticd up. 2 . . P-KKr3 3. K,,-,,,,UZK-Kt2 4.
1
the naturc of the paawn-structure in his
favour.
8 ... KxP K-R3 K-$33
6. P-KKt4
5. K-Q3 K,---K2
(6.. , KQZ '! 7.PKt5
9 Kt-KI K--Q5

I 2 K ,,,,,,,.K2

d~ftmdby KtKt2-
PxP
Black exchanger befa. W h i r can
10 K-B3
BIack's king enters one way or the
B-HZ 12. &Kt3
I 1 . K-,,,,-B2
othtrer. If IO. K-Q2 K,,,,,,,,,B5
13. Kc-,KtS
threaiening 8 . BKtS) 7. P-R4 K-B3
(7... KQZ? 8. BK4) 8.K-B3 K,,,,,,,,,K2
4. P-Kt4 P XP ch. 10. K Xiitthotrgh
Whits's ?rospextq remain good.
I',

While to play 3 PxP F,-M

(after 13. KtK5 ch. KQS 14. KtQ7 BQI 3 K-,,,.82
4 Kt-Kt2 K-K4
5 P-R3 15. KtKtl B X P 16. Kt x P Btnck's Ex11 player ccntralizcs his king.
5 PxP PxP pas& pawns win, because they are
5 KxP KxP Whitc's pieces are tied to the king's 3 ... K-R2
farther from the enenly king, and b m u s e
7 Kt -Kt3 &-Q3 ch. side: if the king movm, then ... PB5 the bishop is here superior to the knight) 4 K-K3 K,-Kt3
7 . . . KQ2 is more logical, but in any threatening ... PB6; if the knight movcs 13... 14. Kt-B3 L H 7 . 4 %B3
event his KRP be defended. far, then ... BKZ wins the KRP. Xf
g K ,,,,,,,.KO 5 . PB4 ch. Bla~b's protcxrcd pascd
pdwn wins the day, S... KK3 6.KtK3
Ilolding off Black's king.
8 ...
4 Kt-Q4 ch.
B--R7
K--114
F ,,,,.,, R4
BK2 7. RtKtZ I383 8. PKt3 BQS
8. KtK3 R x Kt. Lastly, if 5. PKU BK2
5.RK3 PIIS ch. 7. Kt x P HW ch. win-
The pawn cnding is Imt by a tempo
after Xl.KtKt2KKt6 12. Kt x P B x K t ,
I1 . . .
i
10 K t x P ning the knight. K-.Kt6
$ 1 Kt-Kt3 K,,-QS 12 Kt-Q3 RzP
5 ... 8-Q3 13 lit--=
12 K-B5 P.-R 5
&Kt# Not 5.., FR4? 6. PKt4 liquidating If 13. KQ5 BK2 14. K t x P K x P i,
13 Kt-R5
14 P-T33 B-U7 II Black's future plunder, 6-..P x P 7. P x P
R x KIP, and now 8. PB3, with drawing
IS. K t r P PR4 16. KtR4, thc QRP ,
15 Kt-R4 cannot be stopped.
16 Kt-Kt6 chances lmause thc bishop is of the i
17 K-Kt4. wrong colsur for the RP. 13 ... RxP.
Black r s i g i . 6 P-Kt4 While resigns, for after 14. Kt x P &. , Black to play
114
 IT MINOR PIECE EhmXNES
And a skewer also follows IS... KQ4
15. QB5 ch. KK.1 17. QR6 ch. I QB7 supporting the advance of the KIP,
16 Q--K7 ch.
Rlack resigns. I f 1 6 . . KBl 17. KtQ6 8, p ~ 1 ch.
ch. KKtl i s . QKt7 mate, or if 16... i
KKtl 17. QQS ch. RKt2 18. KtB5 ( 0 6 ) 1
mate, or 16... KKf3 17. QBS clr. KKlZ
18. KtQ6 ch. KKtl 19. QB8 mate. which White can win for rwo pdx7ns by
Finally, if 16...KKt3 17. QB5 cb. KR4 4. PK17 ch., hut in the ahscnce of other
Black's quen is skewcmd, this time on mdferi;h this is meaningless.
the fife, 18. Q x P ch.
BISHOP C)F OPPOSITE COLOUR
Many of the ordinary rules d o not
apply. Thc bishops cannot atrack the
same squaw, and a x nor easily cx-
changed. One player may control all the
squares of onc colour, whilst those of the
opposite colour are inviolate. Such
endings are lew subtle, and refinements
like triangulation and the opposition are
at a discount.
A pawn up does not generally win.
Even the basic ending bishop and two
pawns v, bishop i s often drawn, White
winning only if the pawns are widely
separated or far advanced.
174 United pawns draw if the
bishop is of the wrongcolour: for the RP.
1 ... B-83
'fit! bishop stqs on the tong diagonal.
2 &K5 ch, K-Bl
Black plays and draws
14 BISHOP AND TWO P A W S v. BISHOP OF OPPOSITE COLOUR
After Z... KRI 'I White's king goes to 1 1 7 6 but ~f the d t a ~ ~ position
in were w e d
one rank forward or one file lo the left
3. KKt4 BKr7 4. KBS BB6 5 . KQ6 Black's b~shop cwld not mark time,
I
KRtt 6. KQ7 ch. K R I 7.KB7 BKt7 dv @ whtch exptains why the two p r w d m g
7 : exi~nplesare won hr ~ h l l e .
B-Kt7.
'
Black tcmporises with his bishop, 178 In practice pawns Crthe~back
I
1
a I for Black 10 pa hr pieces, apeMUy Ulc
bishop, correctb placed. Hcrc with the
'Ap, move he gcts the standad drawing
175 i n d l o t h e r c a s e a p m r o n i h r 1 -@ pos~iionby 1 ... KB3 2. PB4 3B2 3. PQ4
BK3; but wlthorrt the movc he cannor
White wlns
1 ... -H--413- - 1
prevent thc pawns' advance.
If I . . . IlQl 2. BB5ck. KKtI 3. RKt4,
Black is in zugzwang, and c?nnol
if t . . . BH2 2. BK4 ch. KR2 ?. KQ5
X1R4 4. KB6 BQI 5. PKt6 ch. I The
-i34
dngonaf from
&- K3
wbrch
I wants to oppose pawns on the bishop
prevent PB:. 3 the fourgh
177 All other positlofis with united ' (KKtI, KB2, K3) 1s not the same as the
pawns on the fifth, and all po51t103S wit11 diagonal for opposing pawns on thc fifth
united pawns abreaqt on the fourl)l or (QKt2, QRI, as in the prwding
fartl~crback can be drawn ~fUlack's king example). The b~shapmust choose, md
and bishop are corrcclly p b ~ d . I White plays accurd~ngiy; If I . . RB3
1 ... 3- Kt2 1 2. PQ4 BKt2 3. P Q S twnspo~ingto tRc
Not 1 . .. BQ2? 2. BB4 ch. KKt2
3. KK5. 1 2. K-BS
Not 2. PQt? KB3 with the standard
2 B-a4 ch. R-02.
draw.
2 ... RBI
Xf Z...BRrf 3. Po4 B1B2 4. PQ5
BKtI 5 . KQ4 I382 6. PBS aligning the
White wins pawns on the fifth, after which the
defending bishop is misplad, and PI36
2 B-45 ~ h . cannot be prevented.
Afleler which White's king will support
the advance of the HP from cither Q7
or QKt7.
2 ... K-41
If Z..,KKtd White's king g s to 47.
3 K--RI, R,-R7 Black plays and draws
4 K-Kt7 Kt4
~.,,,,,,.
5 P-BY ~ h . Xf 3. PB6 ch. B x P.X i 3 . PQ6 BB3 with
an absolute blockade. If instead White
175 This and its counrerpart (pawns plays his bishop or king, Black tem-
at KB5 and KKt5 with queen's bishops) porizes by sjuttling his bishop from
are the only positions with pawns on r he QKt2-QRI , from whbh di;jgonalit both
fifth which ,:annot bc drawn. arcvents PB6.and hotds the UP under
...
If I BR2 2. BK4 ch. KB2 3. BBB fire thus trying down White's Gag. White pfays and wics
with zugzw;inp (4. PK16 follows) whilst This i s $hestandard drawing position, , Black plays and draws
 I1 MINOR PIECE ENDINGS 14 BISHOP AND TWO PAWNS v. BISHOP OF OPPOSITE COMUR
3 P,-Q4 B,--R3 181 With KKtP +QP (or QKtPS. Tfia ending with U P + -KP, or QRP
4 F-45 K-B1 KP) the game is drawn when Black's +QP, is drawn ii:the bishop ;is of the
5 B---W K-Ql king btocks tha centre pdwn, but other- wrong colour for the RP. In other case
6 K-Kt4 K-Q2 wise mav be lost. X5lack draws iT his king blocks the m i r e
7 B-Kt3
Not 7. PB5? RKt2, for then Black's
bishop is on its correct diagonal for the
1 K--M
2 %-Kt4
3 P-Kt5
S 8 3
%Kt7
K-K2
1 pawn, but may lose if his king blmks
the RP.
standard draw. 4 K-K4 182 Analysis from the game Rotov
White's king cannot force an miry on v. Botvinnik, Moscow, 1947. Colours
Black i s in zugwang, if 7... KK2 thc king's side, for i f 4 . K B S BB6 reversed. Pawns three or morefilcsapart
8. PHS followed by 9. PE6. If this S. KKt6 RQ7 6. KR5 336 6. KR6 BQ7 normally win unless there is a bishop of
position were moved one or more files 7,KRS BB6 8. PKt6 BKt2. h em g colour for the RRP. Black then
to the right Black's bishop would have a 4 .., draws if his king can block this pawn,,-
White wins bere the QRP.
rempn move at this point. but now it is 5 K-Q3 I%-38
s q u e e ~ dout. To ensure entry for his king White 6 F-Kt6 %EL3 1 K--Kt8
8 K--Kt5 B,--Kt2 needs two fifes to the side of the pawn.
9 K-Kt6 K--331 9 ... K-K2
10 K-R7. 10 K-,,,,Kt8 B-R3
In a genera! way some pawtl-group- 11 B,,,-Ks K-41
ings arc more favourable t h n othc~s.
1 z P--l38 = y.
with king's bishops, White dom best 180 As shown by Averbxh, 1950,
wilh QKtP+QBP, or KP+KBP; and
pawns two files apart draw, whatever
with queen's bishops the reverse farma- filcs they are on, if their advance is
tiom art: hst, QBP-VQP as here, or blocked by a bishop from one and the
HCBP ,,I,-KKtP.
m e diagonal, and if BIack'~king can
oppose the antry of White's king.
179 Disccmatcd pawns one file
apart draw if they arc bblcscked. 1 K-Q5 K-B3
If thc pawns are two film apart the
2 Kt4 &Kt6
result depnds o n the files the paws are Not Z... K-,K2? (2.., RKt4? Drawn
on. KWI-QBP is often won bocausc 3. KK6) 3. K-K4 follow4 by P%-E4. Drawn
there i s sufficient manmuvring space for 3 K-B5 L B 2 Xf 1. PR5 BR2 2. PR6 KKM 3. KKt7
White's king to ~ n c t r a t ethe position. 4 K-Kt5 K-K2 BK5 ch. 4. KR7 BR2.
It i s impornant to kcep White's king
There is onty one winning plan, the 5 K-R6 K,-QI. out.
king supports the d v a n c e of whichwer 6 K-Kt7 B.,,,,,,. 8... BK4'? loses, as shown by Charon,
pawn is blocked by the enemy bishop, 1954. 9. KKtG BKtZ 10. KKt7 BK4
in dus course winning lfvaL pi= fur ilrc 11. RB8, threatening to move along the
pawn. back rank. I 1 ... KK2 12. BB7 BBS
I P,,-B4 B,--83 13. KKt7 ~ ~ 14.t KB6 6 BK4 IS. KBS !
2 K--@ B-.,,,BG 31Q3 cft. 16. KKt5 BB5 17. flK6 BK4 White may gain the enemy bishop far
3 K-KCa K--QI 18. KBS KB3 19. BB7 KK2 20. KB6 thc KRP, which draws. He would win
4 P--HS B--Q5 3B5 21.13K6 KB3 22. BR5 KK2 23. only if it were possible to gain the bishop
5 P-H6 R-B6 SKt4 BKt6 24. RR5, the winning for the QRP.
6 K R7 M I S manmrtvre (which, however, is not Black's QP makes no differme. In
7 K-Kt6 B-84 possible with a RP), 2 4 . . BK4 25. iPQB endings with Mshops d vppusirc coivur
8 P-B7 ch. 3 x P 26. PKt7. thb is not unusual; it is not the number
9 K-R5 B-HI ch. I
of pawns that mattes, but whether they

I
are dangcraus, and an isolzted passed
Black chaiks whenever White plays p a w unsupported by its king is rarely
K--5. i an imminent threat.
12
 11 MINOR mce ENDINGS IS BISHOPS OF OPPOSITE CQLOUR: MORE PAWNS
tactical point. If 3... KK2 4. KKt3 K1131 the bishop guards the pawns on the BQ2 IS. PRS BB1 16. BQ6 BR3 17 ln endings with bishops of opposite
5. KW* other side of the board. mt5 HI31 18. KBG, duly winning the colour it is often dificuIr to st the king
me winning method is the usual one, 2 ,,,,,,,,~~3 K-BI bishop for the QRP. into the enmy Iines, WUE the bishop
White's king gaining the enemy bishop 3 K-M cannot be opposed with a view to forcing
K-Q2 13 K-Kt5 -2
for the pawn it blocks. 4 B-,Kt4 K ,,,,,,,.K3 a way tkrough. In the event Whitc g i v e
14 K K-,f3 1
4 P-Kt6 24 3 3 5 R-R3 33-42 IS &6 ch. K--Kt1
up one of his advanced pawns to get his
5 K-Q7 K-I32 The bishop cannot by itscIFtlcfcnd thc I6 K K7 R-B3
Mng into active play.
6 K-B4 K-H3 king's side, if 5... BKt3 6. KKtS KQ4 17 K ,,,,,,,,,KG K-Kt2 3 B-Kt4
7 P-R5 a,,,,,,.Kt2 7. PKR4 PKt4 8. PQKt3 P X P 9. 18 K x P . 4 P-QR4 8-K I
8 1
- B-BI HPxP KB4 10. PR4 P x P 11. P x P
9 B,,-K4 ch. K-Q3 And White wins, 18... K82 19. BB5
KKt3 12. PKR5 I3KI 13. PR5 ch. KR3 KKt2 20. KK6 KK13 21. PKKc4
10 P-,R6 K,--B2 14. K x P B x P 15.KxP.
I 1 K+5 K,,--Kt3 KKt2 22, PR5 XKtl 23. KK7 KKt2
I2 B-Kt5 B-Kr2 6 I?--WCt3 P-Kt4 24. 8 4 4 ch. KKtl 25. PK6 BBRt2
.pi
13 K- K6.
White wins the bishop for the RKtP,
7 K-Kt5 K-B2 26. PR4, at last getting a passcd pawn.

187 Sabo v . Bronstein, Bridapcst,

i,
(I,
,,;

a,a+awa$! .-
@ 187

I86 Nirnzowitsch v. Tarrasch, Xis-

1950. A pawn up, White strives for
victory by means of one of thc basic 1 ggjtm:
singan, 1928. Besides the queen's wing
mdjority, whlch wentilally means a
methods, tfaving a pasxd KBP he may
try to create another tkre;~: on the :m @ % m;I
i my m s /
passed pawn there, Wllitc has an adran- quccn's side; or hc may instead try and
rage @on the o:ker side beciause h ~ sking get 3 pair of connected passed p ~ w n s ,
can attack Black's wcak pawns.
White has t>rea& on boih wings; and
QKtP t QRP.
White kils bwause, apart from :-&a gj @ @
the king's side threat m a n s either that
Black's king will be tlrawn away from the
queen's side, or that White will gct a
Bronstein's skill, he has xio ~ s i t i o n a l
advantage to supplement his material
advantage. The two passed pawns we
'g.-a:SL~-J ,,,,,,,,,

second passed pawn on the king's side - White to plaj

too close together. and do not form
else it means nothing; for a pawn &ectiveIy separate threats.
majority on one wing unnnut win inless White to play After S... R x B P ? 6 . BB2 KK3
there arc also thmats on the other wing. 7.R x P K Q 4 8. BKt6 White gets con-
Here Black would draw if his king's side
pawis could be defend4 by the bishop
White prepares everything carefulIy.
8 ... B--B I &feBUaIding the (w if 2 . :
nected passed pawns, for which Black
would uitirnateiy have 10 give UP his
far his
alone. 9 K-R6 K-Kt1 K B? 3. PB7.white hopes to wntinur bishop; and White then wiris, shade for
with 3. KB3, Q PKi4 p P ), x P,and
bishop h OF fhe
I K-RZ? The end of the first phase, Rlack's king
has bwn drawn as br as posible from 6. K R S attacking the QRP, whcn the ;
The correct route is 1 . K- -BI B-Kt4
the queen's side. thrcab on botk sides o f the board 1 6 K-Kt2
ch. 2. K K l , and if 2... R R3 3. pon1isc:victuiy; a plan which is promptly 116, KIM KX33 tltrmtening 7...BB2 ch
P--QKtJ K-B3 4. PbQR4. 10 p,,,,,,,,Kt3 PxP nipped in the bud.
11 3 P r . P j3,,,,,,,,~2 6 ... K ,,,,,,.K3
1 ... 1'-OR5 ?' 2 ... P-QR4 7 K-32
White is now trying to create a passed 3 K-I33
Black safegrrards these pawns before QRP, and Rlnck to prevent this. h the 7.BKI wins a tenlpo hui not the game.
moving his king away. Xf instead 1 .. . gan~c'Tarrasch playcd 1 I . . . PB5 at once If 3. &B3 Block eliminates thc weak 7 .. . P,--R5
PKU5? White gets a king's side rn~jority giving White a passed pawn ot:the king's QRP, J... P-RS 4. P x P (4. KB2
by 2. BKt5 PB6 3. PRKt4. Not 7... KQZ? 8. BRI K x P (8 ...
side, and Iost after 12. P x P BQ2 13. P x P c h . 5. K x P B K 1 6. B K 5 ? K X 8 ) K K 3 P . R < i P K x R P 1O.KBJ) 9 . B x P
Bowever a driiw fuIlows 1 . .. B-Kt4 KKt5 KB2 14. PI35 BB3 15. KB4 KK2 4... i3 x P 5 . B-K5 R-Kt4 6 , K-X33
2. K-Kt3 (2. KKtr BK7) 8-88 when White has a passed pawn on each
16. KKS (zugzwang) :)IS... BKI 17. S K I , and now either 7. KKIJ? or wing,
3. P-,,-,,KR4P-,R4 4. I3x P K x P BRS ch. 18. KKS HKI f 9. KQ5. 7. KH4? is answered by T.., K X
5. K x P B--36, again showing the 8. PQ7 B A P 9. PB7 RKB ch. It i s this 8 B-K I. PxPc~.
standard drawing procedure: the Cdcnrt-
12 B,,,,,,,,KS B-KI
resortrt- that prevents White's king 9 KxP R x BP
ing king blocks Zha pawn majority, and I If 1 2 . . BBI 13. PR4 P Y P 14. P x P advancing via the white squares. 10 B x P
124
 11 MINOR PIECE ENDINGS I6 TWO MINOR PIECES v. TWO MXNOR PIECES
White's pdssed pawns are not far 24 K x Q R--K8. two bishops contra1 every square on the ...
If 4... Kt,--Kt3 (4 PI34 5. B x Kt)
enough apart to be rtalty dangerous.
Given enough rime he could win Black's /
1D,
queening fib,and are a p e r k t escort far
the pawn.
5. B - - 4 6 (5, B x K t wins, but kacping
the bishop is cven better) 5... B-Kt3
bishop for them, but In fkmanwhlle '388 Calrfer-Smith v . Katz, London, The Cisparity between two bishops (5 ... BK2 6. B87 PRS 7. BB2) 6,
RP X P 7, P X P P X P 8.P,--BS,
his remaining pawn, the KRP* would 1
1949. Even with $0few pz- a combin&-
and two knights is even grcater, aarld in
very ope9 positions this advantage i s
P,,,,,,,,,QKt4
and a piece must be given up for White's
liqwdated. I tive finish is sometimes pass~ble. alone srxlficient for victory. passed pawn.
10 ... K-K3 I White to play draws by 1 KK3; but The bishops drive the knight or 5 %Q6
I I B-B7 P-Kt4 ~t was Black's move, and the break-
8
knights to inferior positions, even s t a b
12 P-RS P -Kt5 I through 1 ..,PR4setdetl matters at once: rnating or trapping them. This is the This fixes Black's bishop on QKt3, for
13 K-B4
14 P-R6
P.- R4
P-R5 !
If 2. K x B PRS 3 . BK3 PK6 4. BBl
PBI.
principle theme of at1 such endings. The
defender draws if the position is blocked,
if i t goes to QR2 White plays 337.
5 ... R-KU
A routine draw follows 14... BB3
IS. KBS KQ2 16. BQX BR8 17. BR4 rr--
, 4 -
a -aL1S8 thus limiting the bishops' range; or if he
kas a strong point in or near the centre
6 B-B3
BKt7 18. BKt3 BRS 19. KKt6 BQ4
u). KR7 KB1 21. PQ7 cb. K X P 22.
KKt8 KK3 23. PR7 KB4 24. PEW--Q !
I I a##
f
a,/
I
' which affords a foothold for his knight,
which tkus exerts its rnaximum power.
When thcrc are bisltops of opposite
B x Q 25. K x B KK5 26. KKt7 KB5 colaur a, pawn up often draws. The
27. K 8 6 KKtl 28. KQS PRI, but no1 addition of more pieces always favours
28.., KR6? 29. RK4 PR5 30. KU4. the stronger party; not lcast hecause
Instead Bronstein concoch some traps, ' there is the possibility of exchanging n
lmprtialfy for hls opponent and for , bishop for a knight.
himself, in a highly diverf~ngfinish.
15 k-B5 P-Kt6 189 TrifunoviC v. Kaila, Helsinki,
16 PxP 1952. The queen's sids majority js
Mot 16.PR7?BB3 1 7 , K x B P x P , , Black to ~ I -a v dtxisive.
when Black wins.
If 2. P x P PKt5 3. K x B PRt6 White to pkay
16 ... P--lib 4. PR6 I K t 7 queening with check.
Nowif16 ... PxP?17.PQ?X3xP(or ~ f 2 . p x p p ~ t 35 . P x p K x B Both Blxkls isolated pawm are on 'Chis forms tbe knight to retreat before
K x P) 18. f R 7 PKt7 19. BR2, and 4. ~ ~KRG. t Black squares and his bishop is tied to
3 Black can play ,.. PKM, which woufd
Whitc wins. their defence. The bishops could always gain him a littb space.
have forced this, for the pawns could not l f White rcsnfvm the situation at o m ,
17 P,---Kt4
for long have been defended on white 6. PQRt4? R P x P 7. F x P P x P 8.Pl35
Mtcr 17. PR7 BB3 mite draws by squares.
18. K x B PR7 19. KKt7, but not by : BR4 9. PB6, the knight comes into play
'IECES +' 3 &K4 and supporh a Mnckade on his QB2
18. PKt4? KQ2, when thc KRP quwns.
17 ... B-Q2
Nor must Black play 17... PR7? I
i MXNOR PIECES
Wirb the addiliorl uT allutllcr p i a x
All two-bishop endings involve the
cunstri~tion of tllc defcndcr's pieces,
square, 9. .. KtB3 10. BB2 KtKI.
In a war of constriction the correct
policy is to increase the pmsurc in every
f 8. PQ7 B x P 19. Zl x P, when White's I there arc a few cases where t h e total force mpccially his knight. nanibie way. and not to relieve the
disconnected pawns win. , may diffcr significantly from the sum of 3 ... Kt-BS iens,on rrntii dwisive gain is in sight.
18 P-R7 %I33 its parts. 4 B-K5 K t-R4 White has tied down the encmy bishop;
19 P-Kt5 K-Q2 Two bishops am lrlorc than twice as next he ties dorvrr the knight and its king.
strong as one bishop, for between them Waking for KB3, which is a h u t as
19... PR77 loses after 20. PQ7 K x P they ccontri)l squares of either colour. It near the centre as practicable. 4... KtK7
21 I3 x P evce though White's bishop is is more favourable to Rave two bishops ch. 5. KBI KtO5, as in thc game, fails
.
pFevencing ,.K ~ K I .
vS illr 'wlu~rgculuu~',f v ~Black's Ling
cannot btock the RP.
v, bishop and knight than to have bishop
v. knight. Having tlre slightest other
to 6 . B <Kt f x l3 I . F Q K ~PU4 8. i
BB2PxP 9,PxP,whe~theunited~ ' - " -
advantag the bishops often win. A
passed p ~ w orr ~wing majority frequently
passcd priwm win. It i s always neccssary
to consider the possibility of an exchange
'-It4' P-KR4
K-R2
wins in any event, but with two bishops leading to an ending with bishops of Biack cannot move his knight Far, if
is ovcrwkehing. As Fiat: remarks, the opposite COIOUF. 8... KtR2 4,3R4 Km1 10. PQKt4.
127
 XX MINOR PIECE ENDXNGS
15 TWO MIXOR PIECES v. T W O MINOR PIECES
9 L B 3
:3 R-R4
K-K t3

The power of the bishops is felt every-

I 190 Tauhnkaus v. ?Brrrtscb,Monte
Cario, 1903. When there is no passed
pawn'thc bishops may yet win if therc is
g. B x P BKt4; but 5. P x P is better, and
artbough S... PQKt3 6. RK3 KK5
2. BR6 KtK2 3. P-QKtS, White wins
the QRP by B-QKt8.
no central foothold for the knight, and 7. KR2 is good for Black, a win has yet 2 %Q3
where. Now Black's king cannot get into to bc demonstrated.
play, for if 10... RB4 I I . BB2 ch. wins. ~f king-cctr3, is possible. Here Black's
5 . .. P-QKt3
Not only preventing ... Kt-K5, but
hing enters via 0.6, K5 and Q6, b a u s c tying BIxk's king 10 the d c f e ~ c eof his
10 . . . K-R2 sfight pawn weaknesses were created in 6 13,,,,,,,, KRP.
I I K-RZ thc middle-gamc; bul very oficn ihc 7 Kt B3 K-KS
bishops themselves create such weak- 8 K t - 4 2 ch. 2 ... Kt-KR2
At this stage, when 811 the cncrny Black gives up a pnvin, but hopcs to
pims are tied to their posts, and his nmm, ti:us making a path for their White's bad bishop loses him the game
ganlc completely ~estricled, the usual king. in spite of the bishops of opposite ccllour draw by reducing the pawns to one side
Tarrasch was a great bclicver in the after 8. KtKt5 ch. B x Kt 9.P x B KQ6 of t:he hoard.
plan is to advance the king into the game. Instead he may guard every thing for
White's king could herc enter at Q6 or superiority of the two bishops, and if he 10. KQ1 BKt5 ch. 11. KBI KK7.
won a bishop for a knight would say he the time being by Z...K t 4 3 1 and if
QKtS wit11 decisive results, but he 3. &--It6 (3. BQM KB2) 3... Kt(K1)-
chooses another plan: to put the knight had won the 'minor exchange'.
Q3. However, boginning with 3. KB2,
out of court so that it ~ l i ~ l n orclufn
t to 1 Kt-B3 M i t e would simply advana his king,
the yumn's side in time to stop the White trim to win Black's KKP. Black having no counterplay.
paSSCd TAWn. Instead hz should try and mobilize his Thb advdxe comm too late.
I f ... K-K 1 1. pawn majority by PKKf4, either here or
11 ... P--QKt4
12 K-R? K-R2 on his fourth mwc.
13 G R 6 K-,,,Kt I 1 ... B-Kt8 Black bas advanced his king as far as
14 P-,KK:4 PxP Re can, and cramped White as much as
To weaken Whitc's QRP 'I'his has he can, and i s ready for the deoisivc
1s ~ ' x P K-R 2 incaning in connwtion with the advance
16 K-Kt? K-R I breakthrough.
uf Black's king to Q5, whc? a passed
17 K-B3 K ,.,,,,,,~ t l pawn is more cnslly forced.
12 P-Kt5 P--.R4
t X "P--Kt>
n - ---- f 3 K QI P-Kt5
2 P--QR3 14 B P x P
A tempo move forcing Hbck's king to i
the rook's fife. He is not wilt~outrestlurce '
after 18, it Kt5 K1,,&.R4 19. P-Kt4
, K-KI
4 B--112
K
B ,,,,,,,.
- 4~4 6 ch.
W a u s e White's QRP i s under attack
he i s obliged to make this capture, which
~p p 20, 1% p ~ , , - . K ~ J21. B p This h i l s because the KiiP is not brings to life Bla~k's dormant pawn-
(21. p x p f3R4 22. 8 0 7 ~ ~ t 21..
s ), fixed, bur if 4. PR3 PQKt3 5. BBZ KK5. majority.
4 ... White to piny
5 13.,,,,,,RKt3?
P.--R6 14 ... APxP
IS P x P Px P 3 B--Ki8 P-QR4
Now 5. PKKt4? KK5 6 . EitKtf loses
material, 6 . . . K x P 7. B x P ICxRtP
16 Kt---I32 I 4
A nmt twist, hoping perhags for ~ o4.tP-QK~.~? for then tack ha? a
...
16 PKt6? 17. KtKl malc. safc place for a knight at QZ,where it is
At last White rnakes his pame< pawn. I6 . , . P-Bh imm~inafrom attack by White's KB.
All Btack's piaces arc badty placcd and 17 P x P &-,Kt 6. PxP
he strccumbs immcdialely. Whiia resigns. Black's king's bishop Kt,--Q 1
performed well from the basedine, first Kt-QB3
guardicg the KRP and the KK14 square, KtxP
and latzr supporting the advancl. of the 8 B x P ch.
If 21 ... P x P 22. PB5 BR4 23. BR4. QKtP. After the stniggle Black's knights aw
22 E x P BxB scattered, and his king confined. 'The
23 P x B K (--Kt2 191 Euwe v. Pcdersen, radio match, bishops are so forceftrl herc that they
24 a 4 7 Kt-H4 1951. In this wide open position the win even with two pawas v. one pawn on
25 P--B5.
The knight must be given up for the
I White to pray
knights are hounded from pillar to post.
I &KS Kf(Kt2bKI
After I.,, KtK5 2, BR6, or I . . . KrRI I
I the same side of the board.
8 . ..
Xf 8... KBI
K,-Kt2
9. BB5 ch. winning a
128 129
 I T MINOR PIECE ENDINGS 16 TWO MINOR PXECFA v. TWO MINOR PIECES
knight; or if 7...KRI 8. BQ4 ch. I Best, for other moves givc Hack a f 93 Wlesluvsky Y. Kotov, Neu- ; 12 Kt-B5 K-B2
KtK $2 9. PMt5, when Black's free . chancc d giving up his QB for a Kt. bawn, 1953. Xf here the kni@ts wcre i 13 Kt x P K--3
knight is smn run to earth. mchanwd, then the bishops of opposite 14 L R 3 ECRl
7 ...
9 B-Ql ~ h . K-Kt3
If 9. .. KR3 10. BB7 KtQ3 I 1. '
I B-Kt7
With his bishops alone Black cannot
hem tie un the knights. Yantwckv
- -'-,
@lour ending woutd surely k drawn. I The knight cannot escap, for if 14...
1 U- -K5 , KiQJ IS. KtB7 ch., or if 14.. . KQ2
mate. I sumests 7..:PKt4, att&t,tina
- - to oncn Stalemating the knight, SO that if it , f 5. KtSS ch. followed by BK5.
I0 B...-I35 ch. K--R3 / up the position. l ~ B x Kt, when the
I n o w ~ h i t c - m c play
Kt v. B ending a n be won. This is
1 1 R-I35 Kt-44 8 Kt-K2 B-BR
12 H . 4 8 ch. Kt-Kt2 better than I . P x B ? Kt xB, for then
9 Kt-B3 B--BS White's pawns are very we&.
13 K-,,-B2 10 Kt,--K4 R-Kt5
13. PKt.5 ch. KR4 14. B x Kr K x P 1 ... B-BJ
If 10. BR2 1 1 . PQKt4 threatening
IS. BR6 also wins, for if IS ... PR3 32. KrB5, but 10... Black cannot avoid his qumnk side
16. BK4. RBI i s a better way pawns r2maining on white squares, for
to pmvmt this. ..
if 1. PKt5 2. P x R , exchanging Kt for
B in a &Rerent fashion.
Best, for Black was thratening White misses his chance. He should
... KtKt3. play 1 1 . PKt3 BR3 12. KiB2 BK2
13. PQKr4. With two strong points for
Endeavouring to force some. pawn
14 ... K-R4 exchangs. 2.. . KRtl, immediately
his knights, QB5 and Q4, hc lras the making for KJ SO as to try and free his
XS B X K I KxP better or it.
f6 Kt-R6 ch.
11 ... B---K2
knight, is certainly to bc considemd. I White to play
If 16 ... KR4 (tbrcatcning ... PR3) f 2 Kt,,,,,,,,Q4 B-I31
3 P-43 K-R2
17, KKt3. 4 Kt,,,,,,,,K2 P-mK(4
1 3 P-,-Kt3 S B 8 P x P ch. 17. K x P . White wins by
17 UxKt. I4 Kt-B2 B,--Kt7 If 4.. KtB3 White must 5. ' advancing the p a d -pawn,f 7. .. BR7
B xKt, but has an easy game after 5 . .. 18. KtR5 ch. K B ~ 19. ~ t ~ ~g t g4
Black resigns, for if 17 ... K x B 14 ... BKt4 is also satisfactory. Black
PxB 6, yKk4 fixing Bixk's WJ' on a
white square. 20. K t 0 2 BB7 2 1, KtR3 BQ6 22. KtR4
18. KB3 KR5 14, PKt6 ch., but not now takes carc to prevent PQKt4.
BB'i 23. PKtS 1346 24. PK16 ch.
19. KR4 KR4 20. KBS? PR3 21. PKt6 IS. Kt-Q4
stahmato. 5 K-I32 P-45
If 15. WRt4 BKS. 6 P-KKt3 P X P ch,
7 P:<P K ,,,,,,.Kt3
192 R&&irch v. Yamfsky, Arnrtci- I' 8 %Kt4 B-Kt2 ...
If 17 KtBZ 18. KtxPcl)., when the
united pawns win evcn with bishops of
dam, 1954. The position iu partly I f 8 ...Kt333 9 . B x K t K x S $0.KK3
blocked, and the knights have a strong- KK4 11. KtB3 threatening KtK4. opposite cdour.
point at Q4, factors which compensate s,-Q4
9 K.-K3 &B3 17 &K5
for the bishop-pair. Also, Black is K-B2,
hindcrwl by havine to defend hi< p w n 10 Kt-H3 B-Kt2 I$ a r t - ~ a
a t K3, for which purpose either his QB I f Kt-K4 B,,,,,,,,p4 Btack resigns. After 19. KQ4 BK3
or K mirst tae held back. After I I.. . BBI 12. KtE5 both pieces 20. KBS RQ2 21. KtK4 KRt3 22. PKt3,
Black avoids KRxKt, for he is left itre stakxnated, and White enters wiih a tempo-move forcing Black's king to the
with a had bishop; but hc wslcornes the Ri king, 12... KB2 13. KK4 KK2 KR fib, 22 ... RR3 23. KtB3 and 24.
chance to play Q B x K t , for then the 14. KQ5. Kt x P, the outside passed pawn wins.
B v. Kt ending is favourabIe to him.
I P-R4 K--B2
2 Kt(L2I-Q4 &H4
J P,-.KKtJ K--QB I
4 K -K:2 B R3
5 K-B2 &a6
6 K-K3 B-K5
7 Kt-Ktl White to play
130
 1 RUOK v. PAWN
tile check on ihc file, and i f his king wcrc
b r e at K3, then 1, RB8 c:~.could be
play.yeti at once,

195 White to play wins by 1. R-HI

ch. K--,Kt7 2. K,--Q2 K-R7 3. K-R8
(3. m3'? PKt7 4. RB2 KR8 5 . R X P
stalemate) 3... ?--Kt7 4. R-,R8 ch.
'. . . and taking aim with a Rook, he dealt him a mortal wound.'*
M~rs~x~rs,
A Monk of Tegernsee, c. I 160.

1 . ROOK v. PAWN ! 2R-B8&.

The pawn fiills if bfwkd by thc When thc king afc oppogd Whitc
e n m y king. Otherwise the usual ques- forces his own king's approach by this White plays and wins if his king is not on
tion is whether the rook wins or merely check on the file, which also compels one of the 13 marked-off squarts
draws. The king and rook win if thcy Black to obstruct and hold up the pawn.
uicirnattly controt a square which the 2 ... K Kt7
,,,,,,.
(opposing White's king as in method I)
pawn htts yet to cross, although some- 3 K--QZ K-R7 3. R-,RI (this is where the rook should
times, especidly with RP, this may not 4 K-B3 P-Kt7 have bccn. If 3. RR3 ch. PK6) 3 . . .
be nassary. 5 R--R8 ch. K.-Kt8 P-K6 4. R-R3 ch. K-Q7 (4. .,
The first [ask for the stronger party is 6 R-,,,ORt8 KR5? 5 . K M P K 7 6.RRI) 5 . K---Q4
bringing tk king nearer to the pawn. (the attack from the rmr rarely succeeds,
The defending king must try to hinder White plays and wins except against R?) 5... P-K7 6. R,
this; and kc must also advance his pawn Btack plays and draws R2 ~ hL.- Q 8 7. K - 4 3 P-KS z K t ch.
as fast as possible; if he has a choice, it If now 8. K-,.B3 Kt-Bfr 9. R-KB2
as kforc. I . K-QI also wins. White's With centre P, BP, or KtP, this
i s generally best to advance the pawn
ahead of its king. rook is I C L ~ eflective when 6rt its firs1 knight-promotion dram.
U n i i b the case with a minor piecc it rank, lor wit11 the move Black draws by With method 11 it (foes not makc a
I... K87 or I . . . PK17, preventing tire great difTcrence whether the rook is on
rnakcs tittb difference to the result check o? the filc.
whether there is a RP or rtny other pawn, the first rank or on the file &hind ths
atthough i11e play var-im.
196 Xn method II White's king
approaches h e pawn from the opposite
1 pawn.

