Professional Documents
Culture Documents
* Simple spectra
* It is non-destructive
I/I0 = exp(-m d)
* a photographic plate.
Gas-Proportional Counters
n = 2 d sin( )
where n is the diffraction order, d is the
interplanar spacing of the atomic layer and is
the angle of incidence.
Crystals
Crystal Primary Range
Si 0.055 - 0.598 nm
lead stearates 6 - 15 nm
SAMPLE PREPARATION
MATRIX EFFECTS
Types of Matrix Effects
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
Detection limits
Two types of detection limits should be
considered in XRF analysis:
a) instrument detection limits, which represent
the threshold concentration of a given element
that a particular instrument can resolve and
b) method detection limits, related to sample
preparation and analysis time. Depending on
the element to be analyzed and the sample
matrix, typically achieved detection limits vary
between 10 and 100 ppm.
XRF applications
During the last two decades, the development
in X-ray detectors has established the XRF
method as a powerful technique in a number
application fields, including:
Ecology and environmental management:
measurement of heavy metals in soils,
sediments, water and aerosols
Geology and mineralogy: qualitative and
quantitative analysis of soils, minerals, rocks
etc.
L X-rays
Depth
(microns)
Detector
Working
distance
Entrance angle
Electron
Beam CrK
FeK
Resolution and count rate
Energy resolution is the primary test of
detector performance, and the main
specification for an EDX detector is the
resolution at Mn. The benefits of improved
resolution, are improved detection limits,
because a narrower peak is higher above the
background. Well defined peak shapes make
peak ID faster and more reliable, and in
addition, overlapped peaks are better resolved,
leading to significantly improved detection
limits, and accuracy of routines used in
quantitative analysis.
The acquisition rate into the spectrum is
important and this is related to the input
count rate, via the deadtime and the
selected processing time.
Input rate: This shows the approximate rate
of photons striking the detector.
Acquisition rate: This shows how fast the
system is accumulating spectrum counts.
Deadtime (%): is the percentage time for
which the pulse processor is unavailable for
further counting. (see acquisition rate).