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Telecommunication Basics PDF
Telecommunication Basics PDF
Ans. Communication: The word communication may be defined as the exchange of information of
any kind by any means from one location to another location.
Other word, communication is the transfer of information over distance. Information can take many
forms, including picture, writing, speech, signal and so on.
Modulation: The process of coding and decoding information for transmission. For example, a voice
conversation is coded into binary bits (digital information), transmitted and then decoded at the
receiving end
Demodulation: Process of recovering the original modulating signal from a modulated carrier. The
original modulating signal is usually the information being transmitted, typically voice or data.
1
What is the uplink & downlink frequency of GSM 900 & GSM 1800?
Ans. For GSM 900
Uplink 890 915 MHz
Downlink 935 960 MHz
Bandwidth 25 MHz
Carrier Separation 200 KHz
Radio Channel 125 ~ 124
Transmission Rate 270 Kbps (per time slot)
For GSM 1800
Uplink 1710 1785 MHz
Downlink 1805 1880 MHz
Bandwidth 75 MHz
Carrier Separation 200 KHz
Radio Channel 375
Transmission Rate 270 Kbps (per time slot)
CDMA (City Cell):
City Cell band 800MHz
Uplink 824 849
Downlink 869 894
Bandwidth 1.23 MHz
Mid frequency 824 + 30 x 283
=832.49 MHz
1st Carrier 283 (Carrier Number)
nd
2 Carrier 241
Modulation QPSK
Sampling rate 8 sample / s
Bit rate 8 bit / sample
= 8 x 8 bit / s
= 64 bps
PCM 64 Kbps
64 Kbps Vocoder 9.6 kbps
2
Give the data rate, bandwidth, bandwidth efficiency & Modulation used in GSM digital cellular.
Ans. In GSM- Digital Cellular
Data Rate 270kb/s
Bandwidth 200kHz
Bandwidth Efficiency 270/200 =1.35bits/sec/Hz
Modulation Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (FSK with orthogonal
frequencies).
3
In GSM (GP) assume that network traffic per subscriber is 16-mili earlang. Now network traffic 29000
earlang.
What is cell?
Ans. A cell is a basic unit of a cellular system and is defined as the radio coverage given by one BS
antenna system
What is transmission medium? Classify it. Where are these media mainly used in access or
trunk network?
Ans. Transmission media: The media through which signal is transmitted is known as transmission
media.
1) Copper wire Access network
2) Radio microwave Trunk & Access network
3) Optical fiber fiber Trunk & Access network
4) Infrared
5) Microwave
Why optical fibers are so advantageous over other transmission media?
1. The light weight and no corrosiveness of the fiber make it very practical for aircraft &
automotive application
2. A single fiber can handle as many as voice channels as a 1500 pair cable can
3. The spacing of repeaters from 35 Km to 80 Km for fibers as opposed to from 1 Km to 1.5 Km
for wire is great advantageous
4. Fiber is immune to interference from lighting, cross talk and electromagnetic radiation
4
What is Nyquist rate?
The minimum sampling rate proposed by Nyquist for converting a band limited waveform to digital
pulses. The rate must be at least twice the highest frequency component in the waveform being
sampled.
If the SNR is high (i.e. the signal power is much greater than the noise power) few errors will occur.
However, as the SNR reduces, the noise may cause symbols to be demodulated incorrectly, and errors
will occur.
5
*** Why there are fluctuations in the signal (frequency) level in different places of the city and in
different times of the day?
Ans. The reasons that greatly affect the signal (frequency) level of wireless systems especially CDMA
are many but a few prime reasons are given below.
1) The first and foremost that affects the signal (frequency) level in any place is the subscriber
density. In engineering terms it is called Ec/Io. It means how far better your signal power is
than that of noise. This is created by the signals of other subscribers active in your region or
cell.
2) There is shrinkage of the coverage area of a cell for different numbers of subscribers present in
a cell area and thus the signal (frequency) level fluctuates in that at different times of the day.
3) The source of noise is not only the power radiation of subscribers but also from other sources
of noise. They are from Electronic machines elsewhere, Vehicles plying on roads & streets, Jet
engines etc.
4) The weather effect is also a prominent factor. Flashes of thunder, moisture affect the radio
(frequency) behavior and as a result signal (frequency) fluctuates.
5) The electro-magnetic wave travels in different paths (direct and reflected paths because of
Buildings and other elevations), that is called multi-path propagation in technical term. This
multi-path propagation causes different signal level in different time.