194 The play against EtP, BP, or 197 There arc few subtleties when
side. 'This is mow favourahlc, for he can the rook is M i n d the pawn. If White's
Centre P is similar. Xt i s gcncralfy best win whrn his king is one or ttvo r:inks king were on the kh@'sside it would
to have the rook hchind the pawn,
holding i t cnder attack on the file. farther back than i s the case with maltc for K3 or K2 winning by method
White prays and wins method I.
W e n the king and pawn art! on their RIack nXavs
" <
and draws White's king here crosscs the queening
fourth rank. or beyond, thcre are two
basic winning prowscs, Xn this, mcthod file to the othcr side of the pawn.
There is also a way of winning when
X, White's king tries to approach the the king rrpprmchts the pawn from I K--KG P-K6
pawn from the same side as BPack's kine;. behind, 6. KMt3 KB8 7. l U 8 ch. KRt8 lr' I... KK6 2. KK5, and White still
I R-,--XZ 8. RB7 KR8 8. RR7 ch. KKt8 IO. RR2. plays to the opposite sidc after 2 . . . KQ6
Not I. K-K3 ? P-Kt7 2. R-,,BS ~ h . 6 ... K--RS 3. KM, or 2 . . . KB6 3. KQ?.
(2. KK2 KB7) I... K-Kt6. 7 K-B2. 2 K-Q5 P-K7
I ... K-B7 Not 7. R x P? stakmate. 3 K--,,Q4 K-B6
If I..'
2. RB8 ch.! KKlfi.
''
K--Q'* ''lt
Hlack to play gets too far forward,
X.,,P--Kt7 (1 ... KB7 2.RB8ch.KQ8,
4 K-Q3
5 K....--Q2.
K-R7

holding off White's king, also draws) With Wtitds king at QR7 finstead of
. .. i
rocho j ~ e u h , , monifeio 2. K-KZ K-B7 3. R-B8 ~ h K-Kt6
vulnus udegerat.' The translation is by f3 ... KKtB? loses) 4. R-Kt8
.
K-B7.
Kf17) he falls to win hecauw his rook is
not ;n ib best square. I . R-Kt6 K--K6 ] ~ h r t s p l a y and
s wins if his king 1s not on
I1. 3. R. Murray. 1 For White the essential manauvw is (1 ... PK6? 2. KB5) 2. K-RS K-Q6 I one of the 8 marked-onsquares
133
 1 ROOK v. P A W
.
1. As it is, the king crosses the queening ( mathd 11 after 2.. KBS 3. KR6, or for new 3. RQKtl does not gain a tempo 1 K--,,Q2
fiIe to h e other sido of t k pawn, I Z... KX5 3, KBB. (3,.. K W . I KQ3? KKt7 2. RRt8 ch. KB8
mthod II. Normally mite cannot be f o r d into This borironval fcnding-05 would not draw, but not here 1.. . PR7 ? 2. RKt8
I R-Kt7
*- ---. ! Arnelungts' position, which occurs only
when Black's king i s on the fourth rank,
-- oossible if White's rook wwew at Q1
he ch. KR6 3. KB2 PW=Kt ch. 4. KB3
A to gain t h e o ~ ~ o s i t i o n . (i&ad of KRI), and in that event winning the knigllt.
and his pawn on tho fifth. IfWhite's king White w ~ u f dwin with his krng at KR6.
Not 1, RKtG? m5, when White's path w m bere at QR8 (instead of QB7) he
across the queening file is obstructed by Finally, there is the vertical fcndinpofl
w a ~ l dwin by I . K-R7, but by which cornbats method 11. XC in this
rhe m k .
1 1. KKtY? when Black wwfd rakc the
opposition, I... KKt4.
example White's king were at QR8
(instead of KRS), Black would draw
after I . K--Kt7 P-Kt6 (1 ... KKt4?
199 Having the rook dscwhem on 2. RQKtl) 2. K-R6 K-Kt5.
the Erst rank i s less effective because the
198 With the rook on the queening pawn is not under asthck, and Black's 200 Other ways of wiming m u r
square White has no tempo-move, as king is therefore free to fend off White's less frqgently. The p a w may k inter-
shown by h c l u n g , 1901. king. oepterf at an earlier stag; or the rook
I K-QS may help the king to get within the
After 1. KQ7 KBS White's king is too 2 K--B3 K.,-,,Q~ squafe of the pawn, as herc shown by
far off for tither wincing mthod to Maizetis. 1950.
S U ~X f .I . RBI ch. KQS. I T I. RKe2
White plays and wins
a tempo i s lost after I. .+ KBS 2. KKi6
Black plays and draws
KM. 1 ... K-Kt7
If 1. RKRl PKt6; when the pawn is 2 K-,-KC8 ch. K-R7
not undcr attack from the rook. it can 3 K-B3 K--R8
part company from Its king which is 4 R-Kt7 EE-R7
then free to hdd off' White's king,
If 4... PR7 5. RQ7 KKt8 5. RQ1
mate.
5 R-,QR7.
(Wiih BP or Ct.rltrc P Blak wvuXd And Whitc mata in three.
here play lo the fifth rank.) Having the move Bfack draws by
advancing either p i ~ eAfter
. 1.. . KKf7
4 K-Kt7 P--Kt6, White. piays and wins if his king i s not on White playa and wins I 2, go2 PR7 3. RKts ch.KR8 the sbl*
Black to play also has no tempo-move, o m of the IS marked-off squares mate threat. m o t be circumvented.
and if 1 ...KRt4 2. KKt7 White wins by Z...PKt6 3. KTC2 PKt7 4. RQKi1
I K-Kt5
I KB6 If
KQ1, also i f 2 ... -6 3. M ;
I.
but after the text move White gets his
Bringing the king intu play is almost
invariably the first thing to do. The rook
202 Siaslmin v. Shustov, 1951.
I R-WC~. K"--Kt6?
rook to a better square w~lhnut10% of with its greater mobility w rapidIy bc
deployed later on, when ii i s easier to 'Ihe fending-0ff illovc I*.. KKt4
time. determine its k t position. draws, for after 2. KQ5 PR6 White is a
3 R-QKtJ move too late for method I.
1 4 K-K2
K--I36
p-Kt6 1 ... F-Kt5
I
I
5R-Bl~h.
2 K-34
3 K-,,,R3 ch.
K-,QS
K-I36
2 K-BS
Tne checking wucflce, z+rl&h~d111,
Winrxng as method I, but not 5. KQ1 ? 4 K-K2 P-Kt6 wins only againsf a RP,h a u s e in that
i PKt7 hen White is in zugxwng. A 5 K-QI ?-Kt7 case a knight-promotion does not save
: similar trap may hppen with BP or RP, 6 R-R3 dl. K-Kt5 Black.
i but not with Centre P, for t'ten the rook 7 K 32. . -- .-
2 . P-R6
could lose a maw. -
If White's king is at RR5 (instead of 201 Apinst a RP mthod I wins.
White plays and draws KRS) a draw follows I. RKt5 PKt6 As before, it is best for White to hava the n ~ h o White
d wants
Black pIays and Imcs i 2. KXLl KO5 fending off White's king, rook M i n d the pawn. 1 to have the rook checking on the ranks,
34
 I l l ROOK ENDINGS 2 ROOK v. 'TWO PAWNS
02 w i b I e whcnevcr Black's king is ahtad The rook is ill. adapted for combating after 2... PKt7 3. RKtI KB7 4. K K 4
o f thc pawn, I f the pawn w c x in front a united rawnu, but, in contrast to the KK7 5. KQ4 KQ7 6.KIM KB7.
chmk would most likdy improw the minor p k , it is in its element against
position of 3IacPs king.
2 ... P-R7
disconnected pawns, the farther apart
2 ... K,-It4 the better because the enmy king is bss 3f 2. .. P-Kt7 3. K-K3 K -Kt6
3 R-R7 K-Kt 3 able l o dcfcnd them, (Black*$king is awkwardly placed on the
seventh rank, for if 3... PR7? WXik
204 Wnitcd pawns arc bat for captures tho KIP with cRBCR) 4. K-Ktl
Black net l&.t because they support one ch. K- -It?. 5. R--QKtl K-KtS, with
another'* advance. W e n neithcr king is repelition of moves.
present Ihe pawns win if they are on the If Black plays his k:ng to the KR
sixth, and lose if they are not. file, Whit* draws by threatening mate,
e.g. Z... P-Kt7 3. K-K3 K-Kt6 4.
Drawn R-Ktl ch. K-R6 5. K-33 K--RS
(after 5... KR7? 6. RKtl both pawns'
3 ... K-Kt7 Fall) 6. K-B4 ere.
4 K-Kt4 3 R-QRI K-B7
After the check White's king attacks Not 3 . . . K R 7 ? 4. KB3 PKt7, when
the pawn. This wouId not have been 5. R x P pins the KtP.
possible if Black k d kept the pawn
ahead of {fie king-soc the note to his 4 K-K4 K-K7
first move.
4 ... F R 7 White wins
5 R-B2 ch. K,-Kt8
6 K--Kt3 P,-,,,,K8 Kt ch.
7 K-H3.
Whoever plays wins
White wins the knight. 6. KKt7 aIso wins. The idea &hind
~f in the diaUam kine the tcxbphy, winning method IV, is to Wfiitc plays 1. R-37 (the rook plays
were at Kj35 (imt@adof Q Q ~Re) could cut Black's king off from the pawn. It behind the must advanced pawn, not
win ~ ? mehod
y 1, but should attend to uppzies W F ~ ~wbcn
I~Y thc defondirig I . RR37PR7) I . . . K-KI 2. It-W
his kimh position &fore the king is ~n the third rank or farther back. K--Q2 3. R x KtP K-43 4. R--QW.
rook. I. K-K4 (I. RUM? draws) The pawns win after 1.. . P-Kt6 (or
I . . . P,--K6 (1 ... KB6 2. RR6 KKt6 f ,., PB?) 2. K-B3 (the rook c m o t
3. KQ3) 2. R-QJ P-R7 3. R-Kt6 stop them, Ii2. M 7 PKt7, or if 2.
RQKt7 PB7) 2.. . P-Kt7 3, R-QKt7
ch. K-R4 4. R-Kt8 K-R5 5 . K-R2.
203 Black cannot mwt to draw
when neither his king nor pawn is beyand
P-B7.
205 In Ihe of his 'jng
I White plays and draws

If 4. ., K-Kt6 cb. K R7
5 . R--Kt1
( 5 ... KR5 6.-3
or 5 , KR5 KB$ with
the third rank. White saves the 'Wtnst mating thmts) 6. R-R1 K-Ktf)
1 ... K-Kt4 10 R--QR3. ; er g76... K K U ? 7.KQ3, and
If I... PR4 2. RR5 PR5 3. KK17
The pawn is lost. ;
may apture a pawn with a cheek or a
PR6 4. RR3 as in the text. pin. These are popular themes for 5 K--Q*t K--47
2 R-Kt7 ch. 2. ROOK v. TWO PAWNS C o m W but ~ ~ the have occurred I H m too i f 5.. . KB6 ? 6.KBJ winning
After 2. K Kt7? (2. RRT? PR4) Whito wim easily if h i s king is in front mbrc than ham ia play. This study is by
Z... P--R4 3. K-B6 P-R5 4. K-K5 of the pawns, but otherwise it is not Salvioli, 1887.
K-B7
K-35 5. R-R7 K-Kt6 White's king simply a question of whethr the rook I K-34 K-Kt7
does not m v c in lime for method I. wins or draws, for sometimes the pawns 2 R-Kt1 P-R8 -Q
With the text-movc White deploys the may win; tlzc result mostly depending on It is always important to select the KxR
rook without loss of time, a Enmse the White king's position, right pawn fof attack. 2. RQRl ? Iwes
137
 JII ROOK ENDINGS
It is of course sometimes possible to
win, directly or rndirecrly, by sucIr
mating threats.
206 More frequently BlacYs ding is
out m the open, as here. The pos~t~uns
th~sand the next example, and thevarla.
of
K-Kt4 (if 4... PQ7 5. RB3 ch. and
6. R x P pinning the last pawn) 5. R--I33
I K--l37 (aTtt"r 5... KR5? 6. KB4 the
matmg threats win for Wh te, for if
6. .. KR4 7. KK3. or if 6...f07 7.R x P
I PQE =Q P RRZ mate) 6. K-K4
K-KT, w ~ t ha draw.
2 RCPOA v. TWO P A W N S
White K at KRI, KR2, KR6, KKt6, I K-47 3. R-KR8, when the k i n s are
K6, QR6, or on 7th or 8th rznk, Black on opposite sides of the pawns rhe rook
wins, playing ... PBb as soon ar possibfc. 1 may operate rank-wise. 3. .. Y-,-BB
White K at KRS, KR4, KR3. (3 ...PQ6 4. RR2 cb.) 4. R-K4 F-Q6
BIack play and wins, I.,. PB6. White (4... P87 5. KRX ch.) 5. R-Rl ch,
plays aid draws.
WhitcKat QRS, QKtS, QB.Whoever
I K-47 6. R-RZ ch.

lions therefrom, arc those most 11B:eIyto I 2 R - X ~ c,, K-Q7 pfays wins. 208 A study aftw Schultx, 1946.
occur in practice. If the dragram posltlon 3 KLB4 P-B6 Whcn White's king is on other squares
were moved cne fib to the right or one I 4 R--QRS K--HI than thae it can block thc pawns and K"--KL4
or two files kft, the results would be 5 K-43 ! 47.
? win. He may aIso win by 1. R--QBS
similar. white must not attack the wrong pawn,
The rook k best placed bchind the
pawns; by checks on the fiie i t may help I
1 207 To have the pawns thc other
way round, as it wem, is much more
1. RKt5? PI36 2. R x P KQ4 3. RKtS
RQ5 dram) 1. .. P,,-B6 2. K-,Kt4, but
Whltc's king lo approach, for this i~h ~ s drawish. Here Whitc to play at Imsl not 2 RB4? KQ4 3. RxKtP PI37
main problex. draws wherever the kine- Is. 4. RICtS ch. KQ3 5. RKt6 ch. KB2, for
1 K-Kt4 1 K-Kt? K-Q6 it is mox imp&ant to get the king back
than to snatch pawns,
1 . R Q B 8 P Q 7 2. R x P c h .
The attempt I.. PQ5 is answered here
3. IiHB alao draws. and in other contexts by the finesse
1 ... K-K6 2. RB4 ch. followed by 3. R xP; but not
by 2, R x P ? PQ7, when the puwn
The altcrnativc is 1 . . F B6 2. quaens, 3. RB4 ch. KK4 4. KB5 ch.
R-K8ch.K-05 (2 ... KQ4 3 . K Q B j , KKJ 5. RBBch. KQ2.
ch. KB5 4. KB4) 3. K B4 (not 3.
KB3 ? PI37 4. KQ8 cR. KK4) 3. .B-R7
(a J... PQ7 4. RQ8 ch. KB5 5 KKJ) ,
4. K-08 cP. K -R6 (4 ... KBS 5 . r Bhck plays and wins
RBScb:~Q4? 6. ~ $ 35 . ) ' ch. If in this example White's king were
K--Q7 (5.. . KKt7 6. KKJ) 6. K-R4
K-K7 7 . K-P-07 8. RxP. on a square othcr than KKtS the
folkowing rfiults arc obtained:
2 R-,,K8 ch. K--47 White K at KKt4. White plays and
Black must obstruct his pawns. If wins, 1. R-Kl ch. K - 4 5 2. R -B3 Whoever plays wim
2... KB7 3. RQ8 KK7 4. RK8 ch. KQL K-36 .
(2.. PI36 3. RQB ch. KBS
5. RQBI. 4. KK3 PQ7 5. KK2 KKt6 6. KQb)
3 K-B3 3 . It-Ql38 ( 3 . KK3? KB7 4. RQ8 If I... KQ3 2. KBJ; or if l... PKt6
PB6 5. R x P KKt7 draws) 3.. . K-Q5 2. RKt5 KQ3 3. K133.
White draws only by playing to this 4. K-B2 P--86 5. K--Kl, and when
square, from wfzoic I I I~~ ~ U V Ceither to Whik plays and draws
2 R-QBS
S White's krng t s in front of thegdwns they
K4 or K2 according io Black's play. are helo.ess, 5. .. P-B7 6. K--Q2 BIack plays and wins Black must not be priritted to get his
3 ... P--B5 K-KS " 7. R-B3. nawm to the sixth.
4 R,-,,,,.QB8. White K at XRt3 (KKt2, KKtl). 2 K-BS K - -B7 K---QJ
Whitc nlays and wins. 1. K--DZ. Black 3 K-K5 P---a6 3 R--338
The rook plays hhind the un-
plays and wins, I . . . P.'-36 2. R -K8 ch. 4 K-Q4 P-Q7
obstructed pawn.
If 4... K-B7 5. R-Q8 'P-Q7 K - 4 4 , disengaging his king. 5 RxPch. ]
Ilere too the attempt to win a pawn by
' 3. R W ? is inco~r&t.
6. K-K2, or if 4... PB7 5. KK4. While K at KB6 (QKt6, QM,Q6). .
Black to play wins by 1.. KQ6, etc. !
Black to play: White plays and draws, his king attack- White too has fewer winning chances. ' + .

K-'3
K-Q4
R-Q5
ing the paws from the rear, I. RK8 ch. If his king were at KKtl (instad of
1 ... K--K6 KBd 2. RO8 KR7 3. RK8 ch. KQ7 K-'K2+

1
KRS) it would not be able to btock the
Not I ... P-B6? 2. K- Kg ch. K--B6 / 4. KK5 (035)PB6 5. KQ4 aird now pawns, e.g. 1. KB2 KQ6 2. KKI K87. And White Mocks the pawns.
3.R,--BSP-337 ( 3 ...PQ7 4.RxPcR. 1 5...KB7 6.KB4,or5...PBT fi5,RQB8. White wins if his king is at QR4 331a:k lo play must be careful as to
KK5 5. Rmch.KK4 6, RB8) 4 K-B5 Black plays and wins, 1... PM. (instcad of KR8). I ...K-Q6 2. R-Kt3 I which pawn he advances:
J 38 139
 2 ROOK r. TWO PAWNS
f... P-El6 q u m endin& However 3. R-R8 R x P supported isolated pawns frun t h rank: 7 ... K-46
(4.- - P85 fro bet led 4. K x R 1. R-BZ (1. RQBI? PR7 2. XQR8 8 K ,,,,,,,.
.
1. , p - ~ t e 2. R-K~S K,,,,,,q3 tor
R--QB# P.--KtS 6. K-.sfi dram, PB7) I ... K-,Kt6 2. R-,-I32 and botfl
K-I36
2... p ~ 3 ,t R ~ p ~ ~ 3.4~ -1 ~ t 5. 4 9 K--KJ K--Kt7
KICB3 4. R,-Kt8 K 5. K - 4 3 Exm~b p w n s btl. Not hem 1. K-Kt6? P-..R7 10 K--Q2 KxR
... (the choix of pawn is important, for if 1 f K........B 1 stalemate.
K-,Q5 draws, as noted in the preceding
examnit.
2 R--QB5
1 3
4KxR
5 R R8
RxP
P-B6 I . . . PB7? 2. RBI. White wins after
2... KKt6 3. KB5 k ~ t 74. RBI, or 2x1 Wllc11 BI~ck'hking i s r ~ marid ~,
Z... PR7 3. KB6 KKt6 4. KK5) 2.
3 R-B8 "he pawn amol be stopped after R-Bf K-Kt6 3. K-R5 K-Kt7 White's is far off, the rook should k
4 K-Kt4 K-K5 I 5. RxPPB7. 4. R-,--QRl K-86 5. R X P K-R6, behind the pawns, -use chxks on the
Only this move, fending off White's
king, wins; Tor if 4.. . RQ5 ? 5. KB4.
.9, -- ----
K-Kt?
II 5 ...
6 R.--QB8
P-Kt5
K--K4
If White's king- were at KKL6, then
with a draw. ranks m a y be: answered by a pawn
advaxe, Howcvcr far away his king,
White draws if the pawns arc not yet
both on the sixth (or one on the seventh
~ KQ6 6,RQ8 ch. KD7
I f 5 . R K ,.h, this ferding-off mamuvre would be and the otha on the fifth). Hb drawing
7, m3 p ~ ~ or 6 ;if 5. R'8$ &. KQ6 "SSedal; but h ~ m 6... Kw ~ ~ f f i o e ~ . chances are better here than against
6.R x P PB7 7,RKt3 ch. KQ4.
5 ...
6 K-333
K 4
P-Kt6
1 7 K-Kt6 R--Q5
~ c m u o c o n s i s i ~ n...
t 7KK5 8.
R W ch. KQ6 9. R x P PB7 also wins.
united pawns.
1 R--Q7 ch.
2 R--QR7
K-B7

When the king shelters hhind one

The simpler way is 8... KQ6, Exampie pawc, the rook attacks the other.
209 T a r s 1 1 v. Janowski, Ostcnd, M6. 2 ... K--Kt6
1907. Colours reversed. 9 R-Q8 cR. K-K6 3 R-Kt7 ch.
1 ... P--,I35 9... KB53 10. ILK4 draws. When the king crnarp, the rook
I0 R--QKf8
White plays and wins
c h ~ h on
s the file.
Ebreseeinp, an ending of tm unitcd Fanowski resignd after 10. RK8 ch.
pawns v. a rook, Tamasch a d v m s thc KQ6 11. RQ8 ch. KB7. Black plays and draivs 3 ... K-R7
BP, and indeed I... FKt5 is far ims 4 R--QB7.
promising. 10 ... P-Kt7 Kockclkorn, 1888, shows the drawing I f Black's king g m away altogether,
2 RXP K-43 Avi)iJilrg tllc: trap lo.,. PU7? 11. idea here. .I... KKt6 5, RKt7 ch, KBS 6. R87 ch.
KQ5 7.BQ7 ch.KK5, the rook attacks
3 R-R5 ? R x P ch. KQ5 12. RKt4 ch. KQ4 1 .., P-R7 the foremost pawn, 8. RQB7.
13. RKt8 pH--Q? 14. RQ8 ch.
While now threatens both R x P and I,.. PB7 is also sound, but not I . . . When the pawns are on thc sixth
RKtS, and pxobably howd for 3 . . . I 1 K-K5 K,-B5 KKt6?, for with his king cn the sixth White sometimes draws if his king is not
PB6? 4. RKtS R x R 5. K x R PB7 Both I1 ... KQ71 12. KQ4 and I I ... rank therc i s a dangcr of White attacking too fdr away, as shown by Cheron (1945)
6. PKt8=Q PB8-Q ch. with a dmwish PB7? 12. RKU ch., draw. from the rear and capt~iringa pawn with after 1. K-BS P-K6 :
f2 KwB5 K-K7 check, 2. XiRl PR7 3. R x P ch. 2 R-Q7 ch.
Nut 12... K-KtS? 13. R-Kt3 2 R-BI P-37 Not 2. KK4? PB7 3. RQ7 ch., aitd
K-R5 (13 ... KB7 14. KK4) 14. 3 K-Kt6 K--,.Kt6 now that the pawns are sufficiently
R---Kd ch. R-R4 15. R-KtS, when 4 K--B5 K-Kt7 advanced, Black's king simply gets out
the mating threats draw. 5 R-QR1 K-I36 of tht. way, 3 . ., KM8 (taking covm from
13 K-K4 K-Q8 When Black's king i s on the scvcnttd checks) 4. RQB7 PR7.
I4 K 4 3 P-R7 rank there i s a danger of the rook captux- 2 ... K.,,,,,,,KS
I5 R---KRI P-B8-- Kt ch, iag onc pawn and ginning the other, if
16 K-B3 P-.Kt8 -Q. 5... KB7? 6. R x P . If 2. .. K-48 blocking his BP, White
brings up ihc king 3. K-K4 P--B7
..
( 3 , PRY 4. Q.RQR7) 4. K-QJ P-R7
210 Tn the absence of kings dis- ..
(4. KQ8 5. RKR7) 5. R-KR7
connected pawns one file ap;trf lose ii Black wins a k r 7 . KQ5? KQ6 8. 1 K-Kt8f7) 6. ~-kt7 ch. K---BS
Black cannot eet eithc* of them beyond K g 5 KB6 9. KK4 KKt7 10. RQ3 1 7. R-KR7, with reptition.
Drawn 1 the sixth runt The rook combats un- PB8--Q. [ If the king g m to the seventh, 2...
1.40
 2 ROOK V. TWO PAWNS
White kras no ref plan; ho mere& f 12 White wins if his king can block . ..
K-K7, then 3. RQB7 PR7 4. RQR7
PB7 5. R XF pinning, the BP.
.
harrasm Black as much as possibfe with one of the pawns; bui whcn bh king is I 5
6 -3
K-K6
P-B4
Jf the king aaes to the sixth, 2..
K-K7 3. R - 4 ~ 7K-Q7 4. R 4 7
checks, pin?, and skewer-tlmCs.
2 ... K-08
far away he hiis winning chances against
Ulc pawns, wppoitd by their king, oniy I If6... RQG 7. R Q c~h . x ~ 78.RQB7.
&. K-KG, then 5. RQR7 PB7 and the
rook captures with c k k .
Thc q~ickmtway, aIzhough ao harm
comes from IIIC detour 2... K-K8
when hey are not beyond thc fourth
&fit
Rere Whitc's king i c a h ~ r as
t badly
I R-f17
8 K,,-B2
9 K-K2
P-B5
K--R6
K-QS

3 R- Ki cb. K.-B8 3. R-K7 ~ h K-B8 . (not 3 . . . KB77 placed as it could be. The text play i s
4 R-RR7 Afkr 9... PB6 this p a w Is lost.
4. RQR7 drawing, for if 4... P67? given by Maixlis, 1950.
When Black's king rnovcs a w y from 5. KQB7, White winning) 4. K-BS 10 K,--K3 K-,,.Kt6
the pawns, the m k attacks rank-wix. P-B7 (4 ... PR7? 5. R n 7 ) 5. R- 1. K-R7 11 K x P PB6
KR7 K-Kt8
If it ann not do t h i s , as would happen 6. ch. K-B8
if this position were moved one file to7. R-KR? K-K7 (7...PR71 8. R R I Wi:h the move Bfack draws by 1,,.
the right, then the pawns win. &. KK7 9. RRI draw) 8, R-K7 ch. %-K4 2. K-R7 K-Xt4, but not by
4 *.. P-37 K--Q6 3. R-Q7 ~ hK--36 . 10. R-B7 I... PM? 2. R17 KK4 3. R x P c h .
cR. K-Kt6. KQ5 4. RBI PK4 5. RQl ch. (getting
If 4... f R 7 5. RR1 ch. KK7 6.RRI. 3 R--QR7 P-B7 thc rook to the queening square!without
If 4... KKi8 5. RKt7 ch., whilst 4...
U t 7 ?I m after 5. RQR7. The text continuation is by Selesnicv, ,.
loss of time] 5. KB6 6. RKI KQ5
1921. Bcrger and K ~ k e l ~ r n1888, , 7. KB7, when White wins.
5 R-R2 P-R7 show a9 alternative win: J... KKt7
6 R---Rl ~ h . K-K7
4. RKt7 ch. KR8 5. RQB7 PR7 6. RBS 213 When the disconnected pawns
7 R-RI. K 4 6 KKt7 7. RKt7 ch. KR6 8. RR7 ch.
are further apart thcir chances of win-
S K-W. KKf6 9. RKt7 ch. Xi35 10. RQR7 PB7 nine diminish. Drawing chances arc
11. KK4 RKt4, but not t l ... KB4?
about the same, b u s e in most cases
12. KQ3.
only one pawn can kerapidly advanced,
White plays and wins and th* other is almost an on~ookm,so
4 K-35 Bldck plays and draws that it amounts to a R v. P ending, the
If 4. R x P KKt7. Whitc ftrst gets his king into pfdy. The
mutt mostly depending on the White
king's position.
4 ... K-,.Kt7 rook can wait until its k t position is
Now tblit the pawns are far mm~gh apparent: indeed, the attempt to snatch Here a draw by rqxtition follows
forward Black simply wanls to get his a pawn by 1. R-87? P-K4 2. R x R h . I ... KK6 2. KKtl K Q A 3. RKtl.
king out of the way. draws after 2... RW 3. RB7 FKS The rules for dangerously advanced
4. RR6 K 3 5 beciause the rook obstructs pawns when White's king i s absent arc
5 R-KC7 ~ h . 8-46 as follows:
6 XI--,,B7ch. K--Kt6 the kina. -
f ... P-K4
Pam on the sixth rank two or more
7 K-K4 files apart v. rook on th? second rank:
Xf 7. RKt7 ch. KR5 8. RQB7 PR7; Jf I . . . PPW2. KRC; or i f 1 KKt4 Black cannot win.
White piays a d dram but after the text-move Black takes 2, RK7 {gaining time) 2... KB4 3. KR6.
Biack plays and wins cover from checks at K8. 2 K-It4
. . .- K-Kt7 If 2.. PK5,White cuts otT the king,
Drawing by sytdlema*, us in &a pre- A CllrjoUs dmw follows T... P-,-RTA? 3. RR5.
d i n g example. 5. K-Q3 K-Kt5 (8... PR8-Q 9. 3 K-R5 P-KS
Pawns on ihe sixth strpportcd by their RKtRh. KR2 10. RR7 ck) 9. R-Kt7
king win if tha enemy king is too far i ch, K-R4 R-QR7 4 K-R4
I
a w ~ ~ , a s h a ~ w r n w i t R B l a c k t ~ ~pBS,O?
~a~: Il.R137ch.~l l , K x P K x R First one shoufd deal with the most
1 ... P-R6 1 '12.'~&2. advancad pawn, hem tho RP. Lnter
there is time for mapping-up.
f ... P-B7 also wins, 2. R 4 7 ch. 8 R,,-Kr7 ch. K-R6
Y-338 (2..KK8 3.RK7eh.KB811 9R--B7ch. fc-7 4 ... K-BS
4. RQB7) 3. R.--QR7 P-R6 trans- 10 R-Q7 cA. K-K8. S R-B7 ch.
I
posing to the text-piay.
2 R--47 ch. 1 PR7.
IfII.RKR?PB8;Q,andiflI.RQBl The familiar check on the file forces
the apprcach of his king. 1
143
 3 ROOK v. THREE PAWNS
nr ROOK ENDINGS
K-85 White normally wins if his king gets here with h e KtP a d v a n d ahead of the
Piwns on the scventh rank 2 or 3 files in front of three united pawm on their RP, &ample 206.
apart v , mok on the first rank: Black fifth rank because they can hc block- In the gamc: Black could not avoid
usually win5 ifhis king is nearcr than aded: 9...PHS 10. KKt2 PR6 ch. l i , moving the RF ahead, and consequently
White's, but not otherwise. Or 7,,.
P-Kt6 8. K- B l P,--R6 KR2 KKtJ f 2. RR8 KKt4 13. RKBE: he drew: 3.. . K,-K4? 4. R--KI ch.
Pawns or, the seventh rank 4 or more . R K U ~ ) 9. R - Q R ~
(9. FB6 14. KKo3 KRt3 15. Ri34. K.,,,,,-B55. R-B1 ~ h K-K5
. 6. R x P
files apart v. rook on the first rank: draws) 9... P-B4 10. XO $3--KR8 K -Kt3 F"R6 (6 ... PKtS 7. RK6) 7. R-Kt6
Black cannot win. K-Kt5 I t . R-R$ch, Y-B5
K,,,,,,,,Ktl 11 R-K88 K--I15 8. K-45 P-Kt5 9. R.--KR&
Finally, if White's king is better . ~ ch.
7 13. K,,,,,,-RI
(not Not 11. KKt3? RRt2 12. ROR8 Exarn~ieW7.
praced, i.e, it prwents Bfack's king from ch.) 13 ... K - ~ 6 1.4, KB2 13. KB4 KKt2, the sanjard
aiding his pawns, then White wins 4 K-B5
drawing line fox afl chains of three
asily. when the pawns arc on the fourth, fifth, Lf 4. R--KI ~ h K-B4
. 5. K - 4 5
and sixth ranks, if While captures the (5. RBI. ch. KK5 G.R x PPKt6,Examgb
BP Black's other pawns advance. 206) S .. P-Kt6 6.R-31 ch. (6. KQ4
3. ROOK v. THREE P A m S Black keeps his kina on KR2, KKtZ, PRG 7. KK3 KKtS) 6 . . . K-Kt5
or KR2 when the rook is on its eighth 7. K-K4 P-Kt7 8. R X Y f-Rb
United Pawns arc best for Black, and 9. R-Kt6 ch. K-R4 110. K-B5 P. .R7
they win iT Whitc's king is unable to rank, or on KH3, KKt3, or K R 3 when
the rook i s on i t s seventh rank. I t . K.-,Kt8 K-R3 12. K--B6 K-R2
confront thm. When White's king gels

1
Black keeps his king on KB2 or 13. R-Kt7 ch. K-RI, a fascinating
in Ront of the pawns his rook attacks
from the side or rear and forces a Z the rook is a; its sixth rank:
K R ~ when
blockade. Xf then one of the piwns is on 14. R-R6 K,,,,,,,-B2 (14... KR2? 15. 4 ... K ...,,K4
the sixth or sewnth the game is nr)rmally KKt5 KKt2 16. RRth ch. KB2 17. 5 K-B4 K-K5
-- --.

drawn; bu; White wins tf the pawns are RKRS KKt2 18. RR5) 15. R-,.,KRfr
K-Kt2 16. R--R5 K-Kt3 17. R---
.
Nui 5.. PKi6? 6. KQ3 KR5 7. KK2
blocked farther back. PR6 5. RR4 ch. RKt4 9.KBJ, with a
White esually wins against isolated Kt5 ch. K.--R3 18. 13--,-Kt#K-R2. blochde to follow,
White keeps his king on KKt3 or
pawns if his king is not Rrther away KR3 when Bl~ck'srook is cn its Bfth 6 R-Kl ~ h . K- B6
than Black's king. rank. 7 K-Q3
21 4 Wztikas v. Klein, Buxton, 1950. 11 ... K-Kt4 i Of m u m if 7. RBI ch. KK7 8. R x P
After 1. K-I36 ch. K-K3 (I ,.. KKt3
2. KQ5 KR3 3. KK4 leavw Black help-
less) 2. R x P (breaking up thc pawnsf
12 K,-Kt3
1 3 K-- I34
K--Kt3

14. XI-B(i ch. and 15, K x P. 8

11 PKi6, Example 206.
White ow wins after 13 ., . K ~ ~ ~ ~ ~7 ~...~ ~ ~ R 3
R-Bl&.
F,-Kt6
"

K-,Kt7
2... P-B4 3. K-BSK-K4 4. R-K7 White plays and wins The position after White's 13th move 9 R-QR1
ch. K-135 5. K-Q4 P,-R6 6. R-K7 is also won with White to play: 14. Black meets a few awkward thwts
K-Kt6 7 . K--K3 F.-BS ch. (7... PR7 KKt3 KKt4 IS. RRt8 ch. KR3 16. ~ J W ~ U "his Pawns are on the edge of
8. RKt7 &. KR6 9, KB2) 8, K
K132 KR4 17. K K 3 K R 3 18. RK2! fhe board.
K-Kt7 N i t r : in six.Bur inthe
game it was Black's move.
P,,,--Ki5 7. K-K2 P-B4?)).
.
RR4 19. KB2, and now 19.. PBS 20,
RR8ch, KKt4 21. KKtl KD4 22. KR2. ~~-~
If 9. xP PRG or if 9- RKl PR6
1 1 - K34 KB7 12- RKRJ
...
1
2 K-46 ~ h .
3 K-45
P-Kt4
K-K 3
8 K-B2 KWi.Rt4
Black suddenly Ands himself on the
KKII KR3 12. RKf8 KR4 23.
(Kopaiev).
&/
or 19... KRS 20. RKlT KR4 21. f?R4 with m g m W 3 .
9 . .. K-B7
Once a ~ a i nit is pointed out h a t White
...
defensive, After 8 PK16 ch. 9.KKt2 Variation A. (I ... P-Kt4 2. K-M
KKt5 10. RRR7 PBS 11. RRt7 ch. cb. K-K3).
should first attend to his king's position. KB4 hc loses h m u s c his pawns are 10 K-K4 P-Kt7
He actualty pfayed 3. R-RZ ? and b l ~ k e d 12.
, R-Kt8 K-K5 13. RKt4. 3 R-RI?
shnuld have last-see Variation A. Not 10... PR6? 11. RR2 ch.
8. .. P,,,,,,-R6
also loses, 9. R---.KKt7 UnIess the pawns we r d y menacing,
3 ... K-K4 K-K4 (9 ... KKS 10. KKt3, and now the rook should bide i t s time. I1 K - a ~ h . K-Kt6
10... K K 6 I I . RK7 ch.. cr 10... PB5 ch.
I2 R-RI K-R7
4 K--&I K K5 3 ...
5 R-K7 ch. 10. K , - - ~ F K-K3
; 1%.
P-Kt5 13 K-,--34 P-Kt8=0 - .
As USUP, the check on tfie file forms
the king's approach. If now 5 . .. KB6
12. K,,,,,,,,K3
1 3.
Thcwinningideaistogetapairof
ldvaMCd united pawns as quisWy as
W b I e , and winning chances are h t k r
I
14RxQ
15 K--K$4
I6 K x P
RxR
K-Kt7
K-B6,
6 RKB7. 1 9 R-KR7 P-R6
145
144
 Ifl ROUR ENDINGS
215 If White's king is satisfactorily I 1 1 R--KBb K-I35
placed, then isoiatd pawns iow even , 12 K XP
13 K-K2
K-K5
'
when far advanced, as in thisendingwon
by Tartakower, Paris, 1933. CoIours B I resigns+
~ ~ ~ There are also g o d winning cham-
revered.
Four unit4 pawns may well dofcat a
f It-Ktl K- Kt5 I rook; but i f they am far h c k , and if
2 K-Q2 K-B6 I
Whrte's king is nearby, a draw is to be
3 R-RI
4 R-QRI
P--H5
P-R5
1
expected. If the four pawns are not w n -
nccfed White's chanca improve, but
5 R-4Rl P---I36 ch. I
Black &nemUy has sufficient drawing
6 K-Q3 1 resources. The principles arc the same:
White a n n o t prevent the pawns' White's king must be brought to the
advance; h t rather hc wclcomcs it, for . scene, and the morc advanced pawns
the sooncr will Black run out of moves, I dealt with firsf; a. to Black, he should
and be forced to move his king away. ) valuc his connected pawns more than
6 ... P-B7 his isoIaied pawns, and his best plan is
7 K-Q2 F--R6 often that of forcing a pair of advanc~d
united pawns.
8 R-KBI P ,R7
9 R-QBI?
4. ROOK AND PAWK Y. ROOK
This ending i s normally drawn when
the p m n is blocked by 'Black's king.
Aginst a KtP Ire should not allow his
king to be driven away. Against a Centre
P or I3P Black may permit his king to bc
driven to the short side o f the pawn,
w b n the result should still be a draw.
When Blak*s king cannot biock ihc
pawn While's dranrjw at-emore promis-
ing than is the case with minor p i m ,
h a u s e there is no question of the
defender sacrificing his rook for the
pawn.
\mite plays and wins
Ry mntraIling all fhc sqJares on a file
9.KQ3 is c u m t , keeping Hack's king or a rank the rook may see up a barrier
away from ihc quen's side, and edging cutting off the defcnding king, and pm-
him away from the KBP, 9... KKt7 venting zts approach. For KIP, BP, or
10. KK2 KKt6 11. RQ31 KKt7 12. Centre P thc following rdes apply when
RQRX RKt6 13. RKBI, and Black is in the defending king is cut off on the file:
zugmang. A pawn rm the fifth or kyond wins if
9 ... K-Kt7? the cncmy king i s cut off by one fik.
Excep:ions occur with BP or Centre P
Black should pldy 9.. . K--K5 10.
when the defcnding king is on the short
K--,,K2 (if 10. K x P RK6, or 10. RKBI side of the, ndwn.
KQ5 11. K x P KK6, supporting the A pawn on thc fourth wins if the
KBP) 10... K-5 1 1 . K 4 2 (11. enemq king is cut OR by two film. An
K x P KB6 12. KK2 KKt7 supporting
exmprion is the KtP, for which three
the QRP) t 1.. . K-KS, with a draw by fibare n w u r y .
repetition.
10 K,,,,-.K2 K-Kt6
A pawn on the third wins if tht:enemy
king i s cut off by three files.
4 RClOK AND P A W N iT. RRQQK
A on fie sec~nd-ins if the draws H w Black miy safely play
enemy kirg i s cut off by five Be$, whilst
four files am enough for a BP.
I... RKtl.
2 K--.K87
if i4a defmding king is harizontatIy cut If 2. RR8 ch. KKtZ.
off, M n d the pawn, and cannot get 2 ... R--R3
back to block it. 3 P--,KI6
Unlike the similar case with minor
pi-, the RP is very draw:sh. White
4 K-R6 R-R8 ch.
cannot easily protect his king from
checks, his RP providing no cover.
A RP on the fifth wins for certain only
when the enemy king i s cut off by four
files, and z RPon the fourth if the enemy
Iring i s cu: off by five film. BIack genw-
ally drawswhen the pawn is farther h c k .
White in all c a w tries to keep Black's
king at a d i s m , Black to bring it
ncamr. Hack uses his rook to attack the
pawn, and to drive White's king away
whenever it taka up an aggrisivc
position andjor is about to help the
advance of tho pawn. The rouk moves Drawn
to the limit d the board, w a far as
possibje, so that i t s chocking-distancei s Thechecks may be *.i*oidedby 5. KKtS
at a maximum, and thus the opposing RKt8 ch. 6. KRS RB8 ch. 7. KW
king has lcss chance of csapiag a series RQ8 &. 8. RB3, but then the pawnfafls,
of checks. 8... RQKtS 9. RB6 KKr2.
There are two files on wkat is called White has winning chances if his king
thc short side of the BP, and five on die can move to the sixth before his pim,
long side; with n Gentl-cP the difkreixe because he tthcn has mating threats:
is Iess m;trkcd. In either casc it is im- 1 K-RS XI-Kt 1
portant for the defender, who wants to
h e his king 011 the short side, and the Against a KtP Black l m s if his rook
lwg side Icfi clear for his rook; for if lris stays on the eighth rank, I ... XI-QRt8I
(or I,.. KB1? 2. RR8 ch. KQ2 3. PKtfi)
rook is on the short side the checking-
distanct:is nclt long enough. 2. K-Kt6 (2. RR8 ch. ICB2 leads no-
The KtP, RP, and Centre P art: con- where) Z... K-81 (or Z... RQB8
sldcrcd first; and the RP later. 3. RK8 ch. RBI 4. R XKcR.) 3. R-R8
ch. K.--Q2 4. R,,,,,,,,QKt8, guarding the
pawn, 4... R-Kt7 5 . E,,,,,,,R7
K.--B2
2 6 When the king is blocking thc
(5... AR7 ~ h .6. KKt7) 6. F-Kt6 &,
pawn, Philidor Faid down thz drawing K-B3 7. R-B8 ch. K-+2 (7... KKt4
method against a p ~ w non any file:
8. PK:7 RR7 cb. 9. KKt8 KKt3 10.
Black's rook slays on the third rank, RBI RR7 11. RKtl ch.KBJ 12.RQR1)
preventing the advancc of White's king.
8. P-Kt7 (while assisting the pawn's
When, and if, the pawn mnvm tn the. advanm, White's ki~igis saiv ~I,OIIIr;l>w&
sixth, Black's rook moves to the eighth,
on thc rank), 8... R-R7 A. 9. K-Kt8
tfireateninga series of checks on the files. R-KS, and tRem remains the task of
1 ... R-Kt3 extricating the king, which is shown by
Against a KtP, but not agzinst a BP
or Centre P, the rook on the first rank
147
I %Ivio in
2 P,,-,-Kth
2i9+
I.
R,.,,,-KB
 4 ROOK A M P A W v. ROOK

