stl! CHAPTER g OPTICS :— Jt is the Physiccl Optics branch of Physits ehreh cleals with the study oF production, ropagation and properties of Light. Re 3- OL He m a type offemargy which roduces + ‘sensobion of vision. Wave THeoRy Of Ligur in about 1690, Huygen’s , a Duth screntist, Proposed. that bight energy From a fuminous source Travels fr Space by means Of wave motion. The experimental yesults 1” support at OF wave theory In Huygen +3 Time -was ni convineing . Because in those days many sefentist believed on the Newton's corpuscular theory of Arght.. Hourever, in 180! , Young oliscovreh a wave characleristi , the interference of bight which supported the Huggins wave theory - 9.1 Pbverronrs 1. Definitions Such a surface on which all the ints have the same phase of vi'brelion 13 known as wavefront. 2. Explanation :- no @. Consider & pant Source: OF fight at's: Waves emrtted. from this Source wrll propagate outusrds jin all clirections with speed c. Apter Time ‘t’, they will ready the surface of a sphere wth éertre as S and radius as. tt. (2 Savt). Every port on the surface of this sphere wll be set slo vibration by the waves reaching there . As the distance of all these points from. the Source isthe same, So the state of vitbralion vxll be (Fac Ontineinfo | ‘av eaay approach to Sutermeite2 Mdenitcat. tn other words we can say that all the pants on the surface of the sphere witl have the same Phase. Light Rays, ()- Yes t- Shere are tuo | es of the wave fronis | a). Spherical Wavefront Jn case oF patel source of! . Light in a homogeneous ' medium , the wavefronts ewwrll be concenfie spheres wrth cerlre at source. | Frg:(a) Such vsavefrants are known as spherical wavefronts, as shown eae (a). : - Gi). Plane Wavefrart At very large distance from the source , A Small © portion of spherical warefrort becomes nearly a plane. This Type of ecavefrort is called ah plane wave Frortas shown in Figure (6). iwavefrovts = ek The Las Shown tm fig (ES eye F(R) > Fg) > The wove pro, ols th sp ee. bythe molon. of. > the wiovefrobte phe clitaree befoocer the oo... consecutive... wavefront .'s one-cadave Length. @)- Ray of ht bt tA Line normal to the... wavefrort ‘eluding the clirecton of mation _ & called a ray. of light. — coe en @-. Plane Wave bos - Smatl segmneriis of large Spherreal. cudve Frontsapprostmate a plane wave. 3 . Jn the study of irilerFerence and oliffraction , plane waves and plane wavefrorts are Consiclered. to obtain a jplane ware is A usual wuay p to place aint Source. Of Light at the focus of a Convex dens. Zhe rays Coming out i : of the“ lens wil econstetuteS plane Lave, . F - Fig- (A) z 9.2 HUYGEN'S PRinciPLeE> t- Introduction 1- Knowing the shape and on Localion of a cwavefront at aniy Timetnstant t”, . ~ Hoggen’s Principle enablesUs te deférmine the shape and Locolion of the new wavefront at a boler time “tat”, . 2- Statement 2 4% yprinciple consist of foo ports: @- Fvery port emia wavefront may be. consitlered “ASO. Source of Secomolarg esave lots whith spread out in forward alirection coith a. speed egal to the speed oF Propegalion of the - wave. os . lo). The neva pesilion of the wavefront after A .. L certarn interval of time can be found toy. consiructin a Surface that touches all the secondly aoe 3. Ex, lanction :- Consider a point Source s’. A6.represerts the. instant €, WO deLermine the wavefront at an wavefront at Time t+rat, dravo secondary wavelets with centre of various _paitls onthe wavefront AB. and. radius as....cat’ (s=vt) .. where ec’ is the Speed oF. cthe ~prepagation OR4 of the wave as shawn in ry @. The Location o _ ew wavefront at We t+at is AB whrch ts a erst envelope tora the secondar wavelets . ’ d 74 é c Figure (b) shows cat @ Similar Construction for a plane wavefrort, Fe) Ay Figs) Jn the fy@) and Fg A’e and CW are the ned postions of Havefronts . — 9.3 INTERFERENCE OF LIGHT WAVES _ te Irtroduction:-.