6) The metallic bodies of the transports reflect the electromagnetic radiation (frequency) and thus
the reflected radiation (frequency) interfere with the main signal (frequency) and produce
unwanted effects.
6
What is Antenna Gain?
Antenna gain is a measure of directivity. It is defined as the ratio of the radiation intensity in a given
direction to the radiation intensity that would be obtained if the power accepted by the antenna was
radiated equally in all directions (isotropically). Antenna gain is expressed in dBi.
7
What is Aliasing effect?
Ans. A type of signal distortion that occurs when sampling frequency of a signal is less that the
Nyquist rate.
What is Bluetooth?
A short-range radio technology developed by Ericsson and other companies that make it possible to
transmit signals over short distances between telephones, computers and other devices without having
to interconnect them with wires.
Write down different STM-N. What is the number of PCM (2 Mbps) can be carried by one
STM-1?
8
What is the data rate of 24 & 30 channel of GSM 900?
Ans. R = 2Blog22
= 2x24x200x log22
=9600 Kbps.
***The GSM network can be divided into three broad parts
1. MS (SIM- Subscriber Identity Module; ME- Mobile Equipment) The Mobile station is carried
by the subscriber.
2. BSS (Base Transceiver Station; Base Station Controller) Base Station Subsystem controls the
radio link with the mobile station
3. NSS (HLR, VLR, EIR, AuC, MSC) The Network Subsystem, the main part MSC perform the
switching of calls betn the Mobile users and betn mobile and fixed network users. The MSC
also handles the management operation
SIM Subscriber Identity Module provides personal mobility
BTS Base Transceiver Station houses the radio link (Transceiver) that defines a cell and handles the
R-link protocols with MS.
BSC Base Station Controller manages all radio related function such as radio channel setup,
frequency hopping MS handovers. The BSC is the connection between the MS and MSC.
NSS Network Station Subsystem
1. MSC provides the connection to the fixed networks, signaling between functional entities in the
network subsystem uses (SSS 7) signaling system number 7
2. The HLR & VLR together with MSC provides call routing and roaming capabilities of GSM.
HLR Contains all administrative information & current location of the mobile. Location means
signaling address of the VLR associated with the mobile station.
VLR contains selective administrative information from HLR necessary for call control &
provision of the subscriber services
4. The EIR & AuC are used for authentication and security purposes
EIR is a database that contains a list of all valid ME on the network where each MS is identified by
its IMEI
AUC A protected database that stores a copy of the secret key stored in each subscriber SIM.
9
What is Switching & SONET/ SDH?
Ans. Switching: The process of interconnecting functional units, transmission channel or
telecommunication circuits for as long as it is required to convey signals is known as Switching.
SONET/ SDH: SONET/ SDH refers to a group of fiber optic transmission rates that can transport
digital signals with different capacities. (such as 1.5/ 2/ 6/ 34/ 45/ 140 Mbps within a transmission rates
of 155.52Mbps). It is defined by CCITU/ ITU-IS for world wide use and partly compatible with
SONET.
Bit rate of SONET 1.5 / 6 / 45 Mbps
Bit rate of SDH 1.5 / 2 / 6 / 34 / 45 / 140 Mbps
History of GSM:
The first digital cellular standard (GSM) is launched in 1991
In Sheba telecom
Uplink 900 905 MHz
Downlink 945 950 MHz
It started its operation in 25 June, 1995, Joint Venture by Bangladesh (Technology Resource Industries
51%) & Malaysia (Integrated Services Ltd. 49%)
TCP
IP FTP
SNMP ICMP
Telnet
TCP/ IP Stack
TCP/ IP is programmed for only raw data and converts it to logical data
Ping: Cant convert data it can recognize only
SNMP: it is capable to give information about the system. It allows only those things which is known
to it
NTP: it synchronizes all data base servers of any type
Propagation channel: The physical medium electromagnetic wave propagation between the transmit
and receive antennas, and includes everything that influences the propagation between the two
antennas.
10
Write down the name of the OSI layer on which the following instruments work?
Router - Network, HUB - Physical, Switch Network & Physical, PC - Physical
What is LOS?
A description of an unobstructed radio path or link between the transmitting and receiving antennas
of a communications system.
11
What is diffraction?
A propagation phenomenon that allows radio waves to propagate beyond obstructions via secondary
waves created by the obstruction. Classic types of diffractions are smooth earth and knife-edge.
Microwave / Electromagnetic Radiation: Power that radiated into free space is governed by the
characteristics of free space is known as the EM radiation.
