CONSERVATION OF MASS,

MOMENTUM AND ENERGY

Prabal Talukdar
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
IIT Delhi
E-mail: prabal@mech.iitd.ac.in

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 Conservation of mass

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 The rate at which fluid enters the control
volume from the left surface is
u(dy 1)

The rate at which the fluid leaves the

control volume from the right surface can
be expressed as
u
u + dx (dy 1)
x

u
u (dy 1) + (dx 1) = u + dx (dy 1) + + dy (dx 1)
x y

u
+ =0
x y

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 Conservation of Momentum
Acceleration Netforce(bodyandsurface)
Mass x inaspecifieddirection =
actinginthatdirection

m a x = Fsurface, x + Fbody , x

m = (dx dy 1)
du u dx u dy u u
ax = = + =u +
dt x dt y dt x y

u u
du = dx + dy
x y

P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD
 Do you think that acceleration is zero in
steady flow ?
Since acceleration is the rate of change of
velocity with time, and in steady flow there is
no change with time

Steady simply means no change with time at a specified

location (and thus u/ t = 0), but the value of a quantity
may change from one location to another (and thus
u/ x and u/y may be different from zero)

m a x = Fsurface, x + Fbody , x

The viscous stress can be resolved into two perpendicular components:

one normal to the surface called normal stress and another along the surface
called shear stress.
The normal stress is related to the velocity gradients u/ x and v/y, that are
much smaller than u/y, to which shear stress is related
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 Neglecting the normal stresses, the net surface force acting in the x-direction
becomes

P P
Fsurface, x = dy (dx 1) dx (dy 1) = (dx dy 1)
y x y x
2 u P
= 2 (dx dy 1)
y x

m a x = Fsurface, x + Fbody , x

m = (dx dy 1)
du u dx u dy u u
ax = = + =u +
dt x dt y dt x y

X-momentum equation u u 2 u P
u + = 2
x y y x
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 General Equation

Elemental Cartesian fixed

control volume showing
the surface forces in the x
direction only

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 Splitting this row into pressure
plus viscous stresses, we can rewrite

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For a newtonian fluid, the viscous stresses are proportional to the element
strain rates and the coefficient of viscosity

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 Navier-Stokes Equation

These are the Navier-Stokes equations, named C.L.M.H.Navier

Born:February 10,1785,Dijon
after C. L. M. H. Navier (17851836) and Sir
Died:August21,1836,Paris
George G. Stokes (1819 1903), who are credited
Education:cole
with their derivation. They are second-order
Polytechnique,cole Nationale
nonlinear partial differential equations and are
des Ponts et Chausses
quite formidable
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 Conservation of Energy

E in E out = E system
= 0 for a steady flow

The total energy of a flowing fluid stream per

unit mass is estream = h + ke + pe = cpT + 0+ 0

(E& in E& out )by _ heat + (E& in E& out )by _ work + (E& in E& out )by _ mass = 0

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By mass: The total energy of a flowing fluid stream per unit mass is
estream = h + ke + pe = CpT + 0+ 0

& & (m
& e stream ) x
(E in E out ) by _ mass, x = (me stream ) x (me stream ) x +
& & dx
x
[
=
]
u (dy 1)C p T
dx = C p u
T u
+ T dx.dy
x x x
T u T
( E& in E& out ) by _ mass = C p u + T dx.dy C p + T dx.dy
x x y y
T T
By heat: = C p u + dx.dy
x y

& Q&
& & &
(E in E out ) by _ heat , x = Q x Q x + x
dx
x
T 2T
= k (dy 1) dx = k 2 dx.dy
x x x

2T 2T 2T 2T
(E& in E& out ) by _ heat = k 2 dx.dy + k 2 dx.dy = k 2 + 2 dx.dy
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x y x y
 By work: (E& in E& out )by _ work

Another mechanism of energy transfer to and from the fluid in the

control volume is the work done by the body and surface forces

The surface forces consist of the forces due to fluid pressure

and the viscous shear stresses. The work done by pressure
(the flow work) is already accounted for in the analysis above
by using enthalpy

Can be neglected

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 Energy Conservation
Then the energy equation for the steady two-dimensional flow of a fluid
with constant properties and negligible shear stresses is obtained as:

The net energy convected by the

T T T T
2 2
fluid out of the control volume is
C p u + = k 2 + 2
x y x y equal to the net energy transferred
into the control volume by heat
conduction

When the viscous shear stresses are not negligible, their effect is
accounted for by expressing the energy equation as
T T 2T 2T
C p u + = k 2 + 2 +
x y x y

u 2 2 u 2
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD = 2 + + +
x y y x
Heat and Momentum Transfer
in Turbulent Flow
Most flows encountered in engineering practice are turbulent, and thus it is
important to understand how turbulence affects wall shear stress and heat
transfer.

Turbulent flow is characterized by random and rapid fluctuations of

groups of fluid particles, called eddies, throughout the boundary layer.
These fluctuations provide an additional mechanism for momentum and
heat transfer.

In laminar flow, fluid particles flow in an orderly manner along streamlines,

and both momentum and heat are transferred across streamlines by
molecular diffusion.

In turbulent flow, the transverse motion of eddies transport momentum and

heat to other regions of flow before they mix with the rest of the fluid and
lose their identity, greatly enhancing momentum and heat transfer
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 The instantaneous values of
the velocity fluctuate about a
mean value, which suggests
that the velocity can be
expressed as the sum of a
mean value and a fluctuating
component,

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u = u + u
 The time mean u of a turbulent function u(x, y, z, t) is defined by

u = u + u It follows by definition that a fluctuation has

zero mean value
u = u u

However, the mean square of a

fluctuation is not zero and is a
measure of the intensity of the
turbulence

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 Turbulent stresses

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Consider the upward eddy motion of a fluid during flow over a surface. The
mass flow rate of fluid per unit area normal to flow is v.
Noting that h = CpT represents the energy of the fluid and T is the eddy
temperature relative to the mean value, the rate of thermal energy transport by
turbulent eddies is qt= CpvT

By a similar argument on momentum transfer, the turbulent shear stress

can be shown to be
t = u ' '
Reynolds stress
The random eddy motion of groups of particles resembles the random motion
of molecules in a gascolliding with each other after traveling a certain
distance and exchanging momentum and heat in the process.
Therefore, momentum and heat transport by eddies in turbulent boundary
layers is analogous to the molecular momentum and heat diffusion. Then
turbulent wall shear stress and turbulent heat transfer can be expressed in an
analogous manner as
u T
t = u ' ' = t and q& t = C p 'T ' = k t
y y
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 The total shear stress and total heat flux can be expressed conveniently as

u u
total = ( + t ) = ( + M )
y y
eddy diffusivity
T T of momentum
q& total = (k + k t ) = C p ( + H )
y y
eddy diffusivity
Eddy motion and thus eddy diffusivities are much of heat transfer
larger than their molecular counterparts in the core
region of a turbulent boundary layer. The eddy
motion loses its intensity close to the wall, and
diminishes at the wall because of the no-slip
condition. Therefore, the velocity and temperature
profiles are nearly uniform in the core region of a
turbulent boundary layer, but very steep in the thin
layer adjacent to the wall, resulting in large velocity
and temperature gradients at the wall surface. So it
is no surprise that the wall shear stress and wall
heat flux are much larger in turbulent flow than they
are in laminar flow
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