IsSustainableEnergyDevelopment

Possible?

(ItsNotEasyBeingGreen)

Allen,D.T.andShonnard,D.R.,2002,GreenEngineering:
EnvironmentallyConsciousDesignofChemicalProcesses,
PrenticeHall,p.65

Figure1
ThePollutionPreventionAct(PPA)states:
1. Pollutionshouldbepreventedorreducedatthe
sourcewheneverfeasible

2. Pollutionthatcannotbepreventedorreduced
shouldberecycled

3. Pollutionthatcannotbepreventedorreducedor
recycledshouldbetreated,and

4. Disposalorotherreleasesintotheenvironment
shouldbeemployedonlyasalastresort.

PrinciplesofGreenChemistry

Anastas,PaulT.;Warner,JohnC.
GreenChemistryTheoryandPractice;
OxfordUniversityPress:NewYork,1998
 DefinitionofGreenChemistry
Thedesignofchemicalproductsand
processesthataremoreenvironmentally
benignandreducenegativeimpactsto
humanhealthandtheenvironment.

12PrinciplesofGreenChemistry
1. Itisbettertopreventwastethantotreator
cleanupwasteafteritisformed.

2. Syntheticmethodsshouldbedesignedto
maximizetheincorporationofallmaterials
usedintheprocessintothefinalproduct.
 12PrinciplesofGreenChemistry
3.Whereverpracticable,synthetic
methodologiesshouldbedesignedtouse
andgeneratesubstancesthatpossesslittleor
notoxicitytohumanhealthandthe
environment.

4.Chemicalproductsshouldbedesignedto
preserveefficacyoffunctionwhilereducing
toxicity.

12PrinciplesofGreenChemistry
5.Theuseofauxiliarysubstances(solvents,
separationagents,etc.)shouldbemade
unnecessarywheneverpossibleand,when
used,innocuous.

6.Energyrequirementsshouldberecognizedfor
theirenvironmentalandeconomicimpactsand
shouldbeminimized.Syntheticmethodsshould
beconductedatambienttemperatureand
pressure.
 12PrinciplesofGreenChemistry
7.Arawmaterialorfeedstockshouldbe
renewableratherthandepletingwhenever
technicallyandeconomicallypractical.

8.Unnecessaryderivatization (blockinggroup,
protection/deprotection,temporary
modificationofphysical/chemicalprocesses)
shouldbeavoidedwheneverpossible.

12PrinciplesofGreenChemistry
9. Catalyticreagents(asselectiveaspossible)
aresuperiortostoichiometric reagents.

10.Chemicalproductswouldbedesignedso
thatattheendoftheirfunctiontheydonot
persistintheenvironmentandinstead
breakdownintoinnocuousdegradation
products.
 12PrinciplesofGreenChemistry
11. Analyticalmethodologiesneedtobefurther
developedtoallowforrealtimeinprocess
monitoringandcontrolpriortotheformation
ofhazardoussubstances.

12.Substancesandtheformofasubstanceused
inachemicalprocessshouldbechosensoasto
minimizethepotentialforchemicalaccidents,
includingreleases,explosions,andfires.

12AdditionalPrinciplesfor
GreenChemistry.

Gonzales,M.A.,andR.L.Smith,2003
Environ.Prog.22,269
 12AdditionalPrinciplesforGreen
Chemistry.
1. Identifybyproducts;quantifyifpossible

2. Reportconversions,selectivities,and
productivities

3. Establishafullmassbalancefortheprocess

4. Quantifycatalystandsolventlosses

12AdditionalPrinciplesforGreen
Chemistry.
5.Investigatebasicthermochemistry to
identifyexotherms (safety)

6.Anticipateotherpotentialmassandenergy
transferlimitations

7.Consultachemicalorprocessengineer
 12AdditionalPrinciplesforGreen
Chemistry.
8.Considertheeffectoftheoverallprocesson
choiceofchemistry

9.Helpdevelopandapplysustainable
measures

10.Quantifyandminimizeuseofutilitiesand
otherinputs

12AdditionalPrinciplesforGreen
Chemistry.
11.Recognizewhereoperatorsafetyandwaste
minimizationmaybecompatible

12.Monitor,reportandminimizewastes
emittedtoair,water,andsolidsfrom
experimentsorprocesses
 DefinitionofGreenEngineering
Abraham,M.,2004,Environ.Prog.23 (4),p.266.
Thedesign,commercialization,anduseof
processesandproducts,whicharefeasible
andeconomicalwhileminimizing(1)
generationofpollutionatthesourceand(2)
risktohumanhealthandtheenvironment.