- sees ne the soem sooty An oft Film, Floating on uciler surface exhibits beautixul colour patterns. Ais Aappens .due tb At coaves. that when Two caves Travel in the re. conilrvatrvely or interference OF Li As we Ano same medium , they would infer dlesiructively. Zhe amplitude. .of- the_resuttart wave wtll be er tr than ‘erther of the..individual exve, “f they inlerfere consIrudively. In the. case of | clestructive interference , the orm plituce of. the resultant wave will be bess thanthat of either of the individual waver - 2 Conditions for Delectable Inferference..--- Tn order to observe the inlerference.. of. ight cues the following eond Tons... must... be_ajypbiedt.. sasQL he ielerfering beams must be mnonechremate es that of a single’ cuavelangth, (b). Ae iri ferfering beams of Gi oust be coherent: ()_the principle of Linear Superposition should be applicable . . 3. Ex fanation y- . (A)! Consrcler tise or more’ Sources of fet qvaves of the Sime cwavelenath . lp the. soukees Send out crests or troughs ‘at the same instant, the individual waves wWaintai a constart phase dltpperence with ene anather. Bich edaves wrlf tilerpere conitructive My OF destructively, by. Coherent Sources a . @) Defr-The mnomochromalte. sources..of tight eabich emit waves, having a constant Phase olitfererce, Gre called Coherent faurcese §... : ! (ti). Methed to produce Coherert Sourees .. . ‘ A Common méthod oF reducing. t2o coherent Aight beams i's te use a monochromatic Source, . to Méumindle a screen containting ito small Liu holes , usuatty, inthe Shape. of sfits. Th ght ! emerging frou the tiso slits & coherent becuse a sigh source poroduces the original bear. and ‘the lise slits serve onby Coxspbit it tte tle parks as Shown in Figure. . ‘> The points on a Huygents vlavefront whieh send out. Secondary cuavetets..are_alsa... Coherent Sources of light,‘ : : 6 __9.4 YOu, (S$ PouGte Suit Exe RIMENT. t- Inttoductions- tn 1801 , Thomas Young a _ Gritish Physicist performed. an expertorant t& sto the tuclerference effect of Light, cohych supported the Huggen’s wave theorg. 2. Experimental arrangement 3. Ascreen having Two narrow stitt *s uminaled .. by a beam of monochromatic Light. 7Ae portions — of the wavefronts inciclert on: the shits behave as Sources OF Secondar cwavetels (Huygen’s principle). Zhe Secondary wavelets heaven the sérts are coherent. Super posilion of these wavelets result in a serfes.of bright. and. dark . bands (Fringes) which are. Observed on & Second screen placed at some.ailance a. poralled & the pirst. screen. k Bands f. Bright. and ack... now, the tito. shits behave Secondary waiebelé eee " 3.FORMATION OF BRignT AnD DAR tet us consioler the formation... loomd s ( Fréags) As) we | as. coherent... Sovrees .OFThe wavelets arrive at the Screen th such a wey that at some points credts fall on crests and troughs an Troughs resulting in constructive inter— ference, And boreght Frings ave Formed, There are Some pails On the screen where crest meet troughs giving rise to cletructive inlerference and dack Frings are formed . Maxima t- “Zhe bright Frings ave Termedl as Marine. Minima. he lark Frings are termeclas minima . 4. Equations for Maxima “ano Minima Zahe On arbitrar int “Pon the Screen on one Sitle of the central point O° as shown . igure (b). AP anck @P are.the paths of . the. rays reaching P Shey Line AD is! dracon such that AP = DP.cLet the separation hoetaseen the cenfres of twa sites, ands, be A@ad.. The dlistance of \Seconol Screen from the sete | % CO ol. Te angle between cP ane co on fs @. Therefore Zoho ae POnple Yur two dines esilf be the Angle bus there mormals)o. he path dipperence bebween cwoave let having the slits And arriving at Pus. BDO = @P.AP. ae ire Dig, = SD3 FoR MAKIMIA :. dp poi Pis to have bright sring the path difference must be an wlegrad muttiple of wavelength . he Cdige = aD = md where m=2 LZ eee ee From qeomerg op rE ek A ABD BD adSno ~ c So o} Uk i cbseraved tak aR Bright Fringe © ° one one sidle of O Aas Spmonetrrcally Located Lright fringe on the other srale of 0’ Zhe certral bright Fringe s obGinek cohen mad. Fon MinitiAs. Jp port Pas to have dark fringe the path difference aust conan. cold. Infegra l smuticple of hale op. the voave fongth . ree p.olipp. = BD = (m+ )r So where m=2 Un... eae = erthyA @ © dn thes case, the irs darle..prin e_will Oppear bn 2 cae, Te al She Baler, ere: nee. expertinrerd e m= tl. pattern Obtain eck..ie... the. Youngs. fs shown in 4 (<)- .