Clinical psychology is an integration of science, theory and clinical knowledge for the purpose of

understanding, preventing, and relieving psychologically-based distress or dysfunction and to promote

subjective well-being and personal development.[1][2] Central to its practice are psychological
assessment andpsychotherapy, although clinical psychologists also engage in research, teaching,
consultation, forensic testimony, and program development and administration. [3] In many countries,
clinical psychology is regulated as a health care profession.

The field is often considered to have begun in 1896 with the opening of the first psychological clinic at
the University of Pennsylvania by Lightner Witmer. In the first half of the 20th century, clinical psychology
was focused on psychological assessment, with little attention given to treatment. This changed after the
1940s when World War II resulted in the need for a large increase in the number of trained clinicians.
Since that time, two main educational models have developedthe Ph.D. scientistpractitioner
model (requiring a doctoral dissertation and therefore research as well as clinical expertise) and, in the
U.S. thePsy.D. practitionerscholar model.

Clinical psychologists provide psychotherapy, psychological testing, and diagnosis of mental illness. They
generally train within four primary theoretical orientationspsychodynamic, humanistic, behavior
therapy/cognitive-behavioral, and systems or family therapy. Many continue clinical training in post-
doctoral programs in which they might specialize in disciplines such as psychoanalytic approaches or
child and adolescent treatment modalities.
Types of Psychology

Clinical psychologists treat people who exhibit mental or emotional disorders which range from
uncomfortable reactions to the stress of daily life to extreme psychological disorders.

Community psychology is mostly preventative in nature. These psychologists specialize in human

behavior at home, at school, and in neighborhoods.

Counseling psychologists are therapists who help clients adjust to life, make important decisions, and
help people cope. This field of human behavior is similar to clinical psychology.

Developmental psychology focuses on human development from birth to death. This type of psychology
describes, measures, and explains age-related changes in behavior.

Educational psychology is research-oriented, and focuses on how people learn. Teachers, school
administrators, and guidance counselors may apply the findings of educational psychologists in schools,
colleges, or universities.

Environmental psychologists attempt to improve the interactions between humans and the environment.
The management of natural resources, effects of extreme environments, and architectural design are part
of this branch of human behavior.

Experimental psychology focuses on basic processes of human interaction and biology. This type of
psychology often involves studies on animals and people.

Family psychologists are therapists who concentrate on the family and how it affects our development
and lives. Sexual dysfunction and family counseling may be subsections of family psychology.

Forensic psychologists study criminal behavior, and often assist law enforcement agencies in criminal
investigations.

Geriatric psychology focuses on the health and well-being of older people. This field of human behavior
includes both practical and research applications.

Health psychology is a branch of human behavior that is concerned with the psychological implications of
actions on health. For instance, smoking, weight gain, stress management and fitness can affect our
mental health and thats what health therapists focus on.

Organizational psychology focuses on our relationships to work. This study of human behavior includes
career counseling, cross-training, retirement planning, and job productivity.

Physiological psychology is about the genetic and physical roots of psychological disorders, such as how
our brains change due to drug use or how cells develop and function.

Positive psychology is a relatively new area in the study of human behavior. It encompasses a holistic
approach to mental wellness, with a shift away from disease to personal wellness and health.

Psychometrics focuses on psychological testing and assessment. Psychometrists are employed at private
companies and government organizations.

Rehabilitation psychologists help people with handicaps, such as birth trauma or stroke, improve their
functioning in the world. This field of human behavior ranges from birth to old age.

School psychology focuses on the intellectual and emotional development of young people.

Social psychology explores how we live in the world. Pop cultural, group behavior, the media, and our
attitudes and opinions are all part of social psychology.

Sport psychologists are therapists who concentrate on the mental and emotional factors that affect
professional or amateur athletes. Sport therapists attempt to maximize motivation and performance.
Forensic psychology

Forensic psychology is the intersection between psychology and the justice system. It involves
understanding criminal law in the relevant jurisdictions in order to be able to interact appropriately
with judges, attorneys and other legal professionals. An important aspect of forensic psychology is the
ability to testify in court, reformulating psychological findings into the legal language of the courtroom,
providing information to legal personnel in a way that can be understood. Further, in order to be a credible
witness, for example in the United States, the forensic psychologist must understand the philosophy,
rules, and standards of the American judicial system. Primary is an understanding of the adversarial
system. There are also rules about hearsay evidence and most importantly, the exclusionary rule. Lack of
a firm grasp of these procedures will result in the forensic psychologist losing credibility in the
courtroom. A forensic psychologist can be trained in clinical, social, organizational or any other branch of
psychology. In the United States, the salient issue is the designation by the court as an expert witness by
training, experience or both by the judge. Generally, a forensic psychologist is designated as an expert in
a particular jurisdiction. The number of jurisdictions in which a forensic psychologist qualifies as an expert
increases with experience and reputation. Forensic neuropsychologists are generally asked to appear as
expert witnesses in court to discuss cases that involve issues with the brain or brain damage. They also
deal with issues of whether a person is legally competent to stand trial.

According to R.J. Gregory in Psychological Testing: History, Principles, and Application, the main roles of
a psychologist in the court system are eight-fold:

Evaluation of possible malingering

Assessment of mental state for insanity plea

Competency to stand trial

Prediction of violence and assessment of risk

Evaluation of child custody in divorce

 Assessment of personal injury

Interpretation of polygraph data

Specialized forensic personality assessment

Questions asked by the court of a forensic psychologist are generally not questions regarding
psychology but are legal questions and the response must be in language the court understands. For
example, a forensic psychologist is frequently appointed by the court to assess a
defendant's competency to stand trial. The court also frequently appoints a forensic psychologist to
assess the state of mind of the defendant at the time of the offense. This is referred to as an evaluation of
the defendant's sanity or insanity (which relates to criminal responsibility) at the time of the offense. These
are not primarily psychological questions but rather legal ones. Thus, a forensic psychologist must be
able to translate psychological information into a legal framework.

Forensic psychologists provide sentencing recommendations, treatment recommendations, and

any other information the judge requests, such as information regarding mitigating factors, assessment of
future risk, and evaluation of witness credibility.

What does Forensic psychology do?

Who wrote the eight folds Forensic psychologist main roles?

Where can forensic psychologist be put to use?

Why does the court need Forensic psychology?

When those Forensic psychology needed?

How those they work?

Is the intersection between psychology and the justice system?

Does R.J. Gregory wrote Psychological Testing : History, Principles, and Application?
Is the ability to testify one of the most an important aspect of psychology?

Does the theoretical within psychology apply in an actual court case ?

Does the current judicial system within Indonesia practices mentioned above ?