12PrinciplesofGreenEngineering
Anastas,P.andJ.B.Zimmerman,Environ.Sci.Techol.,vol 37(5),p.95A.

1. Designersneedtostrivetoensurethatall
materialandenergyinputsandoutputsare
asinherentlynonhazardousaspossible.

2.Itisbettertopreventwastethantotreator
cleanupwasteafteritisformed.
 12PrinciplesofGreenEngineering
3.Separationandpurificationoperations
shouldbedesignedtominimizeenergy
consumptionandmaterialsuse.

4.Products,processes,andsystemsshouldbe
designedtomaximizemass,energy,space,
andtimeefficiency.

12PrinciplesofGreenEngineering
5.Products,processes,andsystemsshouldbe
outputpulled ratherthaninputpushed
throughtheuseofenergyandmaterials.

6.Embeddedentropyandcomplexitymustbe
viewedasaninvestmentwhenmaking
designchoicesonrecycle,reuse,orbeneficial
disposition.
 12PrinciplesofGreenEngineering
7.Targeteddurability,notimmortality,should
beadesigngoal.

8.Designforunnecessarycapacityorcapability
(e.g.,onesizefitsall)solutionsshouldbe
consideredadesignflaw.

12PrinciplesofGreenEngineering
9.Materialdiversityinmulticomponent
productsshouldbeminimizedtopromote
disassemblyandvalueretention.

10.Designofproducts,processes,andsystems
mustincludeintegrationand
interconnectivitywithavailableenergyand
materialsflows.
 12PrinciplesofGreenEngineering
11.Products,processes,andsystemsshouldbe
designedforperformanceinacommercial
afterlife.

12.Materialandenergyinputsshouldbe
renewableratherthandepleting.

Sandestin DeclarationofGreen
EngineeringPrinciples
TofullyimplementGreenEngineeringsolutions,
engineersusethefollowingprinciples:

1. Engineerprocessesandproductsholistically,use
systemsanalysis,andintegrateenvironmental
impactassessmenttools

2.Conserveandimprovenaturalecosystemswhile
protectinghumanhealthandwellbeing
 Sandestin DeclarationofGreen
EngineeringPrinciples
3.Uselifecyclethinkinginallengineering
activities

4.Ensurethatallmaterialandenergyinputs
andoutputsareasinherentlysafeand
benignaspossible

5.Minimizedepletionofnaturalresources

Sandestin DeclarationofGreen
EngineeringPrinciples

6.Strivetopreventwaste

7.Developandapplyengineeringsolutions,
beingcognizantoflocalgeography,
aspirationsandcultures
 Sandestin DeclarationofGreen
EngineeringPrinciples
8.Createengineeringsolutionsbeyondcurrentor
dominanttechnologies;improve,innovate,and
invent(technologies)toachievesustainability

9.Activelyengagecommunitiesandstakeholders
inthedevelopmentofengineeringsolutions

ThereisadutytoinformsocietyofthepracticeofGreen
Engineering

Gonzalez,M.A.,andR.L.Smith,2003,Environ.Prog.22,269

DefinitionofSustainability
Brundtland Commission,1987,UnitedNations

Providingforhumanneedswithout
compromisingtheabilityoffuture
generationstomeettheirneeds.
Figure2.Relationshipbetweengreenchemistry,
greenengineering,andsustainability.

Sustainability

Green Engineering

Green Chemistry

Abraham,M.2003,Environ.Progress 23,261.

SustainabilityEngineeringPrinciples
Beloff,B.etal.Eds.2005,TransformingSustainability
StrategyintoAction:TheChemicalIndustry,
WileyInterscience,p.189

1. Engineerprocessesandproductsholistically,
usesystemsanalysis,andintegrate
environmentalimpactassessmenttools

2. Conserveandimprovenaturalecosystems
whileprotectinghumanhealthandwellbeing

3. Uselifecyclethinkinginallengineeringactivies
 SustainabilityEngineeringPrinciples
4.Ensurethatallmaterialandenergyinputsand
outputsareasinherentlysafeandbenignaspossible

5.Minimizedepletionofnaturalresources.