EM wave propagates through free space at the velocity that is near about light velocity i.e. 186000
miles/ hr or 3 x 108 m/s or 3 x 105 Km/ S
VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal)
The satellite is a microwave repeater, receiving signals from earth stations, amplifying them at
RF and retransmitting them to earth
To prevents interference the difference between uplink and downlink frequency is of about 2
GHz
These satellites are geostationary. They have the same angular velocity at the earth (i.e. one
complete cycle per 24 hours) and so they appear to be stationed over one on the glob
By the celestial mechanism the velocity depends on its distance from the earth and on whether
the satellite is in a circular on elliptical orbits
The actual orbital velocity of a geostationary satellite is 11000 Km/ hr or nearly 2 miles/s
INTELSAT (International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium)
INTELSAT 1, better known as Early Bird, was launched over the Atlantic in 1965; there were
only five earth stations to make use of the 66-telephone circuit it offered
Now there are over one dozen INTELSAT IV, IV-A, V-A satellites over the Atlantic, Indian
and Pacific Ocean
INTELSAT VI Satellites:
Launched in the late 1980
Capable of providing up to 20,000 telephone ckts each
TV services for international and domestic use
ISDN Channels
B Channel: Bearer, user data only. The B channel is a 64 kbps clear channel (i.e. no signaling
information) used for voice, data, text, image or video/ Graphics. Either circuit or packet switched
network
D Channel: Used for signaling information and can operate either 16 kbps or 64 kbps depending on
whether it is supporting two B channel. Also used for Telemetry, low speed packet data, alarm signal,
telephone-to-telephone text message
H Channel: There are three H channels all of which provides higher speed than the 64 kbps (B
channel) H 0; 384 kbps, H11, H12 used for video conferencing, high-speed facsimile packet switched
data. H11 speed 1.544 Mbps. H12 available only in Europe operate at 1.920 Mbps
12
Briefing on CDMA system by PBTL
Overview of network:
System information
Suppliers
Functional briefing of MS, BTS, BSC and MSC
Benefits of CDMA over GSM:
Bandwidth
Voice Quality
No Cross connection
Easy migration to 3G
High cell range
Coverage Issues:
Range of coverage
o Hand-set (0db gain)
o FWT (9~12db gain)
Hand-over
Sectorization
Metro- and District coverage
Situation at the edge of cell
Capacity Issues:
TCH limitation
Noise (due to high density of customers and external antenna)
Congestion due to capacity (BHCA)
Standard:
IS-95A
CDMA 2000
Complain Issues:
Low network at the edge of cell
High density of subscribers leading to high noise
Indoor/Outdoor scenario
Congestion with GP
Authentication
Zone Issues:
Zone defining
Roaming issues
R-UIM Issues:
Hand-set compatibility
Fraud cases of ESN
Similarities/dissimilarities with SIM
13
Write short note on Router, Vocoder &Transceiver?
Router: A data switch that handles connections between different networks. A router identifies the
addresses on data passing through the switch, determines which route the
transmission should take and collects data in so-called packets that are then sent to their destinations.
Vocoder: Refers to a voice encoder that is a device that codes and decodes the human voice (sound
waves) into digital transmission. Higher vocoder speeds offer enhanced sound quality
Transceiver: A transmitter and receiver contained in one package. A 2- way radio or cell phone is an
example of a transceiver.
15
DPM Digital Phase Modulation GPRS General Packet Radio Service
Differential Quadrature Phase
DQPSK GPS Global Positioning System
Shift Keying
Global System for Mobile
DS Direct Sequence GSM
Communication
Direct Sequence Spread A digital network working on a
DSSS GSM 1800
Spectrum frequency of 1800 MHz.
DTX Discontinuous Transmission HLR Home Location Register
High Speed Circuit Switched
Eb/N0 Bit Energy-to-Noise Density HSCSD
Data
16
Personal Communications
MIN Mobile Identification Number PCN
Network
Personal Communications
MMM Mobile Media Mode PCS
Services
Multimedia Messaging Personal Communications
MMS PCS
Service System
MS Mobile Station PDF Probability Density Function
17
Synchronous Digital
SDH VHF Very High Frequency
Hierarchy
Space Division Multiple
SDMA VLR Visitor Location Register
Access
SHF Super High Frequency VOIP Voice Over Internet Protocol
Subscriber Identity Module
SIM Card VPN Virtual Private Network
Card
W3C World Wide Web Consortium WLAN Wireless Local Area Network
18