Mot 2. KKt4? WJ. 3. RxR (else Xf 1 4 . . RB8 ch. 14. K R S RKt8 ch. Salvio applies equally to a BF or Ccntrc
Black's kifig ngcrosscs the QB file) J... 16. RKfQ. P when Xlkxk's king is on tht long side
K X R 4.KR5 KKt2. I5 R-K4 ~ h . K-32 of the pawn, but not otherwise.
2... R-R1 ch. If 15 ... W3 16. RK8 RB7 ctt. 220 Black's king is favourably
Against a pawn on the fiftb the chack- 17. KQ5. ptaccd, on the short side. On the Iong
ing distanm is too short. and hchecks 16. R-KS. sidc his rook has a sufkient checking
run out. Tire threat of 17, RQKt5 is unanswer- distance an the ranks. Ths play mlatcs
3 K,-Kt6 R-Kt l ch. able. to Example 218.
4 K-Xi6 R-K1 ~ h . Mack to play mu9 prevent PKtS: I P--KS K-Kt2
5 K-Kt7 R---R7
6 P-Kt6 R-QKt7 1 .,. R-Rt ch. The king on the short. side is best
If at oncc I... K--Q2' hoping to placed on the second rank.
7 K-R7 R-R7 ch.
8 K-Kt8 R-QKt7 o p p e rooks, then 2. R-W (2. PKt5? White plays and wins
9 F-Kt7 R-QR? nQno 2... R - R ~CII. (2... RQBI
10 R-34 3. R x R ) 3. K-Kt5 R-Kt1 ~ h 4.. the checks on the- rank, 3. .. RRJ ch.
In this position* White's king extri- 5-46 R-KI ch. 5. K-Kt7 followd 4. PKS;.
cates itself by sheikring behind the rook. by PKtS. Ciriesmann pbyed I. RQ7? when
10.R-35 also wins. 2 K-Kt3 Black draws by I... R-K5, attacking
tfie pawn from &hind ( I.. . RQRS aiso
White's king and pawn cannot ad-
draws) 2. K--QI K-,-,Kt2 3.
vance unaided, 2. RKtS RKtI ch. K-B2, Exampie 218.
3. KRS RRt ch. 4. RRt6, because of
4... RKtl ch. and White m a t retreat or 1 ... R-Kt6
bw his pmvn. Against a ?awn on the 2 R-RI R--Kt7
fourth the checking distance is sufficient, 3 M Y K-Kt2
and in order to advance Whitc must at 4 K-K7 R,--Kt7
somestageguard h b pawn with the rook, Drawn Biack's rook i s f d a move too late.
2 ... K-Q2 If it were his turn to play Re wuld draw
The sjrnpkst way.
2 K--Q5 R-QRI by checking on the rarks; but after
3 P--K6 R-R4 ch. White's next move the chwking distunoe
2. .. RQKtl preventing the pawn's 4 K.--B6 R-RJ ch. is too short, White's rook having
advance also draws. 5 K--Q7 K-R2 ch. m u ~ i e dthe remote (OR)file.
2... R-RI issuund, and if 3. F-Kt5
White plays and wins R-R5 when boih kinp arc cut ofT from
Black plays end dntws the pawn. The result then depends on
how hr Black's king is from the queen-
10 ... R-R8 ing square. Here it is near enough, and a The position of this examgle moved 8 K-B6 R-K2
If lo... KG3 11. KB8,orif 10... R R 7 draw follows 4. R-I33 (4. RR8 KQ2 one fib tothe right is also drawn. I 9 K--Q6 R-Kt2
11. RQR4 RQKt7 12. KR7.
11 R-+ch.
If 11 ..,KB3 12.KB8.
K-,K 3
5. RBI RKtS 6. RB3 RKRS 7. PKt6
RR3, or 4. PKtb KQ2 4. PKt7 RR1)
4... K - 4 2 5. K-R3 R-KB5
P-Kt6 R-H3 7. &-QKt3 K-BI,
6.
221 JavelIlle v. Grismann, Chide-
ville, 1952. Calwrs reversed. When
lack's king i s an the short side of he
/ lo P--K7*
222 wen~ l E~~
~ ison
~ *hey ~
of a ~ p $he
, long
$ide is always
12 R-B8 ch. when Biack blocks the pawn. pawn On the fifth whitehas winning

1II
fongenough for the defending rook,and
13 K,-Kt6 ch.
R-,,,,-K':S 1R-Bd R--QBI chances oilly if his king i s well forward, winning chnccs tftcrefore
14 K--R6 R,,-Kt7 4RxK KxR On the fifth Or sixth rank* and if
more slender than i s thc caw with a
5 g-K4 K,-K t l defending rook i s badly fad, as here. cenrre pawn. Such c n d i n ~arc
* For no good reason this ia often called
Lucena's position. It was first published on I white advanc=s ~ l takes ~ ~the k 1 R-R1 drawn, but hew, with every factor in his
p. 69 of Salvio's book II Psrrtirto, aftrumenre 1 opposition. T h i s prevents Dhck moving his rook favour, While just wins. An under-
..
& r m , il covalirro crranre CI Solvlo -,
Ndlies, 1634, where the aulho? sttrjhulrr ' eh' posiii0' thL d'@ram movul away, if I... RQR5 2. RKtl. ch. KR2 standing of this position is the key to the
the 3. KX36.M%itewins if hb king has a m s notorbus R+BP+RP v. R ending,
the analysis of the position to S~ipionei one 0 ' two fib to the ieft to the KB'file, for his pawn then covers Exam;3les 248-250.
Genovino. I results, 'lhe winning id= shown by
150 I51
 III RQQK ENDINGS 4 AND P A W v. ROOK
4 ... R-R2 ch. 2 R-W This i s the other way (contrasted with
1 R-K6 ctt,
1 PB6? kQR8 2. RBI KKt3 3. PI37
KB3 draws.
C M i s are permissible when White's
rook is no longer on the sixth rank.
I
A* ideal square for the rook from . R--K4) in which mite's rook may
which i t holds off lack's king, and also guard his pawn, and thus free his king.
guards thc pawn. Black's king mturns, but Bnisha up on
1 ... K--,,R2 5 K-K7
2 ... KKK4
the tong side of the pawn.
2 P-B6 R--QRI Xf 5. hB8 KKt3. K-K3
3 K-X38
Thc essential winning rnanmuvre,
5 ... R R1 It is meatial bo dislodge the rook. If
2.. KKZ? White's king may advance R-B4
6 R-Q7 R-QRt 1 R-I31
because the pawn i s now defended by

i
holding oE Black's king. Naithcr 3. 7 R-QI H--,Kt2 ch. P,RS R--,.Kt1cR.
KK8? RRlch. 4. RK7 KKt3, nor tfie rook, 3. KW RBI ch. 4. KKt5
3. RK8? RR2 ch. 4. KB8 KKt3 suffices.
8 K-K8 K-Kt3
RKtl ch. 5 . UQ i 6.PKtS.
KK3 If 8... KQZ 9.RQI ch., Example 2f 9.
9 P-I37 R-Kt1 cft.
3 ... K-Kt3
If 3 . . . R-R1 ch. 4. R-K8 R-R8
(4 ... RR2 5 . KK7ch.) 5. P,,-B7 R,-R2
6.R ,,,,,,,.08.
10 K,,-K7
I1 K-KS
XI--Kt2 ~ h .
R-Kt3 ~ h .
With a XXP on the f ~ w h or farther
back, Black should always draw if his
3 R-Q1
4 R-Q2
KC-K3
K,,,,,,,,,K4.
I 9 K-B7
10 P,,-BG,
~ 4. ..K-K2? logs, 3. ~4 The position of h i s dingram moved
$ I U too
K + K ~ (3.,+ R Q ~4. R ~j 4,K-W
R-Kt7

one Ke to the right is also won for

king is on the short side ofit. R-Bl ck. (4.,. KK4 5 , ROS ch, KK3
6. PKt5) 5. K-Kt5 ~ 1 K45~
... 4
223 Blackdrawbykwpinghiskin$ R K ~ ~I h 6.. m6) 4. R--.QW R-K~I 225 Black's king is on the shoft side.
on either 8 4 or K3. cb. 7. ~ - . ~~ f- ,i , 0 48. R - R ~ ~ 4 3 3 White wins in quitc a different way, by
1 R-Q2
A tempc-move. White's king and
9. p - ~ # ~ h gLw
.
K--cg 11. P - m , when 81ack'r wok
ia rnisplaoed.
I
10, R-RS ch. means of mating threats when Black's
on or R5.
pawn cannot advancc against the enemy 4.. . RKt2?, shortening the checking
r d , 1. KB4 RBI ch. 2. KKt5 RRtl&. distance, also loses, 5 . KB4 RB2 ch.
3. KB5(RS) RBl(R1) ch. 4. KKt6 6. RKtS RKt2 ch. 7. KB5 RB2 ch.
RRf i ch.-Black chocks the W t e king 8. KKt6 RBI 9. PKt5.
whenever it threatens to support the
advance FKtS. 224 White wins bemuse he can
White plays and wins
1 ... K-K3 move up his king on ths two open files
IQR, QKif where it docs nct obstruct
With I.., KKS? Black vcntums tw
Nack plays and d r a w far fonvard, and is cut off on the rank his pawn.
4 P-B7 ch. K--R2 2. R-Q6 (2. RQ7 also wins) 2... I K-Kt4 R-Kt1 ~ f i .
5 ll-KB6 R-Kg K-K4 3. R-486 K--Q$ 4. K--It4 2 K-RS R-QHX
6 R-B2 R-K6 R-KR1 (4 ... KHS 5. R M ch. KQ4 3 K-KtS R-Kt1 ch.
7 R---R2 ~ h . K-Kt3 6. PKtS) 5. F-Kt5 R-R8 6.K-436, 4 K-46 R--.QB l
8 K--Kt& Example 219. 5 R--QBI
White wins
BIack to play simply prevcr:15 White's
mantruvre, 3. KR8: Black is in zugzwang.
I ... R---QR8
...
If f RK2, shortening the checking
d i s t m , 2. KQ4 RQ2 cR. 3. KB5 RK2
2 R-K6 ch. R-R2 4. KQ5 KQ2 ch. 5. KK6 and 6.FKS.
3 P-36 R-R 1 If I... KR3 2. KB4 IRBl ch. 3. KR5
Not 3... RRZ ch.? 4. KM KKt3 RKI ch. 4. KB6, the m a h g t h a t
5. PB7 ch. This discovered cRmk is the indirectly guards the KP, 4... RBI ch.
puirrt vf Wlritc's having his rook on thc 5. K#7, and 6. PKS.
sixth. E Yif BIack
~ could g+t his king to R2,
4 R-K8 he would lose in a similar way; whitst if
he wuld get his king to R!, White wadd
If 4. RK1 RR2 ch. 5. 'FC88 KKt3, or win by RKKt5 fallowed by KKM.
if 4. KK7 KKtJ 5. PB7 ch. KKtZ
6,RKW RA2 cb. 7. KK8 RRI ch. I Drawn White wins 1 2P-K5
153
 IXX ROOK ENDINGS
White annot win as in the preceding ch., 5. K-.Q5 R--QKtl, While finesses rejoins bis pawn. whilst Black's i s cut 1 227 A position given by Fine, 1941.
example by 2. KQ4 RQI ch. 3. KBS
RK1. 4. KQ5 RQI ch. 5 . KB6 KKI
6. RK I ? because the checks on the rank
draw after 6...KKt4 7. KQ7 RK4
to fmI31stck farther away, 6. R-B2
ch. R-Kt3, and guards his pawn from
the file, 7. R-QKt2, whm Black's king
cannot get back in time, 7... L - A 2
off an the rank.
2 R-K3
3 K-B3
4 K - 4
K-B 3
R---B1 ~ h .
R-QKII
1 1 K-,-B2
Similar
1 1 . . . RQI play follows 1 . RKtf, for if
2. PKt3 RQ7 White's king i s
8. KQS RR4 9, PKS, Example 220. For 8. P-Kt4 K-KZ 9. K -BG K-QI cut off hut Black's is too far off, 3. RRI
rhc same reason there is little point in $0. K-Q2 ch. K-K2 (10 ... KBI
5 K-35 RKB7 4. PKt4 RI3S 5%KKtl KKr4
1. RKt6, attempting To cut Black otT I r . RKRZ) 11. P-K~S. Threatening 6.P-Rt4. 5. K R 2 KB3 7. KKt3 KKI! 8. RQI
on the rank. Neither can - .-- - - temporize, for if
- . Black 5 ... R--131 ch. RBI 9. RQ4, Example 223.
2 ... R x P ch.
If 2.. . KK4 3. KK4. and. if neccssarv.
White's king escapm from checks on t6;
I I.., RKtZ, shortening the checking dis-
tance, 2. K-B3 R-B2 ch. 3. K-Q4
225
d K-QS
7 R-B3 ch.
R-QKt l White's sirnplest win is to cut Black 0%
on the rank, 1. KB5 KRtS 2. RBS KB5
3. KB2 KKS 4. -3,
This finesse f o f w 3:actrk's king 5. PKt4.
folfowed by
rmk by playing to the KB file. farther away. 1 ... R-,-331 ch.
3 K-- m. 7 ... K-K t4 2 K,,-Q3 R--QKt l
White wins a roirk. 8 K-BS K-Kt5 3 R--B3 R,--Bi ch.
After 8... RBI ch 4. KQ4 RQI ch. 4 K-,,,,Q4 R.,,-QI ch.
226 A position anaiysed by Grigo- 10. KB3 RBI ch. 1 1 . KRt2 RQKtl,
riev, 1937. White's journey has not been in vain, for
1 R,-KZ Black's king is cut off by four files, and
A tempo-move which puts Mack in
xugzwang. for his king stands on its
1 after 12. RB2 KKt5 13. KB3 RBI ch.
14. KQ4 RQKtI $ 5 . K W RBI ch.
best squaw. 16. KQS RQKtl Whtz guards the piiwn
White's king and pawn cannot yet from the rear 17. R -Kt2, when Black's
advnna against Black's rook: I. K,,-R3 White wins king cannot get back in time.
R,--Rl ~ h . 2. K-,,,W FIR-QKU 3. 9 R-Q3 K-B4
K--B4 1 ch. 4. K--QS R-QKtl ,
and if White is to makt5 profless his rook Xf 8...RBI ch. 10. KKt6 RKtl ch.
must guard the pawn from either the I t . KB7 RKtS 12. RB6 RKtl 13. aq4
ch. K84 14. PRt4 RK4 15. RR4.
rank or the fife:
5. W-K3 K--,,B4 6.K 4 6 ? (better 10 P-Kt4 R-Bl cb. White wins
to retreat) 6... K-B5 7. R-,,,-R3K-M If 10... KKS 11. RQ6 cutting Black
8. K-H7 R-Kt5 9. K-B6 (thrmtrn- off on the rank.
ing K B S and PKt4) 9... B-,,-Kt1 IO. If 4... RQKtl 5. RQKrl KKt4

I
K..-BS R-31 ch. I t . KRt4 RKtl ch. 1 I K-QS R-QI ~ h . 6. PKt4 KI33 7. KB5 as in the prading:
12. ICE3 KK3; or 12 K-I34 R-B1 ch. exampt e.
5 R---QKII? K-IC2 5. K-B6 13 K-Kt3 R,--QKtI
K-Kt5 7.R-K t ~ hK-QI . 8. R,--K3 5 K--BS R---81 ~ h ,
If 13.,. IWRI 14. PKtS, when BIack 6 K-Q6 R-,,,QKtl
R-KRS 9. R-K5 R-R3 ch. It? may cut off White's king 14... RR5, but
K-Kt7 K-R2 ch. 1I . K-Kt8 K--aZ his own king is too far away, 15. RR3 If 6,. , RQl ch. 7.KI37 RQ6 8. PKt4
22. R-QB5 R-R5 13. R-QKt5 RQKt6 9.RR4 ch.
8-B3 14. R-.Kt7 K-B4.
KK3 16. PKt6 RR2 17. RKt3 ROKtZ . -

18. KR4. 7 R--QKtf R-Rl6

In either case Black's king return,
moving via K2 or K M according to 14 R-Q6. This i s the idea behind Black's pLn of
enticing White's king forward.
White's play. Black is cut off on the rank as in the
8 K-I35 K-Kt4
f ... K-B2 notes to ExampIe 223.
R-34
With a RP or Cmtrr: P on the third R--Kt 1
After this While's rook protects his
pawn from the mrk; but if instead I . ..
rank the win i s easier, White's king 1 P-Kt4*
moving forward on the film on the short the examples gwsn.
K-B4, then after 2. K-B3 R-B1 ch. side, and in due course playing his rook
3. K-44 R--QUl 4. K--W R--BI behind the pawn. K- Kt4
654 155
 4 ROOK AND PAWN v. ROOK
...
Xf f ... KKt6 2. RB5. If 1 KK15 2 . I ...
RRb, and now 2 . . . RKRl 3, RQR6,
or 2 . . . KKt4 3. RBI.
If 2... R-K8 (2... KB7 3. RB4 ch.
KQ6 4. PKt3) 3. Y-Kt3 K-86
R--B4 ch. K.,-Qfi 5 . R-U8 K--Q5 i
4. 1 2 K-H
3
K-QR1
R,,--R7 ch.
R-K6 ~h .
2 R ,,,,,,,,,B2 R--Kt5 6. K-R! R,,-R8 ch. 7. K-R t4 R-XI:! ' 4 R-Kt2
3 K-BI
Kopaie)'~subtfe discovery. putting
Black in xugrwang. 3. KBZ? RBI ch.
8. R-Q8 ~ hK-K4, . and White's rook
i ~f 4. K Q ~
is mispktced, 9. KBS RH,Z ch. 10, KKt6. 5- ~ ( n 3KKS.
4 .,.
K K ~ ,or 4, KKt4 RQ6

R QR1.
draws; White could advanct Ilis king
to QR7 b ~ Black's l king could suhse- All the rook has fa do is to farce
yuenlly attack the white rook. breaking Whits's king from the QB file to the QKt
the barrier on the KB file. Whilst if 4. file. Now if 5 . PQ4 KK5, or 5 . PQ3
A step by step proms with king and KKB, or if 5. KB2 or 5. KB3 Black
KKtX RKRf 5. PKt3 KRt6 6. RB6 pawn.
RE17 7 . PKt4 RRS 8. PKrS RKtS ch. checis on thc rank: finallv. if 5. KKt3
By playing thc tcxt-move White avoids White wins 6 ... R-R8 ch.
this chcck. 7 K,-Kt5 R-R1
7 K-Kt5 R-Kt l ch. 8 K-K t3 ch. K,,,-,,Q5 231 A position after Fine, 1941.
3 ... R-KRI 8 K-B6 S... RKt7, attacking from the rcar, Black's king is in danger of being cut 0%
If 3 . . . RBI ch. 4. RB2 R K R l 5 . RB5 To hold off Black's king. fails because the chocking disiance on the on tha rarrk. He draws by an attack on
RR7 White moves his king lo QR3 and
El ... K-K2 fites i s too short, 9. -6 RBI ch. two fonts, the king from the rear and
then plays ?Kt$. If 3 . . . KKtQ(moving 10. KKtl. Compare Example 231. the rook from in front. Usually this
farther From White's rook) White wins ch.
9 K,,,,,,,,Kl K-Q 1 works only if the pawn is not bcyond the
10 R,-.,-Qlch. K~,,,,,,,K2 g K ,,,,.,.B6 R-..81 ch. third rank, when the c k k i n g distance
by 4. KB2, advancing to QR7.
Xf lo.,. KBI 1 1 . RKRI. 10 K-Kt7 R-,B8 i s nf sufficient Icnyth.
4 P-Kt3 K-Kt6 I1 P-KtS.
5 11-336 R--R7 I I. f R-R2 ch. K-Kt8
6 P-,,Kt4 K-Kt5 Black to ~ I a vdraws by I . .. RQRI
hemming i i white's king. If <hen
If now 6 . . . RR5 the pawn advances. 229 When Bfack's king is in White's 2. PKt3 K86.
7 ?-,Kt5 K ,,,,,,,,,K t4 half of the hoard he is in danger of being The position of this diagram moved
cut OR (from the queening square) on the ont: file to the right gives the same
8 Xi-R8 R---R2 rank, which is quite as Iethl au being cut
9 R-QKt8 K-33 resufts.
off on the file. This and the fcrllnwing
10 P-Kt6 K--,-K3 position arc by Cheron, 1944.
11 P-Kt7 R-K2 230 Cutting Black off on the rank
3 R-QK4 R-KB1 may be iess effective with a mnrre pawn,
White wins by advancing his king.
If I... RQEI 2. RRZRBS 3. R x R . his rook having checks on the ranks.
2 K-R2 R-R7 1 R--m
228 With a BP White's king moves X I I RR4 RQBl ratricting ii'hile's
up on the 5les on the short side, as shown
by Cheron, 1923. king.
1 K-Kt2 R-Kt I ch.
2 K-K3 R-QEl
3 R ,,,,,,,,Kt3 K-Kt 1 ch. Not I... KQ6'? 2. R M RKtl A.
4 K,-,-.R4 R.--QR 1 ( 2... RB7 3. KR3) 3. K-R3 K-R6
Zf 4.. . B-R1 ~ h .5. K-Kt5 R--,,,,Ktl 4. R-X34 ch. K-Q6 5,R ~ ~ ~ ~ ~when ~~.Kt2,
ch. 6. K-R6 R,b.RI &. (5,.. RQBl Black is effectively cut off on the rank,
7. RQBI RE36 8. KKIS RKt3 9.XKt4 and if 5 . .. RKRl 6. RKKt4 RR7 ch.
KHI 10. m4) 7. K-Kt7 R,-RS ( 7 ... 7 . KR3 KBS 8. PKt4 XRI 9. RKt5.
RRS 8. RQRI), and now the ingenious 2 R-K5
..
8. RKi8 wins, 8. R.,-QBG 9.R--,Q88 Unless this rook is moved up Mite
K-B6 f 0. I>-B4. cancot parry the threatened cheeks on
5 R--QBI R-Kt3 White days and wins the file, being unable to pby to QKr2 as
6 p ,,,,,,,a4 K.,-R3 I Black plays and draws Drawn in tk last note, c.g 2 KB5 RBI ch.
156
 UI ROOK ENMNES 4 ROOK AM) PAWN v. ROOK
3. KQ5 RQl ch. 4. KB6 RQKtX 5. When Black's rook is driven off tha QKt 5. RKt7 ch. and 6. RKt8) 4. K-R6 1 2 . .. R--QR%
RR3 KKt7, fib, his king takes over thc guard duties : R--R7 5. R-B6 ~ hK--Q2 . 6. K-Kt7 1 3 K.,-KtS R-Kt8 ch.
2 ,.+ K-Kt7. 1 ... K-K2 R--R7 7. R,--.QKt6. I 4 R-Kt4 RxRch.
2 R-KR2 K-42 I . . . R,&I34 ch. 2. K-Kt6 R-33 ch. 1 5 K x Tt K--QZ.
tS K-,,-B2 (3... R32 4. RKR4) '
Not 2... RKtt ch.? 3. KR4 RRl ch.
5 , RRS followed by PKt4. But after the
text move, afiacking the pawn from the
m, m i t e can matre no proms.
3 R-R7 ch.
4 R R8
,,..,,,~3
K-HZ
Not 4... RKt77 5 . RB8 ch., forcing
3.
42

6. P-RI -Q.
1.. . R-B8 for I.. . KB2) 2 P-K7.
I ~ i i f at ~p an cxChe
PvR7 RwKt3 ch- 5. K--R5 it it fisqurntly possible bGcsss ibs pawn
Of rooks is

1 ending oflcrs so many drawing chances.

the king off the Q R file, and 6.RQKt8. 235 A position after Cheron, 1926.
232 Diack. m d i y draws against a 5 E--QKt8 R,,-,,KR8 234 Whib's rook cuts off Black's
RE, if be can st his king to hnearer king hy t h e files.When the Pawn is on 1 K-Kt4 R-Kt1 ch.
6 R-Kt7 ~ h . K-B 3.
2 KC--I35 R-Qax
bishop's KG, here QB1, QBZ+ or even the fifth or beyond, BIack's rook is best
-
OB3. 6... KB1 7.RKt4 RQB8 also draws. 3 K-Kt5 R-Kt 1 ch.
pIa& on the eighth rank.
With rn tndyvancd pawn on any other 4 K-R6 K--,QR1
233 Where Rtack's king is nearer (to White to play wins only because his
file White finds it preferable ta have his rook is on Q4, its best square:were it on 5 R--QR1 K-K2
king in front of rather than behind the thc QRP) than thc Ka fil;: White wins 6 P-K5.
only if the arrangement of the piaces iu 4 3 or 4 2 the game would b drawn,
p w n ; but with fie RP W h i k has some And White wins, Once the paw is on
diflhlty extricating his king, as here in some way Pavourabb to hirr.. In his 1 P--R6 &--Kt8 &.
study by C h o n , 1944, White's rook i s 2 K.-35 the fifth Black's rook b miuplaced in
shown by Karstdt, $909. front of it.
ideally placed on the QKt file, and on the 2. KR7? draws. White shouId not
- RAP2
1 --
voluntarily Mock his pawn.
White opposes rooks on the QKt file
as soon a3 he can. 2 .,, K,--QR8
3 K-Kt5 R-R7
4 R-,-,QR4 R-Kt7 ~ h .
5 K-R5 R-,-Kt1
4 P-RT R-QR~
7 K-KtG.
Black to play draw against the pawn
on the fifth aalthcugh his king is thm
film &Wit)..
1 ... R.,-Kt8 ch.
2 K-I35
White plays and wins
White wins Blocking the pawn also draws, 2. KR7
RKt7 ?. PR6 RKt8 4. KR8 RKt7 Black plays and draws
I fourth rank. In fact Bhck to play would 5. PIX7 RKttl, Eramplc 232. Unlike the c a w with the pawn on
in most casm draw if While's rook were other film, Black draws hy offering an.
White plays arid wins
Black plays and d r a w
anywhxe dm, Biack's rook, on the exchange of rook, for which purpose
other hand, would be Wt~r1>1.ilrx:d
whm the s m n d rarlh is the best p l w for his
i t could sustain a s & a olchecku; ifit
f ... K-,,,rn king.
2 R-l38.
wcre at KRI, the game would be drawn
after I... KB2 2. RKt7 ch. KBI. I 1 ... K--B2
Now if 2 . . KQ2 White escapes via M c n Black's king is properly placed
QB5, 3. RQKtR RKR8 4. RKt7 he draws against a RP on the founh,
RKt8 ch. 5. KR6 RR8 ch. 6. KKtG although cut off by four files.
RKt8 ch. 7. K85. 2 K-Kt4 R-KI
Whilst if 2.. . KQ3 White m a p via 3 R-+I
Q38, 3. RQKt8 RKRI 4. KKt7 If3. R x R K x R 4. K K t S K Q 2
RKO ch. 5. KB8 RB8 cfi. 6. KQ8
5. KKtG KB1.
RKRl 7,RKtG ch. K W 8. RB6 ch.
3 ... K-K2
KKt4 9. RB8.
Black to play keeps. White imprisoned. I R.-Kt6 R-K4 ~ h . (3 ... RKRS 4.
RQRC or 3... RKKi1 4. K R 6 RKRl
White plays and wins
BIack plays and draws 4 P-R5 R-41
158 59
 IH ROOK ENMNGS 4 ROOK ANLl PAWN v. RUUK
5 R-QBl
6 p ~6
7 f--KT
K-,,,,Q2
R--QRf
R-QRI ,
I 'If 5. KK7 RR2 Ch. 6. KF36 RR2.
Whar must move to tbe king's side to
escape h c chocks.
8 R-QRI K,--.B2 K-,,-R4ch.
9 K-Kt5 K-Kt?. 6 K-86 TI--R 1
If king wcrc cut by RRJch,? 7,KKt7, the
files then tha RP on the fourth wins. An j cannot stopped- The diagram position moved one Rte
exchange of rooks is not then practicable I
fox it would leave Black's king outside i 7 P--W R-Rl
the square of the pawn. 8 K-K6 K--.EM
The only move, hddins OR White's 238 Thc RP on the seventh i s
236 A study by Grigroriev. Mack's king. Styboth, 18W, shows that after defended from the rank,which is hiker
king attacks horn the rwr, and the rook #,.. &-Kt49 the milting thmals are for White than having the rook in front
checks on thc ranks: a counter-altack fatal, 9, K ,,,,,,.. K,,,,,,,,,Kt3 10. ch. of the pawn. White wins if his king can
espxially effective against the RP, ; K . - . . ~ 3(10. ..K x P 11. R37) 1i ,K,,,,.-.X37 Biwk @ays and draws
penetrate the qrrwn's side, via QKt6,
h a w this pawn provides no shelter ! R X P ck. 12. K U h . when not checking the rook must be on QB6, or QB. Black draws ifhis kinggets
for the king. 9 K-Q7 K-Kt3 m.Q R Me attacking the pawn from the
the to QB3, preventing Whire's d e s i ~ .
I ... R-KR7 10 R-Kt1 ~ h . K,-E4 1 K,,,-.K4 K-K3
2 P-R6 i W o t f O... KR3? 11.K137, 2 K-Kt6 R-Kf 6 ch.
If 2. R-.Kt1 ch. K-R5, maintaining , 1 1 R-Kt7 R-R 1 I... R-R4, temporarily cutting off
Another rule: when White's king king also fails by a tempo,
1
guards ttc p a w , threatening to h e his 2. K* K,-K3 3. K,-,B4 K-Q3
R-,,RI
rook, Black nIUSt give check. Usudly he 4, K - ~ t 4 R-R~ 5. K KtS, when
chrxks on the file. Whita's king gets to the eighth and wins,
R--R I .
R-R2 ch. 5. K-R8, thc king is driven 3 K-B5 R-QR6 5. ., R-Kt8 ch. 6. K-Rfi ch.
An amusing draw by repelitio~~.
in front of :he pawn, 5. .. K,,LK4. Not 3... R W ch.? 4. KK:4.
7.K-Kt7 R--Kt8 ch. 8. K-,-B8 (not
2 ... 8. KR8? blocking thc pawn, 8... KH3)
R-R3 ~ h .
237 White's rook is poorly placed 4 K-Kt4 R-R8 8.. . R,,--'88 ch. 9. &-Kt8 R-Kt8 ~ h .
The ptay should be contrastet1 with in front of the pawn, a not uncommon 5 K-Kt3 X3.,,--.R3. 10. R-Kt7.
Example 231. Mere the chcdcing+distance situation with the RP. With a KtP as in Black's rook must stay on the QR file. 2 R-R6 ch.
on the ranks is at its maximum renard- &ample 241, or any other yawn, Black's Black's king is ticd tu thc s q u a w ' - -
less of the raxlk the RP i s on. Bfaok's
king behind the pawn in no way
obstructs his rook.
king is rtsuatly able to cross the board so
that the position is resolved one way or
KKt2 and KR2. If 5... KXt3'!
Eh, KRZ 7_PBOLU,
if 5 . A _ I
6. KBZ?
The skcwer-threats arc fatal,
KKt8 ' oRm ibc m e when BIack's king ven-
is

the crher. 6. RR8 R x P 7. RR7 ch. winning I tures t' t' K-file.
3 K--B7 R-RZ ch. Black must do somelhing about Black's rmk. It is because of thi5 skewer
4 HE-Q6 XI-R3 ch. White's threat of moving his rook. check that BIack's king cannot cross the
5 K-K5
. intervening KB, K, and Q files to
approach the pawn.
Nni I . R K 2 ? 2. RKIR ch. K x R
3 . PRI--Q ch. Black draws thls kind of position by
After f .. .
R-K4 ch. ? the checking choch on the ranks only when his rook
distance is too short, 2. K 4 t h R-K3 is moving up and down the KB file; or,
~ h .3. K - 4 7 R- QR3 (3.,. RKZ ch. with his king at KR2, tfte KKt fife. If
4. KQG RKB2 5 . RKt8 ch.j 4. K-Kt?,
Whtrc's king m o w towards the rook to
guarding the pawn, 4.. R--It8 5. put a stop to the chscks, then Black's
It-QR R-Kt8 ch. 6.K-BG K--B8 ch, rook plbys to the QR Ale behind the
7. K- h t 5 R Kt8ch. 8.K-B4. pawn. C l ~ on b the ranks arc useless
. i f Black's rook is on either the K or Q
I . . R136 ch. ? is also a careless chixk,
fo~uftm 2. KKt4 Black's rook cannot film bmuse the chacking distance is too
short, as noted above; whilst xf Black's I
, Wh~replays and wins
play to the Q R file, and if 2... KI32
@ g f ,!,:,,b
# W l :
,-,, ,-;-- . .. . .. 3 . RKtB ch.
rook is on the KR file then c h ~ k on s thc Black plays and draws
Black plays and draws i The text-move follows the simple d c ;
t h scvcnth,
~ I
rank masc when White plays his king to T h e Fame with White king on KB3, K3,
KZ, or Q2
161
 HI ROOK ENDINGS
2 ,.. K--Q21B2)
RxP
3 R-R8
4 R-R7 ch.
slack to play draws b I , . , K K ~
2. KK.4 KQ3 3. KQ4 KI33,
White king on K3: White wins bv
1. KC14 K K 2. ~ K I S . Stack draws by
...
1 RR5 cutting off White's king on the
rank, 2. KQ3 KK3 3. KR3 KQ3 4.
KKt3 RR8 5. KKt4 KB3.
White kine: on K2: White wins by
1. K,--Q3 .
(1.. KK3 2. K134)
2. K-33 K-K3 3. K-Kt3 IC-,,,,,R8
4. K-Kt4 K - - 4 3 5. K,--Kt5. B h ~ k
.
draws by 1.. KK3. Black may insbad
interpose the moves I... RKtJ 2. RQRt7
reaching a nosition which brines about
the sa& result for aithough T... KR3
appears to lox time, after 3. KQ3 KK3
4. KIM RQ3 White must givc back the
tempo by 5. RKR7 in order to make
way for his king or draw by 5. KKt5
RKi8 ch.
When White's king is to tha right of
these positions, the game is dmwn.
When White's king is to the left of the
squares Xistd on the diagram he wins
with or without thc move, e.g. White
king at QB2, I.., K . K3 (1 ... KK4
2. KKt2 RR3 3. KMe3 KQ4 4. KKt4
KBJ 5. RR5 ch.) 2. K-Kt2 (2. KKtJ?
draws) Z... R-R4 (if 2. .. RR3, 3.
RK6 ch. skewers the rook) 3. K-Kt3
K-Q3 4. K-Rt4, gaining a tempo,
4 . . . R-R8 5. K-Kt5, winning as
hfore*
239 The pawn b btfcr stopped on
the sixth rmk when the rook is in front
of it, becaase h i s leaves a hole for the
king at R f .
The rule in tRb ca=: when not giving
check the r o o k attacks the rwwn from
the rank,
If the rook attacks from the file I..,
R.--QR6? (1.. , RB5 &,? is bad for the
same reason) then White's Iring rum to
cover at ~ 7 ,2. K-.K~G R - K ~ G ch,
3. K.--R7, winning after 3... K-B2
4. R-QKt8 R-R6 5. K-Kt7 R.-Kt6
. K-,,-R8 R--QR6 7.P-R7.
~ h 6.
I While's main t h a t is trans~winato
Example 238, which can b a ~ wwen b
his pawn i s not under attack, 1 . ..KR2 ?
2. RK? ch. KKt3 3. RQKt'1 followed by
,, ,
rx1.
Cadess checks must be avoided. Xf
.
I.. R- -K4 ch. ? 2. IC--Q6, and Black
uin neither give check nor attack the
pawn from the rank. He therefore loses,
atthough the win in this pararticular case
is somewhat feconditc: 2... R --KB4
(2 ... RQR4 3. KB6, or 2... RKR4
3. R87) 3. R K8 R--QR4 ( 3 RBJ ...
ch. 4. RK6 AB2 5. KB6) 4. R-K7 ch.
K.-BI 5 . R--137(and not 5. PR7?
Black pfays and draws
RR3 ch., the point of Black's defence)
S... R-KIE4 (Black prepares for checks
on the ranks as White is threatening
RR8 ch. and KB6) 6. K--K6 (at this
point Bhck cannot repty with R R I ch.)
6... R-QR4 (5. .. RKR4 7. RB7 ch.
KKtl 8. PR?) 7. R-R8 ch. K--Kt2
8. K,,-Q7, and if 8... R-KI34, retin-
quishing the attack on the pawn, then
9. K-K8 It-QR4 10. R-K6.
K-Kt5
If 2. RR7 ch. ICICt3.
R.--K4 ch.
mack must check on the rank when
White's king mards the pawn; other-
w i White's
~ rook is fwd.
4 ROOK AND PAWN v, ROOK
When, and if, White plays PRY Black ! k a u s c of the skewer threats, 3. PR7
must eithcr play his rook behind the ] KQW2) 4. RR8 R x P 5. RR7 ch.
P W ~3. KK14 KK3 (the c b ~ kon the I
rank, i s also sound) 4. PR7 RQR3
5. KKt5 RR8, B m p l e 237; or giw
2 KUB1 R-KR5
This Prevenb White's playing R-
checks on the rrank from the KB file. KR70n his fourth
3. KKt4 RKB4 4. PRY KB5 ch. 5. K K ~ S1 3 K-R7 ch.
&. 6. KKt6 R 3 3 ch. 7, KS7
RB2 ch. 8. KQ6 R 3 3 ch. and i f 9. KKS
M i t e usually regroups 85 s w n
BIxk's rook Ieaves the QR file.
tl~
RQR3, Example 237.
3 R--3C 3 ch.
..A
4 K-B7 R-333
If at once 4. RQKt7? (the natural
The best fih for rhe rook, On the KKt 4. RKR7 i s not possible) 4... RRS
or KR files its king obstructs it, whilst
on the K or Q Nm rhe chckiay J i s i u t e
5. PRY KK3 6. KKt3 KR8 7. KKt4
RQ3 8. RKR7 (losing a tempo, but if
is too short, e.g. 4.., R U ch. ? 5. KQ6 8. KKt5 RKt8 ch.) 8... KB3.
RK32 6. RK8.
5 !&--Kt7 R-BZ ch.
6 K,,-B6
"k hole at QR7 dms not shield
White from checks on the ranks.
Either 7... RQKt3 or 7..,KR2 is also
playable.
Not g... R135 ch.? 9. KKS RB3,
because of the trap 10. RKi3 ch.
9 Xz--R7 R--QR3.
Exampte 237.
240 This position by Romanowky, White pbys and wins
Black phys and draws
1950, *ePatcs closely to the precding
cxamplcs. The same with White king on K6, KB5,
KIM, K3,KB3, or Q2
Black wants to get his rook on the
ranks for a draw a s k Examples 237 and
239; whilst White hopes to transpose Making a bole for his king, and
to Example 238. threztcnning PR7 thus preventing thc
1 K ,,,,,,.0 3 R-RS approach of Black's king,
Tcmmrarjly cutting off White's king, 5 ... a-QR8
which is frying to get to QR7. 6 K-Kt4 R-Kt8 ch.
7 K-B5 R--38 ~ h .
If BIack's rook leavzs the QR file, R-Kt8 ch.
J ...K-RB8, the RP is not under artack,
8 K-Kt6
9 K-R7 K-K2
so White transpose to Example 238, lo R-QKtg R Q8
,,,,,,,.
2. R-R7 ch. K-.-I33 (ox 2... RKt3
3. RQKt7) 3. R.-R7 R--QR8 4. P-R7. 11 K--Kt7 R,,--Q2ch.
Black's king cannot cross to the Xf I I ... RKc8 ch. 12. RH8 HKRS
queen's side, 1... KB2 2. KR4 KK2, 13. PK7 KQZ, Exampk 232.
 XI1 ROOK ENDINGS 5 ROOK AND'TWO PAWNS v. ROOK
12 R-Kt6 R--Q3 ch. l (1 ... RB8 2. RIi7 ch. KKt3 3. RKt7 Q2, keeping Whitds out of QKt7, he ' When White's king is not cut off the
13 K-BS R--Q4 c11. i RQRS 4, PR7 KB3 5. KKt2, Example draws. btockade may oftm be lirted.
14 R-Rt5. ' 238) 2. R-R7 ~ h R-B3 . 3. K-Kt3 4 R-KR8 R-Kt7. With KtP+UP White wins if the KtP
I
(the immediate 3. RQKt? RRI 4. PR7 is ahead of its companion.
Black. to play draws because he need draws) 3 . . . R-Kt8 ch. 4. K-B4 Not 4... Rl38 ch.? 5. RKt5, and if
not fear the franspositions, 1 ... RQKt8 ' R-B8 ch. 5. K-Kt5 R,.-Kt8 cb. 6. S... RKt6 cb. 6. KR6 RR8 ch. 7. RKt7,
2. KQ2 RKt3, Example 239; or 1. .. K-BS R-fl8 ch. 7. K-Kt7 R-Kt8 or if 5... RQR8 6. PKt7, winning in
R--QKi8
R-R7
2. R-R7 ~ b .K-81
(3. KQ3 KK3) 3...
(
3. ch.(7 ...KKB 8 . R K 8 K Q 3 9.RQBch.
: KK2 lO.RQS,ExampIe23rl) 8. K--BB
cithcr case.

