You are on page 1of 15

Present Perfect

FORM

[has/have + past participle]

Examples:

You have seen that movie many times.

Have you seen that movie many times?

You have not seen that movie many times.

Complete List of Present Perfect Forms

USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now.
The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time
expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in
Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific
expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet,
etc.

Examples:

I have seen that movie twenty times.

I think I have met him once before.

There have been many earthquakes in California.

People have traveled to the Moon.


People have not traveled to Mars.

Have you read the book yet?

Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.

A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?


B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.

How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?

The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners. It is best to
associate Present Perfect with the following topics:

TOPIC 1 Experience

You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the
experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain
experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.

Examples:

I have been to France.


This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you
have been there once, or several times.

I have been to France three times.


You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.

I have never been to France.


This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.

I think I have seen that movie before.

He has never traveled by train.

Joan has studied two foreign languages.


A: Have you ever met him?
B: No, I have not met him.

TOPIC 2 Change Over Time

We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.

Examples:

You have grown since the last time I saw you.

The government has become more interested in arts education.

Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the
Asian studies program was established.

My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.

TOPIC 3 Accomplishments

We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity.
You cannot mention a specific time.

Examples:

Man has walked on the Moon.

Our son has learned how to read.

Doctors have cured many deadly diseases.

Scientists have split the atom.

TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting

We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened.
Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.
Examples:

James has not finished his homework yet.

Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate.

Bill has still not arrived.

The rain hasn't stopped.

TOPIC 5 Multiple Actions at Different Times

We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in
the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more
actions are possible.

Examples:

The army has attacked that city five times.

I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester.

We have had many major problems while working on this project.

She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is
sick.

Time Expressions with Present Perfect

When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our
lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important.
Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this
with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to
now, etc.

Examples:

Have you been to Mexico in the last year?

I have seen that movie six times in the last month.

They have had three tests in the last week.

She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three
different companies so far.

My car has broken down three times this week.

NOTICE

"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year
before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year"
means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present
Perfect.

Examples:

I went to Mexico last year.


I went to Mexico in the calendar year before this one.

I have been to Mexico in the last year.


I have been to Mexico at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now.

USE 2 Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)


With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present
Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five
minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the
Present Perfect.

Examples:

I have had a cold for two weeks.

She has been in England for six months.

Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.

Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and
non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are
sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never,
ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

You have only seen that movie one time.

Have you only seen that movie one time?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

Many tourists have visited that castle. Active


That castle has been visited by many tourists. Passive

Structure of Sentence
Positive Sentence
Subject + Auxiliary verb + main verb (past participle) + Subject
Subject + has/have + 3rd form of verb or past participle + subject
If the subject is He, She, It, singular or proper name then auxiliary verb has is used after
subject in sentence.
If subject is You, They or plural then auxiliary verb have is used after subject in sentence.

Examples
I have eaten meal
She has learnt a lesson

Negative Sentence
Subject + Auxiliary verb + NOT + main verb (past participle) + Subject
Subject + has/have + NOT + 3rd form of verb or past participle + subject
Rules for using auxiliary verb has or have in negative sentence are same as mentioned
above.

Examples
I have not eaten meal.
She has not learnt a lesson.

Interrogative Sentences
Auxiliary verb + Subject + main verb (past participle) + Subject
Has/have + Subject + 3rd form of verb or past participle + subject
Interrogative sentence starts with auxiliary verb. If the subject is He, She, It, singular or
proper name then the sentence starts with auxiliary verb has.
If subject is You, They or plural then the sentence starts with auxiliary verb have.

Examples
Have I eaten meal?
Active Form

In active sentences, the thing doing the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing
receiving the action is the object. Most sentences are active.

[Thing doing action] + [verb] + [thing receiving action]

Examples:

Passive Form

In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing
doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive
form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be
emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or
if you do not want to mention who is doing the action.

