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Abstract- Under appropriate conditions, both surface areas and cation exchange capacities of clay
minerals can be measured by absorption of methylene blue from aqueous solutions. The method has
been applied to two kaolinites, one illite, and one montmorillonite, all initially saturated with Na +
ions. For Na-montmorillonite, the total area, internal plus external, is measured. For Ca-montmorillo-
nite, entry of methylene blue molecules appears to be restricted by the much smaller expansion of the
Ca- clay in water. X-ray diffraction data clarify the absorption behavior in Na- and Ca-montmor-
illonite, and in particular it is shown that two orientations of the methylene blue molecules are in-
volved.
Kaolin Company, and a finely divided Florida placed in a polypropylene beaker and 200 ml of
kaolinite were sodium saturated using IN sodium water was added. MB solution of concentration
chloride solution, following the procedure of Rich approximately 1 m g / o n e m l was added to give
(1961), and were washed until chloride ion free amounts of MB ranging from 0.032 to 0.375 mg,
as shown by the silver nitrate test, and then were i.e. from 1-69 to 19.7meq M B / 1 0 0 g clay. The
given two further washings. concentration range of the MB prior to absorption
A n illite belonging to the Oswego graywacke, was 0.42-4-9 10-6 moles/1. Here and elsewhere in
Skytop, Pa., was purified and fractionated to the text, "100 g clay" refers to clay dried over-night
< 1/z according to the description given by at 110~ The mixtures were stirred at intervals
Thompson and Brindley (1969, p. 859). The pro- and left over-night to assure the absorption equi-
cedure left the illite in a sodium saturated form. librium (actually, 1 hr was considered sufficient
A Wyoming montmorillonite, "Mineral Colloid by Bergmann and O'Konski, 1963). Later, the clay
BP," supplied by the Georgia Kaolin Company, suspensions were centrifuged in a Sorvall SS-1
was sodium saturated and fractionated to < 1/z high speed angle centrifuge and the supernatant
particle size. liquids, containing the remaining methylene blue,
Surface area determinations. Krypton ad- were diluted to proper concentration before making
sorption was used in a conventional B.E.T.-type the measurements on a spectrophotometer. F r o m
apparatus (Ranc and Teichner, 1967; for a general the amount of methylene blue retained in solution,
description, see Young and Crowell, 1962, the quantity absorbed was determined.
p. 190) for the kaolinites and for illite. F o r mont- Spectrophotometer measurements were made
morillonite, the specific surface area was obtained with a Beckman DU-spectrophotometer, with
by calculation from the lattice parameters and silica cells of length 1 cm. Optical densities were
ideal composition. determined at the wave-length 6650.~ which
Cation exchange capacity measurements. These corresponds to the maximum absorption peak of
were obtained by a titration technique based on methylene blue monomers (Rabinovitch and
the procedure described by Barnard, Broad and Epstein, 1941). The solutions involved were
Flaschka (1956, 1957) using ethylene diamine diluted to a concentration less than 7 10-6 m/l,
tetra-acetic acid ( E D T A ) with hydroxy-naphthol giving optical densities in the range 0.100-0.600.
as indicator, and by the method of Carlson and A standard methylene blue solution of known
Johnson (1961), and Harward and Brindley concentration was used to find the molar extinction
(1964) using cyclohexanediaminetetra-acetic acid coefficient e for monomeric methylene blue at
( C y D T A ) with calcein and murexide as indicators. 6650 A. Since
The already sodium-saturated clays were
converted to the calcium form using 1 N cal- E = (optical density)/concentration 1,
cium chloride solution as described by Rich
(1961), and were washed until chloride ion free. where l is the path length of the ceil, sample
Finally the clay was again exchanged to the concentrations can be obtained directly from their
sodium form and the C a ions released were optical densities when E is known. Each reading
determined by the titration methods. for a sample was preceded by one for the standard
Methylene blue absorption measurements. The solution to eliminate possible errors from ab-
dye used was a "Methylene Blue, U.S.P. Crys- sorption of methylene blue on the spectrophoto-
tals," No. M4490 from Aldrich Chemical Co., meter cells. Small variations of e around 8.20 104
Inc., of molecular weight 373.9, which corresponds were considered to arise from staining of the silica
to the methylene blue hydrochloride, with 3H20. cell.