R--QRI (8... RKt3 9. RR7) 9. R-1<8

i
4. P-R7, Example 238.
White king on K6: Bfack draws by R--B8 ch. (9.. . KR3 10. KH7 RB8 ch.
I... R-RS (1 ... RKBB? 2. KK5 RB3 ! f 1. KKtd RKt8 cR. 12. WS) 10.
3. RKt8 ch.) 2. K-,--P7 (after tbc natural I K-Kt7 R-Kt8 ch. 11. K-R7 K-K3
2. RR7 ch. KKti 3. RQKt7 the pawn b 1 12. R-*Kt8 R-QBH 13. K-Kt7 United pawns win wccept for some,
skewered, 3... RR3 ch. Kvcn worse is R-Kt8 ch. 14. K-R8 R--QR8 IS. but not all, bhcked positions. RP+KIP
2. RK-I ch. KKtl 3. KKB7 RK8 4. P-87, Example 232. is fhe mosL d i E ~ u lixcausc
l White's king
PR7? RR? ch.) 2... R-R3, attacking can less easity hide Born checks, and
the pawn from thc rank, 3. K-d3"P41 This position wi:h a KtP is most blockades with these pawns can be
(3. RR7 RKB3) 3... R,,-B3 4. P-R7 otherwise comparable to the preceding drawn under suitable circu~;stances. White wins
IZ-B2 ch., and Black's rook is on the exampb, but the play is simpler. BIack With disconncted pawns White wins
correct (KB) file for his checks on the haws bacarrsc the KtP is not so k from by getting one pawn to the fifth and
ranks. his king, which crosm the board with abandoning the other SO that after its
White king on K85CKB4f: Bbck less fw of the skewer thmts that capture Black's king is cut off by at Ieast
draws by 1,.. R-R4 ch. (1 ... RB8 ch. ? dogged Ililn in the cast! with the RP. o$e fife, Example 2lY. 4 K-61 R-Kt6
2. KK5 grcvcnting 2.. .. RB3) 2. K-,-K4 K-K3 K-B2
This plan does not work with KtP+ Aficr 4..
RR1 5, RQ3 ch. KKt5
(White is cut off on the rank; for 2. KKCi i K,-,,,Q4 BP one file apart, for after White has 6. KKt2 Whitc'a king is safe from
RR4 w above) 2 . .. R--QW 3. R-
K7 ~ hg. - ~ ) 3 . . ~ ~+ &t. ~79
R---QR4 5. P,,,-R7K-Kt3 {5... KK3 ? 1 237.
I If 2. PKt7 KK12 drawing a.fbample
mrified the RP Black's king is left on
the short side of the pawn, Example 222.
The ending with KRPtQRP is often,
checks.
5 R - 4 3 ch. RxR
6. RK6 ch, KQ2 7. RRS) 6.R-Kt7 I but not always, drawn; after the sacrifice 6 PxR.
241
K-$33 7. K-44 K-K3 8. K-R4 of either pawn White is Idt with the As Fxample G4.
K--Q3 9. K,,-,K14 K-R3. notoriously drawishR.+RP r. R.ending.
White king on KB3: Whitc wins by DouMpd pawns no~mallydraw.
Somct:mes Whitc finds the pawns
243 A study by Chcron, 1926,
I. K-K4 R-R4 2. K--,Q4 R,,--KR4 shows that when the BP is ahead of the
(2... RKW 3. RR7 ch. KB3 4. KKR7 hard to defend, or his rook is boxed in. KtP White's king is exposed to checks
RQR4, 5 . PR7) 3. K-I34 (not yet Draws from these muses are m r t y an tbc ranks. Even with thc BP on the
3. RR7 ~ h . ) 3... R-R3 4. K-Kt5 always associated with the ending RP+ sixth White may not win.
cR. 5. K-B6 R-,,,,,R3cR. 6. KtP, as indicated in the note to White's
and the checks on the rank
K,,,,.,,,Kt7, third mnve, Example 247, f K.,,,-.B4
ease. Black draws by I... RE8 ch. Finally, the aronger party , should I f I. RIM RKKtf 2. RQ4 RKt4; of if
2. K K 4 RB3, Examptc 239. beware o f stalemate, which i s certainly I . PB7 RQBl 2. RB6 ch. KKt2 3. KR5
When White's king is to the right of more common here thm in endings with RRI ch. 4.KKr4 KQBI 5. KB5 R x P
thtse positions the game is drawn. If it minor pieces andlor pawns. 6, KQ6 RKR2.
Drawn
i s on KKtS there may follow: I . RR7 ch. 1 ... R--,R5 ch.
(ineffective whilst lack's rook is on the [ 2 . .. K-K2 242 The effectiveness of a blockade 2 K-45 R,,-R4 ~ h .
ORfi~c)11.,.KR12.KB6KK13.KK5~ 3K-R5 depends upon which files and which 3 K-Kfi R-R3 ch.
KQI 4. KQG BQ8 ~ 1 1 . 5 . Kn6 RB8 After 3. pKt7 KQ2 4. RKRg R x p ranks Ihc pawns arc on, the positiuns uf 4 K-X37 K-R2 ch.
6.KKt7 RB2 ch. the skeww check i s harmless. the rooks, and, most important of a11, 5 K-BG
Whcn W:~ite'sking is l o the left of the whether White's king is in contact with
squares listed on the dkamarn. he wins - .- K-42
his pawns. White's chances arc not less
If 5. KKtlfKt6) ll.fli32 6. RQKt2
regarrflws o f thc mow, lf White's king This ending depnds on the kings' RBI.
promising than in the similar cam with
i s on QB2 there follows: 1... R-KR8 i positions. If Black can get his king lo minor pieces. 5 ... R-R1 .
tlrP
 5 RmK AND TWO PAWNS v. ROOK
.,, ,.
243 3 K-44 R-R5 cb. and in due c o r n assists the advance of R-QKtZ, and the mating thrtats
premt Whik's king -vetling along the
mm;ssm
a maf m ~ 4 K--5
5 K-I16
6 R-QI
R-R4 ch.
R-R2
K-42
his QP.
2 it-QS
3 R-43
R-B2 back mnk.
4 ... R-B4
Black is in zugzwang. The checking If 3. R--QAS R-R1 White cannot In order to answm 5. R R J by 5
distance is too short ror the rook to make 10% a tempo, and after 4. K-Kt5 (4. R x P.
a tmprrrnove, if 6... KR3 ch. 7. KKt7, KKt3 R84) 4... B4 ch. 5 . K-Kt6 5 R-R~ R-- B1
if 6... RQ2 7 . KK6 firllo~~d by 8. PQ7, R-I31 6. K-Kd R-R2 ~ h 7. . K-Kt8 6 ~ - ~ t 5 R-B4 ~h.
or if 6... R R I 7.PQ7 KBZ 8. PB6. R-QR2 he is just as cgediveiy cut off 7 K-K~S R-BI
on the rank, 10. RB7 RRlcR. I 1. KKtZ g &42 R-Kt1 ch.
7 R-K1 K-133 KX P.
8 R-K7 ~ h .
K,,,,,,,R3 Not 8... K x P? FQ7.
9 K-Kt7 R-R4 3 ... R-HI
9 K-,R7 R--41
Drawn I 10 R-R7 ch. Wen White plays his rook to thc 10 R - Y ~ R--Q2 ~ h .
tiettlng the rook to this squam is the queen's file Rlack answers IiKBl. 11 K-m8 R-4R2.
The rook plays to Or
rank, anticipating White's thmt of PB7. I most usual way of relieving a blockade.
With a pair of centre pawns White
anticipating PQ7, afid f hrmtening ...
KxP. White's king is still mt off from his
When white's king threaten* to help the pa*ns.
BP,Black checks on the rank often wins if one is on the sixth, but 45 Ihe position of this diagram moved
often draws if they are farther back. one file to the left or right is also drawn
244 With .BP+Ccntw P the ideas 24.5 Black has far &tier drawing 245 HorwiLz and Ming, 1851. With
are similar. If the BP i s ahead of the chances if his m k cuts off White's king
Centre P,White has a sheltered space for KtP5RP blockad- often draw, exoept
on ikc sidc adjoining his rearmost pawn, when the KtP is on the seventh.
his king, which then supports the further as here shown by Chefon, 1951. Xf, on the
advance of the BP. If the Ccntre P is RUM4 ch.
contrary, White's king is on the side of 2 R-Kt5 R-R1
ahead Wte is likely to win only if it is the board (here the queen's side) adjoin-
oa the sixth rank, as here shown by ing his mom forward pawn he often , i 3 %,,-Kt6
Chmon, 1926.
1 ... R-H5 ch.
wins, his chancescorresponding approxi-
mately to those of the preceding
examples.
I~f%f-.-@-.,I-.&-
m9 $#
Iha key move, which would be in-
flective if the pawns ane hnher back.
3. RQB57 RK3-
If I . . . RR4 2. PQ7.
1 R-RS Drawn 3 ... R,-R4 ch.
2 K-I33 R-RI. 4 K-,Kt4 R-R5 ~ h .
For White there are two principal 3 R-K3 5 K,-,-BS R-R4 ~ h .
The capture. 2... K x P hex loses after winning idea: ptting his rook to R7; After 3. R-KB3 R - 4 1 4. R-I35 6 K-44 R-R5 ch.
3, PQ7 (but would draw if the pawns or man~uvring his king to hefp the ch. White's king advances, hut *y K-K5 R----R4ch.
were farther back). advance of his QP, which Black's rook can do nothing on this side of the pawns, 8 R-RS ch.
hew prevents. 5. K-Kt5 R-RI 6. K,-Kt6 R--Kt1
1 ... R-,-&I c h . 7 . K R7R -R1 8.R-KtSR-R8
(8 ...RQRtl? 9. RKtB RKt2 ch. 10.
Black wants to answer White's RQBS RKt7 RKtI 11. RK7 ch.j 9. K-Kt8
by ... RKBI, and in the meanwhile he (9. RRt8 K x P 10. PQ7 RRZ II. RKt7
keeps his rook on KB2 or KB4. RR1) 8... R-R2, cutting White ofl on
After 1.. . R-BI ? 2. R-l35 Black is t h eighth rank, 10. K,-I18 (10. KBC(
in zupzwang, Z... R-B8 (2 ... RB4 RRX ch. I 3 . KKt7 RR2 ch. 12, RKt6
3, PQ: RBI 4. RB8) 3. k-38 (threat- RRI 13. K R 6 RR3 14. K R 5 R R I
ening RK8 ch. and RK7) 3... R-Kt8 15. KKt4 R m 1 ) lo... R-ILl ch.
ch. (3 ... K x P 4. POT, or J... RR2 11.R--Kt8 (11,KR7RR8! I f ...R-R2
4. RH7 followed by RK7j 4. K-433 12. R-KR ch. (12. RRt7 RR1 ch.)
R,,-B8 ch. 5. KWIC2 K-,BZ 6, R,,,,,,,.BS 12.., K B 2 13. 13-38 KKK3 14. 4
(not 6. RE7? R x R,whils! if 6.RK8 ch. R-R5 (14.RB7 RRl ch.) 14...R - 4 2
I
'

White wins 1 KQ2) White's king rejoins his pawns, 15. &-Kt# R-QR2 16. K-I38 White wins
167
 LII ROOK ENDINGS 5 ROOK A N D TWO PAWNS v. ROOK
9 K-Kt5
I0 R-QI36
R-R1 d a y ;but Black's king is thereby lcrt on
&c shortsidc ofthe pawn as in ExampIc
1 ch.
8. R-Q6 R-QKt8 9. KK-Kt5 R-Kt8
(csxntial) 10. K-35 (10. KBS
m, ..
TImtening RB8.
10 ... K-Kt1
which closely dates to this ending.
The! extra pawn d m , however, create
several new winning str~tagens,and the
I RQR8) 10. K x P (Rla:k must be pre-
parcd to caplure the RP whcn it is on
the sixth) I I. K-K7 ch. K-R2 12.
I f K-K~G R--Ql
12 R-B6 K-R2 defcrwe is not c a y unlws the following P-B5 R-Rl ch. 1 3. R-K6 R-QR8
rules are understood. 14, f--B6 R -RI ,example 222.
13 K,--Kt?. Finally, 1. RKt6 ch. KBZ leads nu-
Slack's rook, who= luxtion is to
Black wnnot meet the t h a t of RK88. disrupt the free movement of White's where: 2. RKt5 KB3: or 2. KKt5
7 3 1 ~position of this diagram moved
one or two ranks m r c r Whitz's sidc of
the board is drawn.
king, should bc based on the squares
QR7, QR8, and QKt8, thw reserving I
:
RRt8 ch. 3. KBS RQRE.
-" R-R4
the option of checking on cither the rank I
or the file. Black's simpler course is to temporize,
..---
, , """--
1883. Clolours reversed. united paw& i t plays to ~ 3 2 ~,$ 3 KKt3,
, or KR3, if 2 R-.KtG ch.
nearly always win if not Wmhd. With If 7... R-R4 8. R-B6 ~ h K-Kt4. checked by White's rook. If Black's king
RP-tKtP sum care must be takcn. (Kt21 9. R,-Kt6 ch., but not 8. RKt3? is confined to the back rank he often This c h ~ know has some point,
KKt4 when the blockade draws, for bm, Examples 248,250. Black ~nzyImc because of a tempo-gain on his next
1 R-QKt8 K-Kt3 9.RB5 ch., as in Example 242, does not
2 R-Kt5 R-QB6 if his king is cut OR on the rook's fiIe move.
win when t h c is~ a RP. before Whire's RP is on the sixth,
3 R-K5 2... K-32
8 K-Kt3 K-Kf8 cb. Example 249. Black sometimes loses if
At present if check& White's king ho pcrmitS his king to be driven to thc Or 2... K,,,,,,,,,XII
3 . P-B5 R--.-R8 4.
g m to~ X24; after the text-move he can
9 K-R4 R,,-R8 ch.
In H-R3 R-KKt8 king's frte, on the long sidc of the W. K-Kt5 R-.---Kt8ch. (4... RQRt8 5.
interpose tnc rook. W e n , and if, White plays P -R6 ch. RQ6 R K t t 6. RQ7 h.) 5. R-B6
I I R-It2
If at once 3. PR4? RBS 4. KB3 RB6 Black rcglim with K x RP or KR2. R-QR8 6. R-Kt7 ch. K-R3 7.
ch. 5. KK2 RB5 6.RWS ch. KR3, the This manEuvrt: i s specia! lo the KtP,+ Hack neither can nor nmd prevent R--K7 R-R3 ch. 8. R-K6 R,,,,,,,,,RZ;
defence of the pawns ties up his rook: RP ending. Having to move, Black's the pawns' ativance. The diagram shows but not here Y.., K x P l 8. KKt7, nor
if White's king guards h e KtP. Black rook is forced off the knight's fib. a typical position approaching the 7 . , .RKBS 8 . RK8 KRZ 9. KK6 RK8
checks on rhe G k ; if 7. RKt8 ~ R Zor; 11 ... R--QR8 critical slaw. Xf here Black's rook were ch. transposing to the position which
if 7. RRS ch. KKt3, or even 7. RRS ch. 12 P-Kt5 ch. K-Kt2 misplaced, say at QRS, White could play occurs after thc 20th move of the next
RKtZ 8. PKtS RQB3, well and truly 13 R-KB2 R-RR ch. 1. K-Kt5 followed try R-37 ch exemple.
sealing off White's rook. This kind of 14 K-Kt4 R-Kt8 ch. forcing Black's king to the back rank;
draw las often occurs with unised pawns 15 K-35 R ,,,,,,.KR8 but as it is, if White plays 1. K-Kt5
3 R-Kt5 R-R 8
other than RP-t KtP, for if White's king 16 P-R6 ch. K-R2 4 P-86 R-Kt8 ~ h .
Black's rook can, and mmt, check on
a n mmrl*uyTc on either side of the 17 P--Kt6 ch. the EL. A uselms check, after which Btack's
pawns the rook may ke f d . king gets confined to the back rank. The
Pointed out by Karstdt. The game
3 ... R--QR6 took a longer course after 67.K86. temmrizine 4.. R-UKt8 is sirn~ler.
4 P-R4 R--Kt6 Marking time. We shall follow the
5 P-R5 cb.
17 .,. K-Kt1 play after the 76th move of the game
Advancing the RP first, making room If 17... KRI 18. KB6 RR8 19. PKt7 Kotov v. Hohr, U.S.S.R. Champion-
ch., Example 246. Xf 17...K x P IS. KB6 ship, 1951. CoIouru reversed.
ai R4 fur his king. KR4 19. FKt7.
If 5. PKtS? KR4 the Mwkadc draws; If I. PB5, Black c h ~ k on
s the files,
this should be cornparcd with Example 18 K-B6 R..-K8 attacking the pawns after driving OR
246 &cr 6. RKBS RR6 7. RB3 KRS 19 P-R7 ~ h . K-,RI. Whik's king.
8. RKR3. White can win this kind of If f . R-Kt5 (the 87th move of the
And White mat= in thm. pame GLigorik v. Srnyslov, MOSCOW,
blockade if his kina iu fartttcr fomrd, 1947) I... R-Kt8 ch. (esw~tial) 2.
when he can givc up the RP to win with 248 The erading with RP+BP one
the KtP. K-B5 R-QRI, the check foliowd by
fib aprt m u m quite often, and, an immediata =turn to base is a typical
5... K-R3 although tbreticalIy drawn, White manmuvre, 3. R . 4 7 ch. K-R3 4.
6 R,,,-.KRS R--QR6 frequently wins in practice. He attempts R+K7 R--QKt8 5. R--K8 K-Kt2
7 R-,B3 R-RS to queen thc BPSsacrificing the X1P as a 6. R - ~ 6 ~ 4 7. P-R6~ ch., K-R2
8 Drawn
169
 HI ROOK 5 ROOK AND TWO PAWNS v. RQOK
5 . K85 RKt4 ch. 6. KKt4 RKt8. 8 K-Kt4 K-B2
5. RRS KKtl 6. PR7 ch. KRt. 9 R-I35 ch. K,,,,,-Kt2
5. RK17 ch. Kl33 6. RQ7 KKt3 10 K ,,,,,,,.K ~ S ; R-KKt1
7. PR7 RKRI. 11 R-R6 K ,,,,,,,.R2 ch.
S- RKt8 ch. KB3 ltXCR8! If 19 ... R--QR7 20. Ti-Q7, Black is Now Black's king i s crrt off on the
7, RQ5 KKr3. 1 confined to thc back rank. and loses.
20 ... R-.R8 21. R-K7 R , - , , R ~(21..:
rook's life. This l o w when the RP is only
on the fifth, for Black has not time to
RKRB 22. KK6 a x P ch. 23. PB6 or capture it.
21 ...RR3 ch.
22. KKtS RR8 23. W6 12 R-Kt6 R-QRI
when White's king goes to K8) 22. 13 P-B4 R-R8
If 8 . KR7 R K B l 9. RQB7 R x P K-Kfi R-K7 c h . 23. R-Q6 R--Q7 14 R-K6 R-Kt8 ch.
10. KKt6 RKtS ch. cb. 24. K-R6 It-K7 ch. 25. K - 4 7 IS K-136 R-K88
8 ... R gR8
..
R-Q7 ch. (25. RKBY 26. RK8 ch. 16 P-I35 K-B7
9 R--KI6 R-R7
,,,,,,,.
KR2 27. KK6) 26. K-K8 R-KB7
77. RR-,-K 5 K-R2 (25 .. RQR7 28.
Drawn
i 17 R-,KS R-KR7
I0 P-H5 R-R8 PB6, or 27 ... R138 28. KK7) 28. K-87 sky, Moscorv, 1947, and thc play shows ...
If 17 KR3 18. RB7 K x P 19.
I I K-K6 R--87 (28. K K 7 ? K x P 29. RK6 ch. KKt2 what happens if Black's king pts cut off PI36 ch.
12 R,,,,,-Q7 K,,,-.n2 30. PBS ch. KK13 draws) 28. .. K x P on the rook's fife before While's RP is 18 R-K7 ch. K-R3
13 R,--K6 R--Q7 CII .? 29. R-,,,K6 c!~., Example 222, and not an the sixth. 19 R-R8 K-R 2
White was tkrealening 14. PR7 R x P 20 K,-,,,,K6 R-K7 ch.
15. RKt7 ch.; but tllc way to prevent 21 K-B7 R,,-QRY
this is to return the rook to its base, An instructive error. Black knows that 22 P-R6 k-R3
20 K--I37 R--QR7 this is threticatly the correct plam For
13. .. R -QR7, when rr draw is soon A m o w too late. 23 K K7 R-RZ ch.
evident, 14. P-R7 (14. El-K7 ch. the rook, but p t ~ y sit there too soon. At 24 K.,--BI R--113
21 R-K6 R-R1
KR3 15. PR7 RRf) 14... K-Kt2 this s t a p the checking distance on the 25 P-I37 R-R2
IS. ?,-El6 ~ h . (15. RK7 ch. KRI) If 21 .., RR8 22. PB6 RRI 23. RK8 81m is not long enough. Hc should play 26 R-BH It--R8
XS ... K X P 16. K-K7 (16. KKZ RRI RRZ ch. 24. KK6 RR3 ch. 25. KB5 J... RR1 2. RKt5 ch. KB3 3. KKtS 27 K~~~~~~-IC7.
~ h . R-R1.
) 17. K--B7 (117. PB7 KKt2 RR4 th. 26. RKS RR8 27. PB7 RB8 ch. RR1 4. PR5,and now that White's king And Black resigned.
or 17. RQ6 KKf3 18. 3'17 ch. KRt2) 28. KK6 KKt3 29. RKtS ch. K x R is on the fourth rank Black thrcatcns
checks from the rear, 4. .. KR8,
17. .. R..--0Krl. Examnle 222. 30. P-R7.
2 P-R5 R-R3 1 250 Faulty rook-mows are usually
I tho cause of Black's downfall In this
It is a!ways unsatisfactory to block a ending, and here too Black draus easily
pawn with a rook; but the chmk from .
enough by pbying I ,. R-+Kt8 Iroltf-
thc Ear, 2... RKr8 ch., is answered by ing his rook in readiness for checks on
3. KRZ, when Black's prospects arc even the ranks if necemry.
IS K-Q8 K-X3 1. I ch. 26. K--K8 R - ~ 3 27. P-B6 (the worn. 1 ... R-R8 ?
3 R ,,,.,,.KR4 R-R3
4 R-34 ch. K-Kt4
5 R-Kt4~h. K-H4
20. K-B7 (20. KB8? RKJ ch.) 20.., K,-Kt&. 6 R,-,-R4 R-RI
R-,,QRI (20... K X P 21. RQ2) 21. 24 R-K6 ~ h . K-K t4 If 6... RR3 7. RRtS ch. KBS 8. RKt5
RK7 RR7 (21 ... K X P 22. KRI ch. 25 P.--38 RR8 9. RB6 ch. KK4 10. KB8, Black's
KKi3 23. PR7) 22. RKB ch. K x P 23. 26 P-B7 ch. K-R2 king is cut oif on the K-file, and White
K-I38 K-Kt3 24. P-W R-,KB7 27 R-KI R-R1 ch. advances his RP.
25. R ~ ~ ~ ~ ~h ~. K-,,-RZ
,~ . K B 26.R-K1. 28 K-K? R-R2 fh.
If 15. .,R-R7 16. P ~ ~ ~ ~It--R
~ ~ ~ .IIch.
17 29 K--B6. 7 R-Kt5 ch. K-B3
...
($6 KKt2 17. PB6ch.KxP 17. KK8, And Kotov resigned. Xf 7... M-B5 8. R-Kt7 K-FA
...
or $6 RR7 I?. RQ7 ch. KB3 18, .
9. RUB7 K-B3 (9.. RRJ 10. RB7 ~ h . )
KK8) IS. K.-B7 (17 ... KKt2 249 This position arose after the 10. K-Kt4 R-Kt1 ch. 11. K-B4
18. RQ8) 18. R - W , 5 h d move of the game Keres v. Sulrol- R-KR I 12. P-R6 K-Kt: 13. P 4 7 . I Drawn
171
 5 ROOK A N D TWO PAWNS v. ROOK
13 K - 4 7 R-Q4 ch. Returning to the third rank, 10...
on his 78th move, by Bondwcvsky, Whke's inactive rook takcs little 14 K-KT Xi-K4 ~ h . RB3l would Iose aficr I I . PId6 ch.
w h w opponent Smyslov failed to find further part. The struggle is between 14 K-B6 R-,M
the win, which bad previously been Black's rook and White's kng Whencver 16 R-R8 R-+Kt4
shown by h n o v in his defeat of L. 17 P,,,,-R6 R-Kt3 ch. With a cunning ihreat of 12. RK7 ch.
the king threatens to guard the QRB, R x R 13. PI36 cb.
Shimr, M b m w , 1936. Xn both cases Black: chaks on the rank; otherwise 18 K-K7 R x KRP
BPA& had the pawns. BIsck's rook holds the QRP under I9 K-BT R-QRt3
2 F-I16 ~ h . K--B2 attack on the rank. Black cannot f ~ t e M il-R7.
his rook: it i s the same idca as F~ampIe Here a draw was ameed.
239, for White's KRP makes no real I l h c threat of 14. PB6 ch. KKtl 15.
White juggles his rook with the idea of differem. KKt6 RKt2? 17. PR7 ch. is not rcd, for
252 Suetin v. Chdmov, Kiev, 1954. alack has the stalemak resourx 15..,
shortening Black's checking distance on 3 K-K3 R--QR5 Doubled pawns are not appreciably RKtZch.
the files. 4 K--Q3 R--,QKI5 stronger ihan a single pawn. .4 few extra
5 K 133 R-KB5 threats may be conjurd up but Black is : j 3 . , . K--Bl
6 K-KC3 K-M cch. in no rea: difficulty. 1 14 P--B6 K-R8
7 R-R4 R--BS ch. As in Philidof's method, Black's rook
8 KC-QS R-+Kt5 1 R-,.QS ~.-,,,,.gt3
gms 10 the eighth when White plays his
Philidor's drawing method, Example pawn to the sixth. Mow if 15. RRt6
216, is quilt applicable ta &is ending. RKt8 ch.
15 R-R8 ch. K-B2
26 R-R7 ck. K-,,,.B~
17 K-I35 R--QW
Not 17... RR4 ch.? 18. KKt6.
f 8 R-Q7 R4R8
251 Smyslov v. Bondarevsky, Mos- 19 P-B7 R,,,,,-QRJ
cow, 6940.Btack draws againit the two
R R if oneof them has to be dc-fended by With the pawn on the seventh White
its rook in front of it, as here. Black's cannot avoid the stalemate threats,
rook then omrates on the ranks. very 20 K--Kt5 R-Kt3 ~ h .
much as in Example 239. A draw was agreed. If 21. K-B5
R,,,,,-BJch. 22. K-K5 R-.QR3 23.
If 1. RKt6 ck. KT32 2. RKt5 RK5 P-B5 R-QKtJ 24. R-R7 (24. KB4
Notg,,. R--&+&. ? 9,g , - ~ fR-3s i
3. RKt2 RRS. (9... RKR4 10. RQ6 RR4 11. R04 RK83) 24... R,-QM 25. P-R6 RXP.
X ... K-R2 K x P 12. KQ6) 10. P-RS for ~ l & k
2 P--R4 can no longer attack the pawn from the 6. X30(>K AND PAWN
Ohiouab White must altelllpt T R " ~ , ""d after 10...R-QRS (10,.. RK5 v. KOOK AND PAWN
queen the QRP, H e may at once up &. I 1. KQ6 KQS ch. 12. m5) 11. Not 4. ..RKtg? 5. KB6 :hreatening When each player has a pawn a draw
his mpr1. R - 4 3 R - R ~ 2. R--KZ K-7 R-Rg 12. K-XI7 R---R7 13. mate. i s to be expected. If one ptaycr's pawn is
K x P, when Black draws a1l;lough his : K,,,,-Kt7 R-K8 14. R--R8 xF With only one pawn Black could draw more advanced, he may win a rook for
kina is on the far side of tl~r: board. ! j 5 * PRG~White wins+ by cxchaaging rooks; as i t is he must i t ; acd an incorrect assessment of the
3. R-KKI~ (3. KK3 KKt4 4. K Q ~1 9 K--,-B6 R-KBS find another way of prcvcnting White's resttitant R. v P ending Is onc of the
KB4 5. KB3 RR1) 3... K-,K4 4. I0 R - 4 7 R-Q5 ch. king maintaining n fooihold on its sixth commonest fautts, even haring occurred
K-,K3 K-RS 5. K--Q3 K-R6 6. rank. in important matches suc;l as Morphy v.
fO.. RQRt5 alsn rlraws, hlrt nnt If) . toaenrhal, 1858, and Alckhine v.
R-KZ (6. KQZ KKtS 7. KKB3 K M , RB2 ch.? 13. KKB RB5 12. PR5. 5 K-BG R-B.2 Ch.
Example 235) 6. .. K-,,XI 7. K-H3 6 K-Kt5 R-Kt2 ~ h . Bo~oliubrrw,1929.
K-Kt5 8. K-Kt3 R-,,,Kt1 ~ h . 9. If K-B7 R-KBS
253 Gilg v. Tartakowcr, Sernmer;
K-I34 It-QRI
R-R6.
10. K-Kt5 R-Kt1
ch. I I . K - B 6 R-QRI 12. &Kt7 112 P .RS R-H4
Thcalia~kon the p a v n must be muin
tajned, efse White Frees his rook.
ing, 1926.
1 ... R-Kt8
172
 XI1 ROOK ENDINGS 7 ROOK AND TWO PAWNS v. ROOK AND PAWN
passed pawns the game is iru often drawn 2 R,-Kt8 R-KZ ' KKKt6 13. KKES RKtStXt6) 14. PRS
as not. 3 P-Kt6 ch. K-B3 P x P 15. K x P , Example2f9.
On he other hand unitcd passed 4 R-B8 d>. K-K4
pawns, which are much more effective 1 1 . K,,.,-KtS R-Kt6
5 P-36 12 P-Kt4 R-Kt3
than dixonnectcd pipawns, frequently The pawn sacrifice is the key in all
win. If there is any choice, rhis is thc I f 12.,. R x P 33. K x P, Example 219.
ending the stronger party shouid aim For. variations.
13 K-R6 R-R3
In most cases an exchange of pawns 5 ... PxP 14 P-Kt5.
t a k place; and White times this, if b K-K6 R-R8
possible, so tkit he gets a fitvourablc 7 P Kt7 K-,,,R8 c h , Bfxk resigns k a u x of 15. PR4,
R + P v. R ending. 8 K-Kt6 ch. 16. KR7, 17. PRS P x Pmd 18. PKtCI.
9 K-87.
Black ~zsigns.
256 EXoopr v. Nwrnan, British
254 Chekover v. Kazakevich, Championship, Nastings, 1953. White's
- and wins
Hack -pbvs 1 . -- 1949. When rberr: is no passed outside passed pawn wine msily b e c a w
I . , , PKI-Q? 2, R X Q K y R 3. pawn t i t defender must not play too 255 Flohr v . S ~ a hBudapest,
, 1950. he also has many positional advantages:
Iris lollc
KR7 f?37 4. PR6 RBfi 5, KRB KBlj passively, but should try and 'me other kind of winning ckrarin: uc~ut-s ttis pawns arc wcH forward, and of the
pawn to h c third rank. 'There are win- whcn Black's king is cut off. White's right kind,,,,,-thcreare no RPs; his rook
6. PR7 KKt4 7. KKt7 draws.
ning chances for the stronger party onIy chances zw better than in the cornpar. is more activc; his king is centralized.
2 R-,R2 K-B6 i T he gcts both pawns to fifth, and not able case of R + P v. R because Black's The unpaswd pawns are on thc same
3 R,-R3 ch. even then with KtP+ RP. last pawn is hard to defcnd. file; this is a fine point, but when they
If now 3. R x P Black wins by a tempo, ! 1 ... R-I32 I ... fC-,,.K3 are oil adjoining fils Xllack has more
3,.. K x R 4. KR7 K86 5. PRB K85 2 R-42 R .,,,,,.,R4 chances of counter-attack or pawn-
6. KRI1 KO4 7. PR7 KKt3 R. KKt8 If I... PKt3 ch. 2. KR6 P x P 3. 3 K-,,Kr3 R- 1 5 cxehange.
KR3 ch. PKtGch. KB3 4. PRt7 RR1 5. RKt6 ch. 4 R ,,,,,,.Q8 1 Ru....,.~tS K-Kt2
3 ... K-B5 KK4 6. RKt6 PBS 7.PKt8=Q R x Q
R x R,Example 196. Threatening RQKrR.
4 R--R4 ch. K-Kt6
Xf I,.. RR3 2. RKtT ch. KKtl 3.
5 R--R3 ch.
RKt8 ch. KB2 4. PKt6 ch. KK2 5.
4 k--.KS R-,,,Q3 ch.
If 5. RK4 FKR--Q 5. R x Q R x R , RKt# KB3 6. RBS ch, KK4 7. P86 5 K,--B4
Black wins as in Example 202. R x P 8. RB7 (very neat) 8... R W ch. White's king usually assists the
5 ... K-R5 9.KKt4RR1 lO.KKtSKK3 f I . R x P , advance of whichever pawn is not held
6 R-R4 ch. R-,,,,,.K~s Exampk 219. up by 13Lack's king, Ircl-cthe QKlP.
7 R-R1 R-K5 I T 1 ... RR1 2.RKt7~11.KKtl3 RKi6 T... R-Kt3
8 R-,XI ch. K-Kt5 RR3 cb. 4. PB6 P x P 5. P x P RRI 6 K-.,KtS K-B 1
9 R-,,,,,Ktlch. K-B4 6.RKt7 ch., and Black loses hecau% his 7 K...-,-R~ K-32
$0 R-KI K-B3 rook is on the first rank, X.:,xampie 217. 8 P-Kt5 K-B I
Ji K-~7 ~ - - ~ t 4 9 K-Kt7
12 P-,,R6 R-K2 ch. I
Whitc resigns. I