(yPosiriew OF BRIGHT Fainge rom eayualion ©) = a) dwio = . Spe ts wing emeee then Sine ~ lane So Atne =a ma 4 Soe As from Fig ) mrt eka ocPp. oP aid ee ce “ol Aboveegilin becomes cle, ° LY 2 wd £ _ —— a d - (b) - Posirion QF DaRK FRINGE _- then Jp Pis to Aave dark fringe from ey @ adlane = Carh)a Agen ‘ tawacs oF . _ AY Not BA Jo : 6. FRinge WnbrH OR FRINGE SOACING O) Defr- ~~ Deane ne nai en . The distance. befiween iso_adgacentbeight or. tivo adgacert dark. frags ae called. 2 rings nw. Eringe WitlK. or. Evinge SPACI2G ual gy tal — a Bright ide TO Ta onder.t0. olelermine’ the Aiance beku0en. Yas adgacert.£ mth and .@nt ‘ AysitRon of. 270th sboeight ping eS = ah ne Giyth on tes ds +pak a right frin es_.an The. Screen— -- os. Fringes are_tansidered.. don i’ OF [Foc Onkineinfo Chapter fo. 9 aveny apache trae | Acordia Of Panjab Text Bk Board For Class xwe between the adgacent boright Fringe ys AY then” 10 cg and dark Fringes Ho are equally spaced. ve ie th \ used as Short caave Length) «(ve 29) 8 directly eaith distance And. _S¢reen.aa.... th. the seperation oh: Yes. ovt fare.” a flame 7 So anoke AL. risbire. rs. cinge Spacin ANSr eases .. eveatg appresch te Seernabiss Chapler No. | According to Syllabus Of Punjab Text Book Board For Class X} ‘Ruailabte Ondine @ http:ffwunw feconline infoEXAMPLE 9.12 he Atlance beeen the slits im Yyoung OS 89 nn a SEIKO —3. Usig af ww poyely Cee = | Foc Ontineinfe. Chapter No. 9 aseasy approche Sxtermatits | According to Syllabus Of Punjab Text Book Board For Class XI ‘Available Online @ htip://www,feconline info.: 12 9.8. INTERFERENCE fn Thin Fim b Tiny. A thin film fs a Transparent anedtum, whose thrakness &5 comprorable wtth the wavelength of Light, 2. EXAMPLES: Saap bubbles. and orl frbes on the Surface of walle , 3B. EXPLANATION 1. Brillant and beautrpul colours. tn soap loubbles ard off file on the surface of watér are clue to fterference of Light retlected from the tise surfaces of the Film. (a). Frlm O¢ Regular TRickness © Consteler a thin from of a refractin medium, A beam “AR? of monochromatic fight of wavelength Xr is incident on as upper Sarface - dt as portly reflected yes along Ba Onel parthy “A i refracted. into the mediuer atong BD. ALO’ it again art lected ad the 1 he abe aad then aleng. AE. Qs Shown in Figure. E The beam Bt. and. EF © = _ being The parls of the same beam Aas coherence, As. the frbin Ts. thin’ Ao the Aepardlion.. hebween the beams GC and. £F etl be Very. small .Oend th iL! Auperrose, And. the. result ‘bp thetr Mi peleeal bced.by t ie. Gfesoolt oe be. seen, Prom figure that the original. am split Inte. five srarts at. poownt &_(arand &.D) ODA anne Hey. enti the. eye. Aplen..covering lippenent. Aengths of paths. : Le Lhe ks Clegperence bey 36 § APO oe em ea atid. OF. He fib vee _ Ga) Angle of .-incfalence... veceen@ reflected waves Bc ard EF reinfor then the film @s* Seen : sare het chromatic, Light. thrckness OF are SuUdcl - cancel each the five each other , of a allel beam. of aono' ol ion Aoright "eakelrn, ip the. __ the fbn omd argh of tnetlence - thot the fwo vaplected caves mother, , the pole. tool. dark. » 7. ds). Film Or Irregular Thickness rp while te He 7s tnctclent ow a film of trregular thickness ot all possible anges , we should consicler the ier Ferenc Bittern ove to each spectral colour seperately » Jt Ls gpurle assible thot aoa cer tay place on the fiber, its thrckness and the angle oF inciderce OF Light are such that theQeon thon of deshudve —: inkirgerence Of one dalovr is being salistied . =Hence, portion oF the Fil eotll exhibit - pemaring Constituent colour OF the while ight . o Pe Talghp erence