All containers used for methylene blue solutions Determination of CEC" s and surface areas from
were of polypropylene as suggested by Bergmann methylene blue absorption. In the course of the
and O'Konski (1963). experiments it was observed that the flocculation
F o r the most part, experiments were conducted behavior of the clay suspensions varied signifi-
in two ranges of concentrations: (a) low concen- cantly as the amount of methylene blue absorbed
trations, < 7 10-6m/l, when only monomers by the clay was progressively increased. When
were present, (b) higher concentrations, 10-5-10 -3 sufficiently small increments of methylene blue
m/l, to give m o n o m e r - d i m e r equilibrium. absorption are taken, a value can be obtained
The experimental conditions for the various visually within narrow limits corresponding to
clays are shown in Table 1, and can be described optimum flocculation of the clay. This is shown by
with reference to the first entry for Florida kaoli- the highest rate of sedimentation due to the size
nite. F r o m a suspension containing approximately of the flocs forming. It is considered that the
1 mg per ml, 5 ml of kaolinite suspension was amount of methylene blue absorbed under these
M E T H Y L E N E BLUE A B S O R P T I O N 205
"6o "6~
..~.ff .ff..~.~
T
O
c~
# X . . . .
O I I I I I I I
e~ r.- ~.
1 ! l ! 1
! I
r
N
e~ N ~tr
O~
~ O',
1r
g &d~o,
txlu~ I I I
N
t'4
.,.., r
ID m. r:-.
U~
~g
o a
9r . "r"
O o
206 P . T . HANG and G. W. BRINDLEY
/
blue are absorbed per 100 g clay when the surface
is covered, and ifA,~ is the area per molecule in ~2
on the surface, then the surface area per g of clay is
Ms 6-02 10-2 mZ/g.
Maximum absorption of methylene blue, corres- ' ' ' ' ' 1'2 ' '6
' I ' I ' I are listed in T a b l e 2 where they are compared with
values obtained by the titration procedure. Close
~ O ~ agreement is obtained between the values obtained
in the two ways, more particularly when "strong,'
7. solutions of methylene blue are used in the ex-
E change reaction. These results are shown by the
open circles in the figures. It appears that when
dilute solutions, wholly within the monomeric
range of the methylene blue, are used (see solid
5
circles in the figures) the exchange reaction does X-ray diffraction data for methylene blue-mont-
not go to completion. Also it is important to morillonite complexes
observe that the exchange capacity of the mont- The results are summarized in Table 3 where
morillonite is obtained correctly only when the the observed spacings of Ca- and Na-montmorillo-
Na-form is used (Fig. 4(a)); the exchange reaction nite after absorption of various amounts of methyl-
is far from complete when Ca-montmorillonite ene blue are tabulated under wet conditions with
is used (Fig. 4(b)). excess water, and under dry conditions produced
It is observed in Figs. 1 and 3 that although by a vacuum of the order of 10 -2 tort. Where the
"high" concentrations of methylene blue are re- basal reflections correspond to a single phase,
quired to attain complete exchange of N a + ions, or where there are two phases well separated, the
the point of optimum flocculation is not changed highest order of reflection measured is shown in
in going from "low" to "high" concentrations. parentheses and estimated accuracy of the basal
Also in Fig. 3, two curves are shown with open spacing is indicated. Where two or more phases
symbols. The upper curve, with a dashed line, occur with overlapping reflections, the individual
indicates an increasing absorption. Similar in- spacings were deduced from the shapes of the
creases were obtained in other cases when the composite peaks and are somewhat less accurate.
amount of methylene blue was increased beyond Because Ca-montmorillonite gives better orien-
the range shown in the figures and these effects tation of the clay on glass slides, X-ray measure-
are probably due to physical absorption. The ments were made on this form of the clay for
dashed curve is therefore only slightly "unusual" absorptions up to 9 0 m e q / 1 0 0 g clay, the limit
in that the rising absorption occurred, for some obtained with Ca-clay (see Fig. 4(b)). F o r higher
unknown reason, earlier than in other cases. absorptions up to the exchange capacity of the
Generally, the curves show clear plateaux corres- mineral, Na-montmorillonite was used.