4 ...
White wins
K-KZ
I
7. ROOK AND 'TWO PAWNS 5 R---QS R,,,,,-K~s
v. ROOK AND PAWN
If 5 . . . KKJ 5. RQKt5.
A draw i s normal when there is no
passed pawn. 6 R-B3 R-KR5
An outside passed pawn may do nu 7 P-Kt3 R-KKIS
more than draw unless the stronger 8 R-,Q4 R-Ki6 ch.
party also has somepositionaladvantage, 9 K-B4 R-Kt4
however slight. I0 R-Q5 R-Kt5 ch.
Also whcn them art! two disconnected Whitc wins If 10...RKt6 I I, PR4 RKG 12. PKt4 1 Whib wins
I75
 XXX ROOK ENDINGS 7 ROOK AND TWO PAWNS 1: ROOK AND PAWN
White finesses. ?*he immediate 9. R x P 8. KKS K82 8. KQS KK2 hhind the passed pawn, and if 15 ... the M t e r defence in a general way, but
RBScb.KK2 10.RB6RxP I I . R x P 10. RQR6. RKt5 ch, 16. KB5, the positions of the rooks is srili likely
KQ2 12. RQR6 also wins, Example Similar diEculeics follow 13.. . P-B5 to be the deciding factor.
7 R,--Kt8 K-K3 14. P x P (14. KBJ? f x P ) 14... R x B P
8 R-K8 ch. K--B3 IS. K-333. d ... R-KS?
- ... 9 R-l3g eb. K-Kt3 His rook is now forccd on the defen-
10 R-B7 K.,,,-B1 10 R-+Kt8 K-B3? 14 K-B3 K--Kt8
15 K,-,-B4 R-sa c&. sivc. Maintaining its aggressive position
I I K-4'7
12 R-B5 ~ h .
K-B2
K-.,-KtZ This loads to a curlous zugzwang on 16 K-Kt5 R-Kt8 ch. ... FB5 2 . KR2 KR4 3. KQ3
draws. 1
13 K-,187. ...
his next mow, whereas dter 10 KB2
White &?reatensto free his rook. The
RKf6 ch. 4. KK4 R x QKtP 5. K x P
I I . PKf6 KB3 White can win Ehck's KQJ 5. RK2 RKtl 7. PKt4 RBI ch.,
Rlack resigns ($4. RB6 follows). KBP onfy by advancing his QKtP to the best BIackcan do is to force White's king Example 223.
l'his is the normal winning idea, seventh, 12. PKr7 KKt2 13. K X P , in front of the QKtP.
White exchanging pawns at a moment which brings about the well known draw 17 K-R6 R-RS ~ h .
c h o w by himself so as ta get a won of Example 237, White's KKtP making IS K K t 7 R,,-,,.R6
R t P ending. Thus the relevance of no significant difference. His only counterci~ance, but it
having one's pawns well forward, so that shortens the &=king distance.
one can finish up wirh a pawn on the
fifth, when the emmy king n d s to be 19 Ti-BB ch. KKK3
cut off only by one file. 20 R-K8 ch. RUB3
257 Dormer v. Euwe, The Hague, In the game &)nner resigned after
1950. Colmrs reversed. Thc most impor-
20... KB2 21. RKS KB3 22. RKc5
R X P 23. KB6.
tant positional factor is the situation of
the rooks. A rook is a geae dcai more 21 K-36 R-B6 ch.
powerful behind a passed pawn-,,-,one's 22 K-Kt5 R-,.-,Kt6ch.
own or one's opponenls--than in front 23 K-R5 R-Kt8
of it. The chcks e a s e alter 23 ...RR6 ch. 1 Drawn
White to play backs up the passed 24. KKt4, and if then 24 ... RR8 25. 1
pawn wirh his rook and wins easily, RKJ. R,,-1(4
1. RKt3 RK7 2. PK15 RK2 3. PKt6 24 R,,-R6
RK12, Biack's rook is forccd into a White piays and wins K-Kt4
Black plays and draws R--.Q4
passive role, 4. K 3 5 KB2 5. K t 4 KK2 Having driven BPack's rook from ih K K4
6. KKtG KK3 7.RKS33. ' 1 I P-Kt6 R-Kt5 ch. counter-attacking position, White's king K-Kt4
In the game Black took thc active i rcttrrns to help his pawn. K-Kt3
Fwk wsition &hind and This rckases White's king but Iherc 24 . ..
should have drdwn: is nothing better: I f 7... RK4 8. ICB3 RQ4 9. RKJ.
11. . KKt2 12. K x P.Example 219. 25 Ku-UKt5
1 ... R- ] I1 ... KKt3 12. KKS R R ~ (iftherook
S 26 K--B6
27 K--Q6
R-B8 ch.
R--QKt8
: 8 K-tC--B4
9 R-Kt3
K-R3
R-K4
2 R-B4 K---Kt3 : moves off the file White a d v m s h e
3 K-B4 P-&I I KtP) 13. KOG. as in il~cpame. 28 K-B7 R-,BI ~ h . 10 P-Kt5 ~ h . #.-Kt3
ni... KK~(KZ) 12. FK~T KQ2 13. 29 K-,,Kt8 R-KKt8 11 K-Q4 R,--K5 ck.
White threatened PKt4, w h n his rook Black mews his attack on the KKtP, l2 K""'-Q5 R-K 1
guards both pawns, thus f w h g his king RRt8 R x QKtP 14. RKtT ch., and
Whitc wins the pawn ending. but i t is too late. 13 K--QG It-K8
which then assists thc QKtP. Anyway
the tcxt-move is good, for Black should 12 K-K3 K,--Kt2 30 P-Kt7 RxP Having a d v a d his ki:lg and pawns
keep White's pawns as far back a. IIC
an.
The position corrclatcs to Example
241, if 12... RKt6 ch. 13. KQ4 and
Blackduxe not capture, 13.,. R % KKtP
31 K-B7
32P-Kt8-Q
33 K x R .
R-Kt6
RxQ I as far as he can, Whik contrives the
winning p w n ~ ~ ~ h a n g e .
14 R-KBJ KXP
4 K-f16 ch. K-BZ
5 R--QKtC R--Kt6 h a u s e of 14. PKt7. As example 196. 15 RxPch. K-l35
6 P,--Kt5 K-K 2 13 R-Q3 R-B3 16 P-,,Kt4.
If BIaclc'sking mows tou far from the Marking time, for if I3 ... RKtb ch. 258 L ~ h v.r Stdnitz, 14th match Black resigns, for after 16...KQS 17,
.
passed pawn, 6.. KKt2?, an exchange 14. KB4 R x KKtP White still plays 15. W e , 1896. Black blocks the passed
pawn with his king which is rcgarded as
PKt5 RKKt8 18. KR6 RK5 E9, RR5
ltis king i s cut off on the rank,
of pawns leads to Exampb 2J9,7. K x P PKt7, when Black's rook cannot move
f 77
 III ROOK ENnTXGS 7 RCfC)K AND TWO PAWNS w. R W K AND PA.WN
259 Bondamvsky v. Keres, Mos- 17 R-R7 ch. K-Kt1 Xf this position wcrc m o v d one file to RxP 7. KR3 cb. KKr5 8. R xP,
cow, 1947. BIack's rook is badly placed 18 R,,,,,,,.B6 K-RI the right Bhck wouId be in zugzwang, Example 224) 7. K - 4 2 8,-KR8 8.
in Front of the passcd pawn. Neverthe- 19 R x P R-,-I34 ch. but u it :s thc tat-move saves him. R-Kt8 ~ h K-B6
. 9. P-R8-Q.
less, because he has rook's pawns White
only draws. He first hrings his king to
~ l draws
~ by~ chec.icg
k on rank, 9 &--Kt7 5 ... K-Bb
,,d maintaining his attack on 6 R-B8 ch. K-K7
the aid of h ~ passcd
s pawn: It is often difficult to protect isolated
the KRP, as in Examples 239 and 251. 7 RU,,,,,.K8
ch. K-47.
R-R3 ch. K-K5 His k-ng remains on QR2 mnderinp of pawns without getting the rook into an
inactive position.
2 R.--R4 ch. K ,,,,,,,,,~4 no account White's QRP. Not 7... K86? 8. PRII--Q. A draw
3 K-R5 K-K4
I 9 ... K-,,-KtS was now apwd after 8.M I 3 8 KK7.
4 K---Kt4
5 K-a4
6 K-K4
7 R--R3
K-K3
K-83
K-K3
K-K2
260 Spielrnann v. Capablanca,Mos-
cow, 1925. Colours reversed. Black's
king blocks one pawn, and his rook,
strongly placed behind the other,mts off
I0 ...
11 g ,,,,,..Q4
RxP
K--m
i 262 Mikenas v. Poliak, Leningrad,
1947. Colaufs reversed. Black often
draws apinst passed pawns one file
apart if his king obstructs them, even
g K ,,,,,,,K5 K,,--KI White's kina. In these circumstances the 12 K x P R - 4 2 ch. though White has the better rook posi-
drsconnected passed pawns cannot win. A draw was agreed. tion, as here.
I ... K--B2 ...
1 R-R8
ff I... K Q I ? 2. LiR6 KKl(K2) 3. 261 Wajdorf r. Tartakower, Dub- ].. , RR7 2 , KBS pR6 3. RR7 &.
PB7, xnnd if 3 . .. KB2 4. RR8; but not rovnik, 1950. The alternative defence is KB1 4+ KB6 R137 cb. :, I(Ktfi PR7 is
2. RQ6 ch.? KK2 3. R x P RxP, and to make sarnetbiny of the lonc passed
'The pawn oo *he
although 4. RKB5 cuts off Black's king Pawn, anit here too Black needs to have $uarded by the rook on [he rank draws
he draws by 4... RB5 in turn cutting off his rook aggressively p i a d . t?asiIy,
White's king, as nvtcrt i i ~ Exarnfrlc 219.
2R K ,,,,,,,.Kt2 As the pawn advances White's rook is
3 R--.-Q6 K-R2 progrmivcly rmtricted.
4 K-B3
5 K-K3
K-Kt2
K.,,-.R2 1 ... p.,,,,,,,86
2 K--43 K .,,,,,,.B5
6 K-,-Q3 K--Kt2 3 P-RS R-R8
Drawn Black's QP is not uscfess; on the 4 P,-R7
Black's answer to White's tempo contrary i t supports his rook on an ideal
moves. Not 8. .. RB2? 9. KQ5 KK2 syuar:.
10. KH5 KQZ 11. KKt5 RKBJ 12. 7 a- 47ch. K-Kt3
PR6. 8 ?-B7 K-K4
!} p,,,,,,,,R4 K ,,,,,,,,R2 Not 8... K x P ? 9. R x P ch., nor
10 P.-R5 K,,-,K 1 8... RR3? 9. KQ4.
I 1 K-05 K-2
12 K -335 K-.,,-B2 Drawn
13 K,L.KrS R KB3
Elis king is now driven to the back
Nor 13... KKlZ '! 14. RKKt3 RKR3 rank. Xnstmd he should play 2... R-R8
IS. RKt7 ch. driving BIack's king to the ch. 3. K-Kt5 (3. KQS RQKtH) 3.,.
back rank, 15 ... KBI 16. RK16 RB4 ck. R-KRI, after which White makes
17. KB6 KKII 18. RRt6 KBI 19. woeress anIv bv advancing his OP.
R x l), and White wins.
14 R-R7 ch.
IS R--I35
K-K12
R-138 5.
~ f 4 RRH
t ~ K~ K the
ch,
R X P R x P draws. j
QK18 7. P-Kt5
ch. K-Q2
~ Pxchanlr,5. Z1.,,,,,.Q6
R-R6 ch. 3. K,,,,,,-Ke7
6. K,-,,,,Kt6
8. K-R6
RGQRt6 10.
By givi~!g up a pawn Btack's rook 4 ... p-.-,.w
R--R6 1 1 . K-Kt$ K-QKt6
P,,,,,,,,Kt6
achieves freedom, whilst White's rook 5 K-Q4
becomes cwnfii~cd. 12. ?-Kt7 R 9 n 6 . Black's Fawn on
16 P-R6ch. K-B2 i
178
Drawn
Xf 5. R-B8
R-Kt6?
ch. K-K4, but not 5.,.
6. K--RZ R-.-KS ch. (6... I the sixth by the rooi on the
rank dfaws here, but loas in the game
 ? ROOK AND N O P A W S v. ROOK A N D PAWN
~~ntinuation because White there holds ' cotmntcrbdance White's rook; and his
back his QP, which later provides a I rook fights two pawns a$ in Example
vital eempo-move (14. Xz-Q5). i 211.
3 R--R7ch. K-HI
4 K-B6 R-B8 ch.
5 K-Kt6 R.-RS 265 Aleittine v. Bog01jubow, 8th
Black loses when the pawn on the match gnrne, 1974 rolmrrr r + v c d Tn
scventh is gusrded by the rook in front sharp contrast to Example 262, having
of it, 5... RKR8 6.PKt5 PR7 7. BB7 the pawn on the xventh guarded by the
ch. KQ I 8 . RB2 KQ2 9. RR2, thfealen- rook on the rank is the least favourable
in$ KRG and PKt6.
arrangcmmt for Black. White may win
even when thc united ppwns are as far
6 R-R8ch. back as the second rank, unless Black's
This kads to an interesiing finish but
is urlrzulmsai y, as thc irnrndiatc 6.iFKtS
Whitc wins
witlivut leavingone of them unguarded,
I real counterthreat.
king can support i t s pawn, making it a
wins, 6 , . . R x P 7. K x P RQI(Q3 ch.) which invites a t~anspositionto a R , , t P 1 R.-RI
8.KK7 RQ2 ch. 9. KRII KB2 10. RR6. While nlavs and wins v. R ending. Such an ending would b
It is better for Whitc to plax his rook
... dmwn if the p % W n Swere further back.
G
7 P-.Kt5
K-42
R-'Rfi
i1
X ~ ~ + , . R ~ P ~ . R ~ P K B W~ h~i t e. wRi ~R
Black and d r w s
b y~~ c~t t i~n g, o n c p a w n ~ o t h e
seventh, the other to the fifth, 1, PRt7
12 P--Q5 ch,
13 R-Kt7 ch.
K-Q2
K-K I
behind the KRF, Because this is not
possiblc Black has more counterplay
than usual. Aftc* 1. RBI ? Alckhine
drew, I . . . RQB7 2. RBI ch. KKt6
KQ2 10. KKt7.
8 I<-K6 R Rfj
1
RKlS 2 K86 KKt8 3. PK5 R B I ch.
4.KK7 K K t 8 S.RB7 RB8 ch. 6.KKttr,
Unlks the case with dixonnmcd
pawns, Whitc'cr mating threah force 3. K Q 5 KKt7 4. R K i l PRI(?,=Q 5 .
andif6... KK8 7 . P K 6 R x P 8.KR7. ...
Black's king out, for aftcr 13 KQI R x Q K x R , Example 207. The text-
9 K-Kt7
10 P-KIG
11 K.,-Kt8
R-QKt6
R-X36
K'-QKtCj
1
Black plays and draws by 1 .. RR8
IZ,PKt7RKKt83.KB6RB8ch,4.KK7
. 14. KQ6, or 13... KBJ 14. RB6, the
pawns' advance continuesunmdested.
move is given by KIein (1934).
1 ... K.--B.5
12 R - R 7 ~ h . K,--Q I RKKtl 5. KB7 KB8 ch. 6.KKt8 RK8. 14 K - 4 6
If 12.., KQ3 White's king extficates ] White canmt avoid a pawn exchange,
RimselfviaQ8, 1 3 . I K t 7 RQB6 14. PQ5 I 264 krgkvist v . Zapata, Dub- but may choose imtcad to win with thc
(this t e m p m o v e decideD Id... KR6 ; rovnik, 1950, s h o w the customary BP, 14. PQ6 KBl 15. PQ7 RQ8 16.
15. KJ38 RE6 ch. 16. KQ8, and now winning p r w d u ~ e when White bas R x P R x P 17. KB6.
I6..,RQKtS 11. RR6 ch. K X P 18. 1 4 . ,. R--QB8
KB7 RB6 ch. 19. RKt6 RKt6 ch. K,---Kt3
20. KR7 RRdch. 21. RRS.
* , , 15 R x P RxP
K-w 16 R-K2 ch. K-,,,,,QI
I3 P-Kt7 R-QR6 P-Kt4
14 P-Q5 P-R7 4 R-K8 Now Black's rook turns 'out to be
awkwardIy placed, but if 16... KBI
Bkack is in zugz,wana. 17, KQ7, Example 219.
Xf 14... RQKt6 15. KR7, and, White's
king extricates itself via Q6. 17 R-KH2 K,--Bd
R-Kt8
...
If 14 KKI IS. KB8 RB6 ch.. and 18 R-R8ch.
19 K 4 7
K--,,KZ2
R-32 ~ h . White plays and wins
because Black's pawn is only on the R-K8 ch. 20 1~,,,,,,,.<6 K-Kt2
sixth, White can play 16, RB7. 7 K--Q3 R-Q8 ch. 21 P-Q6 i The counter-attack fails, 1 ... K-Kt6
15 R x P R ,,,,,..Q2 i
8 K-W P-Kt5
The game continuation 23. RQ8?
I ...
(or 1 K H 2. KB3 RK6 3 . PB7)
2. K B3 R ,,,,,,,,K K I ~3. p,,,,,,.,, K ~ K ~ ~
Black resigned six moves later. White 1 9 K-35 P--Kt6 should draw nfim 21 ... RKU ch. 22. 1 4. pPR8
sacrifices the QP to ~t SaIvio's position, ' 10 B,,,--KKIB R,,,-KKt8 -Q+

KB7 KB2. i Thc rook alone cannot halt the pawns,

Example 219. I 11 P-B4 P-Kt7
21 . . . 1. .. R-OH7 2. KO5 KK6 3. P04 R07
,
i When Black's rook is in front of tkc R-Kt3 ~ h .
263 Kienid@r v . Richter, Munich, j pawn on the seventh, Whito wins if his
1941, Cnlours reversed. Here Black docs , irnited p w n s are on thc fourth.
not blwk the pawns. I,iisking md pawn M i t e cannot advance the pawns
~h~ cbwking distanFc: is tm short
(Examnle 221). but if 21... K83 22. I 4- P R R~ ~ ~ Ph ~. : K B SR Q ~6: R Q ~ I
RQB7ch. 7- PR8=U 8. PmzQ.

180
 I11 ROOK ENDINGS 7 ROOK A m ) TWO PAWNS v. ROOK AND P A W
If 2... K-K3 (2... R x P 3. R X P ) 2 F,--B6 L-Ktl 8 P-I37 R-R7 ch.
3. R-K 1 ch. K-B3 4. P-B7 R x P The mating threats are Rtack's un- 9 K--Ktl P-R7 ch,
5. K-B4 R - - 4 7 (5.. .RK6 6.PI38 :-:Q) doing. If 2... RKt5 ch. 3. KKt5 RKt4 JO K-,RI K-Kt6
6. K-,83. ch. 4. KR6. I I R-Kt6 ch. K-R6
I2 R-Ktl
3 K--QS K-B3 3 R-Kt7 ~ h . K-R1
4 p-43 K-K2 This ingenious combination i s the only
5 R-,....Klch. K-,,Ql I f 3... KRI 4. RR7 ch. KKti 5 . way lo win.
PR7 ch. KUI 6.RK8 ch.
6 K-06 R-46 12 ... P x R-Q ch.
4 R--QR7 R-Kt5 ch. 13 K x Q R-RI
If d... RK7 7 . R x R P R 8 - Q 8.
5 K--Kt5 K--Q1 If 13... KKlG 14, PB8:-Q.
PB7 ch. 6 R - 4 7 ch. K ,,,,,,,.gl 14 K-R2
7 R--QRI K,--K I 7 P-Kt7.
8 R-R8 ch. K-H2 Not 14. PKB?KRt6, when the mating
Black resigns. threats draw.
9 R-48 K--I37 Rlack to play forces an immediate White plays and draws
10 P-I37. draw by I . , . PKt7 2.KRGRxP. 1 4 . .. K-Kt5 I Rlack ntavs and lows
266 KostiC v . Reti, Gothenburg,
IQM CaIoursreversed.The most favour- 287 A position from the p m e 67 P,,,-K7. Forced, but adequate. If Black moves
able position for the defender's rook is 1,lennebrgcr v. Schonmann, Corres- his king, OF M O Y ~ Shis rwk OR the QKt
pondace, 1937-38. Black's rook i s White wins.
behind his pawn. White cannot win file, mire wins by PKt7; whilst if the
unless he gets buth pawas to the sixth, powerfully placed behind thc pawn, but rook rernporim on the QKt Me, I . . .
and not even then with KtP+RP. White wins in a diffcrcnt way, blocking 268 Thomas v . Alekhine, Nlistiogs, RKFS? White's king confronts the pawn
it with his kine. 3922. Colours rovemd. Were Black's and wins. 2. KKt3.
A sly move, which entraps his unwary I .- - P-R5 ch. p i m s are so placod that thcy halt the 2 K-Kt1 R-- Kt6 ch.
2 K-R2 K-fi advance of the united pawns, and in the
apponent- K,--K7 following continuation he prevents N o t 2... RQKt6? 2. KKt2, and
- P-H5---
? "

4 P- B6 R -KR8 White's king diroctty blocking the lonc White has lost a move.
5 K-K6 pawn. 3 K-B2 R-B6 ~ h .
Noi5. K x P ? R x P . 1 K-R2 4 K-Kl
5 .. K, -Bfi White cannot lose a move. If be moves To avoid repetition White plays to the
6 P-K4 his rook Black's king taka up a more K file, whcrc his king is cct off from the
favourabk position blocking the pawns, pawn. 4. KK2 is no httsr, 4... RBI
And certainly not 6. K x P ? RRI 5. PKt7 PKt6 6. RR8 RB7 ch.
mate. I. R-KKt7 (or 1 . RR8 K K t 2 2.
RKKtKt8 KR3 3. RKt5 RQRG 4. RKt5 4 ... R-B I
6 ... K-Kt5 KKt2 ane now i f 5 . KB2, then 5... 5 8-KKt7
7 P-K5 R--QR I RB6 ch. 6. KK2 RB1 much as in thc If 5. PKt7 PKt6 6. RRS? PKt7.
text) 1 ,. . K-Kt4 2. R-Kt5 ch. K-R3
5 ... K-Kt4
3. R KR5 (if 3. KRZ R36 ch,,and 6 R-Kt5 ch. K-R3
4.. RBI, which the text-move pmvtnts) 7 K+2 P-Kt6
Drawn 3... R-QK6 (it would not be correct t o 8 K-B3 P-Kt7
give up the lone pawn 3... RKt7 ell?. R-B5 ch.
1 ... P-Kt7'? 9 K--Kt4
4. RKt3 RKt6 ctl. 5, K x P,for although I0 K-R3 R-B4
f ... R-Kt3
draws by preventing the Whitc's hlwkcd pawns are the cornpara- 11 R x P RxP.
alignment of White's pawns on the sixih, t i ~ ~ lunfavourahlc
y RP-h-KtP he can
heFe FnanuPuvre his king to the aid of his In the p m e continriation White a n -
2. K,-Kt5 R--Kt4 3. KC-B6 (if 3 . KR6 not Be prevmtect from dirwtly blocking
R x IJ 4. KK8 ch. RBI, but not 3. PK17? KtP) 4. K-B2 R-QRtG 5 . K-K2
PRt7 when Bbck wins) 3 . . . R-Kt1 R--QR~ 6. K - 4 2 P-Kt6 7. R-K2 Black's pawn, and in wnsequence he
4. R--,.K.7 ch. R-Rl 5. R-R7 ch. B - ~ 7 ch. 8. K,&.I31 R-OKt7 9. wins :
K-..-K~I 6. K . 4 6 (6. KKt5 RKt4) R-B~R--QR~.(~,..KxP?-Io.RRS1 . 4 . P.--Kt6
6... R-Kt3 ch. 7. K--Q5 R-Kt4 ch. a-) 10. R-R8 ch. K-Kt2 11. Thcrc is n o way for Black t o Io* a
8.K--I34 P-Kt7 9, P-B6 R-B4 ch. White wins K--KtX, with a draw (Cheron). move. I... RKO ch. 2. KKt3 RKtS
183
 X I 1 ROOK 'ENDINGS 8 MORE PAWNS: MATERIAL ADVANTAGE
3. KR4 coma to the same fhing. If he I Examplm 280-284 show the kind o t
moves his king, or if he m o w his rook play when there is a pawn-majority; it is
OR the fik, then 2. PKt7 arM quickly. !
usually possible for the stronger pany
to ersure for himseff the better rook
2 K-.-A3 I?--Kt7 ck. Black sometimes draws this kind of
position before he permits a simplifia- ending by ccuuntcr-action on the king's
There is nothing bctter. Af!er 3. R x P tion, $0 that when he makes a passed
R-Kt7 Ch. 4. K,----B3R-Kt6 ~ h .5. pawn his rook will be satisfactorily side as in the ncxt example; he= this is
K-,-K4 K-Kt8 5. K-K5 K-K8 ~ h . placcil. not possible. and therefom hr: Tow.
7.K-B6 R . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~8.~ ~K-K7
Q R t 8R-KRI Examples 285-287 show some of the 5 K-33 K-B4 The game tmk a Iongr course after
9. R-B7 ch. K-Kt4 10. P--Kt7 nossiSilitics in cases whez the pawns are 6 R-R2
R--KI 11. K-6 (Il.RBB?RR2ch.) bn o x side of the board, oh four or
11... K-R3 12. K-,,,Q7 (12. RB8?
Whitc makes a tempo-move with his 12 ... R-36
fewer files, when a pawn up cannot win rook. 13 R-Kt8
RR3 cR.) I2... R~+.QKtl $3. K-B6
K-R2 14. Er-.-R6, Ezmple 246,
unless one aho has othcr advantage+ 6 ... K--Kt4 White triangufatcs, winning at onm;
as is atso the tax in queen or bishop
Thomas yesigned. endicm. After this White's king invades the but if chis m o m were not available,
I The fmd example B an arnusinp. king's sidc, but i T 6... KQ4 7. KKt4 Cllzl-e wouirl tK. othcr ways of brcaking
remindcf that in r&k endinp stalemate KB3 8. K W KQ3 9. KKrS, diitdging up BIack's king's side.
8. MORE PAWNS: MATERIAL is a r,oe uncommon drawing =source. 13l11ck'srook. 13 A h . R-34
ADVANTAGE Them arc. as usual. other kkinds of 14 P-J3.1 R-B3
When White has no positional dis- posit:.it!onaldisadvantage, such ns isolated 15 K--B8 R-B4
adwantas a pawn up is not less Iikely to or doubled pawns, etc., which may 16 K,--Kt7.
win than is thc case with othcr pieces; sufftciently counterbrtlancc a matcrial Black is in mgwang. White wins the
~ U xhe
E pra~iicirlpiublcnls are diF~ult, advuiiage, KBP and the game.
and for this reason rook endings are
often said to be drawish, w k n it would 269 AIckhiw v. Capabtanca, 34th 270 Bwtvinnik v. Borisenko,
be more precise to say th~tthey arc so and findl match game, Euenos Aims. U.S.S.R. Championship, 1955. Coburn
difkult that chances of s draw may well 1927.
reversed.
arise. Whitc wins I his passed pawn is on or Hack draws because he brings about
The most important of 311 the posi- beyond the founh rank with Black's some favourable pawn cxxchangcs on the
tional factors is the situalion of the rabk in front of it. The defending rook king's side.
rooks. 'I herc is a viral distinction is passivciy p l d , and a n n o t disturb
M w w n an aggressively post;d rook and the White kin@ advance. 1 a h + Ru,-,,,R4
one an thc defensive. An aggressive rook I R-R4
White to piay I The rased pawn should be stotrmd
- - ;ts
i s oat that i s behind a passed pawn; or far bwk as Gssib1e.
The firat step is to gat the rook If Btack moves his rook the QW
one that attacks an u n p a s d pawn actively placed. Urdike tha case with the advanes. 2 K-Kt$?
which, has to be defended by a rook; or king, the knight, or tho queen, $here is If Black mows his pawns he weakens Already t h decisive
~ error. White can
one that caccupics the sevcnth rank or an no question of 'mntraiizing' the rook. them; hc cannot win the tempo struggle, win by 2. K-Kt2.
important own file. Its best position i s determined by the for White can make any number of 2... P.-B3 3. K,-,,,BZ P-R4 (3 ...
A knight or queen may be badly
placed, but, given time, its ~ositionmay
pawn structure. A rook is not weakcr on - moves with his rook.
waiting PKt4 4. PRS) 4. K-K? %'-Kt4 5.
the edge of the board but rather it is 7 K* R-43~ h , K 4 4 P x P 6. P x P K-BZ 7. K-B4
be improved; it i s less often SO with the stronger so pl&, for the checking K-K3 8. K-Kt4, and if 8... RKB4
rook. Othcr pi- may retain much of distancc (when retewt) i s then at a Thepawncndingislost after7 ...R x P. 9. PR5.
their power whilst blocking a passed maximum. If 7... K-Kt5 8. R-R1 K-Kt6 Z... K-Kt2 3. K-B2 K-R3 4.
pawn, b ~ tthe rook i s a poor defender. The text move is best; but 1. RQS d m 9. K-BS K -Kt7 10. K-Kt5 Jl-KB3 K-K3 P--R4 (4. .. KK4 5. KQ3 KQ.1
A rook controlling the only open file, or not jeopardi~fithe win, for Black's rook (10 ...RK3f l . R Q 1 ) 1I.P-RG. 6. KB3. Example 269) 5. P-,.M K-B4
the seventh rank, is an advanlaw often 8 K KS R -K3 ch.
is still badly p l a d in front of the pawn. 6. K 4 4 K-.Kt5 7. K-R3 P R 3
worth a Dawn.
~xarnile269-279shows bow different . 1 + + K-B3 9 K-IS$ K-R 3 8. K-Bi P-.Kt4 9. B P x P P x P 10.
positions of the rooksaffect rhe results in 1 2 KmmB3 By thus reversing the ro1t.s of his pi-
Black frees his rook which, however,
P x P K X P 11. K-Kt4 K-RI
P-R5.
12.
those comparativdy simple ending 1 Next the king admnws, via the centre,
when t k ~ r cis just one outside passed with the intention of supporting the w n o t in the long nm dcfmd the Iring's 2 ... P-B3
pawn. I passed pawn. side, 3 K-34
184
 I11 ROOK ENDINGS 8 MORE P A W : MATERIAL ADVANTAGE
If 3. PR.1 KB2 4. KB3 KK3 5. KK4 8... P-R6 RxP 8. R x R ch. K x R 9. KB4 KB3 ; the passed pawn, and when each player
PR4 6. KQ4 PKt4 7. BPxP P x P
8. K34 KQ3, Btack's king is within
reach of the QRP and ha may free his
rook, 9. KKt4 RK4 f 0. RQB2 P x P
11. P x P RK8, with play it,r in Example
9 K-l32
XO K-B1
R-,,KWU
R-KB4,
A draw was agreed af~crl I. K---Kt1
...
(lI.RRJRKKf4) I f R x P ILK-R2
R,-B2 13. P-RS R--4R2 14. K x P
10. KKS KQ2.
4 ...
5 K-R2
6 K-Kt3
7 K-Kt4
R--QK t 1
Y-QI

K-Kt2
83
I
1
j has three or fewer p a w on the other
side.
1 P-R6
2 K.-B3
3 K-K4.
P-R4
K--B3
259. But this offers Whita better chances
than the game continuation.
K-E2 IS. K,,,--Kt4K-4K3. .
If 7.. RKt2 White's simplest mncthod i After 3. PR7 White% king cannot
is to appose the kings, 8. ICW KKQ4 i profitably advance b a u s e of cheeks on
271 Botvinnik v. Bolesfavsky, Mos- 9. KK3 KKK4, as in Example 269. the files; whereas after the text move
ww, 1941. T h c gassed pawn is a QKtP, 8 R-KI R-KKtl BLack draws by 3 . . . RxP, or by 3...
and h a u s e it is not so far away (as 8 R-K6 KC-R 3 KK3 4. KQ4 -4 5. KBS KKt5 6.
compared with the QRP of the precding KKt6 RKt7 ch. (driving the king in
exarnnlcs), Black's king h ~ some
s chance If9... KKtl 10. RR7. front of the pawn) 7. KR7 R x P,and if
of capturing it and returning in time to 10 K-Kt5 R--,,BCt2 8. RQBl K x P 9. RE34 RQKD 10. RR8
save his pawns. XL ih alw to Blackh f 1 P-R4 P83 I I. PR7 PKt4, for in either case he
advantage h a t there xre fewer pawns oa g a s sufficient compensation on theking's
N~~~ \mite breaks through on
the king's side, for when Whitc's king king's side. side.
attucks them it wifl galher a smaller
fixvet.
In spite of these factors, and a back-
11. .,.
I2 P-R5
K,,-,R3
K-Kt2
I
I -273 Black sometimeshas difficulties
ward king, White *. 13 P-Kt4 K-R3 1 wrth itis counter-attack if the pawns are
I4 K-&4 K-Kt2 ; partly or wRoIfy blocked. If his king is
15 P 4 6 PxP exposed ho muat also guard against
16 R x P R-Kt2 White's pIaying PR7 with the threat of
17 K-RS. moving the rook and queening the
Black to play 1 enemy
By his advance White pins down tho After the game continuation 17... pdwfi, e.g+ifh@reI-,. 2. KQ2
rook. KR3 18. RQR6 RR2 19. RB7 RK4 ch. 3. KB2 KK3? then 4. PR7+
After 4. KKJ P x P 5. P x P K32
:p__R3 R-Bl 20. PKtS K x P 21. R xP, or the after- I ... R-R .--6
6.KQ3KR37.W3KQ3,3lack's)iing
is in time to stop theQRP, 8.KKt4 RK4 1 ..
native f 7, RK2 f 8. PKtS RKBZ 19. Black's rook must try to curb the
RKB6 RKZ 20. RR6 RQ2 21. RR8 activitie-<of Wbitda king, which would
9. RRZ R K D ~ ' 10. RR3, and Whitc's
rook is dcfensivefy placed. wins as Kxample 219.
.
R x P 22. RKRI RB3 23. RxP, Whitc be liberakd after 1.. R-,-R7 ch ? when
White wins, 2. R--,Q3 R-R6 ch. 3.
4 ..* P x P ch. K,--Q4 R X KtP 4. R--QRS R-+R6
5 K-K4 272 This position may be compamd 5 . R-B7 ch. K-33 6. P-,-K7 m i t e
Black now gets a passctl pawn, and with Example 269. Tht game is normally has improved the position of his rook)
suficient counterplay. Whitc's best .
drawn when White's rook is in front of 6.. K-K3 7,K-B5 R-R8 8. K-Kt6
chance i s 5. K-Kt4 K-,,,KtZ 6. W-,-R5 ll....-Kt8ch. (8 ...KQ4 9. RB5 ch. KKS
K-Kt 7. K-,,,,K6 K---RI 8. P-Kt4 10. RRS) 9. K-B6 K--QRI 10. K-
(8.PB4 P x P 9. P x P K K l t 10. PX35 K.t7 K-,,.Q4 11. R-K7 (cutting off
KB2) S . . . K-Kt X 9. R-R3 K-R1 Black's king from the pawns) 1 Zf ...
10. R-K3 R-R3 ~ h .I I . K X P, R--Q3 12. R-K5, and if 12... P---Kt4
13. R P x P P-R5 14. R x P P-R6
5 ... P-,M $5. R-,--B6 ~ h K-,Q2
. 16. R--QR6
6 K-,Q4 P-R5 White to play R--Kt8 ch. 17. K-,-,,KlG.
7 PXP Px P
8 K-K3 ,2K - 4 2
4.K K t l KQ4 5. KB2 82s a more direct White may indirxtfy p a r d his KKtP
White retmats, for if 8. KB4 FRG way of bringing the king into play.
A passed pawn should be advanced, by 3. PR7, but if he then advanw his
9. KKt4 RR4 10. RR2 his rook is king it has no shdter from checks.
defensively pIaced, lo.,. RRS ch. 1 1 . not as far as is possible, but cts h r ~ L Sis
KK15 RR4 ch. 12. RKt6 RR3 ch. necessary. 4. PKt7? draws, 4... RQKtt 2... R x KtP
13. KKt7 RR4. 5. KKtI KQ3 6.KB2 KB2 7. Kg13 3 R-Kt8 R--QR6
7
 III ROOK. ErnWGS 8 MORE PAWNS: MATERIAL ADVANTAGE
thf: text-move White's king advances I K-R2 R-R8
with the h o p of sheltering from the 2 !?-Kt4
chmks by playing to KKt5 or KR4. The altcrnative is 2. PKQ followed in
3... K -R8ch. due course by PW.

1
I
45 K-K3
K K2
R-R7 ~ h .
R-RS
Whrte's king must bc kept out of KB4.
2
J
...
PxP
4 P-R7
PxP
R-R5

i 6 K--QJ R-R6 ch. This advance, which indirctly secures

7K-44 R- K4 Whi:e's king's side pawns (erg. 4...
8 R-B4 R-R5 ~ h . R x KP 5 . KQKtR), is juslifred h ~ r r s e
9K-45 R-R4 cR. Whi:e's king can find safety at Kh or
I0 K-K6 R-R7
Black to play ...
Not 10 RR3 ch.? 11. K x P RR4ch. White to play
i 5K-Kt3 R-R6 ch.
12. KT34 RR5 ch. 13. KKt5 RR&h.

