CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of Study

Writing is one of the skills that is closely related to the most important
basic human skill, in language. According to Tarigan, writing is a language
skill that is used to communicate indirectly, not face to face with others. This
implies that writing can help explain our thoughts through a writing without
meeting each other.

The success of a student in writing is the most important thing. It is due to

the ability and motivation of the student in completing the writing their made.
Each student has different abilities in writing. There are some students who
have the ability to finish writing well with a short time, and there are some
other students who have the ability to finish writing well but with a long time.
This is usually experienced by students at high school to college level. The
term commonly used by students to see this ability in learning with the system
quickly or can also be called the System of Speeding Overnight (SKS).

In education System of Speeding Overnight is called Procrastination.

Procrastination is a tendency to delay in starting, executing, and terminating
an activity. The term procrastination was first coined by Brown and Hotman in
1967, this term rooted from another language "proctinase" which means
delaying until the next day. Delays in the process of doing tasks or activities
are things to avoid because it is not good. As stated by Milgan (1991) states
that procrastination is done solely to complete the task optimally. However,
the delay does not make the task any better but it leads to a useless delay.

A person who has a tendency to delay or not start a job is called a person
who is doing procrastination. Usually people who do procrastination will carry
out activities that have nothing to do with the task that should be done.
 According to Steel, procrastination is voluntarily delay an intended course
of action despite expecting to be worse-off for the delay. That is
procrastination to deliberately delay the desired activity despite knowing that
the delay can have a devastating effect. From the opinion of Steel means that
procrastination is done consciously, but ignores the consequences or impact
that resulted by doing procrastination. If left alone it can have a devastating
effect.

Procrastination can also adversely affect the health of the culprit. A person
who performs procrastination usually has habits that should not be done by
anyone, as Glenn (in Gufron, 2003: 151) procrastination deals with psychiatric
syndromes. A procrastinator usually also has unhealthy sleep, has chronic
depression, causes of stress, and various causes of other psychological
aberrations and procrastination also have a paradoxical effect on guidance and
counseling.

According to Burka and Yuen, Yet procrastination involves far more than
deficient time management and study skills. Anecdotal data from
procrastination and from clinical observations of procrastination1. Affirmed by
mentioning the irrational aspects of a procrastinator. A procrastinator has the
view that a task must be completed perfectly, so that it feels safer not to do it
immediately, because it will produce something that is not optimal. In other
words, the delay categorized as procrastination is if the delay is a permanent
habit or pattern that one always performs when faced with the task and the
delay is caused by irrational beliefs in view of the task.

In this study, researchers hope English students can do the task in a timely
manner and do not delay the job especially in writing. Because they have done
many tasks or jobs at least they have done the task in a timely manner and
have been prepared as well as possible.

1 Solomon, L. J., & Rothblum, E. D. (1984). Procrastination: Frequency and cognitive-

behavioral correlates. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31, 503–509.
In fact, researchers found some problems experienced by students in doing the
task, especially in Writing. The problem is that they often procrastinate the
tasks assigned by lecturers and often do not solve them well. It caused a very
significant difference in the results obtained. the difference can be seen from
the value of each student. Regarding those statements above, the writer
formulates his research entitled “Constractive Behavior Procrastinator and
Non-Procrastinator Students in Writing Achievement at IAIN Zawiyah
Cot Kala Langsa.”

B. Research Question
1. What is the differences in students achievement in writing with
procrastination and non procrastination?

C. Purpose of Study
To know the differences in students achievement in writing with
procrastination and non procrastination.

D. Significant of Study
a. For students
 Students do not delay any further task given by the lecturer in IAIN
Langsa
 Students to recoqnize the bad impact in doing procrastination in
IAIN Langsa
b. For Researcher
 Researchers to recoqnize the difference in the value of students
who do procrastination and who do not do procrastination
(non-procrastination)
 Researchers to find out differences in students writing
procrastination with non-procrastination

E. Terminology
In this proposal, there are some terms which need to be explained
in order to avoid understanding such as :
1. Procrastination is a tendency to delay in starting or completing tasks
thoroughly to perform other activities that are not useful, so the
performance becomes hampered, not completing the task on time.
2. Academic writing is a particular style of writing that you need to use
when writing formal essays and other assessments for your course.