6.Strivetopreventwaste.

7.Developandapplyengineeringsolutions,whilebeing
cognizantoflocalgeography,aspirations,and
cultures.

SustainabilityEngineeringPrinciples
8.Createengineeringsolutionsbeyondcurrentor
dominanttechnologies;improve,innovateand
invent(technologies)toachievesustainability

9.Activelyengagecommunitiesandstakeholders
indevelopmentofengineeringsolutions

Thereisadutytoinformsocietyofthepractice
ofsustainableengineering.
 Figure3.Impactindicatorsusedinlifecycle
assessmentscreeningoffueladditives.
Curran,MaryAnn2003,Environ.Progress22,277.

AirEmissions(lb)
MetalsinAir(lb)
WaterEffluents(lb)
MetalsinWater(lb)
SolidWastelb)
FossilFuelUse(Btu)
NonFossilFuelUse(lb)
WaterUse(gal)
LandUse(acres)
Transportation(miles)
AgrochemicalUse(lb)
CO2 Uptake(lb)

Figure4.Someofthevaluesandbenefits
derivedfromcorporatesustainable
developmentprograms.
Licensetooperate
Riskreduction
Improvedproductivity/efficiency
Reductionofcostsrelatedtomanufacturingandcommercialsites
Stimulusforinnovation/newproductsandservices
Increasedmarketshare
Newalliances
Communitygoodwill
Enhancedreputation
Enhancedaccesstocapital/markets
Increasedshareholdervalue

Beloff,B.,Tanzil,D.,andM.Lines,2004,Environ.Prog.23,271.
 CaseStudies
WorldSustainability
FossilFuelResources
Acetylene(CarbideBased)

WorldSustainabilityat2030
Figure5

Meadows,D.etal.2004,LimitstoGrowth:The30YearUpdate,ChelseaGreen
Publishing,Chapter8
World303ScenarioVariables&Scales

Meadows,D.etal.2004,LimitstoGrowth:The30YearUpdate,
Appendix1,pp.285288

StateoftheWorld
Variable
Population
TotalFoodProduction
TotalIndustrialProduction
IndexofPersistentPollution
NonrenewableResources
Low Value High Value
0 12X109
0 6X1012
0 4X1012
0 40
0 2X1012

World303ScenarioVariables&Scales

Meadows,D.etal.2004,LimitstoGrowth:The30YearUpdate,
Appendix1,pp.285288

MaterialStandardofLiving
Variable Low Value High Value
FoodPerCapita 0 1,000
ConsumerGoodsPerCapita 0 250
ServicesPerCapita 0 1,000
LifeExpectancy 0 90
 World303ScenarioVariables&Scales

Meadows,D.etal.2004,LimitstoGrowth:The30YearUpdate,
Appendix1,pp.285288

HumanWelfareand
EcologicalFootprint
Variable Low Value High Value
HumanWelfareIndicator 0 1
HumanEcologicalFootprint 0 4

IndicatorsofHumanWelfareand
EcologicalFootprint
HumanWelfare isqualityoflifeofthe
averageglobalcitizeninitsbroadest
sense,includingbothmaterialand
immaterialcomponents.

Meadows,D.etal.2004,LimitstoGrowth:The30YearUpdate,Appendix2,pp.289293
 IndicatorsofHumanWelfareand
EcologicalFootprint
QuantitativelyHDI(byUnitedNations
DevelopmentProgram)
HumanDevelopment(HDI)isasummary
measureofacountrysaverage
achievement bythree(3)basic
dimensionsofhumandevelopment:

Meadows,D.etal.2004,LimitstoGrowth:The30YearUpdate,Appendix2,pp.289293

1. Alongandhealthylife,asmeasuredbylife
expectancyatbirth

2.Knowledge,asmeasuredbytheadult
literacyrate(2/3)andcombinedprimary,
secondaryandtertiarygrossenrollment
rate(1/3)

3.Adecentstandardofliving,asmeasuredby
GDPpercapita(inPPP$,purchasingpower
parityUSdollars)
 IndicatorsofHumanWelfareand
EcologicalFootprint
HumanEcologicalFootprint istotal
environmentalimpactplacedonthe
globalresourcebaseandecosystem
byhumanity.