I ...
14. KR4, and if 14 KR2 15. PR3
RR5 16. P x P PxP 17. KRS RKt2
18. RKt8 R x P 19. RK14.
cannot gel to tho rafc s ~ u a r KKQ
s
with the rook and queens the pawn.
and
m2, dare not move, else White checks I
:EzE
K--Q2
R-R7 ch.
R--R5 ch.
K-Kt3
RR3 8. KKt3 KK5 attack& Wi~ite's
pawns, and ii' here 8. RK7 XQ3. 1 .,. R-R7 ch. II hisXfKB5 PKt3 White
S... square PR5 favailable
by 9. maka x P 10,
It is a struggle htween White's king : p x p,
5... K-Kt2 the coun&+aitxk lo.,.
and Rlzck's rook, and White wins pw 11. p x p is inadeq.jale.
6 K-.,-B2 P-Kt4 W a u w Ilis king has a safe square at
This sacrifice creates a passed pawn 9 f-R5 ~ h . K-Kt4
KR6. i 10 F-R6
which provides sufficient counterplay.
.
Not 6 . . RRS ? 7.KKt3 R x BP 8.PR7.
2 K-43
3 K-44
R-R 8
R-K4
7 BPxP P-I35 4 K,,.,-W R-R6
8 K-42 P--H6 5 K-HS R-R8
9 R-Kt7 ~ h . K ,,,,,,,.Kt3 6 K-Q6 R-R6
10 fl-R7 R-87 ckt. 7 K-,K7 R--R3
I 1 K-KI K-B4. 8 K-I37 K-Kb
Either 12. RU7 ch. RKt3 13. R x P 9 K-Kt7 R-R8
R x P 14. RBS ch. KKt2 15. KB2 RR6 10 E,-RG K,,,-.R3
16. RKR6 RQKt6 17. R x P RKr3, or 11- R--Kg If R--QKt8 RxP
12. RRKt7 RK7 ch. 13. KB1 RQR7 If 11. K xP R x P ch. If 11. KK5 12 R-Kt5 ~ h . K-K3
14. RB7 ch. K K t 3 IS. RQKt7 KB4 RK7ch. 13 KxP R-Rl
16. RKt7 KK15, draws. 14 KXP R-,-KKtl
I1 ... R x RP 15 P-Kt4 R-R1 ch.
274 BIack's blocked pawns are iz k ~ cir.
7 R x R ch. 16 K-Kt6. WQte to play
13 K x R K-Kt3. This forces Black's king to retreat, fox
weak, but he draws h a u s e his active Black miens, for if 16... R x P
rook can curb the White king's activitim. T b pawn ending is drawn, 14. KK6 17. RKt6 ch. eithcr 10... K x R P $1. RR8 ch., or
KKt4 15. KB7 PBS 16. KK6 PKS. 10... Px P 1t. RKtS ch., loses at once.
I... R,-R6
2 K-BI 275 Bisguitr v. UdovEie, Zagreb, I0 ... K-Kt3
275 Unzicker Y. Lundin, Amster- 11 P x P KxP
After2.PR7 RR8 3.PM P x P e.p.ch. dam, 1954. Alf of thefie exampks with 1955. Wkcn each player has four or K -R7 ch.
12 K-82
4. K x P PR5 Black draws quickly, the rook in front t)f the QRP &ate more pawns on the king's side White has 1 3 K Kt3 R-R8
Example 237. closely to Examples 237-240, be~terwinning chances. 1,b can make
I4 K-Kt4 R-R7
2 ... R ,,,,,,,.Ry 1 P-R7
new threats (c.g. a p a s d KP); his king
can mcre easify find or create safe 15 K-Kt5
3 P--R7 In general this advance should ba Biack's rook cannot prevent White's
Squares amongst the Black pawns; and
If 3. KKI KR2 4. KQI R x P, and made only when it gains a clear advan- it iu less likely that all his king's side king reaching RRS, with a decisive
Black okains enough counterplay. After t a p as here; for now Black's king, which pawns will be exchanged off. attack on the Biack pawns.
 R MORE PAWNS: MATERL4L ADVANTAGE
a g p s i v a position for his own rook, but White next makes st p a w l pawn, first the advantage Qs was the case with If 4.. . RIM 5. RK7 RQ7 6.R x P ch.
be must also prevent Black's rook from driving Black's king farther away. minor ~irn?) that he may irnprovc his winning anothcr pawn.
taking an aggressive position. If it were
..
Black's move here, then f , R--QB1
6 ... K-B4 position by oflering an exchange of 5 R-43 R,,,,-.QBI
rooks.
..
(or 1. RQI) f o b w e d by pIzying the It would k bcttcr for Black if his king
could oppose the pawn-majority, but 1 R,-,-Q3
6 R-43
7 IZ-,,,,,.U6
ch.
R-4f
rook to r k sevanth wouItl ofTer him
excdlrnt drdwing chances. after 6.. KM2 Whitc exchanges rooks. White prepares to contest the remoter Sot 7,RB7? RQ7 when a11the queen's
1 R-RI 7 F-,,KKt4 P x P ch. {QB>file. side pawns will must li h l y be cxclratregd.
8 KxP R-Kt1 ch. After the text-move Black resigns
Of one or more open fries the remoter because of 8. KB7.
is, in general, marc important. Sooner or Iater, in most cases, the
defender's rook obtains acrive ptay, and
I ,.. K-Q3 Whitc's task is to dctay thk for as long 282 Konsfantinopolsky v. Shapo-
In preventing the invasion of his as possible. This he has done, and the Naturally Whik brings up his king. shnikov, Sochi, 1952. When both sides
second rank (1 ... RQl 2. RB7 ch. KK3 powerful passcd pawn, from which It is pncraXIy wrong to mobilize the havz a wing majority, which implies a
3. PKt3) Black is forced to hlock the Black's king is cut off. more than out- pawns before the pieces, and if White more unbdanad pawn structure, White
queen's file which his rook might other- weighs an aggressive advance on the file, phys irditPerently, e.g. 2. PKR4, then wins mom msily; for he can set up two
wise have occupied. .
fur if 8... RK6 OF 8.. RK7, 9. PB5. Black dm$the QB file 2... RQB1, for united pasxd pawns which arc much
superior to the singb passed pawn that
if3.IIQB37RxR 4.PxRKQ4.
Rtack is likelv to obtain on the other
White nwt bings his king into play. 10 R-Q7 P-R3 wing. ~ o r n ~ aExamples
ie 264 to 268.
1 I IZ-,,,.QR7
2 d.. P--QR4 I R--QKtS P-qKt3
Another finesse, pushing Bfack's king 2 I%-KW K--K3
Zf 2.- RKI 3. RQI ch. KB3 4. KBZ, farther away.
when the Icing's file is not of much use 3 K-Kt2 K 44
to Black. tl ... K-Kt3 After 3... P--KK14 4. K-R3
12 R-K7 K-B4 P-KR4 5. P-B4 K-B3 (5 ... R34
13 R-KSch. K-BR 6. PQR4 threatening 7. BKtS) 6 . R-
14 P-HS R,,-.,,B3 Kt5 I?-Kt5 ch. (6... RB4 7. R x R )
15 K,-K4 R-R I R.--I37 8. R x P R x P ck.
7. K,,,,,,,,R4
16 P-Kt4 I' X P 9. ICxP R x P 10. P-K4, White wins
17 P X P F,-R4 the ram to quecn h a u s e his pawns are
I8 it-BS c t ~ . K-Q3 more advanced, and not k c a m they
After I S . . , RKt3 White's king sup- are more numerous.
pork the advance of the KBP, tventually White to play 4 R - 4 2 ch. K-,,B3
winning the rook for it. &cause of this
tlmat Black gives up anot11erpawn. Black plays the king here because it
supports the advance of his own
I9 R x P R--KI ~ h . Black's king gets in the way on the malority. If 4... KKS 5. RQ7.
20 f c - , , , , , ~ 4 R-K7 central files, as in Example 280.Tnstcad
Whitc to play 21 R Q5 ch. K- -82 lte should play Z... P.........Kr3
~ililkiilpB
22 P-36 R-KB7 Role fcr it; and play might continua
3 K-B.2 P--Q Kt4 If 22,.. R x P White places his rook 3. P-KR4 R-BI 4. K-B3 R--QI
Black h o p s lor pawn cxchngcs or behind the KBP, 23. RKBS. 5. R-I36 ch. (if S. RK3 ch. KB3 6.
counterplay on this wing; bowevcr, 23 K ~5 P-R 5 RQ3 RQBI 7. K33 RQ1 8. R36 ch.
these a d v a w s teave the panns more KKt2) 5,.. K - - 4 2 6. R-BZ K-K3
vulnerable to attack later on. 24 K-,,,K6 R xP 7.K-M, when White may mobilize his
2s P-37.
4 P-QR3 majority, or his king may invade the
Black resigns. king's side.
White may now answer 4 . ,. PKt5 by
5 . PQR4, or 4...PK5 by 5. PQKi4. 3 R-33 R-QI
281 Najdorf v. Kottnauer, Amster- 4 R-KLch.
dam, 1450. In the preceding exampb the
extra pawn was itsdf a dtrisive threat. A finesse.
The player with the extra pawn also has White to play
 HI ROOK ENDINGS 8 MOW P A W S : MATERIAL ADVANTAGE
...
5 P-B4
6 K-B3
7 I',,--I35
P4R4
K-QK14
f-R5
1 P-R3
Hex {or on the next move) 1... RB5,
A draw was a g r d , for Bhck cannot
M his rook. 1 9 K--R5
10KxP
R-K6

ARor 10. KKt4 KKt3 11. R x P

attempting to improve the rook's
8 P-K4 R---l38 position, is to be wnsidord; but it
284 Stahberg v. Kcm, Budapest, PR4 ch. 12. KR3 PRS Black's united
1950. The better position of White's pass4 piwns lead to a win.
If 8... PKt5 9. PK5 PKt6 10. P x P seems doubtful whether Black can win
king, which threatens to penetrate the On thc sixth move, hex, and later on,
P x P 1 1 . PK6ICB7 12.PK7. after 2. PKt5 ch, KKt3 2 . RKt7 RB3
9 P-KS R--KE 4. KK4.
If 9... RB8 ch. 10. KK4 RK8 A. 2 P-R4 &-Kt4
11. KQ4. If 2... PKR4 3. W5 ch, or 3. PKt5 1 ... K-B2 im>inent annihilation of his king's side
10 R-K2 R-R8 ch. ch. 2 K-B5 R-RI pawns.
1 I K-Kt4 K-Q2 3 R-BGcR. K--44 3 R-42 * 10 . . . R x QKtP
12 K--KtS p Rfj 4 RxQRP R-,,R6 ~ h . White prevents Black freeing his rook. 11 K-RS R-Kt7
62... PKtS 13, PK6 ch. KKI 14. Black is at a disidvantage inasmuch Not 3. PQKta? RQ1 4. R x P RQ4 12 P-,R3 7
RQKr2 PR6 15. R x P coma to ihe as his onited pawns stre RP+KtP. Here mate! White overfooks Kerns' subtle mating
same thing. abbckdefollows4... P x P 5.RxQRP threat. The obviour, move, 12. R x P, is
13 P-K6 ch. K ,,,,,,,.KI RK5 ch. 6. XI33 R xP 7. RRI R x P now b p t , and after the scramble for
14 R-,,,,,QUZ P-Kt5 8. RRI RKt3 9. KKt4. pawns, 12... R x P 13. KK7 RK7 14.
15 R--B8ch. K-KZ KKf4 PR4 15. RKR7 RK5 ch. 16. KB3
16 R-QR8 RK6ch. 17. KQ4 R x P 11. RxP, a
Anticiparing the breakthrough sacri- draw is the probable rautt.
ficc, PKtG. 12. .. R-K7
Jb ... R-Kg f 3 R-,,.BI
17 R--R4 R+K7 If 13. R x P RKS, threatening RR5
If 17... RKS 18. RR7 ch. mate! If 13. KKt4 RRS ch. 14. KT33
18 RxKtP R x QRP RK6 ch. 15. KQ4 R x P.
19 R.L.Kt7 ~ h . K-41 33 ... R-,K6
20 R-87 ch. K--Kt1 14 P-Kt4 RxP
21 R-OR7 K--BI Btack to play 15 R-BR ch. K-04
22 P-IT4 R-R8 16 K-B7 P-Kt3
23 P--RS. 3 - + + R--QB 1 17 K x P R-,-Kt6 ch.
white to play Not 3... RQI? 4. R x R K x R 5. 18 K-R4 R-K'B6
And the r h m t of PKR5 forced
...
Biack's resignation. If 23 PR7 24. 5 K-I32 PxP KKt6. 19 R x P R x P ch.
PR5 P x P ch. 25. KB6; if 23 PR7 ... 6 RxQRP KxP 4 R--Q6 K-Kt2 ch. 20 K-Kl3 R x P.
and If 23.''
25. ch. RK1
''' ''
24. PR6 RKKt8 White mates in three;
'lCt6
RKB8
wms to r#,
what is to corm; but he carnot avoid the
inkling of 5 K-Kt4 R-B7 White msigned artm 21. KR3 KK5
If Black wants to win he must take his 22. KQ2 RKr7 ch. 23. KK1 PKi4 24.
draw by 6... K-KS, becaiise of 7. &tame with this move, which gives the i KBI RQR7 25. RKRU PK15.
27. PB6. P-Kt5 R--QKt6 8. Pd-QS cR. K-K4 raok activc pliny.
( S . , . R x P 9. RR6) 9. P -Q6 R x P 6 P-I34 285 Capblanca v. Yates, Aastings,
283 fins v, StaMkrg, TXncianSkee 10. P---Q7 R-Kt 1 I 1. R.-R6 P-R4 1930-3 1. When 3 pawns arc opposed by
1 3 . R-RG ch. Not 6. R-Q7 ch.? K-Kt3 7. R - 4 6 2 pawos on one side or t h board, and
Teplice, 1949. The deftndcx may draw if , 12. R -.R5 K7R3 ch. (7. R x P PR4 ch. 8. KR3 PRtS ch. them is no passed pawn, the game is
he has a pasitionaf advantage, espscidly K-K2 14, K-RS R-KKtl 1s.
that of a bettm placed rook. He:eBlack's tI P+8=-Q ch.
9. KR4 RR7 mate) 7... R-B3 8. nnraally drawn. To have any winning
rook, awkwurdly obstructing his pawns, 7 K Kt2 R--R4
R-7 ch. 9. KR3 RE29 W ~ C R chances at all White must have x centre
F,,-,,,,R4
Black &S f d his queen's side paw=. nawn as here (and as Pmmplrs 286,287,
confrfits M ~ with
I Y White's ag&rmsivc lf 7... R R ~8. p ~ t ~5b . or
, ir rile rook
rook on the seventh. x moves off the KR file, ti~en8. RR6.
6 ... RxP
7 R--Q7 ~ h . 1 ... R-K8 3
1 ?--Kt4
White mdeavours to liytrldate the
queen's side pawos.
8 P-Kt5 ~ h .
9 8-KKt4
10 R-K4.
K-B4
KX P If 7...KKt3 8. RQ6 ch.
8 RXP
K-B3

R--K5 ch.
/
This position should be cornpared
with Fxamplc 254. loo aback.

194 195
 8 MORE PAWNS: MATERIAL ADVAWAGE
should not allow White to get his pawns
to the fifth rank, but should play I . . .
P-,-,B3 2. K-Kt2 R-K8
1 White threatened PK6. The KBP is, as
Rc1nfe1d puts it, the A c h h heel of
3 , K--,B3 Black's position.
21 K-B6
22 R-Kt8 ch.
23 R-Kt7 ch.
K-Kt3
K-R2
K.-Rl
RK4 6. R x P KKt3) 3,.. R-K3 4.
, RxR
I K k4 K-Kt3
(4. RR7 PPR3) 4... P x R 5.
6. P-133 P-R3
(3. PK5 P x P 4. R x P R x R 5. P x R , If 8 . . . KKt3 9. PR5 ch. KKi4 10. 2.1 K--Kt6 ' 7. P-l.34 U4 -K4.
PR4) J.,. R-R8 ch. 4. K-K3 13.- R x P K x P I I , PK6. White's king now outwits BIack's 3 R-R6 R-R6
KKt8, wiih a prpetuaI a:tack on 9 R-Kt8 ch. K Kt2 R-R8
rook. Not at once 3.PK6? h a u s e of 4 K-Kt3
White" pawns.
2 P-KT
3 K-Kt2
4 R-B5 ch.
!A-QR6
~6 &,

K,---fCt2
..
Jf 9. KR2 10. PI35 RR4 I I . RR8.
10 P---HS
RR3 ch. 25. KQ7 R x P 26. R x P RR3
with a draw.
24 ... R-42
I 5 P-,K4
If I. R x P KKtI.
S ... R-Kt8 ~ h .
White now threatens 11. P-B6 ch. 25 K-,B5 R-B2 ~h.
5 R-QKt6'? K-Kt3 ( f l . , . KR2 12. PK6) 12. 6 K-134 R-,,KR8
5 . RQd is correct, and if 5... RRS 26 K--Q6 R-,,,R2 7 P-KS P-R5 ?
R Kt8 ~ h K-R2 . 13. K-Kt7 ch. 27 P-K6 R-R3 ch.
6. KB3 RR6 ch. 7. KK4 RB5 ch. 8. winning the KBP. Perhap this move is the decisive error,
R-Q4. 28 K.-,.K7 RxPch.
I0 ... R-R7 ch. 29 K x P R-,,,.KS for i t frees the square. KKt4 for WRitc's
5 ... R--K6? k i a , and thc* advaned RP is d o o m ~ d .
Perrr,itt~ngWhite's king to advance, 30 P-Kt5 PxF
In 1957 Kopaiev showed the follow- Instead, Black should simpiy mark
ingdraw: s... RR5 6.KB3 RR6ck. 7. but thcrc is nothing better. If JO... KR2 31 K,,-Kt6.
time by 7... RR7 8. PB3 RRS 9.RBS
KK4 RR5 ch. 8. KBS RR5 9. RKt3 f 1. PB6 RX36 12. PR6. Black resigns, for if 31 ... R--QR5 RR7 10. PI34 RR8, and if I I. RQB6
RR5 10. RK3 RR3 t 1. RK4 RR5 ch, 11 K--K3 R-Xi6 ch. (31 ...RK3 32. RR7) 32. R-R7 ch. RK8.
12. KB3 RR3 13. Pi35 KBI 14. RKt3 f 2 K-K4 R-RS ch. R-Kt1 33. P,--,,B7~ h K--RI
. 34.
RR8 15, RK18 ch. KK2 16. PB6 ch. I3 K 4 5 R-M cR. -Ft-RB
- - - - ch.
- .
-
8 K-Kt4
i In masterly fashion Gliznric- now
KK3 17. RK8 ch. KQ4 18. PK6 RR3. If 13... R x P 14. PB6 ch. KR2 15. I q-

demonstrates -the win. First he elimin-

6 K-Kt4 R ,,,,,,,,,(4R6 RKBS KKt3 16. RKl8 ch. KB4 17. 286 OligoiiC v. Euwo,Z ~ r i c h 1953.
, ates Ihe advanced KRP.
7 K-B2 ? R x R K x R 18. PK6. The ending 4 pawns v. 3 pAwns should
also be drawn under normal circum- 8 .. + R-Kt8 ch,
White hesitat-; and Mack could now 14 K-6 R-R3 cR. 4 K-X35
15 K-I37 s t a m : but B1tlck7sIcing m s t cover a ,
draw: 7...F,---R4!8. P-Kt5 (8. P x P front fdvr files wide, notjvays an easy
R K R 9 P.....-RS9. R,,-.-Kr7K-- Kt 3 10. The pawn ending is drawn after 9.
i f White's rook were at Q8 he would task. , K x P? RR8 ch. 10. KKt4 -" Rx R - - 11.
-
R-Kt6 ck. K-,,Kt2 I I . R--KR6 P- be able to play 15. KK7 hcre.
R6 12. P-35 (12. KKf I RKBS) R-B4 1 P-Kt5 P x R c R . K x P 12.KR5KRt2 13.PB3
13. P,,,,,,,86
ck. K,,,-KIl 14. P-Kt6
15 ... K-RZ
Instmd of the text-mow White might
PR3 14. PI34PR4 1 5. KK tS PB3 ch.
...
P x P 15. R x P ch. K-HZ 16. R,,,,,,,,,Kt7 IF 15 R-R8 (15 ... KKZ ~ h .16. have played 1. KfCt3, with the idea of [ 9 -- K-KR8
ch. K-BI 17. R-K3 R-B2 ch. 18. KKt6 RR8 17. PB6 ch ) 16. P--86 ch. foliowine with PB3. PK4. and KW: 3 10 P,,,-W P-R6
K-Kt1 P-R7 ch. 19. K-KI R-K7, K-R2 17. R-KBB R-R2 ~ h . 18.
. .
~ k c kC & I ~ answer' this by I.. P x P If lo.,. KRtl 11. KB5 White has
7 . R--Kt#, as i n the game, is correct. K-8 K-Kt3 (18.. RKt2 19. 2. R x B PR3 foIIowed by ...PB3, draw- rnatiog thmats, 11... PR6 12. P35 PR7
7 ... R-QR6? KR8) J 9. R-Kt8 ch. K -- R2 20, R- ing as nated in the prwdingexamplc. 13. RR4.
Kt7 ~ h K-RI . 21. P-Kt5 P x P
8 R-Kt7 K-,,,,,,,~ t l
22% K --K8 R -It4 23. R x KtP R- R2 1 ... PXP
2.1. P-K6. Black must prewnl White'<threatened
16 K-Q7 K-R2 ch. PR6. 1 2 K x P d r a w s , 1 2 . , . R R S c b . 13.
17 K - 4 5 K - Kt2 The alternative is I... PR3, when the KKI4 R x R 14. P x R c h . K X P 15.
double wcbange of pawns bring about PB5 KKt2 16. KRtS PB3 ch.
li Bhck continues chcking White an easily d r ~ w nposition.
plays his king to KB6. 12 ... R-38 cb.
2 R-R6 13 K--Kt3 R-Kt8 ch.
18 R-Q8 14 K-B2 R-KRS
Wile prevents the liberating move,
See nntc to White's fifth a w e . If now PKR3. 15 R-KBG
18 ... RR3 ch. 19. KK7 RR2 ch. 2 ... R--Kt6 A tempo-move which farces Black's
20. RQ7. king to KKil.
After this Black has a difficult, maybe
18 ... R-R4 1 lost, @me. Instead he should pursue
15 ... R-R8
19 P-BS ~ h . K-RZ the policy of sirnpiification by 2... R-K2 If IS.,.KKtl 16. KKt3 KKt2 17.
Black to play 20 R-KES R-R2 (2...RKtS 3. P83) 3. K-Kt3 (3. RRG KKt4 KKtl 18. RKR6, as in the text.
 III ROOK ENDINGS 8 MORE PAWNS: MATERIAL ADVANTAGE
K-Kt7 24. K-R5 R--Kt6 25, R-QRG mtting off White's king from the KBP, The game continued 6 . . P x P 7.
1 R-Kt8 26. R-87 K--81 (if 26... which soon fafls. R..-.Q7 ch. K-B I 8. ch. K-Kt1
9. K-Kt6 Qlack's doubied pawn pro-
KKtl While's king later plays to KT) 29 R--QI R-I36
27, P-B5, and after the checking series tects White's king from chcxks) 9...
27,.,R - R ~ c ~ .28. K-Kt4 R-Kt8ch. After this the checking distance on the P-Kt5 $0. P-RB P x P (if ID... PKt6
29, g-&I R-B8 ch. 30. K-K4 R-K$ ...
files i s tw short, but if 29 RQRS 11. PR7 ch. KRI 12. RBI matc, or if
ch. 31. KQ5 RQ8 ch. 32. K-36 30. RQ7, tic. IO.,. RRI 31. P x P PKth 12. PK7
K-338 ch. 33. K-.-Ql K 4 8 ch. 30 K-K4 R J37 PKt7 and Whita mates in 2 ) 11. P-K7
White takes cover by 34. K-B8, and 31 K-K3 R--QW ...
K-RI (now if I 1 RR3 ch. White
if 34 ... R-44 35. P-B6, when the 32 &-I35 interpss the rook) 12. R-36, and
mating tfueats dncide, 35... K x P 36. At last White makes this decisive Black resignad, for if 1 2 . . RK1 13.
KQ7 RQ4 ch. 37. K36 KQ1 38. RQ7 RQ6 ihatcning RQ8.
advance.
RR1 39. KKt7 RK1 40. KB7, forcing
White to pItty off the rooks and winning the pawn 32 ... R-KKt7 7 R-KS
Whiie pIays the rook behind thc
ending. If 32... RR6 ch. 33. KK4 RK5 ch. passed pawn. He does not relieve the
34. RQ4. tension by exchangingpawns, for Black's
24 K-Kt4 R-Kt8 ch.
25 K-BS R-KBB 33 R-427 RxP KKtP may yet prove a vulnerable target.
If Mack chmks on the ranks, White If 33... KB1 34. PB6, wiih mating Batwinnik's intended exchange, 7.
P X P? P xP, folfowed by guarding the
. . R--QRB
covers with his rook, e . ~25.. threats wMcR drive out Black's king,
pawn from the sidc, 8. R-Kt 5 R-B2
W... KK1 35. RK7 ch. U I 36.RR7
Now the pdwncnding is last after 18.. . 26. R-B6 R-R5 27. R-B7 K-BI K K I 37. RE38 ch. KQ2 38. RB8 KK3 8. R.--Kt6, draws as shown in a fine
R-Kt8 ch. 19. K X P R,,,-K8 ~ h . 20. 28. K-Kt4 R-R4 (for 28,.. RR8 29. 39. RK8 ch. a 4 rKf. PK6. anaiysis by Kopaiev, 9... R-,B4 ch.
K-Kt4 R x R 21. P x R , although PI35 set. above note) 29. R-BJ R-R6 10. K-Kt6 R-K4 (White must ke
White must play carcki'ufly afieer 21... ch. 30. K-K4 R-R5 ch, 31. K-K3 34 K-34 R-Kt8
for& to d c the KP as soon as
P-B3 22. P X P (either 22. KB5? P x P, R-R6 ch. 32. K--Q4 R-R5 ~ h .33. 35 P--K6 R-B8 &. ...
possible, if 10 RKt4 ch.? I I . K X P
or 22. PK61 KBI 23. PB5 draw) 22... R-M, and ncxt advances his KBP, 36 K-K5 R-KS ch.
RKiI 12. I(R7 R R 7 13. PR6, etc.)
K-3 l 23. K-BS K-B2 24, K-K5 33. .. R--R8 34. P--,-B5 R-,,,,,.KICt8 37 K-Q6 P-R4 1I. K x P K-B3 12. R-R6 it--K84,
K-K1 25. K-K6 K,&BI 26. K--Q7 35. K - 4 5 R x P 36. P-36, and again 38 RxPcR. K-K t l holding thc K R P under attack, 13.
K-I32 27. K--Q8 K-Bl 28. P-,,,,B7 the mating thrcats are dwisivc; 36... 39 K-KT. K--RI K x P 14. K--Kt6 rZ-,B3 ch.
K x P 29. K - Q f , and M i t e h a the KKl 37. KQ6 KQf 38. RQR4 RBI Black rcsigns. 15. K--Kt7 R-B2 ch. 16. K-Kt8
39. RR8 A.KKt2 40. RKBg.
horizontal uppmitiolr, Examplc 69.
287 miviMitv. Najw R-KQ 17. R KRI, White peuene
19 K-Kt3 R-,,,-KtRch. 26 R--B6 K-B1 Bkack's playing his king to the KB file,
27 R-R8 ch. mw, 19Sh, White wins because he can ...
I7 K---Kg 18. P-R6 R-KKL4 ch.
20 K x P R-Kt 5 force a KP because of &e
21 R-KM K-Kt2 Black's rook is iddally p l a d , for hole at KKt6. and White must try 19. K-B8 for he
22 PC-R3 R-Kt8 White can neither advam his king
R--I32
draws if his king blocks the RP, 19.. .
23 K-R4 R,,-R8 ch. (27. KRS W x P ch.), nor advunm his 1 R-RS IT-KR4 20. R-QKI. the mwn can
--

White now has the folfowingwinning KBP b u s e of the checks on the files
2 R--QS R--R2 1 otherwive be wotect& only bi blocking
3 P-KS PXP
plan: he plays his rook to 47 or QB7 (27. RRt4 RKt8 ch.1. 4 PxP K-K2
thwatening to win the pinned KBP by 27 .., R-Kt2
PK6, and Black must either usehis rook 28 R-Q8 White was threatening 5. RQf ch.
to pmvent PM6,or retreat his ki% to the R x R 6. PK6 ch, with a won pawn
This tcrnpo-move forces Black's rook ending.
first rank; then White plays WS which lo move from its h s t square (KBI).
renew the threat of PKh, and also 5 P-K6 R-R5
threatens PB6, with the possibility of 28 ... R-B7
If 5... RR3 6. RQ7ch. KBl f.KKt6
mate on the back rank. .
If 28. RQRl 29. RQ7 KR I. 30.K M
White's probfm is rhac he must avoid RR3 ch. 31. RQ6 RRI. 32.PI35 threat-
X P ch. 8. RR7, when BlackIws both
pawns.
both perpetual. chock, and the loss of his ening 33. PK6.
6 P-Kt5
advanced pawns, after fie has playcd If 28,.. RQRX 29. RQ7 RR3 30.
WS. KKt4 RI3 1. 3 1. P135. Not 6. RQ7 ch. KB1 7. PK15?
If BIack chwlcs on the files White's Finally if 28 ... PR3(4) 29. P x f ch. m4 ch.
king shelters at QB8 or Q8, c.g. 23 ... R x P 30. RKKt%KR2 31. RKKt.4 6 ... R-R2 I White to pkiy
 ROOK ENDIKGS
XI1 9 MOW PAWNS: WSXTXONAL ADVANTAGE
11 ... R-I22 &em excellent drawing 290 Rromtcin Bohlavsky~7th
v. g... RRI 9. RRt6 RBI 10. PR6 KB2
chances, 12. P-R6 (if 12. KKt5 RKQ match game, 1950. Black 10% -use 11. KR5 PI35 12. PR7 RQRI 13. KR5,
ch, 13. KR6 RKtS-White's king wants his king is badly placed. Black's rook i s
to support his QRP but not to block it) in cumequem forced into a passive 9 R-Kt4 K-K2
12... K-33 13.K--44 (13.RR3PR6 ~ok,sfoppingtheQRP;whilst Witcis 10 R x P K ,,,,,,,,~3
14. R x P R x P 15. RR6 KQZ 16. RR7 rook bccomcs cxtwmely xtive. 11 It--B6 ch. K-w
~ h KKl
. 17. KQS RK4 ch. 18. K x P 12 K-K14.
I p-w R--QR2 Rlack resigns.
RK4) 1J ., . P-R6 14. R-R3 P,,,-R7 !
I
1 5 . ~ - , ~ 1 I~~ 4. K2- - Q s ~ - R ~ - Q Xftherookattempbaggasiveaction,
X7. R x Q, and the rook capturn the --.K--K2 2 R 4 3 R-K8 ( 2 . . ,RKS 291 Smyslov v. Goldenov, U.S.S.R.
pawn when it is on the sixh rank, 17... 3. Rw), the result is even mare cabmi- Championship, 1952. A wing majority is
R p, and if 18. R-R7 cb, K-KI 'OUS, 3. R - 4 8~ hK-Kt2 . 4. R,-Q7 ch. not in itself a winning advantage.
19- K-,,-K6 I?,,-Q4 ch. K-BI 5. P-R6 R 4 R 8 G. P,--R7, White's rook is less aggrmsiw than it
tkreatening KQR ch., ard ir 6... K-Kl
I2 P-R6 K,--Bj 7. R-R7, threatening 8. PR8 =Q and w m s , for Black's king wit1 not be sen- White to pfay
13 P-R7 P-R6 9. RR8 ch. find to the back rank; whilst Black's
m k is not badly placed. for it controls 7 ... KxP
Afttr 13...K-Kt2 14. R-R2 R x P tbe qumn's fib,Euiting off White's king Not 7...P x P ? 8. RK7, and tReKP
15. R x P K-I33 16. R-R6 Black's from his majority. falls.
king cannot get back ack.usa of the 1 K-BI P-R4 8 P-R5
skewer check ($6.- KQ2 17. RR7 ch.), 2 K-K2 P-K4
whilst Black's rook is driven on the The race is started, but Black a n now
3 P-QR4 K - -RZ
..
dtfensive aRer 16. R-K82 17. R-R6 4 P--QKt4 K--Kt3
make a p a d pawn which is as danger-
ous as Whitc's,
R-K2 18. K--Q4 R-KB:! 19. 5 P KR4
RKKtS, and he is slowly stifled.
If Whitc maka a pasxd pawn, 5.
8 ... PxP
9 PxP K--VS
P-R5 P x P 6. P x P,he annot get his 10 P-R6 R -R5
rook behind it, and after 6...R-R3 {not 11 P-R7 P-K5
6...RQS? 7. PR6 RRS 8. PR7 and with Not at once I 1 ...PRS? 12. PxPch,
#e paw already on the seventh White K x P $3. RKt4 ch.
is aheltcf, 8... K R 3 8. KQ3 PKt4 10.
The skewer check again foils Black KB3 PI34 11, KRrJ RR8 12. KW) 12 R-K7 K-B$
White to play
.
after 1'1.. P-K8- .Q (1 'I...
KK2 18. 7, R-KtS K-M, Black's counter- 12... PR4 inay Iw playcd a l on=.
KBQ I8. R x Q R x P 19. R-R7 ch. 2 K-,-,,Kt4 K-KtZ attack is in full swing.It wouId be better 13 K--Q2
3 R.-,QR3 R-,-KJ for Whik if his KKlP were at RtZ. White can make progress only by
mite was threatening PR6 followed With thc tcxt-move White delays the moving his king to the queen's side,
by KRS and KKt6. start of the pawn race, perhaps hoping 13 ... K-Ki4
for 5... KB4? 5. RxKKCP RQ5 6, 14 K-B3 P-B4
4 a43 PKt4 ch. forcing a passed KRP; but the I5 K-Kt3 R-R8
A f t ~ r 2.1 ... fQ4 the breakthrough White now has the oren files all to advance of Whitc's KRP furtherwmkcns 16 K 3 4 P R5
sicrificc wins, 22. PK5 RRS ch. 23. KR3 himself. the king's side. 17 PxPch. KxP
P XP 24. PB6, 4 ... K-82 5 ... R- R3 18 R-KKt7 K-R4
6 K-- K 3
22 K-K3 R-R6 ~ h . If4 ...RRI 5. RQ7ch.KKtl 6.RQ6.
23 K-34 R-R8 White is still trying to fix points of ' make a pas& pawn by 18.,. PB5 19.
24 R-R7 K-B4 5 R-46 R-Kt2 attack on the king's side, but this dms KQ4 RR5 ch. 20. KR5 PK6 21. P x P
6 R - 4 7~ h . K-Kt1
25 RxP RxP 7 K-R4 not prove practicable. P x P, and if 22. RK7 PK7 23. K K t 6
26 R,-K6 R-R8 The altcrnarive i s 6. P-R5 Px P , RKt5 ch. 24. KR5 RKt?.
27 P-36 K-33 A subtle clearance of the QRt f i t t 7. P x P R-R3 8.R-KIS. 19 K-Kt5 K-R 3 ?
7 ...
28 K-RS
29 K-K7 ch.
30 K-X6.
8 R-+Kt7
K-It1
P-B9
This unfortunate pawn falls at the
6 ...
7 PxPch.
P-Kt4

If 7. PRS P x QRP 8. Px RP P x RP
/
:
The decisive error. 19. . W 5 20. RK?
PK6 2 1 . P x P P x P 22.IIKfiRKtSch.
23. KB7 RQRR 24. KKtH RKt8 ch.
Black resigns. fist fmm, and them is no race, but if 9.R K t 6 R x R $0.P x R PK6. 1 draws.
202 203
 U1 HOOK ENnXNGS 9 MORE PAWNS : POSI'TIONa ADVANTAGE
3 P--QR4 P-K4 with pawn majaritia generally depends 296 Najdorf v. Bromtcin, Buda-
4 P--Kt5 R-41 on whc~herthe player with the outside pst, 1950. Black has three advantag-:
If 4.. R--Q2 (preventing 5. KB7) majority, hcm White, can get his king White-5 advanced gawm arc weak;
5. P-RS R-,-KC, and egiiin White over to help his passed pawn befort his Black's rook, aggressively poised, can
places his rook behind the pawns, opponent can dewlop dangerous attack them ;after breaking up the centre
6. R,-Kt4. counterplay on the atbcr wing. BIack wins because of his outside passed
5 R--U7 I?-R3 pawn.
6 PxP R-45 295 Avcrbach v. Stahlkrg, Salts- 1 .., R-47
7 P-R7 RxP jobaden, 1952. When rival groups of 2 P--QG ch. K --K3
passed pawns a X d y exist a htxtic race 3 XZ-434
ensues. The udvaniagc tends to lie with If 3. RBBch. K x P 4. R x B P R x P .
the player having th: outside majority,
hcrt:White, h a u s e his king can obstruct 3 ,.. R--Q4
Black's prvnu. On Ihp: other hand, Black to piay Not, uf course, 3... K x P ? 4. R x P
Black's united passed pawns may msist cl~.K x P when the pawns are r d u d LV
in weaving a mating net for Whie's 6 ... P-Kt5
7 R------R7cb.? nnc side of the h a r d .
king. A parallel cam with knights is
Driuifig Hack's king to a better 4 R.- -K4 P-43
Example 165. 5 PxPch. KxBP
1 +*+ R-Q2 psition.
After 7. P x P P-Kt6 8. P-137 R-RX 6 P-Kt4
The rook m k s active play; anything (8... PKt7 9. PBI,, Q) 9, R-Kt6 Naturally Wbito trim to exchange off
else l o w miserably. R--QBI 10. P--RG P-Kt7 f 1.8-Ktl as maey pawn$ wi hhe can.
2 RxTCP? R X P While's king k able to btuck rhe 6 ... KxY
White to play Whit* expects to win quickly, under- C W ~ pawns,
Y 12. P-KS (12. RQRI? 7 PxP PxP
estimating Black's resource9. Xnsted he RQ2 ck.) 12 ... P--Kt4 J 3. R-Kt1 8 R--QB$ R-44
Black has defended so that White's should play 2, Ii x BP, a$ once bringing P-RS 14. K-K3 P-Kt5 15. K-J32, 'Chc ending is won b u s e BlacVs
rook i s on the side of the pawn, which i s h i s rook icw play, 2. .. R-QG ch. (2.,. and if 15 ...R x P Ih. RQRI. pawns, both guarded by his rook, cannot
however already on the seventh. In the RQ7 3. PRS R x P 4. RH7 cl~.KR3 7 ... K-B3 lx effwtivety attzkcd, whilst White's
event Black l o w W u s e his counter- 5. FCBT) 3. K-Kt4 P-66 4. K x P 8 P-K5 ch. rook must soon a w p t a dcfmive role.
athck is tco slow, P-R7 5. R x P ch. K...-R2 6.R-KB6. After thin Rlack's king wppnrts his 9 K-K2 K-K3
8 K--43 2 ..+ R--QS cR. own pawns; hut if 8. P x P P-Kt6
3 8-K2 9. P-B7 R-RI 10. R-Kt1 R --QHf The standard prdure--Bl;~cVsking
White's king begins its clistomary trek, supporn his pas& pawn.
1I. P--R6 P-Kt7 12. R-Kt1 R x P
to support his passed pawn. Already White has no more than a White's king cannot get back iin time, 10 K--K3 K--Q3
8 ... P-I34 draw. If 3. K-Kt4 (3. KB2 RQ7 ch. for i f 13. PK5 ch. KIN, or if 13. RKtl X l R-QR4
9 K.-53 K-BJ 4. KKtl RQ8 ch. 5. KB2) 3 . . . P-B6 8 4 2 ch., whilst if 13. KQ3 KKi4 14. 12 R-R1
K-B3
10 K--3 R-R8 4. K.--Kt3 P-,-Kt5 5. R K P ( 5 . PR3 RKtl PBh 1% KK3 KKt5 16. RB2
11 K K t 4 K-Kt4 PB7ch. 6.K x B P P x P 7. RxPPKt4 R x P 17. RQRI RH7 ch. 18. KKtl
8. RB7ch. KRJ 9. RBI U t 2 10. RB7
Black's king must kwp off the own ch.) 5... R-47 6. K x P (not 6. PK5?
KKt6, with threats of maw.
ranks, if I1 ... KK3 12. KKt5 KQ3 RKt7 ch. 7. KR4 PR7 fl. RBG KRJ 8 +,- K-R:4
13. RB6ch. KQ4 14. KRB, whcb FolIows 9. PR3 PU8,,,--Q10. R xQ PK14 mat?) 9 PxP P--Kt6
14... RKt8 ch. 15. KRS KB4 16. RB6 10 P-B7 R-RI
6... P-137 7. R ~ ~ ~ch.~ K-Kt1 ~ ~ ~ ~ B8. 7
ch. RQ4 17. RR8, or heft: 16.. KQS Xi--I38 ch, with perpetual check. 11 R-Kt7 P-Kt7
17. KR6. 12 R--Kt1 K-KS
3 ... R-KR6 13 P-R6 P-36
12 K-Kt5 K-R4 4 P-Kt5 RxPch.
Here too if 12. .. KKt5 13. R34 ch. 5 K-43 R-R6 ch.
14 Iz--K'! P-B7
and 14. RQR4. IS F-R8 Q RxQ
6 K--Q4 16 R-Kt8 RxR
13. K-,-Kt6. While is stiIl trying to win, else he 17 PxR=Q P-B8-Q
Black raignu. would ;akc the draw by 6.KK2 RW ch. White migns, for Utack gets another
The restjlt in most of these examplw 7. KQJ. 4Wn after 18, QB8 ch. KKt5. Black to play
 9 MORE PAWNS: POSXTXONAL ADVANTAGE

