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 1. @\BVu BVpm, YWmm
(NATURE OF ETHICS AND ITS SCOPE)

1.1. A\CVu YWV\

A\ CVp
URu NVpLs Utm SPjRu RWjRl Tt
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A\ CVp EQojm EiULs

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RURu SPjRLs A]jm AjRLV EVV

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A\ CVp Bm.
Np [dLm
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Ethics ApX Moral Philosophy Gu AZd\oLs. Ethics
GuT Ethos Gu\ WdLf Npk T\lThPRm.
Ethos - GuTRt YZdLm GuT Ts. (Ethics is the science
of character, habits, of a activity or conduct of human beings.)
Moral GuT Mores Gu\ CXju Npk
T\lThPRm. Mores GuT UW Gu TsTm.
G]Y, A\ CVp G]T UdLs Ru Rhj RU
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2 3
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URu JYu LhX ApX J TXY]jX
Rj Cd\u. AYu AeL Nnm NVpLs
Bnd EV] ApX. AYPV NVpLs NLjRl
TlT CpX. TXm CQk Ym NLjp Ru
RURu NVpLs Bnd EV]YL Uu\].
JYu RTp jWL[f NLd\u. CjRLV
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Lsm.
R URu Au\P NVpL[V jRp, EQ
EiRp eLRp Tu\Y A\ CVp Bnd
EhThPY ApX.
Um U]SXm uVYoLu NVpLs, ZkRLu
NVpLs, Xe]eLu NVpLs, CVtLu t\eLs
Tu\Yt\ Bnd Gjd Ls[XL. A
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(non- Voluntary action) YjRp, WjRp, L],
Tu\YLm A\ CVu YWmts APeL.
A\ CVX] V AY TjRnu\ \u LiP
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(Voluntary action) Bnd EhThPYV.
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NVpLu Ts, UR SPjR, AkR SPjRVj
oUdL ERu\ Lp, UQm, NUVm, NhPm,
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A\ CVp Gu Sm Yk C@ A\m TtV
BWnf Gu GRLj Ru\. A\m Gu\ Np
TpY YLV] TsL[ Es[PdV Bm.
RnYl XYo YsYo RU d\p Rp CVXL
A\jlTX AUjd LiPo. A\m Gm NpXj
R]RUm NnRp, Sp CpYrdL, U]jdLi UX
CjRp, T\U, TWN, Lm NtLs, Tu\Yt\
dRp, Cu] \ TsLp LVi Es[o.
Um YsYo UR Yru ElTsLs
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BVYL[m L BZUL CQj RU d\[
AUjs[o. Rp A\Yp tL YiUum,
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A\Yp DhV Tu XUL UhU
CuTjR ATdL Yim Gum, Yru
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ERWQUL A\m NV m , BY ]m ,
4 5
Tu\Ytu XUL A\d LjdLs GjWdLl
Ths[].
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BWnf CVXm.
A\CVm, RjY CVm : (Ethics & Philosophy)
A\ CVdm, RjY CVdm CPp Es[
RPoTl Tt UThP LjdLs Es[]. aLp (Hegal)
Utm u (green) Tu\YoLs RjY CVX
AlTPVLd LiP A\CVp AUYRL
Lu\]o. B]p WvPp (Rashdall) Tu\YoLs
A\CVX AlTPVLd LiP RjY CVp
AUYRLd u\]o. YRm J \m CdL, A\
CVm, RjY CVm L SdLU] RPoPVY
GuTR EQW u\. rLiP LjLu
AlTPp CR EQW m.
1. NRVju SuSPjRu Y\p Ru
A\dLjdLs EYdLThs[].
2. A\CVu olLs UV]m, RY]m
SPV]m Bm. CY A]jm CVtLl
Tu RuUL[d LiP AUm. CRt
A\CVp RjY CVdf NpX Yid\.
3. A\ CVu YWV\L[ RjY CVp \lT
Gjd \. A\ CVp YWV\Lu u NV
APV[eL[] LPs, RkWU] odLRN]m,
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BWnYm, Gj CVpYm RjY CVu Rjl Todm T rdLiP LjdL[j Ru
TPUm. AYoLs Yj\oLs GuT RYm.