potttrn produced by A thin $0) pte, Muaminated by white Light. Gi). She vivid irfolescence . oF peateck featheris due, to interference ofthe. - ight ref lected From ‘ts complex layered SUrFACes | 9.6 NEewronis RINGS Newton pergorsoe dan Pa 3 1. Enfeoluelion expertment to obsewe the inlerperence pattern of Paemochromatic Light, lve.te wat eh. clarls... and boright rings lave Qvodueed. Anown as Newilon’s yngs i artangemen' t- Zhe. (Ng. Ew errmentat_ apparatus Consists of @.plane..conver dens oF fong focal fength 1s placed “in conlack .on-Cen the Lee carpe opie gle pat Se - rfoce of the $8 and the ane the ESA oe fers Aone or se Ss ‘NOS ero re is conlact (0 pra racic irene! gee s Towards | r nS hus _ points where, the peed ESS ° Foe combat , wll be on a circle with, cevfre. rc By prams of a lode Comet dens a ra eam Of mone t y s [produced + hes "ea ble beam 6 rep lected towards the Lens L’ 4 wand. ens “L by using Lass slab “G’. The Neston 3 ings “are Grocervedk 7“ b onlero Seape Mi. 7 _ 3. Working s- @ Consider Ya ray . monochromal% , . - Be thet. strrkes = KI FE@) 2 HE Upper «surface ... at eae Ftle 1 _neacty along normal. ar The rag & portly reflected LE : > aie Felon Beh. parts rer tracted Wu AS. Shown He Gere. The ray repracted™ tm the Ove Erle. & also Le neglected partly wat. the Lovser surface op. Khe. bar FUER Zhe Tew reflected tlm, Gs showw _ rays. ine produced at “dhe upper and . Inn care.’ coberert -- § ta there a ‘ vvely or destructively » When . interfere Conitrue! the. Light reflected... upwards. is OhsenveA through A nveroscare Rca tS ores focussed on the gees pak Serres F DRE.dark and bright rings Ore seen with’ covhe as O. Jhase ‘concentric rings Ore knoum as Alewtonc¥ vangs . 0b) Central Spot be > Lo At the point of covloct o¢ the tens and. the lass pat, the thickness of the Fb & effec wvedy gere but clue te reflecion ot dhe Jovser Sur a OF Our File From denser mechiveny an additia ‘22erence o and phase tligrerenle og ie fs ihboddted | Conseqyuently , the cerive of Neuilon “s rings Olarlke due to Adlevclive inferperense , 9.7 MicHeison's IvTERFEROMETER de Introduce is inslrument was mnyented Ay an Amerrcan Phy sterst Albet A Michelson in 1881 using the Idea of trlirference of die rays. [ns ane DefiniTon ge SOB an tndevmentsohich ts — Us for he accurate) measuremsent...Of. agave Length And precise Length measurements. | 3. Pancipter. %& workin rinciple.'s based. A on riyercnce . Wher oot blo fall Upon... 4.. ConifeucTion and Worleing — tit spl the Light beam’ inte fozo.. practs and __ then recombine. Them to produce an ivlenpereree pattern after they Aave. Traetled over.chigpeceat poate, The essertial ceolures © 1 a Michelsonss inlerperomedlér ave. - shown gchemabically E: ° on Faure @). , pee eae a . lonothromatrc, Light from On. exfernal source tal vores eed gloss lake Hak pasty reflects TE and portrally Transoinle. tha ne |The repack prorlton labeled as I i the Figies ! travels a olitance L, to ‘mirror My, ,cahrch vezbacts the beam back towards G,, The, half stlvered plate . G partially Transon'ts this portion that. ginal arrpves at the observer$ eye: j Movable Mirror Ly x Fixed Mirror Gy figure (a) The Transmitted portion of “the origieal hear Libel as towels 0 ditarce L, te mirror Mz, whred veplects the beam back Towards G, - The beam. I peartrathy replecledt by Gir ako : arrives the, observers eye Frnall The plate : G,, cut from the same “poiece oF lass.as.Gs “ is fafoduced in. the path of beam, as. 2 compensator plate G, » Taece pore. equatizes the Length of the beam I and I. The Toso ~ eams “having. their cliggerert oaths... Oe om coherert. Wher they acnive at observers eye there pore produce Jnferperence, eppects.. he. § observer then Sees & Serles Of. OACATH monn ~ tderrerence. Frings as Shown we fg (6)> - - = fie idal Gcperomier Fd ‘ mirror ‘Mi, Car.be onoved.. alerg altreclion poperdicuter . ty is Surface GOAN. ap a precisfon Seren? -As tength 1, ts changed ,.the ppralttce of. -+ inlicperence fringes observeck,. to