ponding to the exchange capacities of the clays. Under wet conditions, the basal spacing of the
It was observed that kaolinite and illite, when Ca-clay, normally 19.0 ~ 0-1.A, diminished to
saturated with methylene blue, appeared blue, 15-9 A with a small absorption of methylene blue
whereas montmorilionite when saturated presents and to 15.7 ,~ as the absorption increased to
a purple color and almost a metallic sheen. This the limit of about 9 0 m e q / 1 0 0 g clay. The basal
is the basis of the field test using methylene blue spacing of the Na-clay in water remained very
to distinguish montmorillonite from kaolinite or large or very irregular even after full exchange of
illite. the N a + by methylene blue cations; under aqueous
MB absorbed
meq/100g Basal spacings, A, under Basal spacings,/~,
clay wet conditions in vacuo
Ca-montmorillonite
0 19.05 l 1 "6 0"04
+_0.1 (oo8)
20 18.96 15.92 12"6 11.7
+---0.06(005)
40 15-74 14"8 12"6
+---0-05(005)
60 15.75 15"6 14"8 12-6
---+0-05(005) minor
80 15.69 15-6 14"8
-----0.1(005)
90 15-8--+0"1 15-6 14"8
(005)
Na-montmoriUonite
90 no basal 15.._._._fi 14.8
spacing observed
no basal
120 spacing observed 17"2 15"6
Underlined values are dominant spacings.
METHYLENE BLUE ABSORPTION 209
conditions no basal reflections were observable. solutions. The data in Figs. 1 and 3 show that con-
This result is consistent with the full exchange- centration as well as total amount of methylene
ability of the N a + ions by methylene blue ions. blue seems to be important in bringing about the
Under a vacuum of 10 -2 torr, the basal spacings total exchange of N a ions, but appears to be less
increased with the amount of methylene blue important for determining the point of optimum
absorbed, and the various spacings listed in Table 3 flocculation. However, the latter must be accepted
were measured. cautiously until a wider range of experiments are
carried out to test this point.
X-ray diffraction data. Possible interpretations
DISCUSSION of the X-ray spacing data given in Table 3 are
Effects of inorganic cations on the absorption. shown in Fig. 5, where the methylene blue mole-
It is evident that methylene blue ions replace N a + cule is represented as a rectangular solid with
ions from montmorillonite more easily than they approximate dimensions 17.0 7-6 3-25 A.
do Ca 2+ ions, probably because the montmorillonite The behavior of Ca-montmorillonite will be
remains expanded when methylene blue replaces considered first. Figure 5(a) illustrates the ideal
Na, whereas it contracts when methylene blue silicon-oxygen network and shows two oxygen
replaces Ca even when no more than 20 per cent sheets separated under vacuum conditions by
of the exchange capacity is satisfied by methylene 1 1 . 6 - 9-4 = 2-2 A, with an interlayered C a - 2H20
blue. Full replacement of N a by methylene blue group. T h e water molecules fit compactly between
requires not only sufficient methylene blue in opposite pairs of oxygen ions and the arrangement
the system, but also a sufficient concentration, is compatible with the observed regular spacing
a concentration considerably greater than the measured as far as 008. N o claim is made for
monomeric range. That Ca ions are not fully strictly 2H20 per C a ion (although this was found
replaced by methylene blue is probably the for a vermiculite-like mineral, Thompson et al.,
cause of failures in measuring surface areas (Hul, 1967) and additional water molecules not coor-
1966) and exchange capacities (Faruki et al., 1967; dinated with Ca ions could be present between the
Bodenheimer and Heller, 1968). layers, as indicatec by Glaeser and Meting (1968).
Effects o f concentration of methylene blue The spacing 1 1 . 6 A agrees very well with that
A--~ -B 9 s, ec, O o 9
XY plane
A--~ - - B
e _ e_
}C .5 _ :CL .
(at ll,6Acomplex uL (b) 12.6A complex
found for Mg- and Ca-vermiculites and possibly Questions relating to molecular packing
is a result of the rather high exchange capacity Since two molecular orientations are indicated
of the present montmorillonite. by the diagrams of Fig. 5, it is important to con-
With small amounts of methylene blue absorbed, sider the question of molecular packing particularly
the 12.6 fit spacing found under vacuum conditions when the amounts of methylene blue absorbed
corresponds to the arrangement of Fig. 5(b) and correspond to the exchange capacities of the clays.
agrees with data obtained with many fiat-lying Table 2 shows that when optimum flocculation
aromatic molecules (Greene-Kelly, 1955, 1956; occurs considerable fractions of the exchange
Haxalre and Bloch, 1956; Van Olphen, 1968). The capacities are still satisfied by N a + ions, yet the
effective molecular thickness is 12.6-9.4 = 3.2 fi argument here given supposes that the surface is
which agrees with the small dimension of the covered effectively by methylene blue ions. Under
methylene blue molecule. the aqueous conditions involved, the counter
With greater absorption of methylene blue, ions can be considered to form a double layer,
approximately 4 0 - 9 0 m e q / 1 0 0 g clay, a 15.75A but the methylene blue ions, because of their large
spacing develops under wet conditions for Ca- size and van der Waals attractions, are likely to be
montmorillonite and is represented by Fig. 5(c), held close to the silicate surfaces, with the unex-
which shows a double layer of flat lying methylene changed N a + ions less strongly held and possibly
blue molecules and water molecules coordinated somewhat dispersed with respect to the surface.