[Thing receiving action] + [be] + [past participle of verb] + [by] + [thing doing action]

Examples:

Forming Present Perfect Passive


Affirmative Form Object + have / has + been + verb3 (past participle)

Question Form Have / has + object + been + verb3 (past participle)

Something has been done by someone at sometime up to now.

Active : They have cleaned the clinic.


Passive: The clinic has been cleaned by them.

Active : Thomas has written many books.


Passive: Many books have been written by Thomas.

Active : Have the police caught the man?


Passive: Has the man been caught by the police?

Active : UPS has delivered the letters.


Passive: The letters have been delivered by UPS.

Artinya :
BENTUK
[Telah / memiliki participle + masa lalu]

contoh:
Anda telah melihat bahwa film berkali-kali.
Pernahkah Anda melihat film berkali-kali?
Anda belum melihat film berkali-kali.
Daftar lengkap dari Bentuk Present Perfect

GUNAKAN 1 Waktu Tidak disebutkan Sebelum Sekarang


Kami menggunakan Present Perfect untuk mengatakan bahwa tindakan yang terjadi pada
waktu yang tidak ditentukan sebelum sekarang. Waktu yang tepat tidak penting. Anda
TIDAK BISA menggunakan Present Perfect dengan ekspresi waktu tertentu seperti: kemarin,
satu tahun yang lalu, pekan lalu, ketika saya masih seorang anak, ketika saya tinggal di
Jepang, pada saat itu, hari itu, suatu hari, dll Kami BISA menggunakan Present Perfect
dengan ekspresi tidak spesifik seperti: pernah, tidak pernah, sekali, berkali-kali, beberapa
kali, sebelum, sejauh ini, sudah, namun, dll
contoh:
Saya telah melihat film itu dua puluh kali.
Saya pikir saya telah bertemu sekali sebelumnya.
Ada banyak gempa bumi di California.
Orang-orang telah melakukan perjalanan ke Bulan.
Orang tidak melakukan perjalanan ke Mars.
Apakah Anda membaca buku belum?
Tak seorang pun pernah mendaki gunung itu.
A: Apakah pernah ada perang di Amerika Serikat?
B: Ya, telah terjadi perang di Amerika Serikat.
Bagaimana Apakah Anda Sebenarnya Gunakan Present Perfect?

Konsep "waktu yang tidak ditentukan" bisa sangat membingungkan untuk pelajar bahasa
Inggris. Cara terbaik adalah untuk mengasosiasikan Present Perfect dengan topik-topik
berikut:

TOPIK 1 Pengalaman
Anda dapat menggunakan Present Perfect untuk menjelaskan pengalaman Anda. Hal ini
seperti mengatakan, "Saya memiliki pengalaman ..." Anda juga dapat menggunakan ini
tegang untuk mengatakan bahwa Anda tidak pernah memiliki pengalaman tertentu. Present
Perfect TIDAK digunakan untuk menggambarkan peristiwa tertentu.
contoh:
Aku pernah ke Prancis.
Kalimat ini berarti bahwa Anda telah memiliki pengalaman berada di Perancis. Mungkin
Anda telah berada di sana sekali, atau beberapa kali.
Saya telah ke Prancis tiga kali.
Anda dapat menambahkan beberapa kali di akhir kalimat.
Aku belum pernah ke Prancis.
Kalimat ini berarti bahwa Anda tidak memiliki pengalaman pergi ke Perancis.
Saya pikir saya telah melihat film itu sebelumnya.
Ia tidak pernah bepergian dengan kereta api.
Joan telah mempelajari dua bahasa asing.
A: Apakah Anda pernah bertemu dengannya?
B: Tidak, saya belum bertemu dengannya.
TOPIK 2 Perubahan Selama Waktu
Kita sering menggunakan Present Perfect untuk berbicara tentang perubahan yang telah
terjadi selama periode waktu.
contoh:
Anda telah berkembang sejak terakhir kali aku melihatmu.
Pemerintah telah menjadi lebih tertarik dalam pendidikan seni.
Jepang telah menjadi salah satu program yang paling populer di universitas sejak program
studi Asia didirikan.
Bahasa Inggris saya telah benar-benar membaik sejak saya pindah ke Australia.
TOPIK 3 Prestasi
Kita sering menggunakan Present Perfect untuk daftar prestasi individu dan kemanusiaan.
Anda tidak dapat menyebutkan waktu tertentu.
contoh:
Manusia telah berjalan di Bulan.
Anak kami telah belajar membaca.
Dokter telah menyembuhkan banyak penyakit mematikan.
Para ilmuwan telah membagi atom.
TOPIK 4 An Action belum selesai Anda Apakah Mengharapkan
Kita sering menggunakan Present Perfect untuk mengatakan bahwa tindakan yang kita
harapkan tidak terjadi. Menggunakan Present Perfect menunjukkan bahwa kita masih
menunggu tindakan terjadi.
contoh:
James belum selesai pekerjaan rumahnya belum.
Susan belum menguasai bahasa Jepang, tapi dia bisa berkomunikasi.
Bill masih belum tiba.
Hujan belum berhenti.
TOPIK 5 Beberapa Tindakan di Berbagai Kali
Kami juga menggunakan Present Perfect untuk berbicara tentang beberapa tindakan yang
berbeda yang telah terjadi di masa lalu pada waktu yang berbeda. Present Perfect
menunjukkan proses ini tidak lengkap dan lebih banyak tindakan yang mungkin.
contoh:
tentara telah menyerang kota itu lima kali.
Saya telah memiliki empat kuis dan lima tes sejauh semester ini.
Kami telah memiliki banyak masalah besar ketika bekerja pada proyek ini.
Dia telah berbicara dengan beberapa spesialis tentang masalah, tapi tidak ada yang tahu
mengapa dia sakit.

Waktu Ekspresi dengan Present Perfect


Ketika kita menggunakan Present Perfect itu berarti bahwa sesuatu telah terjadi di beberapa
titik dalam hidup kita sebelum sekarang. Ingat, waktu yang tepat tindakan terjadi tidak
penting.
Kadang-kadang, kita ingin membatasi waktu kita cari di untuk pengalaman. Kita dapat
melakukan ini dengan ekspresi seperti: di minggu terakhir, pada tahun lalu, minggu ini, bulan
ini, sejauh ini, sampai sekarang, dll
contoh:
Apakah Anda pernah ke Meksiko pada tahun lalu?
Saya telah melihat film itu enam kali pada bulan lalu.
Mereka telah memiliki tiga tes di minggu terakhir.
Dia lulus dari universitas kurang dari tiga tahun yang lalu. Dia telah bekerja selama tiga
perusahaan yang berbeda sejauh ini.
Mobil saya telah dipecah tiga kali minggu ini.
MELIHAT
"Tahun lalu" dan "pada tahun lalu" sangat berbeda dalam arti. "Tahun lalu" berarti tahun
sebelum sekarang, dan itu dianggap sebagai waktu tertentu yang memerlukan Past Simple.
"Pada tahun lalu" berarti dari 365 hari yang lalu sampai sekarang. Hal ini tidak dianggap
sebagai waktu tertentu, sehingga membutuhkan Present Perfect.
contoh:
Aku pergi ke Meksiko tahun lalu.
Aku pergi ke Meksiko pada tahun kalender sebelum ini.
Saya telah ke Meksiko pada tahun lalu.
Saya telah ke Meksiko setidaknya sekali di beberapa titik antara 365 hari yang lalu dan
sekarang.