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE OF REVIEW

Procrastination is a self-handicapping behavior that occurs when

people delay completing a task they intend to complete, potentially leading
 to lost productivity, poor performance, and increased stress 2. In this
review, the concept of procrastination and more specifically academic
procrastination will be examined. Procrastination is a pervasive human
event that there are over 600 self-help books addressing solutions to this
phenomenon3. This behavior is so significant that in 2010 alone, 120 new
books were written and published on this topic Even though
procrastination is a common occurrence, the behavior is not fully
understood. Academic procrastination is considered a domain-specific
form of self-regulation failure.
Although academic procrastination is the form of procrastination
most often researched, there is much to be explored. Current research does
not support a theoretical model for academic procrastination. In addition,
there is a significant lack of literature regarding the prevalence of high
school and college students who procrastinate in international settings, and
more specifically in the United States. This review will also examine
literature regarding the relationship between academic procrastination and
achievement. It is hoped that this review will contribute to research to
assist educators in constructing interventions tailored to an individual
student’s specific profile and needs to minimize academic procrastination
friendships.

Definition of Procrastination
Due to procrastination having timeless origins and being a
common-language term, researchers define procrastination in a multitude
of ways. Currently, there is no absolute consensus among researchers for
procrastination’s definition because different researchers highlight various
aspects of the behavior. However, the definition has evolved as more
research has been conducted, and therefore, deeper understanding of
procrastination has been reached.For this reason, in scholarly communities
and for the general public, delay is a needed concept in understanding the
2 Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A metaanalytic and theoretical review of
quintessential self-regulatory failure. American Psychological Association 33, 65– 94.
3 Ferrari, J. R. (2010). Still procrastinating? The no-regrets guide to getting it done. New
Jersey: John Wiley, p. 127
 accepted criteria for procrastination and fundamental due to the word’s
Latin
origins4. The word procrastination originates from the Latin
“procrastinatus,” which is divided into two parts. The first part “pro”
means “forward” and the second part “crastinatus” means “of tomorrow” .
Thus, procrastination translates to delaying something until tomorrow.
A commonly used definition in procrastination research is the
putting off of that which is necessary to reach some goal 5. Some additional
common definitions are the tendency to delay or completely avoid
responsibilities, decisions, or tasks that need to be done 6. In addition, the
Oxford English Dictionary defines procrastination as the action or habit of
postponing or putting something off. Nevertheless, these definitions are
not adequate because a person could put off a task without having any
intentions to work on the task. Thus, to exclude people who have no
intention of completing a task a layman’s definition for procrastination is
to be slow or late about doing something that should be done; to delay
doing something until a later time because you do not want to do it,
because you are lazy, etc. (Merriam-Webster Dictionary, n d.). In other
words, procrastination is to put off intentionally the doing of something
that should be done. Therefore, many researchers include in the definition
the concept that a person must intend to delay completing a task. Beswick
and Mann stated that procrastination is when we delay beginning or
completing an intended course of action. Thus, this definition is more
comprehensive but it is still not complete.
Procrastination cannot be simply defined as a person intentionally
delaying completing at ask due to people having differing perceptions
regarding delay.