Meadows,D.etal.2004,LimitstoGrowth:The30YearUpdate,Appendix2,pp.289293

IndicatorsofHumanWelfareand
EcologicalFootprint
QuantitativelyEF(MathisWackernage,etal,1990s)
EF(EcologicalFootprint) Landareanecessaryto
provideforthecurrentwayoflife(w/average
hectacres)

Wherelandareaistotalcropland,grazingland,
forestland,and,fishinggrounds,andbuiltupland
neededtomaintainagivenpopulationatagiven
lifestyle;plustheforestlandneededtoabsorb
thecarbondioxideemissionsfromthefossil
energyusedbythepopulation.

*Valuespublished(biannually)byWorldWideFundforNature
 WorldSustainabilityat2030
tool concept(consciousoperation)

1 Visioning
2 Networking
3 Truthtelling
4 Learning
5 Loving
Meadows,D.etal.2004,LimitstoGrowth:The30YearUpdate,ChelseaGreen
Publishing,Chapter8

FossilFuelResources
Figure6.Thegreenenergyfuturescenario.Solarandwindenergygrowat
25%/yr,whilenuclearpowerandcoalasenergysourcesgrowat1%/yrasis
currentlythecase.Finally,nonconventionaloilandgasdevelopmentare
notpursuedandthereforetoosmalltobevisibleintheplot.

Brecha,Berney,andCraver,Am.J.Physics,Vol.75,No.10,October2007

Figure7.Thenuclearsupplementedfossilfuelenergyfuturescenario.Windenergy
growsat10%/yrandcoalgrowsat1&/yr.whilenuclearpowerasanenergysources
increasesat10%/yrbeginningin10yearstoallowforrampup.Solaristoosmallto
bevisible.

Brecha,Berney,andCraver,Am.J.Physics,Vol.75,No.10,October2007
Totalandpercapitalenergyusefornineselectedcountries.TheHuman
DevelopmentIndex(HDI)isaroughmeasureofstandardofliving.In
general,higherHDIcorrelateswithhigherpercapitaenergyuse.

Brecha,Berney,andCraver,Am.J.Physics.,Vol.75,No.10,October2007

Economicenergyintensitydeterminedbytwodifferentmeasuresfornine
selectedcountries.GrossDomesticProduct(GDP)canbemeasuredusing
eithermarketexchangerates(MER)orpurchasingpowerparity(PPP).

Brecha,Berney,andCraver,Am.J.Physics.,Vol.75,No.10,October2007
Thisisprofound:

theClubofRome,whichhassincebeenupdated
twice.Withoutgoingintothedetailsofwhythis
workshouldstillberead,themainpointsareborne
outbythecalculationspresentedinthispaper:
fossilfuelresourcesarefinite,exponentialgrowth
cannotbesustainedinafiniteecosystem,the
populationincreasesareplacingseverepressures
onboththeecosystemandonnaturalresource
supplies.

Brecha,Berney,andCraver,Am.J.Physics.,Vol.75,No.10,October2007

ASustainableFuelProcessAcetylene

ChemicalReactions:acetylenefromlimestone
Reaction andcharcoal
Biomass
Pyrolysis CxHyOz heatC(s)+Volatiles

CaCO3 CaO +CO2(g)

Calcination heat(ime)

Reduction CaO +3C(s)CaC2(s)+CO(g)

Acetylene CaC2(s)+H2O(l)C2H2(g)+CaO
Generation (lime)

Combustion C2H2(g)+2.5O22CO2(g)+H2O
continued
Comments:(AcetyleneFuel)
Netthermodynamicsenergy positive
Carbidepreparationrequires
3100kWh/tonne
Solar/windenergy
CO2(g)emissionswillreturntocharcoalvia
treesandpyrolysis
Limestoneiswidelydistributed
Carrierforcarbon
Lime,recycleorreuse
Patentsexistforacetylenefuel

Thankyouforyourattention!

Questions?