GUNAKAN 2 Durasi Dari Masa Lalu Sampai Sekarang (Kata Kerja Non-berkelanjutan)
Dengan Kata Kerja Non-berkelanjutan dan penggunaan non-kontinyu Kata Kerja Campuran,
kita menggunakan Present Perfect untuk menunjukkan bahwa sesuatu yang dimulai di masa
lalu dan terus sampai sekarang. "Selama lima menit," "selama dua minggu," dan "sejak
Selasa" semua jangka waktu yang dapat digunakan dengan Present Perfect.
contoh:
Saya telah memiliki dingin selama dua minggu.
Dia telah berada di Inggris selama enam bulan.
Maria telah mencintai cokelat karena dia adalah seorang gadis kecil.
Meskipun penggunaan di atas dari Present Perfect biasanya terbatas pada Verbs Non-
berkelanjutan dan penggunaan non-kontinyu Kata Kerja Campuran, kata-kata "hidup,"
"pekerjaan," "mengajar," dan "studi" kadang-kadang digunakan dengan cara ini meskipun
mereka Verbs tIDAK Non-berkelanjutan.

PENEMPATAN ADVERB
Contoh di bawah ini menunjukkan penempatan untuk tata bahasa adverbs seperti: always,
hanya, tidak pernah, pernah, masih, hanya, dll
contoh:
Anda hanya telah melihat bahwa film satu waktu.
Apakah Anda hanya melihat film satu waktu?
AKTIF PASIF
contoh:
Banyak wisatawan telah mengunjungi benteng itu. Aktif
kastil yang telah banyak dikunjungi wisatawan. Pasif
Struktur Kalimat
Kalimat positif
Subject + verb Auxiliary + kata kerja utama (past participle) + Subjek
Subject + memiliki / memiliki bentuk + 3 dari kata kerja atau past participle + subjek
Jika subjek "Dia, Dia, Ini, nama tunggal atau tepat" maka tambahan kata kerja "telah"
digunakan setelah subjek dalam kalimat.
Jika subjek adalah "Kamu, Mereka atau jamak" kata kerja maka tambahan "memiliki"
digunakan setelah subjek dalam kalimat.

contoh
Saya sudah makan makanan
Dia telah belajar pelajaran
Kalimat negatif
Subject + verb Auxiliary + TIDAK + kata kerja utama (past participle) + Subjek
Subject + memiliki / memiliki + TIDAK bentuk + 3 dari kata kerja atau past participle
+ subjek
Aturan untuk menggunakan kata kerja bantu "memiliki atau memiliki" dalam kalimat negatif
yang sama seperti yang disebutkan di atas.
contoh
Aku belum makan makanan.
Dia tidak belajar pelajaran.

Kalimat interogatif
verba Auxiliary + Subject + verb utama (past participle) + Subjek
Memiliki / memiliki Subject + bentuk + 3 dari kata kerja atau past participle + subjek
kalimat tanya dimulai dengan kata kerja bantu. Jika subjek "Dia, Dia, Ini, nama tunggal atau
tepat" maka kalimat dimulai dengan kata kerja bantu "memiliki".
Jika subjek adalah "Kamu, Mereka atau jamak" maka kalimat dimulai dengan kata kerja
bantu "memiliki".

contoh
Apakah saya makan makan?
Memiliki dia belajar pelajaran?
Artinya :
Membentuk Present Perfect Pasif
Afirmatif Form Object + memiliki / telah + menjadi + verb3 (past participle)
Pertanyaan Form Memiliki / memiliki + objek + pernah + verb3 (past participle)
Sesuatu yang telah dilakukan oleh seseorang pada suatu sampai sekarang.

Aktif: Mereka telah dibersihkan klinik.


Pasif: Klinik telah dibersihkan oleh mereka.

Aktif: Thomas telah menulis banyak buku.


Pasif: Banyak buku telah ditulis oleh Thomas.

Aktif: Memiliki polisi menangkap pria itu?


Pasif: Apakah orang itu ditangkap oleh polisi?

Aktif: UPS telah menyampaikan surat.


Pasif: Surat-surat telah disampaikan oleh UPS.

You might also like