4 Solomon, L. J., & Rothblum, E. D. (1984). Procrastination: Frequency and cognitive-

behavioral correlates. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31, 503–509.
5 Lay, C. H. (1986). At last, my research article on procrastination. Journal of Research in
Personality, 20, 474-495
6 Tuckman, B. W., & Sexton, T. L. (1986, August). The effect of feedback on
procrastination. Paper presented at annual meeting of the American Psychological Association,
New Orleans, LA.
 In addition to a person intending to delay a task, another
component to the definition is that procrastination is needless in nature or
avoidable. This concept is needed because some people delay completing a
task on purpose in order to complete more important tasks. Thus, when
more important tasks are needing to be completed delaying working on
smaller or less important tasks would not be considered procrastination.
When people delay completing the smaller tasks, a person is managing
their time efficiently. An example of procrastination being avoidable is
when a person choses to delay completing an important task in order to a
more favorable and less important task such as socializing with friends.
Thus, in addition to the concept of intentionally avoiding a task, many
researchers frequently include various additional concepts such as the
delay being dysfunctional or a person experiencing emotional upset7.
Research has repeatedly demonstrated that when people delay
completing a task it is a maladaptive response. Soloman and Rothblum
define procrastination as “the act of needlessly delaying tasks to the point
of experiencing subjective discomfort” . Ferrari uses a similar definition
and defines procrastination as, “the process of delaying is voluntary or
purposeful and deliberate. And the process feels uncomfortable,
experiencing emotional unease from delaying” In addition to the delay
aspect, many times there is also some aspect of psychological pain
involved.

7 Schouwenburg, H. C. (1995). Academic procrastination: Theoretical notions,

measurement, and research. In J. R. Ferrari, J. L. Johnson, & W. G. McCown (Eds.), Procrastination
and task avoidance: Theory, research, and treatment (pp. 71–96). New York: Plenum Press.
 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Research methods

This research was conducted to know the difference of students'

value in writing to students who do procrastination with non
procrastination. In conducting this research, research design is a case study
in the form of qualitative research design. It aims to know the writing of
students in writing. Qualitative research is the study of phenomenological
models whose realities are rooted in the subject's tithing. The focus on
understanding and meaning is based on verbal narrative and observation
rather than numbers, qualitative research usually takes place in natural
situations. As a construction with qualitative research, where behavior and
arrangement is controlled and manipulated.

B. Population and samples

1. Population
 Population is a generalization region consisting of an objective subject
that has qulitas and certain characteristics set by the researchers to be
studied and then drawn conclusions. The population is IAIN Langsa
6th semester students.

1. Sample
Sample for this study is the Random Sampling System of all students
in the 6th semester.

2. Research location
IAIN Langsa English Department 6th Semester

3. Time of research
The study was conducted from February of 2018 on the 6th semester
students

C. Data Collection Techniques

To collect data and answer research questions, there is one instrument used
by the researcher. The instruments are questionnaires and tests, and the
researchers themselves. Questionnaires are primarily used to collect student
data procrastinaion with non-procrastination. After knowing the student who
did the procrastination with the non-procrastination of the questionnaire who
had been distributed, the researcher did a test in writing to find out the
difference in the value of the procrastination and non-procrastination students
in writing and also to answer the research question.

D. Techniques of Analysis Data

The qualitative data is analyzed using descriptive interpretative technique.

The research team discusses and then interprets the data collected. If there is
dissent, the author carried out triangulation. Triangulation is the technique of
validating the data by utilizing something external to the data. Sutopo
explained that triangulation is conducted based on three point of views:
teacher’s, student’s, and observer’s views. This study uses the researcher
 triangulation by employing collaboration partner to see or to refer to different
perspective and to help reduce the data deviation.

REFERENCES

Ferrari, J. R. (2010). Still procrastinating? The no-regrets guide to getting it done.

New Jersey: John Wiley.

Lay, C. H. (1986). At last, my research article on procrastination. Journal of

Research in Personality, 20.
Schouwenburg, H. C. (1995). Academic procrastination: Theoretical notions,
measurement, and research. In J. R. Ferrari, J. L. Johnson, & W. G.
McCown (Eds.), Procrastination and task avoidance: Theory, research,
and treatment, New York: Plenum Press.
Solomon, L. J., & Rothblum, E. D. (1984). Procrastination: Frequency and
cognitive-behavioral correlates. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31.
Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A metaanalytic and theoretical
review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. American Psychological
Association 33.
Tuckman, B. W., & Sexton, T. L. (1986, August). The effect of feedback on
procrastination. Paper presented at annual meeting of the American
Psychological Association, New Orleans, LA.