oshigts Je M,, ts olisplacedt threugh a olislance equa te - Ms 1a path cligperence of. double. of this .. displacement & “produced te equal to'A”, - Thus a fringe “ts Seen Shifleal forudard Across . the bine of Teference of Cross yre in the nan Oye forece Of. the telescope. USed..to view. fringes . r A i & ‘shifted, each Thine the mirrors olisplaced through My , Aence , by. - counting — the ‘number Gn’ bf the fringes cohich . L Gre Shigted by the oldjlacemnert of the anivror , we can ednite the eapualton 6~ Uses:- ce Co). Very precise length oneasurements Can be made ath an inferperancéter, Zhe .ondiion of. yrireor MM, by only 24 procuces.a.clar - oligrerence between’ brightness. and _dackwess _ 4% = Mou ~ For Mx 400 nm, thi'_ameans a Argh cistern Of (Om Or 40 mone. ~ bb). Michelson measured the length of. standard méler inlerms of the cavelength _ of red cack Aight and showed hak. the standard. mélér tas eqpuivatert to. eeenee dm LSS%, (163.5 cwave lengths g¢ ths Ag boo. eee 9.8 DIFFRACTION OF SGT we 1. Definition 1- Ae Property ending Of —.. Lapt @raund obstacles On Sreatling of liged saves into the qeomedlical shadow oF an obstele % called dippradlon . vem. on more 2. Explanation :- Consider. a. small. Gad Smooth. _ Steel Bail 9 about Bm -in cheemelér.....——-— } | a——- Manatinatel by... pote sovrce...op Aight, &) —..>»Fhe. shaclows of the Obyect. % received on a Screen as Shown in Figure. The gigure Shove that. the shadow of spherical obpect & mot completely dark but has a righ spat at ile cevte, Actordig tb ee principle. each port on the rim of the sphere behaves'as & Source oF Secondary soavebel wohich Mlummale the certral region oF the shadow. . Shadow _Sereen Bright Spot The experiment clearly shows that when Light Travels “past an vbilacle, it cles nat proceed etacthy along a Strasght path, Aut bends around the obstacle. Fe 3. Condilfon:- Ae phenomenon Us. foun . romenent _when. bel ne tegtog ma bsght i taege as compared with the Se of “the obstacle or aperture the sOrt.. The aliferacion.of he. a Hight! occurs a eppect , ave to the interference beétiocen rays coming from igperent: parts of. the same wavefront. entre 9.9 DueeRacrion Due 76. A. NARROW _SLIT - oo The experimenta derangement fer slodiy digpraction of hohe. due to. a marraco s et is sh be pure. oy yegyn et Ne og Gratiot! 1. ttomenatedby a parallel beam of amonochromatie.- f ght _ of osayelengtle. '\V’ The screen SK a @ porallel to the shit por observing the egpecte oF the olitpradion. of Light, A small portion oF the inetolent wave Front passes slrt. thre ug h the narrow Each port of this out secondlar: section of the cooveprant sends wavelets to the Screen . 7Aese. wavelets then trlerfere to roduce. the... dippradiion en. wht becomes. snl to deal. ooh rays. instéad of wavefronts: JS howe inthe figure. Pagers onby nine rays , ave. seen ‘Aravn wohereas actually. there ar’...a_dacge number. of then, Let us .consfeler owas E and. & athich are in phase when .iin...the "wavefront AB. Apter these reach....the .ciavepront AC, wave 5. would have a path. ckipperence of AP - say equal tom. Thus when these... rays reach. point. P on the _sereens the 28 Gepard olructely. Bilal, eae | poe 2 and & , 3 and F.,.4 And Bopper im - path by Ms, and votll de, the. same -—The proth dligrerence in land s From rt 2d A Aab Sind = ab ab aA” Ge ab = Agia 2 Vhe equalion for first minimum is, then Agia =r» Path Digg, = cald roles pe = ( erage or dSia = ) dn Greel, the condilions for cligptrert orders o& minima on either side op cerlte care Giver as Ae oO =m Al Where mel2B----~ ” Colst Max. Lstwin. ad Mate a ae ®t he Pi peredton peleen of, praochcomatc a A Sin s romhical “pein Gnd phategrapsh og the oben The-ragion Leben Gn Toso. Conseculfve minima beth above and below oO Céerkre). will be bright. Mherefore a. narrow. Slit .. produces. A. Sertes of Srght andl donk regions untth athe prrst Ari, at, the Cents oF .the.. protec. Sulh a Vali is shown tw, above. ne fgure. (4). i. . ys u can dounlead reve vuebel ° ~ sales Grom | (Gectitiange a ‘av eaay approach to Sutermeite | Chapter No. 9 According to Slabs Of Puna Text Book Board For Class XI Available Onli iealhhenedoeerdiva'bals,= IO DIFFRACTION GRATING. .