4. A\CVp GuT AVp UlhPd Lis[. 1. LPs GuTYo Cdu\o.

RjY CVp AkR AVp UlhP \l 2. LPs RoU kR]Lu LXULm, JdL
Tj\. XWLm, SuSPjR LiPYWLm Cd\o.
5. RjY CVp EXLjtm, URdm Es[ RPoT 3. Ld \kR LXU YZdV URu, LPPjp
[dd \. A\ CVX UR] J U]fNh LQd V V TiLp XYt\VY APV
Es[]YLd Lh\. G]Y, LPdm, VtdL Yim. GuTRm.
URdm Es[ RPoTl Ttm, EXLm Utm 4. O]m, ApX UnQo Tu\ Yp Sm
NRVm Ttm Ak Ls[ RjY CVXV RPL[j RLojRV A\f NVpLs Qu\].
AL Yi Es[. BuLd LiQu Tkdm V ALt\
A\CVp ERu\.
6. \V RjY CVu Wf]Ls A\CVd
5. A\CVX] UR] SpYlTjm, BuUY
EhThPYL[LY Es[].
nUl Tjm, WmUm Rus Cdm BuU
AYVY] G] EQW YlTRt A\ CVp Qu\.
BuUu C\YjRuU, Luu U\d LhT, G]Y, NUVjp LPs YTh \Vj Rojd
NRVjtm, R URds[ RPo, BuUtm, \d V H]V LjdLs A]jU A\CVp
EXts[ RPo, LPs TtV LjdLs \lTm LjdL[m.
BV]Ym. CRu Xm NUVm, A\CVm L SdLU]
A\CVm, NUVm (Ethics & Religion) RPo] Lis[] GuT EV\.
NUVm GuT UR] TdYl TjYRVm. A\CVp, UPVp Utm NLVm :
Um NUVm GuT CWi AlTP AmNeL[d (Ethics, Anthropology & Sociology)
Lis[. Ju, LPs YTh\, CWiPY R URu SPjR GuTRl TYL Gjd
JdLm, RoU kR]Ls, Ut\m SuSPRRL[ LiPp NL CVp AOm UR CVp AOm P
LPldL YiVRu AYVjR Yjd \. ARl Tt BWVY Nnu\]o, NL CVm UP
6 7
CVm Nnm BnLdm A\ CVp UtLsm
Bndm AlTP YT Gu] GuTR ARp
Yim.
URPV SPjRVl Tt BnNnm A\ CVp,
AR SPjRVlTt Bn Nnm NL CVp UP
CVp BnLk GqY YTu\ GuTR
YWV\ Nn Rk LsRp Yim. NL CVm
(Sociology) UP CVm (Anthropology) SoX ApX
[dL X AVXf NokRY. A\ CVp EVoX
AVp Bm. Ko GjdLhu Xm CR]
AVXm.
UQm Nn LsRp RURu SPjRLp
Ju. UQm Tt NL CVm, UP CVm, A\CVm
Bn Nn RjRm \Vf NokR [dLeL[d
Ldu\]. uPV Bn Tu TdL[l
TojRp A\ CVp RuPV Bnu Xm GqY
YT\ GuTR AVXm.
NL CVp AOo UQm GuTRu
T[ [dYo. NPeLu AUl, Rp
UQf NPe AUkR \, LXkRm A Y[ok
YkR \ BVYt\ YlTo. Rp Ko BPYu
J TiQ UhU UQm Nn Lsm
\Pu JYu CWi TiL[m UQm Nn
Ls[Xm. Gu\ \ UdLs Ujp SpX G]
LRlThP. AR NUVjp J TiQ UhU
UQm NnLsm \ RY Gu Xo Lijl
TNj RPe]o. Cp CRWUQm UdL[p
HtLs[l Tt\ G] UQ YWXt \V
8 9
GYo. CeL JRW UQm RY Gu AYo G]m
A AYo, Y, ApX AYo UlP Au. JRW
UQm RY GuT J LXjp J T UdLu LjRL
CkR GuT YWXt EiUL[m, LrfL[m
AlTV GYdL YiV LPUVRp YWXt
EiUV AlTV G]o GuTRLY
Ls[Yim. AqY\ Ru UP CVp AOo
NVm [dLm Cdm.
Es[R Es[Y Gj GY YWXt \
Es[R Ul Nn GY EVoX AVp \.
J RW UQm Su Gum CRW UQm Cu] Cu]
LWQeL[p RY Gum GjdLh, CRW
UQ\VP JRW UQ \V SpX G] [dLm
AUj GY Ulh \. NL CVp AOm
UP CVp AOm YWXt \V Uhm
UtLi GYo. [dL X gO] \V
UtLiP AYoLs GYoLs. Ulh \p
GY C N, C RY G] GjdTh, C SpX
G] Ul Nn GY A\ CVp AOo
UtLsm \. AqY [dYR EVoX
AVp.
G]Y, A\CVp Gu\ EVoX AVX]
Ulh \X] URu SPjR TtV BnVp
G]dLs[ Yim, NL CVm UP CVm UR
SPjRVV Gjd ]m, AY UR SPjR
Cu] Cu] LXeLp ClTClT CkR Cu]Cu]
LWQeL[p Cu]Cu] Ut\jRl Tt\ Gu\ A[p
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Cdm. NnL[m N, RY, SuU, U, Gu AlTP
1.2. A\CVp Ko AVp JeLUls AUjd Lh [dm. G]Y, A\
CVm AVp YLVf NokR Bm.
(Ethics as a Science)
AVp GkR Ko AVm ARtV GpXd Lhts
u, Lh EhThPRu [dLj]j R\.
CjRLV GpXdL A\Vp \dm Ei, GuTRp
SoX AVp EVoX AVp A\ CVm, AVp YLVf NokR.
(Positive Science ) (Normative Science)
CVtVp A\CVp A\ CVp Ko EVoX AVp
YVp, AZVp A\ CVp NRVjp Ym UR SPjRVl
EVp A[YVp Tt BWm JYL AVp Gu LiPm.
AVp AVp GuT lhP LrfVl TtV
J lhP T[V ApX lhP ApX T[l TtV AR] CQkR
LrfVV GjdLh, [dLm LhL tThPp, UV] NnL[ JeQjj Rm JeLUl
AR] CQkR GpXf NnL[m, JYL
Bm.
JeLUls Ru\ AY AVp A. (Science
is organized or systematized knowledge). AVX C YLL[Ll dLXm. AY
AVp \ EVoX AVp (Normative Science) Gum SoX
AVp (Positive Science) Gum AZdLlTm.
JYL AlTP JeLUls YiPR
NnL[ d, YiV NnLs GpXYt\m J Ts J lhP CVpL[d Lis[
\VL CQjl Tu\ \Vm. J YL Gum, lhP YLp NVpT\ Gum, X]
CXVd LjRp RYW CVp NRWQ APVYu XUL BWnk [dLj]j RY SoX AVp
CXVl TtV X NnL[ UhU \ YpXY]L Bm. XeVp (Zoology) RYWVp (Botany) CVtVp
ClTu. B]p AVp AY] AkR Ko (Physics) YVp (Chemistry) Tu\Y SoX
CXV AlTPVLd Li UV]
AVd GjdLhLs Bm.
NnL[ Ko JeLUls AUjj Rkm.
AqY\ A\ CVm URPV GkR J NVXm
10 11
 X NVpLs Hu ClT NnVlTP YiUu\
ApX GlT NVpThPL Yim. Gu\, Tu\
LsL[ GlmT AYtt PL[d LQ
tTm Ko CVp, EVoX AVp ApX Up
YWmhP AVp Bm. UR] EshP BnVp,
A[YVp (Logic) AZVp (Aesthetics) A\ CVp (Ethics)
Gu\ Cmum EVoX AVp Yf NokRY.
SpX kR] GlT CdL Yim G] A[YVp
[dL tTY TXY, SpX AZ GlT CdL
Yim G] AZVp [dL tTY TXY, SpX
SPjR GlT CdL Yim G] [dL tTY A\
CVu LPUVm.
R URu NVp ApX SPjR GuTRl
TYL Gjd LiPp, NLVp AOoLm
(Sociology) UP CVp AOoLm (Anthropology) E[Vp
AOoLm P AYL[l Tt BWnu\]o.
AZVp A[YVp, UP CVp, NL CVp, BV
CkSu CVpLU UR]l TtV [d]m,
A\ CVX] CkSu CVpLkm YTu\.
GlTVp, NL CVm, UP CVm YWXtd LX
LrL[m, AR]l TtV EiUL[l Tt UhU
Tu\.
B]p A\ CVX] Hu? GlT? G] AdLX
LrL[ Bn NnYRp C@ Ko EVoX AVp
G]lT\.
12
1.3. A\ CVm H]V AVpLm
A\ CVp Ko AVp Gu kRV TPjp
LiPm. B]p A\ CVp Ko EVoX AVp Gum
Ak LiPm. A\ CVm Ko AVp Gu\ YLp
A GqY H]V AVpLPu RPo Li
Es[ GuTR ClTp LiTm.
A\CVm EVm : (Ethics & Biology)
AlTPp URu Ym E]ju YLVf
NokR]p, XeLd EV \Ls AYdm
TkYRL AUks[]. CdLj] Pou Tu\
AOoLs YrYRtL] TWhPm (Struggle for existence)
Utm XjlTRtL] TjRm (Survival of the fittest)
Gu\ XeVp Lu T [d Es[]o.
CkRd Ljp EPuT LiP aoToh vTu^o
(Herbert Sepncer) R] A\ CVu LhTLs (Principle of
Ethics) Gu\ LsL Xm XeVX AlTPVLd
Li A\ CVX [dL tTu\o.
AYo SpX G? LhP G? GuT Xetm
URdm Ju\ Gu u\o ARY AYo
GYVpXm Yru u]t\jt ERu\]Y
AYVpXm SpX] Gu\o Ut\T GYVpXm
AjRLV u]t\jtj RPL[L Cdu\]Y
AYVpXm LhP] Gu\o. CRu Xm NkRLjt
CPu XeVp \Ls UR] SPYdLLs
TlL[ HtTju\] GuT RY\.
13
A\ CVp EVX AlTPVLd LiPRpX :
YrtL] TLlm u]t\m URdj
RYV]Rm. B]p A UhU UR] dLs?
URu Xek GqY[Y u] Cd\u.
XeLs tl\f Zd HtT ReL[ Ut AUjd
Lsm. B]p UR], Ru YrYRtL]
tl\fZX EYdu\u.
AVp LilL[ TVuTju\u.
SLLU] NRVjR EYdu\u. Cp XeLu
\Ls ujRlTPpX. ERWQUL
XeLu \lT YUV] Ym.
YUVt\ AjRdLlTm. B]p UR
NRVjp ARt U\LY SPd\. ARY
YUVt\YoL[] TiLs, ZkRLs Utm
VYoLs Tl TLdLlTu\]o. AvPhp
V Tu UR] \lT] NVpL[
XeLPjp LQ VpX. YL UR]
NVpTLs TjRk, ALu LhTLuT LiPVL Yim. CkR A[p AYd CVtVp
Ru SPT\R RW XeLu LuT ApX
GuTR EVLd \Xm.
A\ CVm, CVtVm : (Ethics & Physics)
CVtVp AVXl TX ApX J SoX
AVp ApX [dL YL AVp Gu \lT\.
H]p CVtVp Sm \ EXLl TsL[l
XuL[p Uhm BWnk AYtu CVpL[m,
AYttPV NVpTm CVtL L[U
[d\m. \ EX GlT CdL YiUu\
CVtVp BWnYpX. U\L AVp UR SPjR
NV ApX RY\ GuTRl TtV RWjR oQVm
14
Nn olL[ YZeu\. G]Y CR Ko EVoX
AVp Gu \m. CqY[p LmT
CVtVdm A\ CVdm SWjRPo CdL
NjVm CpX.
CVtVm A\ CVm UThP AVp YLVf
NokRY Gu\m AYttPV J YL U\Lj
RPo Cd\ Gu\ \ Yim. LWQmVRp
URu SPjRLs AY] Es[jp
oUdLlThPm \ EXX\ SPTt\L Yim.
URu NVpLs VU EXu CVtL Ld
EhThP W Yim. dVU] LWQ (Law of
causuality). CVtVdm A\ CVdm TY] Ju\m
A\CVp \lT Fr] V] CVtVu
LWQLV V JhV AUks[. Um URu
J NVXf NnVj RPem u]o AfNVp \
EXp RtdLd V [L[l Ttj Rk
A Q Nnm.
A\CVm, E[Vm : (Ethics and Psycology)
E[Vp GuT UR U]jRl TtV BWnfVm.
UR U]p Lm URpL[l Ttm, URf
NVpLdl u]VL AUm EQofLs,
U]XLs Utm AY] AYt\p Ttm E[Vp
BWnu\. UR NVpLs VU RPdLjp J
GiQUL Gk u]W NVp YYjt YYRp
A\ CVp E[VPu J LdVU] YLp RPo
15
Lis[. UR SPjRVm TpY U]XLu 3. UV] SdLm UV] SdLm GuT
YlTL[. URu U]p AUkR EsSd, GuT YWV\d L k TWk Cdm.
EhP, Utm ALX A\lTi CYVU EhThP.
AYPV NVpL[j oUdu\]. 4. L r L u BWnfu AlTPp
AlTPp o o LQlT\.
Um UR EQofL[V LUm, WRm, BN, LQlT\.
AfNm, T, CWdLm CYVm URPV NVpL[
5. Um U]XV _PlThLu, U\j
HRY J Rjp Tdu\]. G]Y E[Vp A AlTPVLd LiP RuU LiP \l
A\ CVp BWnfd Lj RYV] Ju\m. UR]l TtV ThLu Tl
Tl Bm. G]Y GuTRp ol U\j
AiUd LXeLp E[Vp NL E[Vp (Social RuUPV.
hPYhPULj ol
Phychology). SPjR NokR E[Vp (Behavioral Phychology) \ CVX.
Gu\ Ls dVjYm YnkRYVL Y[oks[].
NL E[Vp, J NLm R URu U]XV 1.4. A\ CVu CuVUVUm TVuLm