octahedrally around the Ca-ions. With about 40-60 It is difficult to see exactly what correction, if any,
meq]100 g clay of methylene blue absorbed, and can be made to the estimated areas to take account
under vacuum conditions, water is removed and of the N a ions. If they are unhydrated, their
the spacing is reduced to about 14-8 fit, which is coverage of the surface is likely to be very small
insufficient for two sheets of fiat lying molecules; compared with that of the methylene blue ions, and
Fig. 5(d) shows a possible arrangement. As the this seems to be substantiated by the experimental
amount of methylene blue increases up to 90 results.
meq/100 g clay, the 15.6 fi phase becomes increas- The packing of additional methylene blue ions
ingly prominent in the vacuum dried material. needed to achieve full cation exchange will be
Evidently the arrangement of Fig: 5(d) is possible possible only by a re-orientation of the molecules
only with the smaller amounts of methylene and the arrangement shown in Fig. 5(f) seems the
blue. most likely. ~ area per molecule is then 17-0
When 9 0 m e q / 1 0 0 g clay of methylene blue 3-25 = 55.2 A 2 when attached to a single surface,
are absorbed, which is near the condition for op- or twice this value when sandwiched between two
timum fiocculation (see Table 2), it appears that surfaces as shown in Fig. 5(f). The following areas
the methylene blue molecules cover most of the are required to accommodate the exchanged ions
surfaces and this situation is shown in Fig. 5(e). with an area of 55-2 A2/molecule; in parentheses
The observed spacing under aqueous conditions are given the available areas taken from Table 2:
and also in vacuo is then almost entirely that of the Florida kaolinite 23.8 m2/g (35.2 m2/g), delaminated
15-6 fi phase; a small amount of the 14.8 fi is found kaolinite 6-46m2/g (8-6m2/g), Oswego illite 44.5
under vacuum conditions. m2/g (78 m2/g), Na-montmorillonite 418 m2/g (743
With Na-montmorillonite and 90 meq! 100 g m2/g). Thus there is no difficulty in accommodating
clay of methylene blue absorbed, no basal spacing the exchanged organic ions under the aqueous con-
is observed; the spacing is too large to be recorded ditions of the experiment.
by the diffractometer, or, since this amount of Under dry conditions in vacuo, no change in
methylene blue is close to the amount producing surface area is anticipated for kaolinite and illite,
optimum flocculation, the silicate layers are but for Na-montmorillonite the layers take up the
arranged very irregularly with respect to one spacing of 17-2 fi where each molecule between
another. In either case, it is easily understandable layers is touching two surfaces and the question
that the surfaces remain accessible to methylene arises whether the amount of methylene blue equal
blue molecules so that further exchange of cations to the exchange capacity which is easily accommo-
up to the limit of the exchange capacity of 125 dated in the expanded aqueous state can also be
meq/100g clay may take place. With 120meq/ accommodated in the dry state. To calculate the
100g clay of methylene blue absorbed, the surface area required, allowance must be made for
montmorillonite under aqueous conditions still absorptions on external surfaces. If 10 per cent of
shows no measurable basal reflections, but in the exchanged ~ blue is absorbed ex-
vacuo the dominant spacing is 17-1A which ternally (55-2 A2/molecule) and 90 per cent
corresponds with a re-orientation of the molecules internally (110-4 fi2/molecule), then the required
as shown in Fig. 5(f). area is 794 m2/g; if the proportions are 20 per cent
METHYLEN E BLUE ABSORPTION 211
and 80 per cent, the required area is 754 mZ/g. Bergmann, K. and O'Konski, C. T. (1963). A spectro-
These areas are consistent with the estimated scopic study of methylene blue monomer, dimer, and
area of the montmorillonite, so that most if not all complexes with montmorillonite: J. Phys. Chem. 67,
of the exchanged methylene blue can be accommo- 2169-2177.
dated in the collapsed state of the mineral in vacuo. Bodenheimer, W. and Heller, L. (1968). Sorption of
methylene blue by montmorillonite saturated with
different cations: lsraelJ. Chem. 6, 307-314.
