5-7-2013 FACTS ASSIGNMENT-1 12341D4202

1. Explain the importance of reactive power n power system.

Ans: Power is the product of voltage and current. When voltage and current are not in phase,
there are two components are presented. 1. Real or active power is measured in Watts, 2.
Reactive (sometimes referred to as imaginary) power is measured in Vars. The combination
(vector product) is Complex Power or Apparent Power. The term Power normally refers to
active power. Reactive power (vars) is required to maintain the voltage to deliver active power
(watts) through transmission lines. When there is not enough reactive power, the voltage sags
down and it is not possible to push the power demanded by loads through the lines. We always in
practice to reduce reactive power to improve system efficiency. This is acceptable at some level.
If system is purely resistively or capacitance it make cause some problem in Electrical system.
Alternating systems supply or consume two kind of power: real power and reactive power. Real
power accomplishes useful work while reactive power supports the voltage that must be
controlled for system reliability. Reactive power has a profound effect on the security of power
systems because it affects voltages throughout the system. Importance of reactive power are

voltage control in an electrical power system is important for proper operation for electrical
power equipment to prevent damage such as overheating of generators and motors, to reduce
transmission losses and to maintain the ability of the system to withstand and prevent voltage
collapse.

Decreasing reactive power causing voltage to fall while increasing it causing voltage to rise.
A voltage collapse may be occurs when the system try to serve much more load than the voltage
can support.
When reactive power supply lower voltage, as voltage drops current must increase to
maintain power supplied, causing system to consume more reactive power and the voltage drops
further . If the current increase too much, transmission lines go off line, overloading other lines
and potentially causing cascading failures.
If the voltage drops too low, some generators will disconnect automatically to protect
themselves. Voltage collapse occurs when an increase in load or less generation or transmission
facilities causes dropping voltage, which causes a further reduction in reactive power from
capacitor and line charging, and still there further voltage reductions. If voltage reduction
continues, these will cause additional elements to trip, leading further reduction in voltage and
loss of the load. The result in these entire progressive and uncontrollable declines in voltage is
that the system unable to provide the reactive power required supplying the reactive power
demand.

2. What is the effect of injected voltage in quadrature with line current on the control
of power flow?

Ans: The Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is a device which can control simultaneously
all three parameters of line power flow (line impedance, voltage and phase angle). Such "new"
FACTS device combines together the features of two "old" FACTS devices: the Static
Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) and the Static Synchronous Series Compensator
(SSSC). The UPFC has many possible operating modes. In particular, the shunt inverter is
operating in such a way to inject a controllable current, into the transmission line. This current
consists of two components with respect to the line voltage: the real or direct component, which
is in phase or in opposite phase with the line voltage, and the reactive or quadrature component,
which is in quadrature. The direct component is automatically determined by the requirement to
balance the real power of the series inverter. The quadrature component, instead, can be
independently set to any desired reference level (inductive or capacitive) within the capability of
the inverter, to absorb or generate respectively reactive power from the line. The series inverter
controls the magnitude and angle of the voltage injected in series with the line to influence the
power flow on the line. Figure 1 shows the UPFC link in transmission line.
The actual value of the injected voltage can be obtained in several ways.

Direct Voltage Injection Mode: The reference inputs are directly the magnitude and phase angle
of the series voltage.

Phase Angle Shifter Emulation mode: The reference input is phase displacement between the
sending end voltage and the receiving end voltage.

Line Impedance Emulation mode: The reference input is an impedance value to insert in series
with the line impedance
Automatic Power Flow Control Mode: The reference inputs are values of P and Q to maintain on
the transmission line despite system changes. Below figure shows the phasor diagram of voltage
and currents.
Contrary to the SSSC where the injected voltage Vs is constrained to stay in quadrature with line
current I, the injected voltage Vs can now have any angle with respect to line current. If the
magnitude of injected voltage Vs is kept constant and if its phase angle with respect to V1 is
varied from 0 to 360 degrees, the locus described by the end of vector V2 (V2=V1+Vs) is a
circle as shown on the phasor diagram. As is varying, the phase shift between voltages V2 and
V3 at the two line ends also varies. It follows that both the active power P and the reactive power
Q transmitted at one line end can be controlled.

3. For transmission of power for a distance of 400 km, select the best suitable
technology (FACTS / HVDC). Justify it.

Ans: HVDC technology is used for transmission of power for a distance of 400 km. HVDC
transmission has a number of technical advantages than HVAC transmission. HVDC
transmission being used for long distance overhead transmission lines, submarine cables,
frequency conversion. In some cases the addition of underground HVDC cable solution may
prove to be more economic, than an ac overhead line when taking all factors into account. The
issue to be considered includes:

capital cost of station(HVDC converter and HVAC substation including installation and
cost of land)
capital cost of land for line(overhead line requires much more than that required for a
cable route)
cost of delay including loss of opportunities.
Maintenance and operation cost.

In HVDC system we use converters. An HVDC converter converts electric power from high
voltage alternating current (AC) to high voltage direct current (HVDC), or vice-versa. HVDC is
used as an alternative to AC for transmitting electrical energy over long distances or between AC
power systems of different frequencies. HVDC converters capable of converting up to 2000
megawatts (MW) and with voltage ratings of up to 900 kilovolts (kV) have been built, and even
higher ratings are technically feasible. A complete converter station may contain several such
converters in series and/or parallel. Almost all HVDC converters are inherently bi-directional;
they can convert either from AC to DC (rectification) or from DC to AC (inversion). A complete
HVDC system always includes at least one converter operating as a rectifire (converting AC to
DC) and at least one operating as an inverter (converting DC to AC). Some HVDC systems take
full advantage of this bi-directional property.

4. Model TCR in matlab. Analyze the operation with firing angle control.
Ans:

The TCR model in matlab simulation is shown above.

When frequency is 60hz then output wave forms are