GqRjp Tdu\ GuTRl Ttm, J R A\ CVu CuVUVU

URu Es[jp Gm EQofLs NRVjp WdL AOW] AvPhp UR]l Ttd m
GjRLV [L[j Rtdu\] GuTR Ttm T AYu J NL Xe (Man is a social animal)
BWnu\]. E[Vu Cq LU A\ CVp Gum TjRs[ Xe (rational animal) Gum YWV\
BWnfp J dVl Te TVt\ m. Nns[o. LUm, T, AfNm Tu\ EPp NokR EQoLs
URdm, XeLdm TY]Y.
EVoX AVp SoX AVp CqQofLu AlTPp Uhm URu
1. Hu? GRt? GlT? Gu] CdL Yim, C NVXtY]p AYdm Xetm AL YT
Gu\ ]dL[ ClTjRu NVpThPL GRm Sm LQ CVX. B]p, TjRm
GlYR Yim Gu\ [dLeL[ RuiUVm Cdu\ JW LWQj]p AYu
GlYR AlTPVLd LiP.
Xeum YTh Ko EVV Xp
AlTPVLd
YdLlT\u.
LiP.
2. UlLs Tt TdLd EiUL[l Tt AVd ClTjRY AYu GqYLp TVuTjRp
V. V. Yim GuTR AYd EQojY A\Vp