Jf 12. XK4 RQ8, threatening 33 ... What makes some of the pawns Now S... R x R ch. kads to a bst
pawn ending.
13. 3 3 3 ; he then threatens RQR8
forcing the Black QRP to advan@, and
KKt4 and 14.. RQ5 ch. weaker than olhcrs is the position of rhe
pi-; and Black's pdwrts arc wakcr f01lows this by a rmntralization of his
12 . . . R--45 rook and Iring.
W u s e , and only beau%, White's rook
13 R-RX 5... RQ3 7. R x R P x R also low;
is n ~ s ~ i v c 1placed.
y RwiprmUy, 13 PxPch.
As so often happens, the wzaker party Black's rook is defensively placed
and if S... KK3 6.RQ4.
is forced to accept the defensive rook hecause it must mxd his 'weak' pawns. Not 13. RKt8 ch.? KM 14. RB8 ch.
position, RB3 15. PK4 ck. KK4 16. R x R, for
1 R--KR8 K-Kt4 the pawn ending is drawn.
1 3 ... K-,-Q4
14 K-K2 P-35 Not I... PKi4? 2. RR6cb.
This move anticipates the 'Ellack. I 3 ... KxP
15 K-K3 K-I34 2K-44 counterthreats of P-Kt4 and R 4 B 4 14 R x P K-J36
16 R--R2 P-I36 Sooner or Iatcr White can win Black's -QR4. 15 R-KR7 K-K5
16 R-R6 P-Kt4
17 R--R2 KRP, as hc could hcre, by 2. PB4 cch. 9 ... K--B3
Cleady White must free his rook, else KKU 3. R x P; but as matters stand
If 9.. . R-34 10. R-Q8 K-33 1I. ...
After 15 KKt7 17.RxKtP.tPxRP
Bfilck's 13P cannot be stopae8.
"
BPack ~eplies 3. .. PKt4 with activc
R-KR8 K-Kt4 12. R--QRI, a
18. R u P White may, in due course, give
I7 . . . RxP counterplay. up his rook for BBlacYs K W ,and win as
Whitc's strategy here, and in a11 such maneuvrc which, by inducing Black to Erampte 211.
I8 R-R8 R.--R6 ch. advan& the QRP deprives him of
19 K-K2 K-BS posit:ons, is to maintain and increase the 17 P x P ?
pressure, and to curb or prcvcnt wuntwolav on this wine. f 2. .. PR4 ch.
20 K-.Qi R-K8 ~ h .
attempts by Black ro get f d o m fw his
13. KLRJ' R-333 ~~T'R--QB#,and Pawn exchanges are imminent, and
21 K-32 R--R7 ~ h . White w i a a pawn, 1 4 . . KKr3 15. the rwllt depends on the kind of basic
22 K-B1 P-R5 rook, RKR8 KHCt4 16.RR7 EB4 18. PB4 ch. ending which comes about. It is a matter
2 3 R-138 t'h. K-45 2 ... B-B4 KKt3 19. RxRP, or 14... XR4 15. of knowledge rather than judgment. It
24 R-Q8 ~ h . K-K5 Ahosr the only hope of freedom for RKt8 ch. KT33 16. RKR8 KKt4 17. so happans White wins by 17. R x QRP
25 R--K# ~ h . Blit~k'srook is to ptay to QR4 with PB4 ch. PxBP (17 ... P x R P 18. R x P K x P
If 25. RUB8 RR8 ch. 26. KB2 PR6 attack on White's QKP- 1'3. RR3) 18. R-QB6 I?-% ~ h .19.
27. R x P PR7 28. RKRJ RR8 followed 3 R-,-It7 K-Kt3 R x P 20. R x P , e.g. 20...
by thE! f;lrniliar skewcr check. -an$ White therefore holds Black's Rk't"f21. PR5 RK4 22,KKt4 RKS ch.
25 ... K-B6 rook to the defence of his QBP. If 3. 23. KBS RK4 cb. 24. ICXt6 RKJ ch.
?A R-I38 ch. K-Kt6 25. KB7 RK4 26. RR3, placingthe rook
P334ch. KKj3 4. R x P R R 4 , and Black's ..
bchind thc pawn, 26. RR4 27. PR6
27 R-B8 R-U37. rook becomes active, 5. RR8 R x P RR2 ch. 28. RQ6 RR3 ch. 29. KK5
White want& to be shown, and 6.RQ338 PB$ ch. 7.KQ5 RR6. RRi 30.PR7 RR1 31. KC$ RK7 32.
rmigned aftcr 28. R x P ch. KKt7 28. 3 .+. K-Kt3? KB6 R x P 33. R x R KxP, and now
KQ1 PR5 30. RRX PR7 31. KKt8 ch. thc rook confines Black's king, a method
KU8 32. RKRB KKr8 33. KKI RKKt7. &&ably the decisive error.
lastcad he should play 3... R-B3 possibt? only against a RP (compare
4. R-Q7 (4. PB4 ch. KKt3 5. R x RP Example 202), %. RKKt7 KR7 35.
297 Botvinnik v. Smyslov, 14th RB4 6,RR8 RR4, or 6.KB3 PKt4, with KQS PR6 36. KK4 KR8 37. K B J PR7,
match gram, 1958. The pawn majorities, counterplay) 4. .. K-33 5. R--Q5 and Whik carr wi~rby 38. KKt3, or matc
which arc under restraint, do not play a K-KJ 6. K-B3 (threatening 7. RQ4) in 2 by 38. RQR7.
significant part White has same but not 6..R-43.At this particular moment 17 ... PxP
a winning advantage. His rookcanattack Black could offer an exchange of took5 18 R-I36 ch.
Black's pawns, notably the KRP, which b u s t : he could draw the p a w ending;
may be atfacked on the file from KR8, and if m i t e avoided this exchange, This drives Black's king whcm it
or on Ihc rank from 44. Black's rook would get active play. When both players have weak pawns, wants lo go, but is White's best chance,
The position of the d i a r a m shows the it is often possibk for the dflendder to for t 8. K x P K x P draws fairly quickly.
4 R--Q7 K B3 iwrificeapawn so as ro get hisrook Inm
following points of attack: Black's 5 R--QS 18 ... K-Kt7
pawns at KRS and KIM bsdated), at phy, when hc m y exploit his oppomnt's 19 K x P R-K7 7
QB2 (bast: of chin), and at QR3 (ern- For the time k i n g White's rook p* wdaaMs.
porary); White's pams at QR4, QB4, vents lBlac!Cs playing tither P-Kt4 07 Here t h i s plan is insacient, although BIack advances his rook and threatens
and KR3 (isolated), and at KT32 @asc R-W-QR4. it oRm practiat chanw. T h e alterria- checks on the film. We aiso hopes to
af chin). S ... R--B3 the is 12...BK2, to which White fepliev bring pressure an the KBP, but ta fact
 TIT ROOK ENDIYFS 9 MORE PAWNS: POSmONAL ADVANTAGE
22.. . KQ5 is also g d . 5 ...
that very pawn obstructs the rook from
carrying out an interesting drawing
rnanauvre.
1 6 .. .
7 R-43
P-'DA

If White attempts munterpkay by

23 P-R5
24 P-RS
R-R6
P-B3.
6 PxP
7 K-Kt3
PXP
K-R2
19... B-,,K8 is concct, 20. P-BS 7. RK2 PQRS 8. P x P R x P 9.RK?, An anusing touch. After 25. R x P Wnite advanms with caution, for if
K x P 21 R-B4R-Kr8ch. 22.K-Rti
(22. RKt4 R x R ch. 23. K X R KKt7
.
Utack ptays 9.. RE6 ch. R x Q R P 26. RB8 RR6 27. RKRX 7. K M RRS ch. 8. K U ? RK5 mate.
24. PBS K x P) 22.. . 11,L.RS ch. 23. 7 ... P,-QR5 KQ5 28. PRY RR7 ch. Black wins us f ... K-K2
8 PxP RxP Errurnpie 264. 8 P-33 R,,,,-RG
K-Kt6 R-Kt8 ch. 24. K-B7 It-RS ~ h .
4 P-QK3 9 K--B4
R,,,,,,,.KRS.nrotectine the KRP. and
frrcing th;dnr,rflsrhich theadianced
KRP ensures thc draw.
/ Now Wliiie has two wsak pawns
instead d one.
299 Kotov v. Pacfiman, Venice,
1950. Whitc's isolated pawn at QBS
10 K -K5 R-Kh
Dlack must find play for his rook, or
20 P-H5 R-Kt7 clr, wms to be in much the samc pwdica- be crushed. Xf f O ... R R 3 1 1 . RK6cll.
mcnt as the White pawn ar Q5 in the KQZ 12. KE6.
Now if20. ..K x P 21. RR4 RKt7 ch. preceding exarnpIe; but the positions of
22. KK4 RR? ch. 23. KKt7 RRt7 ch.
11 KxBP RxPch.
the rmks slier the sitrration entirely, and 12 K x P R - 4 6 ch.
24. KB7 RK18, and Black has lost a i t is White's activc rook that decides
decisive tc~npo,25. PB6 RKR8 26. KQ5, X i 12... R x P $ 3 . RB7 ch. KKI 14.
mattcrs.
and White wins. R xP RBB ch. IS. KR6, threatening
21 K-,-R6 R-R7 ch. mate, 15 ... KQI 16. KQ5 KKBI 17.
22 K-Kt7 R,,--Kt7ch. PB6.
23 R-Kt6 R-H7 13 K-K4 R -36
Xf 2 3 . , . R x P 24. RKt3 RB6 25. White next forms an entry for his 14 P--B4 R-BI
king. Black ctuld not prevent this far if IS R-R7 ch. K-1
WxR.
3... KK4 4. RK8 mate! And if 3... BIxk also low the kkg's side pnwns
24. -P-R6 K x RP
after 15...KKJ.
- -.
BIack to play RQB2 4. RQ6 ch. KK4 5. RK2
25 P-37 K- -KL7 PKt4 (White was again thrcakning
If25 ... KKt5 26. PBS- Q c&. R X Q 9 ... P-,-K t4 matc) 6 P x P P x P 7. KQ3 R131 8.
16 R x P RxP
27. K x R KB6 28. RKK6. KxP 17 R-KR7.
I0 P X P RQ7 PR3 9. RQh, winning a pawn.
26 P-,B4. 11 K--K2 K-B4 Black resigns, for if 17 ... RB3 18.
12 K ,,,,.,,,Q2 R B 6 R x R 19. P x R KK1 20. KQ5
U i a ~ kresigns, KB2 21. KKS KBI 22. KK5 KKI
If 12. RB3 ch. KK5 13. K x P K x 1' 23. PB7 ch. KBI 24. K B G PKt4 25.
--Black is always ahead. Mot only frming KS for his king, but
298 Chekove* v. Budo, U.S.S.R. fixing Black's KRP as a backward pawn. KXP.
Championship, TiRis, 3937. A case of 12... K-HE5 The emlion of more points of attack is
the aggressive rook and the wmk pawn. 11 K,,-B2 P-BS of course thc p~ro$ativc of the playcr
Black consistenlly strives to win the 14 R - 4 B 3 KxP 300 Lyskav v. Selesniev, Moscow,
with the. initiative--and is in fact an f 956, Another case where Black can
isolated QP. I: R-R3 K,--B3 important part of the winning method. assume the aggressive rook position
I ... R-Kt5 16 K-KIZ R-R2
beca.~seWhite must dcfmd his weak QP
2 R 4 2 K K2 I7 R - El5 Y4
P-'--
18 R x R P with a rook.
3 R-K3 K-43
4 P-I34 K-B4 White has avoided loss of material, I R--w R--@
5 K 433 P- K K 4 2 It---QS P-I54 ch.
but Black's w ~ i t dpass4 pawns win
6 P.--KiJ easily. 3 K-K3 R-Q7
4 R-QRI
This dves Black a new point of
attack, which ha immediately expioits.
18 ... R-Kt2 ch.
w ' h i t ~cannot avoid losing a pawn, but
19 K-,,,,BZ R--Kt6
The alternative iu 6. P-KR3 when 20 R-,-Rhth. K-"-34 the ending three pawns against two
Black phys 6,..P-KKt4, attempting io pawns on the same side of {he hoard IS
21 R-R6
free the square K4, SO that he may usrrally drawn. In the went Black has
attack thc QP with his king, and if 7. If 21. RRB6 R x R P 22. R x P winning chances because he can ex-
PxP KxP, or if 7. PKt4 ch. P x P ch. RR7 ch. change his KtP for While's KBP, thus
8. P x P ch. KB3 9. PB5 RB5 ch. 10. 21 ... R-KB6 getting a passed centrc pawn (compare
KKtJ RQS, 72 P,,,,.,,.KR4 RxKP Black to play 1 Examplw 285 to 287).
21 1
 9 MOW PAWNS: POSITIONAL ADVANTAGE
11 is better to leave Black with diu- the passed pawn with his king, and guard 301 Smyslov v, Keres, raningrad, Black has won a pawn without appre-
connoctd pawns, 4. P-Kt4 (not 4. the KtP with his rook. After 16. RBZ 1941. White's weak QP, and vulnarabte ciably freeing White's rook-which is as
KR4? when he is makd in 2; whilst if PK5 17. RKt8 ch. Biack cannot success- KRP and QKtP arc his undoing. Necd- it should be,
4. RQ7 KRI) 4.. R--06 ch. 5. R-R4 fully attack the Kip, neithercan his king bss to say Black has, or 50031will have, 13 . . . R-R6
R-KB6 6. P x P R x P ~ h .7. K--Kt3 enter on the king's side. the aggasive rook position. 14 R--Q2 ch. K-B4
R x P 8. P - 4 6 B-K3
R-44 10.
9. K-Kt4
P-Kt4 ch. I f . 16 . .. P-KS 1 ... R--QKt4 15 R-32 ch. K-Kt3
17 R-KRR? 16 R-B2 P--B4
K-Kt4, and B l x k m o t make pro- This fixes Black's rook on the second
This should low. I?. RKt8 ch. is Black i n t c n d ~to b m k through on the
grcss, c.g. 11 .,. KKtZ 12, KR5, or . rank, where it potters a b u t for the rest
I1... RQR4 13. KQKt8 thmtening
COrFefi, 17.. K-B3 18. K--,,B2K-K4 of the game. queen's side by ... PI%.
14. K-K2 k-R7 ch. 20. K-K3 17 R-B6 ch,
PQ7, or I1 ... KKt3 12. RKt8 ch. K-KK!7 21. R-R8 ch. (21. RKtS?
K,--R4
4 ... RxP ...
R x P ch.) 21 K--Q4 ZZ.'R--KK~~. 18 R - 4 2
19 R-,-Kt2
P-B5
5 12-R6
6 R-,-K6
E-QS 17 ... R-R7 ch.
If 19. R-B2 (to prc-,nt PB6) then
18 K-R3 This wailing move l e a v ~White in
White ctlnnot prevent the impending If 18. KHl KKt5. m6p.wang, for if 5. KQX Kt)b ch., or r f 19 ...PKt5
20. P x P c h . K x P followcd
exchange. If 6. KR4? RQ8 7. KKt5 18 ... p,,,,,,,,,KG 5 . 3 3 2 RQ6 6. RK4 RK7 ch. by PR6 getting a passed QBP.
RKKtL 8. RRJ RRRI, thcatcning 19 P-Kt4 5 R-Kt2 19 ... P-B6
mate, and winning both pawns aftcr White ingeniously brcaks up Black's 20 P-,Kt4 ch. P x P e.p. ch.
8.PK14 RKKtB pawns. If 19. R-KI P,,,,-K7 20. R-K3 Black's king can now cross the king's 21 K x P P.-,87 ~ h .
White gets into zubzwang, 20,.: 8 - B 3 file. 1 22KxP R x QRP
21. R--KS R--Kt7, for if 22. RK3 PBS 23 K-Kt2 R-KB~
21. P X P RKtri, nr if 112. KR4 PKS=Q 2.f R--K2 P-RS
23. R x Q RR7 mate. 25 R - 4 2 P-R6
19 .. . P x P ch.? BIack makes an advanced point at
This draws because White's king KKt7 for his rook, so that he may
blocks the KKtP, and Black's king invade the seventh rank.
cannot assist the KP. 26 R-KZ
Instead Black wins by 19,.. KBS 27 K-Kt1 R-B8 ch.
steating through to the wid of his KP, 28 K-HZ P-Kt5
(19... PBS? 20. RB5 ch.) 3.O.xPck. 29 K-,,-1/3 K-Q8 cR.
K-K5 21. R-B8 (21. KKt3 RR8, or 30 K-32 R-K Kt8
21. RBI PK7 22. RK1 KB6 23. IUt4 White resigns bemuse of the threat-
White to play KB7) 21 ... P-K7 22. R-KS ch. encd ... R-KKU.
6 ... P-Kt4
(22. PKtS RR4 threatening RK4) 22.. . Black to play
K-B6 23. R-B8 ch. (23. PKf5 RR5) 302 Euwe v. Barm, Budapest,
7 PxP R-Ut5 23 ... 24. R,-K8 cR. K-B7 5 ... 1940. White has the betterrook position,
8 K---Kt2 RXP 25. R-38 ch. K-IKtS 26. R-K8 6 K-41 controlling the m o t e open file. A
9 K--433 R.,,,,,,.~ t s R-R6 ch. 27. K-R4 K--I37 28. 7 K 4 2
10 R--QR6 P-K3 scramble for paws ensues, and the odds
RxPcb. K x K . White having brought hi3 king to are with White, k a m e Black's queen's
1 I K-Kt6 R-+RS defend the QK~P, Biack promptly
12 R-,,,.Kt3 3 20 K,-,-Kt3 -7 side is indefensible, whereas White's
21 II---K8 R-K8 attacks the KRP, keeping White's rook king can obstruct Black's rook to some
13 R--K3 P--K4 on the defensive. There is no hum for
14 R-Kt3 K-Kt4 22 R-K5 ch. g,,,,,-~3 extent.
- "--"-..
23 R-K8 K-B4 BIack to capture the queen's 1. R-,B7 RxQP
IS R-Kt8 which is doomed anyway.
24 R-KT 8-Kt8 ~ h .
Now that the pawns are advancing, 25 K,,-RZ. I . . .R x P ch. 2. KK3 is cvcri worse
White mows his rook to the rmr for 8 R--Q2 K-BS
checks on the files. The game continued oddly 25.. . 9 K-Kt1 P---R4 2 K-K3
RKB8 26. RR7 ch. KK5 27. R x K I0 K-R2 R-R5 Not 2, R x KtP? RQ7 A.foIlowed
15 ... R-R6 ch. PK7 28. RQRf KK6 24. KKt2 KQ7, 11 R-B2 KxP capturing White's QKtP.
16 K-Kt2 and a draw was aged, for if 30. KB2 12 R-B7 P-Kt4 2 ... It-KS ch.
The wrong plan. White should Mmk PKt6 cfr. 13 R-B2 3 K-p3
 I I X ROOK ENDING$
4 RxKtP R-R7
s RKK~P aXKK~P
6 P-R4 R xKRP
7 p,,,,-.R5 R-R8
8 R-Kt3 ch.
If S . . . RR8 9. RR3RQ8ch. 10. K K 2
RQnS 1 1 . PR6 RBI 12. PR7 RQRI
13, PKt4 KI31 14. PKtS KK2 15. PKt6 'With her fals draiightes dyvers,
KQ2 16. PK17. She stal on me and took my fers
And Whan 1 s a w my fers away,
9 R-B2 R,,-R7 ch. Allasf X couthc no longer play
10 K-KiI R-K7 Rut seydc, "FarwcX swetc y-wis,
I I P-R5 R-K2 And farwe1 all that cvcr there ys!" '
White to play CWAWER, The Boke of the Duclresse, t 369.'

NoL3.K03?PQS4. RxKtPRKdch.
5 . KB2 RQKt6.
White wants to mtain both his queen's
side pawns, for a. sin@$ passed pawn can
kheld up by an enemy rook, bat united
passod pawns rannot.
Black prcfers suddcn dmth to the
sfower defeat which follows 3 , . , RK3
4. R x KtP KKt2 5, KW.
Placing the rook bchir~dthe passed
pawns is better than 12. R-Kt??
11 -K8 ch. and now 13. KRZ RK3
14. PR7 RR3 ch, f 5. KKtl KKt2 16.
PKt4 PB5 17. PRtS PB6,or 13. KB2
RQRS 14. PR7 KKt2 IS. PKt4 X>N5
16. KQ2 PQS 17. RKZ RR7 ch.
After the text-move Bi& resigns
...
1 bemuse of 12 RR2 13. PKt4 PB5
14. PKi5, when his four isdatcd pawtwm
are not of rhe slightest use.
Exchanges of ptiwns ohen lead to
prptttalcheck before their mmbers are
greatly reduced. l'ltc endings of the firsf
t k m sections are usuallv the con=-
qucrlce of a pawn ending in*whichone or
White t h r c a t e d 3. QQ1.
both piayers prornotc.
In mntrast to endings with the othm 3 Q-K2
V-BB ch. K,,-H8
pi- t l ~ cizruin drfensivc idea Is mr-
pcfual check, and in the simpler i s e s
stdematc.

1 QUEEN v. PAWN
The qrrwn wins in every case against
a KtP or Centre P, provided always she
can at first check or pin or otherwise
prevent the immediate promotion of the
pawn.
A BP or RP on the sevmth draws
unless White's king is within a spocificd
distancc of the mwm.
i on the sixth or farther
If the pawn s White plays and wins
k c k , ody the BP offers drawing
hama and those rarcly.
The queen always rrds access to
ccrlain squares, here QW, and on the
303 The approaches ninr h move K4.Although of no account
W n s of chmls and pins, or by attack- , in the basic ending this fact may h
in& or thatenin$ to Mmk, the P a w e rclcvant when there aw other pawns ison
feriodicdl~a clo*ranF+d cheek forces the b a r d , in the final position of
Black's king in froat of his p u ~ m ,thus Example 80.
giving White's king time to approach.
I Q--R2 K-Q6
1 4 ... K-Kt7
...
Xf I... K.--B8 (1 KQ8 2. KQ5, or ,
! 5Q--Q3
6 Q--H3 ch.
K-B8

Eers: queen. draught%: ~ o v e s . ] The king must now obstruct his pawn.
 IV QUEEN ENDINGS 1 QUEEN v. P A W

S ... K--Q& When Black's king is on thc short side must not fall for the cunning trap J...
KQS? 4. KK4 PBI-Q 5. KQ3.
9 K-K,tJ.
And the mating thrmts are fatal.
7 K--Q5 K-K7 of the BP he cannot be forced to block
8 Q-B2 K-,.K8 it, for if 4. QKt4 ch. KR7 5. QKt3 ch. Laving out of account c k k s by
9 Q-K4 ~ h . K-R7 Black g w to the corner, 5...KR8, when 306 Xn general White mnnoz win discovery, Whitc wins only if his king h
10 Q - 4 3 K-K8 6. QxP? stafemata. This i s what against a RP on the seventh if his king within the marked-off a m show an tho
1 1 Q--K3 ~ h . KL48 hapgens if White's king is farther away. is tw far off, and after 1 . QKt8 ch. '! diagram.
12 K+ K-BY. 4... P-sa-Q K87 the queen may zigzag towards the
With thc aid of his king White mates 5 +R2 mate. pawn, 2. QR7 KKt8 3. QKt6 ch. KB7 387 The stalemate defenm with ilP
($3... 4. QRS KKt8 6. QKt4 ch. KB7 7. and RP on the seventh am no longer
in, four, 13. U-B3 ch. K-,Q8
KKt8 14' Q"
K-K3, etc.
IS' KB3' 14'
The P'~Y againsta kni&t's pawn is
/ 305 To have the king on the long
side of the pawn, as in the fmish of the
QR3 RKt8, but now 8. QKt3 ch. is available when the pawn is on the sixth.
answered by 8. .. KR8, and White cannot
circumvent the stalcrnak thrmt,
Any other 1-1 move except I. Q-
game *$bin v. aarou&, f xampIe 28, Whcn ths king is newer them are
the same, is Icss favourable for Black. mating combinations after the pawn UB8? wins.
304 White wins against a BP on the
1 I +-Kt2
K~~ J
K--48 quccm.
I K-Q5 ch.
erna live is to into
the winning arm of Example 305, pefi
seventh only if his king i s near enough I mittinn the n~wnto rcacfn the seventh.
to capture it, or if there i s a mating finish
after thc pawn queens. If Whita's king 305
were k c ttt K2, then the pawn falls
after 1. KQ2 KRI 2, RxP, but not This simple manmvre, wwbh consists
2. Q x P? stalemate. of pinning the pawn on one of the two
With White's king within onc move of availahk diagonals, brings Black to a
Kt3 ;is diagrammed, he mat& : standstill.
r Q-.R$ ch. K-~7
If l . . . KKiS 2. KKt3 PB8-Q 3.
QR7 ch. KR8 4. QR7 ch, KKt8 5. The point: if Black a d v a m the pawn
QR2 mate. 3 . .. PB7, it is blocked after 4. QK I.

Not 2. QB3? P38 =Q 3. Q x Q stale White plays and wins

mate. White plays and wins if his king is within
This combination depends ou White's
kina being able to guard K 2 in one move,
andnow ;f 2 . . W ~ = Q3. QK2 mate.
04
2 ... R 4 7
3 K-R2 K--Q8
4 Q--Q4 ch. K-B8
5 Q,--QKt4 K-8
6 Q-Kl mate.
If White's king were hem at QKt5
there follows 1. QB4 ch. KQI 2. QQ4
ch. KK7 3 . 4 6 3 KQ8 4. QQ3 ch. KB8,
and White gains a tempo for bringing up
his king, 5 , KR4 KKt7 6. QQZ, winning
as in the preceding exampla.
If instead Mite's king were at KBS,
White viavs and wins if his king is witbirr he may try I. QKt2 K48 2. QKt3 KQ7
3. QR2, when 3... KB6 draws, but Black
This is the more usual finish, White's
king making for Kt3 as in Kashdan v.
nofir, Example 112.
Alternatively ihc king may control B2,
I. K-K4 ~ h K-Kt8
. 2. Q--KRl cR.
K-KU 3. Q-Kt2 I&. K-Kt8 (3.. .
KKtA 4. QKt7) 4. K 4 3 P-,-"R8:::v.Q
5. Q...-B2 mate.
1 .., K-Kt8
2 Q-KRI ch. K-Kt7 White vlavs and wins
3 Q - 4 2 ch. K-Kt8 1 Black . . and draws
BIack to play draws after I ... PB6
-use White can neitfier prevent
... PB7 with his queen, nor get his king
within the winning area. This is an
improbable situation, which happens in
f e w than 50 of the many thousands of
QKt3 mate. I possible positions.
217
 Iv QUEEN ENDINGS 2 QUEEN v. TWO MORE PAWNS
Iring tries to g t into one or the winning K--Kt7 I#...
KKt6 9. KB3) 9. +Kt4 an an adjoining rank, fib,or diagonal;
a m before Black aacrifjccs the extra White might win if his kin$ were ch. K-R7 50. Q--B3 K-KiS 11. and in this way too thc position of
pawn. nearer, or if the KRP were lwu forward, Q--Kt3 ch., and because there is no BIack's king influences the result.
1. +Kt7 ch. K-R7 or if Black wee: emmbered by a third stakmate after I 0 ... KR8 1 1 . Q x P , A antre P or RP cn thc seventh
Black must Block his pawn. nowally wins, chiefly because White's
Not I... KR8? 2. KK5 PR7 3 . KO4 pAwn. king has sufficient mamuvrinp, s p a
PR8=Q 4. Q xQ ch., for White" king 2 Q--QKt7 around it.
is near enough for a win. 312 White also cannot win agiinst This pmvcrrts Black's kirlg going to LIX A KtP on the seventh alrnosr always
a BP on the scvcnth unlcss his king takes &oft side of rhe pawn. 2. KB3? KKt7 wins if supported diagonally by a queen
part. draws. an its fourth rank, e.g. Whitc pawn at
Black b p s his king on the squares
Kt6, Kt7, and R4. 1 K-Kt4 2 ... K-.-a8 KKtT, White qileen nt Q4.
Not 1. QR6 ch. ? KKt8 2. QKt6 PW, 3 @-Kt3 P-B5 The RP on the scvcnth is much lea
for Whitc's queen, unable to use the Grigoriev shows that Whitc's king is likely to win; even so, t3c dcfcnce can
squares Q4 and QKt4, cannot approach near enough for a mating finish against he dil6cult.
and force Rlack to block his advanced daubIed bishop's pawns on the Afth With the pawn farther back results are
pawn, 3. QKt6 ch. KR7 4. QRS ch. and seventh ranks. Ias clear. Black's king, if not blocking
KKt7 5. QKt5 ch. KR7 6.QR4 (84) ch. the pawn, a n n o t improve- its psition
4 Q--R4 K--Q7 except to movc farther away, fur his
K-Kt7 7. QKt5 ch. KR7; whilst S Q-K2 K-36
capturing thc rear pawn, which would only Jefcnce is perpetual check, or on
6 Q-RI ch. K-47 fare wwsions stalemate.
win in the case of Kt' or Centre P,here 7 Q-Kt2 PP-BS
only draws. Apparently thc KtP can h forced to
8 +It2 K-..-Q6 the wcnth. but meanwhile Black's king
Similar play follorvs 1 . QQ3? PI34
2. QQKt3 KQ7 3. QR2 KC16 4. QQ5 ch. The het~erchance. If R . .. KQg 9. KR3 takes up i& correct pos~tion.There is
KK7. PBI-Q 10. QK2 mate. evidence &at under favourabte circuin-
Of course 1. Q x P? KKt7 draws at 9 Q-Q5 cR, K-K7 stanccs a BP an be advanced. Less is
Drawn once. 10 Q--KS ch. K,-Q7 known about the Centre P. As to the
RP, if farther back a draw i s certain.
Xf 2... KKt8? 3. QKt5 ch. KB7 4. I ... P-B4 11 K-33 P-BS -Kt
4134 ch. KKt7 5. QKM ch. KBY 6. QR3 Black tries to get rid o i the rcar pawn. HEis mated if he queens.
KKt8 7. QKt3 ch. KR8 8. Q32, when If I... K-KL7 (I ... KKt8 2. QQJ PH4 12 Q-R2 ch. K-46 313 A stable position of a kind
l3Iack's extra pawn deprives him of a 3. QKt3 ch.) 2. Q-R8 ch., the only 13 Q RZ Kt Kt6 which might always I x obtained, or to
.
stdemate, 8 . . PR7 9. Q U l rnatc. move to win, 2 . . . K-Kt8 (2... KKt6 14 Q --K2 ch.
which White might return should he
rnakea false start. When unabte to check
3 Q-Kt4 cR. R,,-R6 15 Q-K4ch.
Hack pins the p~wn.
If 3... KB7? or 3... KRR? 4+ QB4 16 K-K2.
K-B8
(ch.). With the move Black draws by I . . .
P-m thrcatcning .., KK17, and if White i l l t e f p m with ch& On the
4 Q - 4 3 ch. K ,,,,,,,,Kt7
2. Q - Q K ~ ~ K-47 3, Q-...Qs &, diagonal if Black's king stands on o m of
Not 4-.. KKtS? 5. QQI PR7 6. KKS K-K7, much as in the notes above. ] four critical dla&onafs:
KR6, wl~crr While's king enters the rhc long diagonal, I . . . K-B5 (I..,
winning area, 7. KQ4. I KR8) K-Kt*.
5 Q--Q2 ch. K-Kt6 the adjoining white-squarc diagonals,
QUEEN AND PAWN ' QUEEN ... ...
1 K-R6 (I KB7 or Kt8 2. KKt8
Not 4... KR5? 5. QBI ch., White's The pcsitbn of Black's king i s the QKt5 ch. 3. KR8 QQ5 ch. 4. QRt7
q u m gets to the first rank wiihoui loss decisive factor. QQ2 5. QKt6 ch.) 2. Q-I36 @.-B$
oftime, S... K K t 6 6.KKS PR7 7 . KQ4. s pawn hc draws..
If it M ~ k tha, 3. Q-Rd ch. R-Kt6 Q... KKr7 4.
6 Q-RI Otherwise his king must be out of the KB7 QQ4ch. 5 . QK6 QR4 ch. 6.QKt6
6. QQ3 ch. RKt7 7. Q 0 4 :h, KKrG Way, and not obstruct his chances of Qp4 &. 7.KKt7 QKtZ 8. QS7 QKt7
8. KK5 PR7 9. QR1 corn&?to the same perpetual check. Whitc tricx, to avoid ch. 9. KB8) 4. K -U7 Q-B7 ch. (4 ...
...
thing.
6 ... P-R7 White plays and wins e%hange,e.Thisiincrpowl c h ~ happens
k
,
perpetual chwk by answering a check QB2 5. KK6 QKll 6.KQ7, or4 QW
with a check, and forcing a queen ch. 5. QBG QQ2 or R2 6. KB8, or
4.. QR4 cb. 5. QKt6 QBd ch. 6. KKt8)
7 K-K5 P-R8- Q Black plays and draws I
W y when both kings are on the same or 5. Q-B6 Q--82 6. K-BS Q-B4
22 1
 JV QUEEN ENDINGS 3 QUEEN AND PAWN v, QUEEN
7.K-Kt7 @-Kt8 &. (7.,, QR2 or 332 3. K-B7 Q--BS ch. 4. K-K6 +Kt5 than on the diagonal, and sometimes Qu-Kt2 ch.
8. QB2 ch.) 8. +Kt6 Q - 4 5 ch. .
ch. (4.. QR3 ch. 5. KQ7 transposes) fails. as in the note to Black's third 9-43 cb.
9. K-Ki8. 5. K-,Q6 +Kt5 ~ h . 6. K-47 mow. This kind of win i s somewhat Q-Kt2 ch.
The pinning diagonal, I... K--R6 Q-Kt5ch. 7.K.--Q8 +KF3 8. Q--Q7 fortuitous, and depends upon White's
2. Q--36 Q--X34 3. Q,-R6 ~ hIS-Kt5. K-R8 (8... QKt4 9. RB8 QW ch. having a suitable check, thus regrouping
and now, 4. K-B7 Q - 4 4 cb. (4,. 10. QB7 QW ch. 11. KKtB) 9.K--H8 his queen without loss of time. +R3 ch.
QR4 &. or 4.. QB4 ch. transposes. If Q-BS ch. 10. K-Kt8 Q-BS ch. 11,
4... QB7 d. 5. QB6 Q M ch. 6. KB8) K-R8 O-KSIB6i . , ch. 12 0.-Kt7. 314 WhenrhcrcisaBPBtacir'sking J f l l...QB8dl. 12.QB1.
5. Q - ~ 6 Q-I24 ih. (5.. . QKQ 6. KB8 , 3 K-Kt7 Q--BZ also has no good square, 12 K-RI K-R8
QB6 ch. 7. Q R 3 6. +Kt6 C+Q4 ch. 1 ... K-Kt6 13 Q-SB ch. K-R7
(6... QR6 ch. 7. KKt7 QB5 ch. 8. QB6 1 If 3... Q--Kt6 cb. 4. K-I36 Q-QBh
QB2 9. QQ4 ch. KR6 10. KB8) 7. ...
ch. (4 QB7 ck. 5. KK6 as in the text, ~ h c hops
k for sanctuary on the QR 1' QmK6 ch+
l5 WKE-
K-R8
K-Kt7 -5 ch. (7 ... QK4 ch. 8. or 4... Q 3 5 ch. 5. KKtS) 4. K-B7 file. As before, the diagonals are unsafe,
QB6 QB2 9, QQ5 ch. KR6 10. KB8) @432 6. Q-Q4 {threatening K38) I... KKB 2. KR8, or l . . . KB8 2. QKtS The strategy is not profound, but
8. Q-B6 +-Kt8 ch. (8.. . QQ2 9- KB8) 6...Q-Kt2 7. +B3 cH. K--Q8 8. ch. KR7 3. QKt6 ch. KX38 4. KR7 QB2 many chwks may make it complex. For
9. K-B7 (not 9... KB8 10. 034) 9... K-BE, and Black.can mithcr cheek, nor 5. QKt7 QH7 ch. 6 . KR8 QR7 ch. 7. BIdck the best checking distance i s to
KKtS. If Btack plays his king to the have two or three s q w s lxtween king
central Elm, White wins much as in the and queen. White mpts the checks if
There would h-similar winning lines preceding example. he pursues a definite plan, andjor his
i f Black's king were on the KR, KKt or
~ f d . .Q. B B ~ 5,
~ KB7,
. or 4.., pBs ch, 2 +Kt2 K-R6 queen is well centralized. Moving his
g- RKtG,#s hfDre. king to a square of a different wlour
KB files. 3 Q-B3 ch. K-R7
5 K-35 0 - 4 7 ch. 4 K-Kt7 from that occupied by Black's queen
6 K-K6
If 6,.Q-KSch.
4 - 4 3 ch.
7. K--Q6Q--Ktdch.
In spit. of mvny C ~ whiteS ernnot
be p ~ v c n t e dfrom moving his king down
i ofieo limits her choice of furthm checks.

313 with a ~ t mita p cannot

White wins
2 Q-"4s
With Black's king at 4 138 an inter-
posed check cannot be forced as rnattcrs
stand. White therefore moves his own
king to the sum's Gdt, where he
threatens to interpose with check on the
file. He fixst centralizes his queen, thus
depriving Black's queen of the use of
mnst of the central squares. There are of
mum othw ways in which the samc idea
may be carried out.
2 +.. Q-BS ch.
Wherever it is Black's king gets in the (
way, even on ih?Q R file, Z,..K-Kt7
222
8. K--47 +Kt5 ch. 9.K--QI +KR5
10. Q--Q7 K-Kt8 I f . HI--B8 Q-B5
. K-Kt8 Q--B5 CR 13. 4-87,
~ h 12.
7 Q--Qs Q-Kt4
If 6.,.QK6 ch. 7. KQ7 as in the last
note. Also if 6... Q-Kt6 ch. 7.K--47
Q--RG&. (7...QB2 8.KQ8) 8.K-B7
befare.
;ts
8 Q-B4 ch. K--Q*
Eke the s w n s am exchan~ed. a
1 threat renew&l by White's next &v&
To summarim:
If Bhckk king is already align4 tm
the rckvant diagonals or CIes White
wins by a regrouping of his king and
q w n around the pawn, as in the notes
to Black's first movc.
In othr cases White boldly movm out
his own king, seeking to atign it with
Black's king, on the file as. here, or on
tttc rarrk as in the next example.
1 The pin is Iws eKctivc on the rank
the and KR files to K g t l , when
fmibiy manmvre so as to intcrpap
Black's chcck~must hive a stop Imam chsk on diagml, conse-
White tP.mtens to i n t e p s e with check q,,,tfy ~ l king k~~
~ a~h;iven vinfie ~
on the rank. diagonally opposite corner. White can
314 hope to win uniy by bringing his Ling to
the QR or QKt fife, or to the first or
secoild rank, so that he mates threats of
interposing with chmk on the file or the
rank. The qumtion mark, after the
caption under the diagram, is intentiondl
for it is not yet known whether or not
Whiz can form a win & this way, and
the mnsensus is that the posidon k
drawn.
Witb the move Black has a new kind
of draw because White's king in the
.
comer has icss f r d o m of action : I . .
White wins Q Q I ch. 2. PKt8:::Q QB6 ch. with
pmptual check.
4 ... Q--Q5 ch.
S K-Kt6 Q--423 ~ h .
h R--RS &K4 ch.
'l'hispmitionoccurrcd after 1ItK) movca
If 6. ..QBl 7. QQS ch. KRI 8. KRt6 of thc @me Bachman v. Gligo~ie,
KKt7 9.KRT, and While soon opposw. Moscow, 1947, which we shall fob.
q w n s , 9... KKt8 10. QK4 ch. KR8
I I . QK8, or 9.. . KB8 30. QKt5 ch. 3 K-Kt8
KKt8 11. Q K t f . ff White miurns his queen, 3. QR2 &.