—. &l) i a Definition 2. A digeraélion grating is a ass pote . having a Large number of close para tel “ equidistant stits mechanically ruled ont... The Transparent spacing betuxen the seraches on the glass! pile adt. as shits. A bypteal. clipgractén --- grating has dkouwt 400 to So00-hines per cartimdre ~ 2! Grating Element :. she cliGance between... two adycent SUk is called Groting Element... JENS clerotid b ‘a. vts value is. ablamed diviching the dength 1” of the, grating by the tated umber A op the dines truted onit. =. mee ime d= - oe a KH. S- Diggraction Tiroudi Grating ae Sooo | we ww abv arder to understand. how a grating olétprads | dight consider a raltel -Leam 2p ome futRees “ Aiget Mboominating. the valing at. narmal incidence. as shown fr fizure (A). 7h Sechdns oF ddavefrort . that Pass ‘through tthe sfTs behave | as Sources of Secandaicy cave bets _ according. tb Huygens prinarpls . - 4. z easulemert Or Wavelength fan. Consicler the pramtlel rays which _aplerolterrachin L through the grating make’ dn angle 8" with AB the mormal'to graling. Zhey are:then brought ty. - foes. on the seteen, ELE Toy. a converdens.| New. consider cays 1. and 2... | From Fg.) Lit is. edeac that the ray | Covers a distance ab “ere than ray 2» fe a "/ i. a is nat vol een ree . oO . each dther at P. As ineiclent Fig (8) beam fs parallel, so the rays Prom, ANY. Te38. a conseceitive slits will oliprer ih path by) \ oahen they Grrive at P, hey will theregore Irlereere, constructively, Hence ” comeli'tien fer consfructive interference 1S that Ab, dhe path aigperence batexeen two consecutive ra, is, Should be equal \ ire, ab ood 7 - From Fg ©. -abedWea. 7 om 2 ASna =X @ According to eyo, when G20 ie alon e olirediion oF moral. to, the. raling.-, the . dligperence between the rays” coming..out trom the ofits of the. graling “will be pere.fo we a antl get 0. dertght image. io_this™ olirectinn AI. & kmown. a3... Zero order image formed by, aL thes ailing. bp. _e._increase“@.).on tthe r_stde!_ “op this olfrection, a valueof O wrll ke arrived ahhh dSuce. cat ll become todas seding cn te ege @., ve ll. again, get o bright image... hs Ow we as nctbovade image. a the. u me es grating » bn. this. way. ipowe codtinue. theceasing a’ we ctl get the second ,.thind.,. ele image on efther ... sfde,.op. the pero. onder image. accor tg. - dsiue becomes. equalto.._.22 BA 2fe. | . JhAus the equdlion @Q.. can be , more gemerol_—foron AS a [ome 1 [ase a) ri flen siaHowever , if the inetdert Agght . contains olipperent ZS) cvaveleraths | the image OF. each esavelength — or & certain vadue of on. fs. obtprnacted.. th a Citperert direction Aus separate tnages are. obtained conresponding to each jtaavelength or, —--. colour. Eqvation ®. Shaws. that the..whlve of @ depends upon. n., So the tmages of... oe lige erent colours... Are ouch. separated tin ____ ne higher orders... a ns Ettumination Or ) a won Mate LIGHT. cy The fine rulings, each. .0.5)4m wide on. A compact | one Oliie function as...a..chitpraction . feet, Mena. ca ee small Source af. vahete hake Puminales. A. wpe Olibe.,.. the chippracted Ligh... s:.colouced_ danes. o _ that are. composite. of the dizpractan pallies from... . the rulings . - bee 9. ~DIFFRACTION OF X-R CR . - — _ te. ape. fee ' —*rvays a Type_of _ekclromagneli. waves. OF very ot ode ch wine. Abaut (6'Sn. cee ae Zoa.14 AAW Bragg and wl, Braga studfed the_atémnie siFuclure op. |. an cxystals bey using Komi su whey found that a monochromatic beam Of. = vags—tasas.reflected ~ - fron a Crystal -plare..the cryilat plane. a ale bike ck eireer ips cartes Ta clasenve the | ects of. diffraction ,.. raling._.Spacing aust be _ a the order of theielecgth pe niditiln used _ As. the tnlerotomre spacing ap. er lal 1s Typoreally vas 2 tO ofthe order of (6'm) Ao