16 17
LhTL[. YrdLl TRp URu RPm U\Up
ClTRt A\Vp LhTLs \kR YLhL[L
AUu\].
RjY YWXtp TiPV LX WdL AOoL[]
NdW, [hP, Tu\YoLs ReL[ RjYd
LhTLp, YnU, SoU, nU, Wm Tu\ SYPkR] GuTR UR YWX SUd
A\lTiL[l Tt BZUL BWnk AYt\
EVoXj RLL[Ld f Nus[]o. RjY
BWnfp A\ CVp J dV CPjR GdLXjU
Yj Yks[. TmTX] EXL NUVeLs A\ CVp
LhTLd dVjYm Lj Yks[]. LP[
Htd Ls[R NUVeL[] T[jRNUVm, NUQ NUVm
BV] A\Vp LhTLd Ko EVokR CPjR
Ajs[].
RZLjp d\s, \S, SXVo, Bjf J TVL Sm A\VXd Ls[ Yim. UR
Tu\ EVV TZUV] pLs Vm Lf \kR
A\pL[m. Ck NUVju J dVf NUV X]
TLYj R TVu SdLf NVp Gu\ AV A\
CVpLhThP EXt GdLXjtm Tkm
YLp Ajs[. jYm, CvXm, R NUVm,
BV] A\Sd LhTL[ AlTPPVLd
LiP AUks[].
G]Y, A\ CVp AY] JY] Y[oXLp
EVoju\.
1. XePk Ru] YTjd Ls[m.
2. A\Sp Ru] X j, UR]L YZm.
18
3. \Wm A\Yrp j, AR]p Nu\]L
YZm, BV u XLp UR] EVoj\.
RUR Yrm, NL Yrm A\Vt
LhTLs J dV AeLm Ydu\].
A\Sum YV NRVeLs VU
GjWdu\. NmUV] A\SL[ J NLju
JtU Utm XV] RuUVl TdLdLd
VRL Cd\. J R URu EVo P AYu
Htd LiP A\SL[l TjR AUm.
A\ CVu TVuLs
A\ CVp Gu\ Tp AUdLlTt\ GpXU A\
CVp Au TVuL[. UnVY Sm Vtu
SPjRp Lm SpXRm VRm Tt BWnk
EiUVd LiPm VtXV A\Vp DT\.
i) UdLPjR RY\] Tdp AUkhP X
A\Ut\ TZdL YZdLeL[ dLm, ApX A\jR
CQdm YLp UtVUdLm A\ CVp A
Qu\.
ii) NL AUlL[] mTm, LpXVm, NLl
Tt XVm, RtPm, S, NUV AUlLs,
AWNY, Tu\YLd, EiU J PdLf
NnVm. Je\ T\m A\ CVp A
ERu\.
19
iii) UYm NRV Ut\eLd HtT A\Yd V \p uTt\ ERu\]. A\Vp LsLLs
LsLL[] EXL JUlT UR SVm R URu SPjRVf NmU NnYRu XUL
Tu\Ytu \lT Gjd NVpTPf NnY AYu Ym NLm Xj, CQk CdLm ER
A\ CVp A Bm. u\.
iv) Cu EXu TpY TLm, TpY Tt ]dLs
UdLPjRm LQlTm, AU CuU Utm
A\UpXf NVpLu TdLm Tu\Yt\ I. KYLp PV (2 UlTiLs)
JeTjYm A\ CVp A Bm. 1. A\ CVp Gu\p Gu]?
v) A\ CVX] UR SPjRu EVoXd 2. Ethos GuTRu Ts V?
LhTL[l (Norms) Tt BWnk u\. 3. Moral GuTRu Ts V?
CjRLV LhTLs R URu RuPV
4. UR Yru Su El TsLs VY?
YrdLVf \lT] Yp AUjd Ls[
ERu\. 5. AVp Gu\p Gu]?
vi) J lhP rXp C Ru Tkm Gu 6. A\d LjdLs Tt m TZkRr pL[d
Wk NnVm, NnRRf l.
NVtTjRm A\ CVp A ERu\. 7. Yru Cd dLs V?
vii) UR YrVp AUkR TpY \L[m, 8. AVp \ GuT Gu]?
RjRVL j SlTjRm, AlTpY 9. AVu CYLLs VY?
\L[m CQk BUl Ti]l T\
10. SoX AVp Gu\p Gu]?
ERVL ClTm A\ CVp A Ru.
11. EVoX AVp Gu\p Gu]?
TiPd LXjkR A\ CVu dLm,
UdLu TZdL YZdLeL]p Bn NnVlTh 12. SoX AVd ERWQm L.
HtPj RuUPVY G]d LRlThP]. 13. EVoX AVpLs VY?
CdLsLL[ Sm uTtm T LilTL A\Yp 14. aoToh vTuNo GV u TVo G?
Ru Sm NpYUVu Utl TRp NpX 15. AiUd LXeLp dVjYm YnkR E[VpLs
YnlLs Ld \Y. VY?
A\ CVp LsLLs NLjp Ym URu,
16. URu J NL Xe Gu VYo Vo?
AfNLjRp YWV\ NnVlThP SPjR \L[f
20 21
II. J Tj A[p ApX Tj YLd LUp
PV. (5 UlTiLs)
1. A\ CVp EQojm EiULs VY?
2. A\ CVp Ko AVp - [d?
3. A\ CVm, CVtVm Tt Y.
4. A\ CVm E[Vm GqY JuPu Ju
RPoPV GuTR Y.
5. A\ CVm, NUVm GqY RPo Lis[]
GuTR] Y.
III. J TdL A[p ApX CT YLdLUp
PV (10 UlTiLs)
1. A\ CVu YWmt EhThP NnL[ Y.
2. A\ CVp Ko EVoX AVp? [d.
3. A\ CVm, RjY CVm Tt [d.
4. A\ CVm, UP CVm, NL CVm Ju\Pu
GqYLp RPo Lis[]?
5. A\ CVu CuVUVU Tt GL.
6. A\ CVu TVuLs VY?
IV. Su TdLeLd LUp ApX StTYLd
LUp PV (20 UlTiLs)
1. A\ CVdm, AVdm Es[ RPo] Y.
2. A\ CVdm, \ CVdm Es[ RPo] [d
YWL.

22
II. @\fNVpLm @\gNWf NVpLm
(MORAL AND NON-MORAL ACTIONS)
2.1. A\f NVp Utm A\gNWf NVpLu
YWV\

Es[jVp : (Psychology)
URPV NVd SPjR Gu J YZdl
TVo Ei. URPV NVp ApX SPjR LrYRt
u]p AYPV U]jp Cu] Cu] XLs
EiPu\] GuTR [dL tTm AVp \V
Es[jVp.

URu SPjRd u]o Lm U]XL[d

LWQULm, EPmp Lm TXYLf NVpL[d
LVULm Ls[Xm. CqYLp UR SPjRV
AYRtV AXL Es[jVp Lr\.
R URu SPjRV Su Gu HtTR,
Gu XdYR Es[jVu T Au. Bm,
Es[jVp YWV\ Nn LhV U]XL[
AlTV A\ CVp Htd Ls\.
A\fNVp
URu TX NVpLp DT\u. NRVjR
CQk Ym URu NVpLs NV]R, RY\]R,
SpXR, LhPR, HtPVR, HtTt\R, NRVjR
SoLULY, U\LULY Tdm CVpPVR
Gu\pXm BnLs NnVlTh, NRVjtj
e [dLR NVpLs StNVpL[L Htd

23
Ls[lTu\]. A\l Ti] EshP GpXf
NVpL[m JdLm Gu\ A\gNokR NVpLs Gu\
Sm Ls[Xm CR]V
A\j e BdLm CpX AR]
U\jRu FepX L
Gu \o YsYo.
JYPV YrdLd A\jRP SuUV]m
CpX. A\jRl Tt\Up U\lTRPd LV]m
CpX GuT T[m.
A\ CVp LhThu AlTPp URu
NVpLs, A\f NVpLs Gum A\gNWf NVpLs Gum
CYLVLl dLlTu\].
A, BWnf \u Li, TjRu
AlTPp JYu mVt Nnu\ NVX],
CPPl Ttu LWQUL TZdLf NVXL Ut\m
Tu\. CY A\fNVp G] AZdLlT\.
YsYl TkRLm, CR]V
Jpm YLVu A\] JYR
NpmY VpXg NVp.
Gu NpPUpXm A\fNVX NVpTjRf
Np\o.
A\gNWf NVp
CVtLu t\jRp EYm \Y, XSdLm,
], Ys[m, Y\h RVY A\gNWf NVpLs
Bm. H]p CVtLV] Bnk, Rok, Rk,
AYp UtLs[l Tt\ NVpLs Au. Um,
LeLu NVpLs, ZkRLu NVpLs,
24
U]l\rft\ URu NVpLs Tu\Y A\gNWf
NVpLu ThVp CPm Tts[YVm. \PV
YtjRu LWQUL RkWUt\ Xp, NnVlTm
NVpLm A\gNWf NVpL[m.
SmUp LhlTjRl T\ VR CWjR KhPm,
CVtL EsdVp [m NVpLs, AY
EPuTPR EPt tf NVpLs, EQofLu EkRXp
NnVlTm NVpLs, GoTWR NVpLs, BVYLm
A\Y olf NVpLs BL.
A\ CVp BWm NVpLs
J ZkR Ru LV Yp Yj Yjd
Lid\. C AY CQkR NVX? ApX
m Ht\ NVX? Gu\ Lsd, Bnk P LQ
tTY A\fNVu LPUVm.
ZkR Ru LV Yp Yj Ydm T
A AYTPR NVX. B]p u]o A]p
BWnk Tojj RY Gu RkRT, AfNVp
AdZkRVp RodLd V NVXVm. BLVp
BWnk, RY\]d LiP \m RodL CVXR NVXL
AUUV]p AfNVp A\gNWf NVXm. Cf
NVX AYu kjkRp RojdL m Gu\
Lj GU]p, AlT RojR NVX StNVXm.
m Ht\ NVp : (Voluntary Action)
TjRs[, NVXt\ YpX JYu, Ru dL[
NV] G] BWnk Cu] G] YWV\
NnLi AR APV m, ARtLtT Ru
25
NVpL[f RkWU] RuUPu NVXtYR ALXj iRp (Impulse) Y Lo EQoY P
mVt\ NVp G]lTm. YThP. AL XjiRp JYL uT
CqYLV] m Ht\ NVp rLiP u EQoY Ldm. LWQm SU kR] Y YX
XL[d Lis[. GRm LYdLPUp SmU YYL Y Lo
EQo EkYRp A uTVpT]RLm EQ
A) U]X EhLiPp J \ HtT\ G]Y,
B) EPp NmTkRlThP NnLLs RYQofV] uTjp RPe CuTjp
YP\.
C) Yl\ [YVhV X
ii) RYQof BNVL URp
A) U]X
RYQof BNVL Ut\m T\.
m Ht\ NVu u XLp Rp
URPjp [em CVtL A GuT RuiU
XVV U]XV] B YLLp NVpT\.
A (Self-consciousness) G]lTm. CY RYQof
i) RYQof (Feelings of wants) V BNVL (desire) Ut\. BNVL Ut\e LiP
RYQofVl Tt CYLd LjdLs Ei. T AeL LQlTm Ls.