CONCLUSIONS Carlson, R. M. and Johnson, C. M. (1961). Chelomettic
titration o f calcium and magnesium in plant tissue:
The experiments show that methylene blue J. Agr. Food Chem. 9,460-463.
absorption can be used for the measurement of Fairbairn, P. E. and Robertson, R. H. S. (1957). Liquid
both surface areas and exchange capacities of limit and dye adsorption: Clay Minerals Bull. 3,
clay minerals. Th e method has advantages over 129-136.
B.E.T. gas adsorption measurements in being Faruqi, F. A., Okuda, S. and Wiiliamson, W. O. (1967).
readily applicable to a wide range of areas, and Chemisorption of methylene blue by kaolinite: Clay
especially to minerals under aqueous conditions. Minerals 7, 19-31.
T he method is simple, rapid and economical. For Glaeser, R. and Meting, J. (1968). Domaines d'hydrata-
tion homog6ne des smectites: C~ R. Acad. Sci. Paris,
cation exchange capacity measurements, the
Sdrie D, 267,463-466.
method is simple, easily applicable to a wide range
Greene-Kelly, R. (1955). Sorption of aromatic organic
of values, and less tedious than titration methods. compounds by montmorillonite. 1. Orientation studies:
I f the methylene blue molecule is treated as a Trans. Faraday Soc. 51, 412-424.
rectangular solid with dimensions 17-0 7.6 Greene-Kelly, R. (1956). Montmorillonite complexes
3.25A, then optimum flocculation is obtained with saturated ring compounds: J. Phys. Chem. 60,
when the silicate surfaces are effectively covered 808-809.
by methylene blue ions lying on the 17-0 7-6---- Harward, M. E. and Btindley, G. W. (1966). Swelling
130 A 2 face. Coverage of the surface in this way properties of synthetic smectites: Clays and Clay
corresponds to considerably less than full exchange Minerals 13, 209-222.
of the N a + exchangeable cations. When the N a Haxaire, A. and Bloch, J. M. (1956). Sorption de mol6-
ions are fully exchanged, then the methylene blue cules organiques azot6es par la montmorillonite.
molecules have the 17.0 3-25 = 55 A 2 face in l~tude du m6canisme. Bull. Soc. Franc. Mindral
Crist. 79,464-475.
contact with the surface, with this orientation of Hul, H. J. Van Den (1966). The specific surface area of
the molecules, the available surface areas are silver iodide suspensions. Thesis, Univ. Utrecht.
sufficient to accommodate the exchanged methyl- Johnson, C. E. Jr. (1957). Methylene blue adsorption
ene blue ions. and surface area measurements. Paper presented at
the 131st National Meeting o f the American Chemical
Society, April 7-12.
A c k n o w l e d g m e n t s - O n e of us (P.T.H.) is endebted to Kalb, G. W. and Curry, R. B. (1969). Determination of
the A.I.D. Program (Agency for International Develop- surface area by surfactant adsorption in aqueous sus-
ment) for a scholarship permitting advanced study in the pension- 1. Dodecylamine hydrochioride: Clays and
USA, and to the University of Saigon, Viet-Nam, for Clay Minerals 17, 47-57.
leave of absence. The research program is supported by Kalousek, M. and Blahnik, R. (1955). Research on
grants-in-aid from the Chevron Research Company, monomolecular films. III. Apparatus for the study of
San Francisco, California, the Gulf Oil Corporation, monomolecular films adsorbed at the mercury-water
Pittsburgh, Pa., and the Union Oil Company of California, interface: Collection Czech. Chem. Commun. 20,
Brea, California, to whom our thanks are due. We thank 782-788.
also Mr. A. Torok, Dr. T. D. Thompson, Dr. A. N. Kipling, J. J. and Wilson, R. B. (1960). Adsorption of
Copp and Dr. H, Van Olphen for much helpful discussion methylene blue in the determination of surface areas:
and assistance, and Dr. C. E. Johnson, Jr., for the text J. AppL Chem. (London) 10, 109-113.
of his unpublished work.
Los, J. M. and Tompkins, C. K. (1956). Adsorption of
methylene blue on a positively charged mercury
surface: J. Chem. Phys. 24, 630.
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212 P . T . H A N G and G. W. B R I N D L E Y
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J. Chim. Phys. 401-402. (1967). Hydration states of an expanded phlogopite
Rich, C. I. (1961). Calcium determination for cation in relation to interlayer cations: Clay Minerals 7,
exchange capacity measurements: Soil Sci. 92, 226- 43-49.
231. Worrall, W. (1958). Adsorption of basic dyestuffs by
Shukevich, M. M. (1954). Problems of the determination clays: Trans. Brit. Ceram, Soc. 57, 210-217.
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