x-rays" Ane. Used. . for..observing the eppects from oe Broag ss Ea, ve tthe cout aay i woe Bf Olims Link -Crystal farens a maloral——-—Aispraction grating - % ondler Stand . the eH vadlion ap x~ rag by er gels 2 Sertes of | apes planes of condiint in plarer re & parallel toa rage ace ve shoes: Mines Pp’, PB 4 So..09 . as te mn gure. . Sup, jose an X~ways beam #8 inefdert. at an angle @’ on one of the’ planes. The beam. canke . P. veplected from both the upper, And |... PB dower planes of atoms. She beam P bouser me Travels Some extra distance ule. as compared to the beam ver lected fr upper | plane. (-e path clip se ace) From Figure. it can be. seen. that Effective pote clipperence sbetaten the sophie beams ABOFO os ee . = dé a A Sueca. Ha. "There ore, for reinforcement the - cbippenence won Should be. an. integra, multijle op tthe _cunstlenglt _.-sJAus Ais equation &. known as. the - Bragg equalior cone The UMUe Of.1n 13. referred. te._as..the,. Fafltee ot Bi USES 1 Gy). Ahe above equation... car be Used & | ar ler ner. ea ehoseen —Stratthar pares of .Aa—crySslol ip Xncays. - ee asaye der para SC riacad a Be. diggract rome the ee ee a ._.(b). Xarays.alépereclion Aas been verge — eS Useful i eelirenining the shuchore op hia < fmpertart moleeutes' such as hemeglobiv, hich we On Im porBrt constituent... of Jb toad, and. double Felix, Sirvelire of... DMA. con WDUEEERENCE BETWEEN INTERFERENCE. ne AND .. DIFFRACTION — we triterference “Ditfracdtion.__. _ | ola ZnlerFerencé. & the. resutt| te Ditprachn / the_resvet ~.OF Superposition of Light |at. inferaclon ag Li ng Ha- Coming from teas cigpersnt| from different pacls_of. the —.. wavefronls enigialing fron Same, .niavetront originating a. the same source. froin the source... Re athe fringe spacing may |2.Diffrachan Frings —-... oc.may not be of. the same. | mat of. the Sa -. willth, - we an Be ALL Aright Fringes... |3 -. are af the “unifarn. not of. the _inléns Ty . a 4. The. Paihls. Af mints qe Polis of artincmems thas tly. Axe qosrtectty.. silinstty are ri -casit ppenfeclly. - vos we te fu AO : ExamPle . 93 2. La9ht of ewavedenglh,.. 450 nme. OL Fhettest aaa. dligettina gratiog to miki 5000 hes fem..have, been icyded i 2. Gd. Foe meesnyp. Oncler.s of. pectin Can, be observed on, efther sre’ of the dltrect loeam a GI). Qelermine the.ng he. Correspandiiag fa. each other. “S006 a i dh. 2S eee malesOAs we Aave. 0 bGiv =n) — Fae mar imum. .order..of —Spectra.. _ Kerefore + adi). = nd 2 Ona : Nios — ee Mee w Alenee martmumn ort of. pectin 3 a - GP)e Fer fiest order oF Spectrom. _-2 = Ania =. shades SO. = In 4508) _ Sine = (500808) 458 54) 2 vee GO LORS. ~ Sow Oe SR! (0.225)_ for Second (order specleunu.. A Su a. nA f mm SRD.= ~ ‘ Wait us at . — | Fec Ontineinfo. Chapter No. 9 — | eneay approche Stormadite | According to Syl Of Puna Tet Book Board For Class XI ‘Available Online @ http:{/www.fsconline.info912 POLARIZATION. — Un Polarized Light». Ordinary Light coinsiebeop w.. Bonsverse wave molion in which. vibralion, takes lace. in ald .olirections. jn..oe ple..pecpendicular to the direction of propagation op tht Sieh Light wave i's Rnown, as bm polarized. ae egr- Light from tneandesent bulb . cee ~ bight from Son ele. aly - Plane Polarizect Light Qs Faytay t- Infroduetion:. fn transverse mechanical cvaves - 4 Such @s produced th a slrelthed sh-ing., the whralian. of the poortreles of the medivm_are, Prerpendlreutar to the edireclion of Propagation of. the. waves. The. . vibration canbe oriented along vertical, horizontal. oF any other direction. tn each of these .cerses, _. the Transverse wave is . — Said tobe. polarized. 