1. RYQof GlTm uVX]RLY Cd\. RYV \ NnVd V Ts G? GuT

TtV Lj. AlT[ APYRtV Y YLLs
2. RYV] \ NnVlTm T CuT TtV Lj. G]Y RYQofV] J hPUl
EQoPu LXkRRLY Cd\. EldLdf NVXL AUk \.
X RYLs Ei. EPd EQ RY AqY\,
o, Lt BVYLm RYV. CYLs iii) U u\m BNLu URp : (Conflict of
Elj RYLs (Organic needs or wants) GuTo. desire)
JYu R]d CY CY RY Gu AY TXYLj RYQofLs JW NUVjp, TXR
Y, R]d EQ RY G] AY Y. ClT BNL[ Rtdm. JW NUVjp, GpX
EQ RY Gu\ EQoYl TYLf Y Lo BNL[m \Yt\ CVX. G]Y, JW J
EQo GuTo (appetite). B]p, CkR EQo UpX RYV uhP BNV UhU uj,
AjRm Tm. Sm, \ YXL[ Jd Yj, H]VYL[l udj Rs[ Yim Gu\ X
EQY EhLsU i\. CqY Gm
26 27
HtTP, U]jp ThQo, UThP EQo,
EsdLp URp, BNLu URp RV] Lm.
BLVp, EW] HRm KWNV Uhm uj,
Ut\YL[l udj Rsm.
iv) RuUj Ro X : (Delibration)
RuUj Ro X GuT JYLf NVXt\p.
CRf NVtTjY RuiU ARu.
TX BNLs UmT, EW] APV
Bt\Xp, BNL[m BWV tT\. BNLu
YuU UuULs BWVl Tu\]. Cp, TX
BNLp Ju\ Uhm Rok Lsm Bt\X
EW] Tt\. CY Ro X.
v) kRR AkRl Ttm X : (Intensification)
EW] RuUj Ro Xu Xm TX
YLV] BNLp J lhP BNVj Ro
Nn\. Ro NnRu AkR BNVf NVtTjYRt
dL] EsSdLm AUk\. G]Y, AkR
EsSdLU], BNV Sd SmUf NVpTj\.
CY, BNV CLlTtm XVm.
vi) AjRl TtV XV oU] XVdLp
\ NnVl T\ YiV BN C G]j Ro
NnRu, BN NVtTh Xd Ykm. tX
NUVeLp RPLs SWXm. RPLu YUVp AkR
28
BN YZk TnPRY, RokR Y, kR
YL Bdm.
(Decision becomes determination) GiVTV NVp
BtYp EPVWL CdLl Tt\p, AYo
GiVYt\ GiVY\ APYo.
B) EPp NmTkRlThP NnLLs : (Bodily Stage)
BYL Es U]Xp U]m NVpTh EPp
ElLp Tk AYt\f NVpTjm. SPjRp, KRp,
TojRp TRp Tu\ NVpLs CqYLVf NokRY.
C) Yl\ [Y JhV X
EPp NVpTYRp AfNVp Yl\ EXp TX
YLV] Ut\eL[ EiPd\. RokRjR BN,
ARu EsSdLm BVYtu YuU, UuUL[m
Yl\ [Ls EQoju\].
UX lhPY, RYQof, RYQof
BNVL URp, BNLu URp, BNLp Ju\j
Ro NnRp.
Ro NnR BN] \ NnV Gjd LiP
NVp, SdLm, NVtTm \, u[Ls Gu\
GpXd L[m CQj J URu NVXtm
T AYu NVp, m Ht\ NVp Gu\ TVWl
T\.
CqY mVt UtLiP NVpLs
A\gNokR NVpLs Gu NpXlTm. CYVpXR
NVpLs A\gNWf NVpLs Gu AZdLlTm.
29
 uYm YWTPju XUL CfNVpLs TtV T\. (The word motive literally means what moves us to act in a
[dLj] Ak Ls[Xm. particular way).