KR8 4. QR7, Black maintains the pin I
on the pawn, but must not play 4.. /
QQl ch. for his yumn is pinned after
5. PKt8,-Q 4 8 6 ch. 6. QKt7.
3 ... Q,,--Q4 &.
4 K,-,-B8 Q-KB-4 ch.
5 K-K8 Q-"'X(5 chv?
After the better move, 5.. Q--K3 ch., /.
ir would secxn that White can avoid
perpetual check only by going back to
the shelter of his pawn, 6. Q-K7
Q-HI ch. 7. K-H7 Q-BS ch. 8.
Q.--K6 Q--82 ch. 9. K.,-B6 (9. KKt6
QK16 ch, 10, KR7 QRS ch, 1 1 , QRb
QKS c h . ~ 9.., ~ - f 1 5 ch, $0. Q--B~ !
(10, KK7 QU2 &. 1 1 . QQ7 QK4 &. !
12. K R QB5 ~ ch, 13. KKt6 QK16 ~ h , )
10... Q--Q3 cb. f 3. K-B7 (11. RKts
QKt6 ch. 12. QKt4 QK4 ch.) I f ...
Q-B~ ch, 12, ~ - ~ tQ-K~& 6 ch,
13. Q-Kt5 Q-46 ck
~ h i isi not to ray rheio may no$
be other waysin which White's king may .
sucwsfully ntove out and cross the
board.
To retain the grmlest freedom of
movcnlcnt Black delj$,ers chocks, in 8 ;
$c?l~cralway, from central squares; and ',
liere in part~cularfrom the squares on ,
hrs diagonal QKtR-KR7, e.g, KK16,
KRS, etc.
6K-48 Q - ~ 1 &.
7 IC-Q7
8 K-,R8 Q-Kt1 ch.
9 K ,,,,,,,,~ t 7 Q-04 ch.
10 K-Kt5
IV QUEEN ENDINGS
White's pawn makes its littb contribu-
. tion, for if 10.. . Q-,,,Q6ch. I I . K-R7
.
Q-KG ch. (I I .. QR2 12. KR8) 12.
K-Rt8, and Black cannot check on his
1 quare.
t I I Q-R5
! areWith the kings on adjoining files there
two tnterpos~dchecks. Now if I I .
QK3 dl. chccking on the rank, I f .,.
QKtS ch., or if I I . . . QB5 ch. che~king
on the diagonal, I 1 ... QKt5 ch.
11 , *Kt1
! ~ h r are n five ways in which Rlack's
queen may hinder the KtP from queen-
ing: fi) delivering chock; fii) pinning the
pawn on the Ion&diagonal; (iiif pinning
the pawn on the wnk; fiv) occupying the
Wwning square, as here; (v) cofitroflin~
the queening square. From Btack's point
! of v i m (i)and (ii) aw unquestionably the
best defences. (iii) knd (iv) aiC woaker
d ~ f ~and s t, l l ~ ysometimes lose;(v) v)is
Very wmk, and generall~loses; c-8- if
- herc I 1.. .. QR2 t bere follows 12. QKS ch.
KB7 3- QR2 ch. 14, QKtJ(Ktl
followed $5. PKt8,,,tQ.
- - C)--KS ~ h .
12
\
White has a minor smcess, w u ~ ~ i n g
h i s central square:on the Iong diagonal.
1 12 ... K---Kt8
In a sneral way it is hlter to occupy
the edge file in this case [or the edge
rank if White's king were on the first or
socond rank] k a u s c this leavcs Bl;lck,'s
qumn free to check on the diagonals and
on the ranks withost fear of a fatal
interposed check; Black could therefore
try 12.,. K-R7, although, as his queen
i s not too well placed, t h i s docs not
save hirn<The question a$so as to
whether Black might well have ptzyed to
an earlier stage, c,g. o n his
According to an analysis by Pospishil
3 QUEEN AND PAWN v. QUEEN
15. U t 4 QQ7 ch, $6. 933 QQ? ch. Instcad, 22. KB3 ch. mates in 7.
17. QB5 QB5 ch. 18. QB4 QKti ck.
19.QKtSQKt6 20.PKt8-Q 2 I . Q x Q 22 ... K--B7
23 Q-,Kt2 ch.
and White mates in 3) 15. K-Kt6
Q--Kt6 ch. 16. (not 16. QKt5 Black resigns.
KR8 17. K R 6 QK3 ch. and now 18.
QKt6 Q'BI ch. 19. QKt7 QR5 ch., or
18. KR7 QK2 ch. 19. QK17 QK6 ch.
316 This is a typical winning posi-
iion with k i n g on adjoining ranks.
20. KR8 QKI ch. with n probable draw BIack's king is misplaced at QR6 and
.
in either case) .) 6 , . Q-,-I35 ch. (I&.. would be happier at QKt8. Whib's
QB7 ch. 17. KQ8 QQ6 ch. 18, KK8 quen I s centralized on its k s t square.
QRt3 ck. 19. KR8 QKR3, and thc pin
1 ... +Kt3 ch.
on thc short diagonal is irscless, 20. QBS
ch. KR7 21. KB7; or 1 6 . . QBZ ch. 17. In a variety of ways White's king and
KQ8 QKtl ch. 18. RK7) 17. K-(18 queen m y pair themselves an the sccond
Q R S dl. 18. Q-K7 ~ h 19.
. rank:
Q - 0 7 Q- 133 d l . (19,.. QKt3 ch. 20. I . . . QK7 ch. 2. QBZ.
KB8 QB4 ch. 21. KKt# QK4 ch. 22. I... QB3ch. 2. KBI QR6ch. 3. QB2
KR8) 20, K-,-HR Q--B6ch. 21. QW(Q8) ch, 4. RKt2 or here 3...
Q-RS ch. (21.,. QQKtQ, 22. QKt7 QR6(R8) cR. 4. KKZ.
K R 8 23. Q R i ~ h . 122. K-,,,Kt8Q--Kt6 I . , . QB? ch. 2. KBI QElH ch. 3. KK2
ch. 23. K-,,,-R8.The final stagcsare vcry QB7 ch. 4. QQ2.
like thosc shown in Example 3 1 3. 1 .. . QB3 ch, 2. KBl QR8 ch. 3. QKt l
QR6 ~ h .4. QKt2 QQ6 ch. 5 . KKtl
13 .. - Q,-,-QIch.
QQ5 ch. 6.KR2.
14 K-Kt5 Q - 4 2 ch.
l...QB3ch. 2. KBI QKt4cR. 3. KK1
The mating thwats make it diEculr 0 8 4 ch. (or 3... OKts ch. as in the lext-
for Black. 1 c 1 4... QK1I 15. OK4 ch. $ay) 4. KQI ~ a x ch. b 5. KB2 QR7 ch.
KKt7 16. 444 ch. KKt8 17. KK14 5. QQ2.
QKtl cb. 18. KRJ QRI ch. 19. QR4 Mack runs out of checks after 1 ...
Q Q l 20.PKt8--QQxQ21.QQf mate. QR3 ch. 2. RBI QKJ ch. 3. KB2.
Merely controlling the quecning
15 K-Kt4 Q-Kt2 ch.
square is usualIy hopeless, I ... QB I
16 K-34 Q---BJ ch.
13 Q-B5 Q-K5 ~ h . 2. QQG ch. KKt7 3. QB6 cb., or here
Z... KRS 3. QMctt.
18 Q - 4 4 Q - 4 3 ch.
19 K-Kt3 0.-KBS ch. Occupying the queerring square is a
better defence, but aiways fails if White's
Here so~nerepetitions of moves are
omitted. Wllitc could now win by 20.
KH4 0 8 3 c l ~ . 21. QE5 QK5 ch. 22.
KKt3 QB6 cb. 23. KR4 Q R I ch.
24. Q K 5 QKKt 1 25. QRS ch. KB8 16.
QBI ch. KB7 27. Q K t 2 ch. KBh 24.
QKt3 ch. RQ5 25. QQKt3.
20 Q-Y33 ? +-Kt2 ch?
An oversight. White cannot mate
after 20,.. QQ4 ch. 21. QB4 QB6 ch.
22. KR4 QQRI ch.

: w B m :,,,A.
@ .. ' i
. .!,..- ..............,,,, .
and Stepushin-Maiishev, 1958, White
can win by 13. E-Kt5 Q-Kt6 ch.
21 +Kt4 Q-44 ch.
If 21 ... Q x P 22. QKI mate.
Drawn ? , 14. K-Kt5 Q,,-R6 ch. (14 ... QR7 ch. 1 White wins
224 225
 IV QUEEN ENDINGS 3 QUEEN AND PAWN V, QUEEN
19 K-K6 Q--M ch. RP, 4. KQ6 QKtb ck, or 4. KKt6
kina can rmch KKtt. and sometimes i
fails for tactical masons:
8 O,-34ch. K-R4 ?
If t h e i s a valid defence it sureiy
f ... QKtl 2. KKtl K W 3. QB2 ch. consists in getting the king to the QRl
20 -5 Q--K7 ch. ! OKLch.
21 K-46 @-~7 ch. 3 ...
KR8 4. QB8.
1 . . . QR7 ch. 2. QB2 QKtf 3 . 4 8 8 ch.
corner, 8... KR6.
9 Q-42ch. K-RS
22 K-35.
Black resigns. If 22.e. PQB7 ch. 23.
I1 Q,-Rl
'hftcrl. . . QB6ch. 4.KKt8QKt6ch.
5. KB8 QK6 ch. 6. QQ7 QR3
2 K-BI -Kt8 ~h. 10 Cf-tMch.
QM ch- KR5 24. PKt8=Q, but not ; q u a will find way to contrd the
-. . - - . 24. Cj x Q ? stalemato.
(2... QB4ch. 3.
%

If 2... Q-B2ch. qumning square, 7. QQ8 ch. RR3 8.

White gets to this key square without
QB2) 3. K-,,KI +Kt1 (3...QKi ~ h . im of time. , QQ3 ch. (8.PK8-Q? QB3 ch. 9. QB7
4. KQ2, or 3... QK2cb. 4. KQ1, whilst 318 A study by Fontma and Roy- G K ch.~ 10. Q x Q stal&ate) 8.. K R. ~
3... QK3 ch. 4, KQl QKt6 ch. 5. KK2 I0 ... K-M 9. QQ4 ch.
croft, 1957. R m n t analysis by Fontana
transposes to the tcxt) 4. Q--K7 ch. Xt is too late far 10... K,--R6, forafter sttows tkat the case with a RP on or near 4 Q--QS ~ h . K-,R5
K-Kt7 5 . K-B2 K-Kt8 6.K-Ktl. 11. K-Kt5 +K2 ~ h . 12. K-R5 the seventh, hitherto thought immedi- 5 Q-Kt8 Q.--Kt7 ch.
3 K---K2 Q-R? ~ h . +Hi ch. 13. K-Kt4Q-,BI ~ h .14. ably drawn, can be won if the defending 6 K-R8 Q-R6
4 K ,,,,,,,,,K3 q-K3 ch. K-R4 he has no check; and if now king is wrongly placed. An ~xtra6rdinaryresource!
5 K-R4 14 ... Q - - KI (14 ... R R 7 IS. PKt7 Uitimately the dofcndcr's chmlrr, are
QKKtl i s no better) 15. P--K11, and brought to a sfog by White iinteqming
7 Q--R7
White escapes the checks after 5...
Q82 ch. 6. k ~ t 3 QKt3 ch. 7. QKt4, with check, the same motif as &fore. h Not 7.PRI=Q? for White's queens
or 5... QR3 ch. 6. RB5 QR4 ch. 7 . a general y a y While can often do this if are bunched at the corner, and he cannot
K136 Qf16 ch. 8. KKt5 QKt6 ch. 8. Black's klng 1s on the KKi or 3Cl3 files, escape perpetual check, 7... KKt4 ch.
QKt4 QK6 ch. 10. K R 4 QR3 ch. or on its own half of the board, as b m 8. KKtS QQ3 ch. 9. KB8 483 ch. 10.
1 1 . KKt3 QQ3 ck. 12, KKt2 QQ7 ch. where it stands on thc fourth rank. KQ8 QRl ch. f 1. KK7 QR2 ch. 12.
13. KKrl QB8ch. 14. K R 2 Q 4 7 c h . The &st place. for BIack's king, if it KK6 QR7 cA. I3. KBS QQB7 ch.
IS. QKt2. cannot directly block the pawn, is in 14. KKt5 QKt7 ch.
or near the corner diagonally apposite 7 ... K,,-Kt4 oh.
317 Botvinnik v.Minev. Amster- the queening square, in which utse hc
draws. BPack's king return to the fourth rank
dam, 1954. Black's king is badly placed, for aftm 7... KKt5 ch. 8. KKt7 he bas
and Botwinnik wrests a victory, using 1 P-,-.R7 Q-5oh. no more checks.
the two wenpons of the interposed check 2 K-R6 Q-,,,,QM ~h.
and the centralized qu~-en--forthe fatter, 8 K-Kt8 Q - 4 3 ch.
Xf 2... QxP 3. QR3 mate. 9 K-'B8 Q-B3 ch.
note moves 2, 14 and 20. He iceem his
king clear of ;he queening cmner-, thus White to play 3 K-Kt7 10 K--Q8 Q-RI ch.
avoiding the draw d Example 315.
1 0-Mch. K-R4
I . . . KR6? 2. Q33 ch.
I
White" kine retreats to KKtZ, on the
adjoining rank to Black's king, 15 ...
For once interposition fails, for after
3. Q35 ch.? KRS Black either draws by
stalemate, 4. Q x Q, or 4. KQ5 QBb ch.
I f K.--K7
12 K-RS
13 K-Kt6
Q-R6 ch.
Q,,.,-QBticat.
Q-Kt6 ch.
Q--R3 ck. (1 5 . . . Q K 2 ch. of IS ... 5. K W Q36 ch. 6. K x Q; or gains the 14 K-R6 Q-KS ch.
2 Q-K5 &. K-RS QRS ch, lead to thc same thing) j 6 . 15 K-Kt7 0-Kt4 ~ h .
3 P-Kt6 Q - 4 8 ch, K- Kt3 +Kt3 ch. 17. K-R3 I)-R3 1G Q-Kt6 6 -K2 ch.
4 K-Kt5 Q--Qt ch. ch. 18. K-Kt?, Example 316. 17 K-R6 +Bl ch.
If 4.. . QKtl ch. 5. KR5, In the gaw I I K--Kt5 Q--K2 ~ h . 18 K-Kt5 +KR I
a rqxtition of moves ~ ~ u r x e 5.
d , KB5 12 K--35 Q-HI ch. Discreetly blocking the pawn. After
QQBl ch. 6. M4 QB8 ch. 7. QK3 13 K---K4 Q -R3 the v&rous X8 ... QK2 ch. 19. KR5
QB2 ch, 8. QK5 QB8 ch. 9. K05 QB1 14 Q-KS ch. EC-RS QK7 ch. 20. KR6 his last bolt is shot.
ch. 10. KKt5 QQ1 ch. I5 P-Kt7 0-48 ~ h . 19 Q--B~ K-~5
5 Q--BS Q--Wch- 16 K-Q4 Q--QS ch. 20 K-Kt6 K-Kt4
6 Q-B5 Q--QI ~h. f 7 K,--B5 ch.
7K R 5 Q-KI lg K--Q6 Q - 4 7 ch. It is too late to run for the corner, if
Black pin. the pawn, for after 7... If I?'.., QR3 ch. 18. KQS. ...
20 KR6 22. QRt8 OK4 22. QB8 ch.
KR7 23. PR8-Q, and there is no
QRl ch. 8. KKt4 QKt2 9. 987 QB6 As in the p d i n g exampla, White's
10. PKt7 QBd ch. 11. QB5 the checks king rnachcs boldly towards the enemy
perpetual check.
case. 1
king. White plays and wins 21 Q-B6
226 227
 I V QUEEN ENDINGS 4 QUEEN AND TWO PAWNS v. QUEEN AND PAWN
If 21. QKt8 QK4 22. PR8=Qd! Black I The kind of pawn influcam the result. the win, if indeed it is possible, is In the game 4.. QKB7? 5. QKtl ch.
has a prpctuai chock. After 6.., QK14? 7. QB! ch. K x P 8. extremely d i k u l t . KK7 6. QKtS ch. KH6 7 . QQS ch.
21 ... Q-K1 ch. Q x P ch. White has good drawing
I5 ... Q-RS KKt6 8. QKS ch. K x P led to a draw.
22 K-46. chances against tht: KtP.
36 +Kt2 ~ h . K-- S +Kt1 ch. Q-B8
Queen and two pawns win against K - + 8 K--45 17 K-B7 6 Q-Q3 ch. K,,--fCS
queen if there is no immediate perpetual Black's king triangulates to Iw a If 17. QxBP QQ5 ch., or i f 17. K--K12 Q-I33 ~ h .
check, and if the pawns are united, or move, a manocuvre mmly w n with 8 K-Ktl Q--B4 cA.
one or two film apart. In this way tfge q x KtP QQ4A. 9 K-,,,,,Kt2 Q-B7 ~ h .
queens on h e board.
pawns provide sufficient protection for .
Not 7.. QQ4 ch.? 8. Q x Q ch.K X Q 17 ... Q-B5 ~ h . 10 R-R3 K-B8
their king. 9. KB7, when White draws tho pawn 18 K x P I 1 ?--Kt5 K-Kt8.
The fttrthcr apart the Fawns the ending. If 18. KB8 QB4 ch. 19. KQ8 QQ4 ch. I A,* B I wins,~ ~ ~
greater the difficulty, although the 20. KB8 QK3 ch. 21. KQ8 QKD ch.
stronger party more oAcn wins thw not.
18 . . . Q--KS ch.
A case with the pawds thrm files apart
arises in the next example. 18...QRt5ch.? l Y . Q x Q c h . K x ( l 5 . MORE PAWS: MATERIAL
would surely
The case of KRP,,f,,QRP 20, KH6 draws. ADVANTAGE
be drawn in many casa. 13 K-R7 +R5 ch.
20 K-Kt7 Q-Kt4 ch. In general a pawn up wins.
White resigns. Wien ~hcrcis an outside passed pawn,
or when one can bc created h a u s e
4 QUEEN AND TWO PAWNS v.
QUEEN AND PAWN $20 Marshall v. ~
IWT7. R~calizing
1
~ &tmd, ~ ~ i~is a~ wing
me advanced I G ~ P eco*ts
~ Y
~ , White's Wwn
ch m4iorit~.
it L I X eighth, Exam~Ic
111 pr'a~iiwoak illuse or;casioxw when a pssed pawn is a host of pawns 321, Black's only d e f c is ~ ~rp~*uaI
queen and pawn ending simplifies to this farlhr back, ~ ~ ~ twokpawns &heck, w the result is determined
l sarrificed
cxzent ~ ~ t u check a l is highly prob- to reach this he yhouid aao:ding as White's king is shdtered or
aMe, and qumn endings with fwcr than not by his pawns.
White to play have won.
3 v. 2 pawns are herefore frcquentiy When the kings are on the same side
1 Q-,R5 ch. K---Kg as the pawn majority, the win is mom
drawn. 8 +-Kt4 ch. K--Q4 2 p,,,,,..Kt4
The game is drawn when thcrc is no difficult. The stronger party may advance
passed pawn. 9 Q--Q2&. K-I34 y ,320 his king and pawns together, and,
10 ch. K--RS because the queen i s s n mwerful a piece,
'Xhc stronger party has his best but
r l Q-RZC~. ~natingh m t s may be toad as in
slender chance when there is an outside
passed pawn, although perpetual c h ~ k Whiie is in zugwang. If 11. KK7 Example 324; or his king may move to
is the normal oukome. QM cR. ihc otbs side of iho board with a viow
When ail the pawns arc ~ a ? s d the 1 1 ... K-Kt4 to advancing tho rnajo.ty without
preparing for the tfansi-
extra pawn is not in iisdf signifiant. 12 Q--K$2&. K-RJ
The race i s to the swift, acd it is a 13 Q--R2 ch. KxP to a pawn ending, ar in Ermplc
question of who bas the most advanced 14 Q-B2 ch. K-Kt4
pawn, the other player most Iikcly taking [ 'The oniy othcr defence besides per-
15 Q -a ch.?
a wrptud check to prevent i Finding the chmks is in general c h is m ~ n passed pawn,
~ creak
happening, and Exampla 323-325 show the kind of
j more difficult than the opponent's task It i s nor so much the
1 of evading them. 15. QKQch. iu correct, number of pawns as the eEetivcness of
319 =dush v- Bronstcin? flu* I when Black will have i o concede a pawn Black wins
3947. Black winning d'M'lw only the passed pawns that dxides the game.
order $0 avoid p~:pl"tual &mk, 15.. , White does not hope to queen this The stronger party sceks to queen his
h a u s e White's QKtP is vulnerable. mg 16. QBI ch. KQ6 17. Q Q ~ch, pawn, blrt to open lim for his queen. 5rst: to avoid perpetual chack, and 10
1 Q-437 c l ~ . K-Kt4 KK6 18, Q K l ch. KEG 19. QRI uli.
...
2 Q-Kt?&.
3 Q-R7 ch.
K-I34
K-K3
KKt6 20. QKI ~ hKKtS
. 2f. QKtl ~ h .
RR4 22. QR2 ch. KKt3 23. QKt3 ch.
2
3 Q,-4)FiS
P-Kb
K-48
Tarlasch avoids the littlc trap, 3...
I
<
cvzatc: r~~aiiirgthreats; thc Scfcnder
pursues exchanges, endewours to expose
the enemy king, and advanccs his own
4 +R2
5 Q--R2
6 +It5
ch.
ch.
ch.
K--a
K-334
K-f35 !
RB2 24. QK13 ch. QK3, maturally BPack
gives up the KtP to kmp thc RP, 25.
Q x P ch. KRtl 26. QKt2 ch. KBJ, and
PKT? 4. QKtl mate.
4 Q--B5 P-,,K7
1I paswd as fast as he
With all tho pawns on one ride of the
board th~cgame is normaify drawn; but
228 229
 I V QUEEN ENDINGS
5 MORE PAWNS: MATERIAL ADVANTAGE
if them are wealctlessaq to exploit then 6. QK4 ch. KKtb 7. QK8 ch. KKt2
ihe extra pawn may win. Here the theme 8. QKt8 followed by PKt6 and QQB7. (14. QQ3 QK8 ch. 15. KRZ QKt6 ch.)
is mating threats, with the additional 14... Q....-36ch. IS. K-R2 Q.....-Kt6ch.
weapon or xugzwang; whilst the defen- 322 Stahlberg v. K e r ~Weuhauscn,
. Black returns the pawn b ~ wins
t the
d ~b i, d e s the hope of perpetual check, 1953. White's rooks' pawns offer no nawn-crading because his king is ready
may also seek. stalemate posi~ons. protection, SO that l a c k can always io captlrre white's QRP. 8. U t 4 may h played at o m .
As in tho basic endings, a common reposition his queen without loss of time If 14. PR4 QB8 ch., but not 14... E ...
srrtltagmis the mnrrallzingofthe qumn. by meam of a %rim of check. First P x P?when White stalemates in 2. Q--QKt8
9 Q-Kt8 &. ?
She is very wcak whcn on the edge of BPack removes his king to t h queen's ~ 14 Q-K8 ~ h .
the board, but atmwt my other squarc side.
. A +
This uselws check is the decisive
15 K-Kt2 +KS ch. error. 9. Q--K5 wins dter 9... Q--R8
m a y prove good. Note for instance 1 + P-R 5 16 K-Kt1 Q-QS ch.
Black's 3rd movc, Exampfe 322, or his I ch. $0. K-Kt4 P-R6 11. Q-Kt3
7th move, Example 330,for in I
cases *ling og White's king, a d ~ r ~ v i d - White migns, for if 17. KKt2 QQ4 ch.
18. KR2 443 ch. 19. ECKQ 4
the queen helps prevent pewtuaf check. ing an outWst at KKt6 for Hack's 133 ch.
I queen, thus threatening ta win thc RRP. exchanging queens.
321 White's queen both supports 2 (1-K5 V - , 8 7 cb.
the advance of the passed pawn and 3 K-RI Q--m 323 Smbo v. Barcza, Budapest, After 10. QR5 QR8 ch. 11. KKU
prevents yrpetuat check. 4 Q - 4 8 ch. K-Kt4 PR6 12. QKt3 PR7 13. KR3 White
1955, When each side has a pass4 pawn
1 P-QKt4 5 Q,,,,-Q8ch. R-,BS
the result is determined by who p t s iwes his passed pawn, 13. .. QB8 ch.
2 P-Kt5 F---Ki5 Black's KRP i s tabw. for after 6. thew Arst, and whether pspetual check 14,KxPQxPcb.
Q x P ch. ICB6 tAe mating tkma~arc can be avoided; and i t may be of little
fatal. conseqwncc that one player has an
6 -2 cR. wtl a pawn.
6. QQ6 ch. KK6 7.QKt6 ch. KK7, Of the passed pawns Bkack's is the less
or 6. QX37 ch. KK5 7. QBZ ch. KQ4. egwtive W u s e White's king may block
it. In thc event Black draws by corn-
6 ... K -K4
7 Q-HJ ch. blning the advance of the KKP with
K--44 thwats of perpetual check.
8 +Kt3 ch. K-B3
9 4 . - - 4 3 3 ch. K-,Kt2 1 Q - 4 5 ch. K-Rtl
10 +Kt7 ch. K-R3 2 P-Kt5 P--R3
X 1 Q-B3 Q-B8 ~ h . 3 K-32 Q--Kt7
12 &-It2 Q-A7 ch. 4w a s P-~4
13 K-RI K- .Kt3 5 Q-K5
White to play M i t e to play
Exchangm, as hcrc 5 Q x P? Q x QP
BPack must try and brmk open the White cannot avoid a queen exchange ch,, fa\our the dcfender kcawe they
kinx's side. or the toss of his KRP. If 14. Q-KS improve his c h a m of pcr~tuaicheck. 10 ..+ P-B4
1 i 2...FR4 3. PKt6 PRt5 4. UB7ch. Xt is however possibb at this moment Finely calcr~latotl.
KRJ 5. PKt7 PR5 6. P x P PR6 7. for White's queen to escort his KtP to
QU6 ~ h KR2 . 8. PKt8 :::..Q. the eighth rank, 5. PKtG PR5 6. QQB8 11 4-437 ch.
3 a-37 ch. K.,-R 1 ch. KR2 7. PKt7. Xn practice it is not If 11. K xP Q.,.-RI ch. 12. K-Kt3
#[ways easy to cafcuXaie whether pr- (better than 12. KKi5 ? QR3 mat el 12...
If 3.. . KKtl 4. PrCtB P x P 5. QKt3 petual check can I x evaded, but it SO Q-Kt8 ~ h . 13. K-.R3 (13. KIM?
ch. happens that White's king can doggedly QR7 ch.) 13.,. Q-B8 A, withperptual
4 Q-B8 ch. K-,,-R2 make its way to a safe square on the check.
5 QxP. eighth rank. 7... QxQP ch. 8. KRI fl ... K-Kt3
White cannot be prevented from QR8 A. 9. KQ2 QQ5 ch. 10. KB2 12 K x P Q-R8 c l ~ .
getting his queen back to Che RR2- QRS ch. X I . KB3 QR4 ch. 12. KB4 13 K-Kt3 Q--Kt3 ch.
QKt8 diagonal: S... QKt3 6. QQ7 ch. QQ4 E.?. 13. KKt4, etc., and Black 14 K-R3 Q-R8 ch.
KRI 7. KRI KKtl 8. QB6 QQ1 9. cannot yet up the defence of Example
315 becauca the extra pawns obstruct Not 14 ... QR8ch.? IS. QRZQB8ch.
PK16 followcd by #I37 ; or 5... QQW Black to play 16. QKr2 cfi.
his q u m .
 IV QUEEN ENDXNGS 5 MORE PAWNS: MATERIAL ADVANTAGE
I5 K-R2 4-37 ch. 6. Q-Kt7 ch. K-K2 7. P-B4 (if 7. by 1. QQ4, seizing the cuten's file, and 1 1 K-K2 P-B5
16 K-R3 +R8 ~h. PR7 ? Q x BP 8. PRB -Q Hack has a if m w y bImk the KP with his king; 12 Q - 4 1 *Kt7 ch,
17 K-Kt3 Q-,,Kt8 ch. prperuai check) 7 . . . Q-KB6, and when it is not easy for Black to capitalize Black cannot bc induced to exchange
18 K-B4 QxPch. Whitc continues 8. Q-Kt5 ch. his material advantap, mpxially as qrrwns-
19 P-K4 P-,,,Mch. 6 Q-K4 WIB's protected pwed QBP is always 13 K-B3 Q--B7 ch.
This seals vfl'the w p e ronte via K5. to be r ~ k o n c dwith. 0x KIP ch.
Ry this centralizing move Whirc -14 -K-Kf4
-
20 Q x P Q--47 ch. improves the position of his qucen, and 1 ... P- K 6 i iJK-R5 Q -44
21 K-Kt3 Q-K8 ch. r h t c n s QR8 ch. followd by PR7. 2 Q--K2 Q-KS --except o n his own tc~ms.
- --
3 K-R1
Drawn. 6 .. K--Kt1
--

White is already in trouble. Xf 3. KBI 16 Q-Kt4.

7 Q--KIM P-'84 Black m a t s in 4.
324 Kotov v. Steiner, Sdtsjohden, QKt8 ch. 4. QKl QQ6 A. 5. QK2
1948. ~ l a c ~pawn
s majority, being
~ mofrc
farther away, is ~ o l e f i t b l lthe
' 8 &Kt5 ch.
If
K-R2
8+-, KB2 9. QRS c.,. KKtl 10.
Q x P 6.Q x KIP he is mated in 3.
3 ... K-113 336 Cimltea v. Unzicker, Moscow,
dangerous, and indeed White must avord QK~G ~ 1 %followed
. by K R ~ also
; i f 8,., 1956. Wkite's slightly wakened pawns
K B ~ 4, Q Q ch, ~ K R ~10, P R QR8
~ 4 K-,mi Q,,--Q5
a qumn exclrat~gcwhich might ieave him
I 3 Q K I ~ch. KU 13. K R ~ . Preventing check, and inrending to pcmit Bl~ck'sking to enter. With rooks
a lost pawn-ending. But White's KRP is a draw would bc in order, but with
lCwR4 answer 5. KRI. by QQ7.
a h d y dangerouGy advanoed, and after ] queens Black wins bemuse of the mating
2. PR6 he has a standing threat of The king taka part in a mating threats concocted by hb king and qu@en.
QKt7 ch. followed by PR7. attack, a familiar rnaneuvre. in queen I .., K-N3
1 P-Kt3 P-R4 endings. Dpack's queen is a l m d y centraIizcd,
2 P-R6 Q-R4 ch. 9 ... +Kt7 so his next task is to a d w c e the king, in
3 K-Kt2 (3-434 ch . 10 +K7 ch. the diractron of KBB.
By weakening Whitc's pawns Black Not 10. KKS? QR7 ch., ;and Black 2 Q-8 ~h. K--I34
enhances his prospect$ of prpetual wins. 3 Q--Q7 ch. K-K5
chwk,
10 ... K-Kt3 4 Q-K7 ~ h . K 4 6
4 P-B3 Q-47 ~ h . 5 Q-Q7 cb. K-- K 7
10... K x P transposes; whiht if 10... 5 Q-K7 ch. Q --K3
4... Q-K4 js the alternative, when KKtl,or10. KRI 11.KKtS.
'iQ-Kt7 P-I34
Whitc may continue 5 . PW,or 5. QQ3,
11 Q-HE8 ch. % ~ c we have omitted soinc rcpcti-
but not 5. PKP? QB3 6. P W ? PK4
when Black wins because White's quwn White avoids the trap I f . Q x P ch.? Whitc to play tious checks.
is trapped. QB3 ch, when he loses the pawn-ending. The KBP serves a triple function. It
5 K-R3 Q-B6 I l ... KxP 5 K-Bi Q-R5 prwides a strong-point at RS for Black's
12 Q ~ P c f t . K-Kt2 6 K-KI queen, it protects BIack's king from
4... Q Y P , continuing the policy of checks on the KB file, and it b m m c s tho
k i n g White's king, gives more c h n c s , 13 K-Kt5 Q--QW White must not exhang quacns and
provide Black with another pass& pawn. spearhead of the final a ~ ~ i c k .
There is no saving the game, for the
pawns obstruct Black's sueen. 6 . + A Q-- B6 ch. S U--RKtZ ch.
14 Q--P"Ih. K-BI ti... Q x Q ch. leaves a drawn pawn
Eithtx 8. QKtS ch. KB7 9. QBS ch.
15 K-Kt6 P-35 cb. ending, Mite's powerful QBP balancing QK6, or 8. W K t Z ch. KB6 9. QKt2 ch.
16 P-K4. MnlpOJB.
his rnatcriai disadvantage. -- --.
Black rmigns.
7 K-B1 Q--B8 ch. 8 ... K-KO
9 +-Kt2
325 van den &rg v. Najdurf, 7... Q x RP is also playable. ACter 9. QKtl ch. KK7 10. QKt2 ch.
Amsterdam, 1950. Whik permits his S +K1 Q-R5 ch. Black sscaw~the c k . k c by 10. .. K W
qumn to be hemmed in, and I31ack 9 K-Kt1 I 1, QB3 ch. KQ7 1 2. QB4 ch. KK7.
creates mating threals with his king, If 9. QK2 KK4 10. KKI Q36 ch. 9 Q-Bs
queen, and ~ e n t mpawns.
f 11. KBI QxRP. 10 Q-R3 ch. Q-46
1 P-QKt4 9 ... Q--@ r I Q-B~ ~ h . K--B6
Whitc to ptay 1 Whiic should first antrdize his queen 10 K-Bt K-K4 I 12 Q--B6ch.
232 73
2
 IV QUEEN 6 MORE PAWNS: POSmONA't ADVANTAGE
327 Avcrbach v. Suctin, M w w , w r t it to the eighth with alarming
1954. Black cannot defend both t h ~ speed, Examples 328 and 329.
isolatcd pawn and tha mating threats. Whcn the pawns arc baalanced one
The win is forced, and not difficult. player may have his queen better pfaced,
1 Q-QS ~ h . K-B2 an thc s~vcnth,on the open file, or on a
2 Q--Q'I c b K-Kt 1 wwerful central square. This advantage
3 Q-KG ~ h . K--R2 daes not always wjn, and may not bea Thesame idm as F m p l c 321, Black's
4 Q-I37 Q--K5 permamnt one if the dcfcnder is ahla to queen both supports the passed pawn
5 P-Kt3 Q--K7 offera queen exchange so as to removc and defends the Icing's side.
6 P-K<4 Q-47 the aggrcssivc queen, or if there are no
7 K-Kt3 Q--B6 ch. specific points of attack. Much depends 8 P-Kt4 P-W
8 K.-R4 on the pawn configur~~ion, and as was 9 Q-R5 Q,-Kt7
Q-45 10 Q--37 K-Kt l
9 0-R5 ch. P-Kt3 the case with rooks, the factor o f the
Black to play better queen position is linked with &at A triangulation exhausts the enemy
of weak pawns. &cats of perpetual check.
A f l u fltc: d ~ f t l 1 ~12.
i ~ cQ--K11 Black The same motifs o m r in t h m cnd-
breaksup the pawns by 12...P-45, and ings: mating nets, zugzwang, perpetual
11 Q-,,,Q8ch. K-Kt2
soon forces a q u a exchange, when the X 2 Q--Q4~ h . K-RZ
chock, and stalemate; and the idea of 13 Q-I34 Q-Kt3 ch.
advanced position of his king brings pPaying for the pawn ending which is so
about a winning pawn ending, 13. Px P 14 K--,,,,KZ Q-42
frwuenly the outcome of a q w n 15 P X P P,,,-R8.-Q
(13. KR3 KK7 14. QK12 ch. KK8, or exchange.
13. QKi2 ch. KK6 14. QKll ch. KQ7 f l PxPch. PxP.
15.BxPQK7ch.) 13 ... Q--Hlch. 14. 328 Bannik v. Cbolmov, U.S.S.R. Whik migns.
K--KI (14. KK3 QM4 ch.) 14... W K 5 Championship, 1956. Waite's extra
15. +Kt5 Q-Kt8 ~ h . 16. K-R2 pawn is no compensation for Black's 329 Benko v. Biiek, Budapest, 1957.
Q-B7 ch. 17. K-R1. (17. KRJ Q34 QRP. White demonstrates that the bIwked
...
ch.) 17 Q-38 ch. IS. K-RZ Q X P 1 ... Q-Bf position is not so unassailable as it
ch. White to play With one- finc stroke Black guards his seems; and the threat of advancing the
12 ... Q--U king's side against thrcats of prpetusal pas& QKtP determines the result in his
13 U--B3 ch. If 9.. . KKtl 10, KR5 UQ3 I 1. PKt5. check, or.even mate, and also f r w his favcur.
Black has indiratly protected hihis followed by PKt6, with thGats of mate QRP.
on the back rank, and Rlxk wit1 soon 1 *srr
KKzP, for if 13. Q x P he mat= in 2. 2 K-Kt5
find h i m l f in zugzwang. T h i s threatens Q--,KBI-KKtZ-QR8-
13 ... K-B7
10 Q-37 ch. K-R3
As in Examplev 322, 325, and 326, a QR6, a remarkable manauvre!
14 ?---I35 ch. vital pawn is indirectly protected by
44 QQZ ch. KR8 transposes. 11 4-336 K-R2 mating thrmts, for if 2, fl x P QQJ ch, I ... P-R3
14 ... 12 K-Kt5
13 P-B4
Q - 4 7 ch.
PxP
3. KKtS KKt2, thmatening matc by 2 P-R4
35 O--B2ch. PB3 or QK4. White need not hurry, The text-move
I f White guards his KtP by 15. Q37, 13. Q x P ch. leaves him rt lost pawn not only makes a new point of attack,
then 15... PB5. ending, Black's KKtP, but o w a new fine for
his qumn, the KR fila
15 ...
16 Q--B6
Q--K7
K-B8 cR. 2 ... Q-43
17 K-RJ K-Kt8 Black resigns, for if 15... PB5 ch. 3 PxPch. PxP
16. PKG, and mate follows. 4 Q,,,,-Ktl
I8 Q-R5 ch. Q--B7
19 Q-K3 A finesse threatening PKt6, and
T h i s &alemate attempt i x the only way forcing Black's queen to =treat.
of postponing mate or an exchange of 5 ?dfXE P A W S : POSITIONAX, 4 ... Q-Kt3
queens. ADVANTAGE 5 Q--KBX P-K5
19 ... P-85. By far the most powerful advantage i s An attempt at cnunlerplay, perhaps
White resigns, for after 20. Q x Q ch. an advanced passed pawn; for the qumn hoping for 6. P x P ? PB5.
the pawn ending is lost, may bush aside &I opposition and Black to play I 6Q-R3 Q--41
235
 1V QUEEN ENDINGS
The immediate 7...PKt4 scans more 1 centre of the board there may be mating
threaxs.
Instead, 10. K-K4 offers stout
resistanm.
So as to answer 8... KQ4 by 9. QKt2 10 * + . +Kt6 ch.
ch. Insread White should play 8. QKtl, X f K-,,.K4 P-Kt5
threatening the KKtP, and giving the
quwn more scope. It was aapparenlly XndirwBy guarding the KRP (12.
assumed that 8...Q-B6 ch. 9.(1--43 Q x P QBB mate).
QxQch. 10. KxQK---Q4 11.K,-K3 12 Q-K2
would leave Biack a won pawn-ending White's queen is skewered after 12.
b u s t of his wing majority, but, as KB4 QB6 ch. 13. KKt5 QB3 c3. 14.
shown by Grigoriev, If Btack attmpts to K x P QRX ch.
win he loss, e.g. Id ...KBS? 12. KK4
K x P 13. KQS, or l l ... PKt4? 12. 12 ... Q x KKtP
PKt4. X 3 @-B4 ~ f i , K-K2
14 Q-B8 Q-B6 ~ h .
XS K-K5 Q--B3 ch.
16 K-,-QS Q--Q3 ~ h .
White resigns, for the quells arc
Hoping for further excbangm, and forced OKAn objc~tlesson of.the med
chances of perpetual check, White over- for the correct evaluation of ihe pawn
looks that even with his king in the ending$ which may come about.