2. Definition 3- . he plane of palartyalion. wets the plane conlaining. ¥ the. elénection. of vihcation,. f.. of partveles af the... . . — medium ..cund. .dxrectfon... — Of. Propagalion..o the —~ wate tin A —3. Explanation t....4 __ - @)~- A taht wave. isan. electremaguadlitc....dave—. preduced. by. oscillating. charge -consiale of wee On. rer Podkite.. Maariobion Go elulbete etd vette me -Aceernpanied. toy. the wma nlc. _ptetd veel one. wat vig At angle to. eachother. ~The. ditredlion. Oy | —-— of polarization fn a plane pelaniped Light @B) ~~. wave fs faken. as the’ direction oF the. a elockic Feld -vecler, ees ene nen - (b)~ Production. and. Detection OF os Plane Polartgec . Light, a An ordinary incandésent Limtht emit. Tun-polarred UBM as does the Y Sun, because —..?R. (ee Rical) vWwhrattons are..rondomly ortenlead in space. ( fig ay). At IS possthle to oblaw - ae pet Ded oF lagnt from un- polarrzed Light b Temoving,.alf Baves om the beam except thése having vibrations -- @bong one particular oltrectfon.. WZAis" can be. achteved sby. Various Processes dé)- Selective obsoryston’ cents vue Gt). Rezlection from clipperentSurtaces. Gd — Scattering by Small prartrctes . -. Gwe Refraction Sheough erystals no @)- Se lechive “Abtorptton. bo ee She selective abseopstion xaethed o's. the- ones Comeron method. te obtath plane... -pelartged fipht boy. using ceclain types op. - Polat oMied Wich subs in o These malenials Transmit only those.. waves whose vibrations Are Parallel to.a_particwtar .. _ direction Ound...w0tll obserb these ‘waves _ _.whese vibraltons...are tn .otherolerections. One. such. commercial... polarizing mater, ot laratids LIGHT WAVES. ARE TRaWSVERSE L/VAVES.. Tp ...un- polarize (Ag PIS. made. incident... @ sheet “of. polacvidl ,.-the. Transxaittedl _ Light... wll be polane polar ed. Fp a. second sheet OF polaroid Is laced..in such acca that —.. the anes of the polaccel... shou. loy-stealght. _ dines cleaver an. then, are prowatlel as.. Shoon jn #9: Cont), the. tight ts. . 29) ~~... transmitted through athe... secona_polaraid.. : Ip the second polaroid & Slowly rotated \ —~.obart the beam. of AGH, as Oouts_of vetation: | -—. the Aight emer ing ot of the .geeonal —palaroicl es. kimmer.. cond ltmemer . and... ~ disappears wahen the ones: became mutually - ~~ Perpendreular as. Shown. tin fh a - he Light reappears on further.rotalion. And... ~ hecome’s brightest. when ‘the. Giles Gre. coe again. .pavaltel to. each athe. 08 we AIS en peniimerd.. proves, that_light waves. -— Are Transverse. waves. Lp. the Aight wavks. ere. ~ tongiluclenad ,. they... Would never. Cae... » even ¢f the.tive... Polaroid. were. routually.. L Perpencltcular. . Poteet fee woe Polaroid -t - Fig(c-!) ene “yp Le eo ee — GA. Replection From. Dizperent Surfaces — . Replection of. Light from cwialir, glass, Snow Peon trad rough. noad—Surfaces.,. for Larger cragees— . of tncthimces Procluces [ioreg “Since “the... Le reflected whe bts pavlal ype ed. are Lo. eam se.. cams iderably wreduced by cursing —-pelaneid. Sunglasses! oe '__. Give Scattering by —Smatl.. povtireles bene oo Sur, light. alse, becomes. _prortivotly polowiseck “because oF scattering by arr omobecules OF Earthés atmosphere i This. eppedt.canbe__ Observed by booleing alirectly. op. thro gh were -- | Par of Sunglasses omocle t op L polaris aed lass At. cértam orientations opcthe lenses , fess... Light . frases. Chrough. thei... at others. Gv) Refraction t through cr yastals hen un- farts ob ig 1 practs thogh ale Thins Oe aE Ded Meet polar? . ‘te Wt 1s obtained... ‘necordh ng to crys Eitse. Sfructure s mon OrricaAL ROTATION t= : Cerkain crystals Grd diyords hr ad betusee bare ie « rated. -the plane oF fe Iriacition fp daght. Gluartz “and sodivin chlorate. cristal: abe eal examples, cOhith Oreenmed ae . _ optreatly ete ve res crates Un-palarfzact_ — Ge ty —_— J Sagas Satutzan._\ Platfer a Bly pee a ipre. CO). Oe postion indlalés_ the plast_of polactzailion.. ope tnetdend ight se that it fro lemgee— a henigestal byt oct dn _angle..The axalyyer _-thus_.stops the Light. edhe acctatied from Une. . verdlined Core ssed) pastors... -— A feu... milbimalis. threkness of. such ery sted. ill rath tee place Of pale tgoliion hyp ence] —— ubilarces,..such as Sugar — deg es, Certain organics: awl tarkarae sb toe 9 calla lion cabs they — ee te Subst inc wollen eee set Mee taateneec atom in alti,