NVp J NVXj RtdLm, j YdLm EV

LWQUL EsSd AUks[. C, RYQofV
J NVXj RtlT Gum, A JYL uT
EQof Gum, uT EQofVm A CuT
A\fNVp A\gNWf NVp EQofVm EsPLd LiP Gum Bn]p
(Moral action) (Non-moral action) YlThP].
mVt\ SpX NVpL[] ZkRLu NVpLs, CuT uT EQofL[ NVXu Es SdLeLs
JdLm, Tu\Y CVtLu NVpLs, Gu LiPp, uT EQofV NVXj Yd
U]l\rft\ YlTRLm, CuT EQofV NVX j
URu NVpLs YlTRLm AUm. U\L uT EQoY
2.2. EsSd, EhP (Motive & Intention) RPdLULm, YLm AUYi. ERWQUL,
VLm Sh SXdLLj Ru EWd LjRp Tu\Y
E[Vp AOoLu tlT, Sm J NVXf
Bm.
NnmT AfNVdd LWQULl TX NdLs Sm
Es[jp CVeu\]. J NVp RPe YRtl J NVX RPeY Jum lT Jum
TX LWLs Cdu\]. G] Y Y\L AUY TkYRL CpX. Um,
EQof Gu\ Ju\u AlTPp UhU NVpTY
AYLs EsSdm, EhPm CWi RuUd Xe]jdm Aj \u Y[Wl T\R
LWLs. AY GjRLV CVpPV], GqY ZkRLdm TkYRLXm. UR] NVtTP
NVpTu\] GuTR YL Rk LsRp YlT AY.
AYVm.
G]Y, URu AYt NVtTTYu. TjRu
EsSd : (Motive) QLi EQofL[d LhlTjj Rm mV
GkR J Bt\p ApX GkR Ju SmU, Yp NVpTm Bt\p EPVYu. G]Y CuT, uT
SmPV NVX Sd lhP Yp EQofLPu A NokR dLsL[m
NnU Fddu\R AY EsSd Gu TVo EsSdLUL (motive) HtdLsRp AYVU\.
ERWQUL, J fNdLWd EQYj ERm T
30 31
CWdLm Gu\ EQofV, AY] TVd L[k
AYd UrhP Yim Gu\ AloYU]
dLm EhPVL AU\.
NVpL[ RuU, NVpLs Lm CPm, Utm LXm,
NVXtYu CVp Tu\Yttj RdLY
EsSd TX YLLp AUm GuTR Sm Ljp
Ls[ Yim.
EhP : (Intension)
EsSdLjRP EhPV] Nt kR
TPV. J NVXf NnTYW dLs, Utm iQlTlTYm YeYRu iP LXjRn EhP
dL[ APYRtL] YYLLs hPeLs
BVYt\d dm. ERWQUL J UQYu Su
Td\u Gu\p ARtl TX LWQeLs Ei. \V
UlTiLs Tt, Rp Ylp R\ Yim,
Tt\oLPjm, BVoLPjm SpX TVo T\
Yim. SpX YXp AUW Yim. \V TQm
NmTdL Yim. SpX YrdL YZ Yim Tu\
TX YLV] dLsLs AY] L] EZltd
LWQUL AUu\]. CYVU AY] NVu
EhPL[m.
TYLd Pj, EhP GuTRd dLs
G]Xm J NVu d LWQm (final cause) Gum
CRd \Xm A NokR Sm NVu Xm \ EXp
Sm HtTjR mm URX EhP. C TpY
AmNeL[j Rus APds[.
EsSd Tu\ EhPLm, CPm LXm, NVp
Lm rX, NVp NnTYW U]X Tu\Yttj
32
RdLY TX YLLp AUu\]. CqYLLp
XYt\l Tt C TolTm.
EP] EhP GuT J NVu Xm
APVdV EP]d dL[m. Lpp NW
iQlTlTYm YeRp Gu\ NVu EP]d
dLs Lpp NWYim GuT. YWjRV
ApX iP LXjRV EhP GuT iP
LXjtu APVdVd L[m.
SU ERWQjp; SpX Y[U] GoLXjR
AUjd Ls[ Yim Gu\ dLs
Bm.
EhPL[ Es[okRY ApX YlTP
V]Y Gum YLlTjRXm. ERWQUL JYo
Ts[Rp k hP J TuVd LlTtV T
AYW YTPV] EhPVL AUkR, TuVd
LlTt\ Yim GuT. B]p Es[okR EhPVL
AYW Es[jp Tuu uTm Li GkR YjR
EQo]dL[V Yim Gu\ dLs Bm.
SW EhP, U\L EhPVl uYm
GjLhhPp AVXm. TsLp NVpTjRlTm
NjQ hPju SW EhP UV EQ AjRp,
EPpSXm TQp.
B]p CRu U\L EhP GpXdm LhPVd
Lp, TslTlT CPp jRU GuTR
NVpTjRp Bm.
CLm YjRYum Sm AY VRu
JqY NVdm TXYLV] EhPLs Ei
33
GuTm JqY EhPdm TX Ls Ei
GuTUVm.
EsSddm EhPdm CPV Es[ YtULs
EsSd, EhP Gu\ CWiU J NVdd
LWQUL AUkRm AYtu CVp UT\.
EsSdL] CVpdL EkRp Utm APV
YiVddLs BV CWiPm Es[PdV.
B]p EhP GuT APVYiV dL[
Uhm du\.
EsSd GuT J NVdd LWQUL CdL
U]jR[X] Es[okR iRXLY TmTm
AUu\. BRXp CRl \o AV YnlpX.
B]p EhPV] TmTm Y EXLjp J
URp HtTj ARu Xm APVdV dL[d
lTRp A YlTPVL GpXWm Ak
Ls[d VRm.
EsSd TmTm J lTULY AUu\.
EhP GuT lTeL[l oj Nn Ls[
Yim Gu\ dLPu Ut\ dLsL[m
Nn\j hPeL[m Rus APdV J kR
NpXm.
2.3. TZdLm, SPjR, SPjRu ALX A\lTi
(Habit, conduct and character)
A\VX YWV\ NnR T, A NLjp
Ym URu SPjRVl TtV Ko EVoX
AVp Gu LiPm. URu SPjR Gu m
T A TX AmNeL[j Rus APes[.
E[Vp VLd LmT URu TZdL YZdLeLs
Utm ALX A\lTi BVVYm AY]
SPjR]j oU]m Nnu\] Gu R\.
BLY, ClTPjp Sm TZdLm, SPjR, Utm ALX
A\lTi BVYt\l Ttf Nt YLd LiTm.
A) TZdLm : (Habit)
WdLj RjY OV] NdWv SpXdL
StTi (Virute) GuT J YLV] EVoX
APU Gu ]o AYdl u YkR
AvPhp, SpXdL StTi GuT SpX TZdLeL[
SU Yrp XVLd LPlj JYR Gu
]o. Cq WdL OLu tm Ju\Pu
WiTYRLj Ru]m EiUp CYW
tdLu AlTPp Ko JtU Es[.
Gu]Yu\p, SpX TZdLeL[d LiPk XVLd
LPj JRp GuTRVm.
Sm HtdLiP NVpL[l TX\j mTj
mTf NnmT AY TZdLUL Uu\].
ERWQUL, J YVR WmV ZkR SPdLj
YemT Rp WUlT\. X \ Zm
P \. B]p TX \ SPdL Vt NnRu
A TZdLUL U CVpT \. GkR J NVm
TZdLm Gu BV u AloYUL SU U]jR
AfNVp NjY GuT RYVt\R \.
Um Ko ERWQju XUL Sm Su k Ls[Xm.
RLl Tt NnV Yim G] ]jRYu, Rp
34 35
BN]jRl TtV NnL[j Rk Ls\u. u]o U]m, EPm JeQk A\jRuUV YUL
Nnm \L[j Rk Ls\u. Rp WNN]m, APk CVpTLf NVpTu\].
TjUN]m Tu\Y L]UL Ru]m, S[Pp
CkXp J URu ALX A\lTiLs
A GR] TtVL U\. iRuj R]
VU AYu SPjRp YlTYRp X U]RjY
NVpTU[d, Tt AUk \. CY TZdLf
AOoLs SPjRV AlTPVL Yjd Li J
NVp G]lT\. CVpTLY StNVpL[f Nnm
URu EsSd Utm EhPVj oUd\oLs.
RuU] Sm Tt \m. CRV AvPhp
SU UV] ALju AZ Ljp (The face is the
SpXdL StTi Gu \o.
index of the mind) GuTU CRV dm.
SU RRVo P ClTZdLeL[ TZUVL
A\ CVp Sm J NLjp Ym URu
s[]o. jWm LlTZdLm NkRm
SPjRVl TtV BWnu\m. RURu JYu
SlTZdLm YjRR Lp U]lTZdLm GuT
SPRR NLjRl TlTRl TXY NLf
AlTZU.
rXLm R URu SPjRVl Tdu\].
JYu Yrp HRm X \Ls Uhm
StNVpL[f NnY]u AY] A\YQu Gu ERWQUL, C[Ou JYu rX RdLm
\V. StNVpL[f NnYRuT TZdLUL U LWQUL WYVL UY. J URu SPjR
AYu kR] Ym StjR]VL Um TRu GuT AY] ALX A\lTiT AlTPVLd
AYu EiUXV, Ko A\YQ]L Bu\u. Um, Li, TlTVL UdLiP Yk, AY] CT
StNVpL[f NnYp J RU] Urm, DTm ApX CTjRkRY YVts ofPk J
AYd Yu\]. AvPhp, J URu SpX XV] RuUVl Tt \. CR]V J
NVpL[f Nnm TZdLm JYPj Yum Wl TPp ThdLhP LpVQ kRWm Bm
T AlTZdLm Ko CVpT] Ju\L AUk \. Y[Wm, Am Y[Wm, A RiP Y[of, E]
BNV Du\Yd AY Rm Urf GuTo.
B) SPjR : (Conduct)
G]Y, CRtlu Ym Ut\eLs Lf XY. Ikp
mVt\ A\Yf NVpLm, TZdLf NVpLU
Y[VR ImTp Y[V Gu\ TZUm
SPjR Gu TsTm. SPjR GuT TZdLm Gu\
CR]V d\. Gm, J URu mT Utm
XVd Lhm EVokR. H]p SPjR Xp

