Introduction

The deformation of columns under load is a major property of materials. The

deformation of columns under load is taken into explanation for designing and engineering
calculations. The first scientist who derived equations linked to materials property was
Leonard Euler (1707-1783).

In buckling test, the maximum load that supported by column before deformation is
related with Young modulus (E), moment of inertia and the length of the specimen. The result
will be consistent and accurate enough if a suitable material is used.

All relevant buckling problems can be demonstrated with the WP 120 test stand.
Buckling, as opposed to simple strength problems such as drawing, pressure, bending and
shearing, is primarily a stability problem. Buckling problem number among the best known
technical examples in stability theory. Buckling plays an important role in almost every field
of technology. Examples of this are:

Columns and supports in construction and steel engineering

Stop rods for valve actuation and connecting rods in motor construction
Piston rods for hydraulic cylinders and
Lifting spindles in lifting gear

Theory

Leonhard Euler was a physicist and mathematician who first derived a series of
equations that determine the deformation of columns under loads. The following procedure
efforts to verity one of these buckling equations for columns.

The following expression for determining the critical load.

2
EI
Fcritical = 2
Le

Equation 1

E - elastic modulus of the specimen

I - second moment of area (moment of inertia)
Le
- effective length

The figure below show how the effective lengths are determined and provide a visual
explanation why the effective length per setup is different.
 When a critical load is applied, the buckling occurs in the plane perpendicular to
the corresponding principal axis of inertia. To utilize this, the radius of gyration is introduced.
"In structural engineering, the two-dimensional radius of gyration is used to describe the
distribution of cross-sectional area in a beam around its centroid axis"(Wikipedia).