36 37
NLf ZpLs AY] SPjRu CVpTl TU[p A\lTim \lXV J URd AUklTRLd
Tdu\] GuTp Lj YT CdL V. Ls[ V. mT Utm NLf rXLs, Y[okR
Rm, RV TXm ALX A\lTiT EYdu\].
Um, SPjR GuT J URu HRY K
SpX ALX A\lTiL[d LiP J URu
NVpL[ Uhm lTpX. AYu YZdLULf Nnm
NVpLs Vm SpXRLY AUm. CR]V, SU
GpX YLf NVpL[m Ljp LiP SPRR
Rr AOo TUdLs.
GuT oUdLlT\.
GiQm AZL]p;
C) ALX A\lTi : (Character)
GpXm AZLm Gu EWdu\]o. J URu
ALX A\lTi GuTRl TtV Bn A\Vp SPjRdm, AY] ALX A\l Tidm L
J dV CPjR Ydu\. BeX Nt\Po P SeV RPo Es[.
ALX A\lTiu dVjYjR CqY\L
Sm JqY NVm SU Es U]p Ko BZU]
GjWdu\.
TlT EiPdYRp SU SPjRm, Sm ALX
If wealth is lost nothing is lost.
A\lTiT EYdYp TeLt\. SU GiQm,
If Health is lost something is lost - But
NVp, SPjR Cmuu JeQlT ALX A\l
If Character is lost everything is lost.
TiTm. CR]V YsYm TiPVo Thi
G]Y ClTiT] UR YrdLp GkR A[d EXLm Gu\o. Um AYW JdLju GnYo
dV CPm Ttd\. GuT Sm AkR Ju\m. UuU Gu\o.
G]Y, A\lTi GuT J URu SPjRdl
G]Y, YV RtLiP ZkRLd SpX
u]k CVtXV CVdu\, JeQkR,
LjdL[m, SpX TZdL YZdLeL[m Ltj RY
JhUjRU] AUlTd LiP AY]
SU RXVV LPUVm. Rp Yl TPjp, A\m
U]lTuUVd dm.
NV m, BY ]m Tu\ A\d LjdL[
XYLf NVpL[l TZdLULf Nnm T LtlTm CRu AlTPXV Bm.
AfNVpLdl u] CdLd V U]lTeL]
Af\oLd AkR YVp ARu Ts V.
J XlT\. CkXp, SpYp Npm
B]p TPp Tkm. Nt TVYoL[m T
JY] U]m YUL A\l Ti] EPVR
AYoLs SPjR, Ti RV] AkR A\d Lju
u\. CkXp ClTiT] AY] JqY
AlTPp AUkm. G]Y TiThP NRVm
NVm YlT\. SPjR]l TXY ALX
EYLm, UR SVm Y[Wm, ClTZdLm SPjR SUd
38 39
AYVU\. CYLs CVpTL AUm T
JYu A\YQ]L U\u.
UX SLp R UR JdLm YjRlT\.
AUdL Tu\ SLp BsYu JdLjt, L
dVjYm LdLlT\. CkV Tu\ Z
SLp R UR JdLm TmTm UdLPV
uTt\lTh Y\.
CR Tu Tsd PeLp CRu AlTP
XV SPjRf NuRr YZeLlT\.
2.4. CVtXu LhPt\ RuU (Freedom of will)
CVtX (will) GuT A\ CVu Eo XVL
[eYR Bm. CVtX GuT J YL
AYt\p. GpX ElLm \k [em
CVeLt\X (energy) RjRm TdLp NpXRY Rj,
j, A\f NVX UtLs[p Gu\ JW Yp
Njm Bt\p. G]Y, CVtX GuT CVe
Bt\X SlTjm CVd Bt\p G]lTm.
CVtX [dLm
A\ CVp YReLX CVtX dVl Te
Ydu\. URPV CVtX LhPtf
RkWUL CVe]pRu AYu NVd AY]l
TlT[]dLXm. H]p URdl TjR
Ei. CRu LWQUL GkR J NVXf Nnm
u]m AfNVXl Tt BrkRXj NV]
YVj RokRdu\ Bt\p URd Ei. J
NVXf NnYRtl TX YLs CkRTm, AYts
40
HRY Ju\V AYu RokRjf NVpTj
u\u. CkR A[t NVXtm RkWm AYd
ClTRV C du\.
CR]V Cum Nt [dLUL \
YiUu\p, ARY JYu EPu Cd\u
GuTRt BRWU AYu NVpTYRu.
NVpTPhPp AYu EW CpX GuT
AojRUm. JqYYdm NVXtm EU
Ei. ARt AYd RkWm LdLlThs[. Af
RkWjRl TVuTj AYu NVXtm TR AfNVp
\PV RkWjRl TdLR YLp AUV
Yim.
TjRPu AYu NVXt\ Yim. AfNVX]
NLjtm, R]dm SuU TVdLd V Ju\L AUV
Yim. AlT CpXVp AfNVdm, ARu
[Ldm AY] TlPVY]\u.
CqYReLp TYL u Rd LsLLs CPm
Tu\]. AYVY] :
A) oU]d LsL (Determinism)
B) oUdLlTPRd LsL (Indeterminism)
C) V oU]d LsL (Self - determinism)
u LsLL[l Tt Nt YL C LiTm.
A) oU]d LsL : (Determinism)
URu CVtX \XLl ThL[ Tu
CVtL Ld EhThP Gum, lTLd LWQ
dd (Law of casuality) LhlThP Gum, AR]p
41
ARtf RkWm CpX Gum Xo u\]o. CYoLu
LjlT SU CVtX GqYp NVXt\ Yi
UuT ARt AlTtThP NdL[p oUdLlTu\.
CR Lj] SU LVu eu\]u \St
TPX].
oY Tm ]Tp Bo
\Y Tm - G] [eu\. ARY Bo
u YNU Gu\.
G]Y, NVpL[f Nnm YVj RokRlTp
URu Te Hm CpX Gum CdLsLV[oLs
Lu\]o. LPs ApX Gu\ Nd SU CVt
Xu TdLj oUlTRLl TmTX] oU]d LWQjtl TXYLV] LVeLs EiPum,
LsL]o Giu\]o.
oU]d LsL]u Lj HtPVRu.
CdLsLd GWLl TXYReLs Ei.
i) Sm NVpYL[ RokRdm T f
RkWjP]V Ro Nn\UVu GkR J
Ndm SmUd LhlTjYRL EQoYpX.
ii) Sm Nnm NVp GoTojR [Yj RWpX
Gu\p Sm YYp NVpThdLXm Gu
Yk\m. Y YLp NVXtYRt EiP]
RkWm ClTRV C du\.
iii) UR NRV YWXtp TpY hPeL[ Yjf
NVpTj Yt Lis[R Sm LiPLd
Li\m. UR NRVj]p u]t\m LQ
\ Gu\p, ARtd LWQm UR] CVtX
42
LhPt Cd\ GuTR. G]Y V UVp
YpX m GuT EV\.
B) CVtX LhPt\ ApX oUdLlTPR
Gu\ LsL : (Indeterminism)
AUdLj RjY AOW] pVm _mv Utm
Wgj RjY AOW] au Tod^u
Tu\YoLs UR] CVtX LhPt, oUdLl
TP Cd\Ru iQUL Sm]o. CqYU
AVp AOoL[m CkR]o.
RYWVk EV UtLsLL[d Lh
CVtLu u]t\m oUdLlTPR Gum JW
BdLloYU] YLp UV] [Ls
Ru\dm GuTRm [d]oLs.
CqYlTPXV UR] NVpLm
UVLj oUdLlTPpX Gum CdLsL
]o L\oLs. CVt XV] tm LhPt
RkWUL CVe\ Gu\ LhTm HtLs[
VRRm. H]p, Sm Au\P YrdLp TX
rXLp SmPV NVd Sm mV YLp
[Ls EiPLUp ClTR Sm Tod\m. Um
URu CVtXd fRkWm EiPu\
CdLsLVj V CVpPVYoLs RY\L k
Li Rm mV YLp RYZdL Ynli.
AYt\X SpYd TVuTjYR CRu SdLm
GjdLhPL A Bt\X BdL Ndd UhU
TVuTjRp.
43
C) VoU]d LsL : (Self - determination) u\Y LsLV] VoU]d LsLV Htd
UX YdLlThP CLsLLU Go Ls[d V YLp AUks[.
RjYjR [du\]. Cq LsLLU Ht Tt ]dLs
Ls[ VR]YL AUks[Rt Sm LWQeLs I. K YLp PV (2 UlTiLs)
]m. G]Y, Cq LsLLdm S XVL
1. Es[jVp Gu\p Gu]?
J LsL RYlTu\. AqYLp AUkRR
VoU]d LsL. 2. A\f NVp Gu\p Gu]?
3. A\gNWf NVpLs VY?
VoU]d LsLu LjlT URu CVt
XV] \Xp Es[ GYt\m oUdLl 4. mVt\ NVp Gu\p Gu]?
TPpX. U\L UR] RuPV NVpL[j 5. RuiU A Gu\p Gu]?
oUd\u NVXj RokRjR u]o AfNVu 6. Elj RYLs VY?
GpX [Ldm AYu TlTtL 7. Y Lo EQo Gu\p Gu]?
Yid\. GjdLhPL, J UQYu UpXl 8. mVt\ NVpLu u XLs VY?
Tsp GkR TPeL[j RokRdL Yi GuTp
9. EsSd Gu\p Gu]?
AYdf RkWm CkRm HRY J TPjRj
10. EhP Gu\p Gu]?
RokRj u]o AY] ThP TlT] GkRj
\p CdL Yim GuTm oUdLlTh \. 11. EP] EhP Gu\p Gu]?
12. iP LXjRV EhP V?
Tsp EVp TPjRj RokRjRYu. u]o
YLVp ThPlTl TlT GuT CVX. G]Y, 13. Es[okR EhP GuT Gu]?
URu CVtXd J lhP GpX YW 14. YlTPV] EhP GuT Gu]?
RkWm Ei GuTm ARt AlTp A Ru LhPt\ 15. SW EhP GuT Gu]?
RuUV Cj \ GuTm RY\. Ckm, 16. U\L EhP GuT Gu]?
R]ds[ TjRu QLi HRY J YLf 17. TZdLm Gu\p Gu]?
NVXj RokRdL RkWm ClTRp URu 18. SPjR Gu\p Gu]?
XeLu UTh EVokR Xp YdLl
19. CVt X Gu\p Gu]?
T\u. UX YdLlThP u LsLLm
20. CVtXu u LsLLs VY?
44 45
II. J Tj A[p ApX Tj YLd LUp
PV (5 UlTiLs)
1. A\f NVpLs Tt G.
2. A\gNWf NVpL[ [d.
3. A\ CVp BWm NVpLs VY?
4. oUdLl TPR LsL] Y?
III. J TdL A[p ApX CT YLd LUp
PV (10 UlTiLs)
1. EsSd Y.
2. EhP Tt Yj G.
3. oU]d LsL] Yj G.
4. V oU]d LsL] Y.
IV. Su TdLeLd LUp ApX StT YLd
LUp PV (20 UlTiLs)
1. A\f NVp, A\gNWf NVpLs Tt J LhW
YWL.
2. EsSdm, EhPm GqY UR Yru
dL[ APVj Q u\]? [d.
3. TZdLm, SPjR, SPjRu ALX A\lTi]
Y.
4. CVtXu LhPt\ RuU j YL G.

46
 III. @\S Yr
(MORAL LIFE)
3.1. RURm NRVm (Individual and Society)
RURu :

URu JY]p Rj YZ CVX. T\YLm

XeLm , f C]eLm P hP hPUL
YrYRd Li\m. TZeLX URu SLLm,
TiTm At\ LXjp P hPm hPUL LLp
YrkRR YWXtu Xm Ak Cd\m.

R URu JYu NRVjR Nok YZUp

Rj LhX ApX J X YrkRp AYPV
NVpLs Bnd EV] ApX. B]p NRVjPu
Nok Ym T, AYu RuPV NVpL[
YlTjm T AfNVpLs BWnfd EV]YL
AUu\].

\kR ZkR Rp RuPV RYL[l oj

Nn Ls[ RVf Nok Yr\. \ RuPV
Y[ofdLtT RuPV t\m, C]m, tl\f
NRVjPu RPo Li AYm \UL[m
Y[ojd Ls\.

u]o Ts, NRV Y]eLs, S Utm

EXL[V A, \U, StTiLs Utm A\Sd
LhTL[m Ltj R Tt RuPV \lT]
YrdLV XSh\. G]Y, URu \kR Rp
Ru C\dm YW JYW JYo NokR Yr\u.
47
 R UWm RlTU? Gu\ UdLtT TX
UWeLs Ju Nok ClTRd Li Sm AR Rl
G] AZd\m. ARl TX, RURoLs Nok
ClTR NRVm Gu\m.
NRVm
URu YYu, YrYu, U\Yu. B]p NRVm
Gum AVR. RURu NRVju J El.
RURu CpXVp NRVm CpX. G]Y,
RURu NRVjPu JuPu Ju\L u
QdLlThs[u.
Lku LjlT NLm J mTm Tu\.
R URdm NLjtm SeV RPo Es[.
URu J NoYRV NRVjR EYdL Yim;
JYdLYo Au NjR Yim. JqY R
URm \dLLm NRVjtLLm YZ Yim ;
\kR A\SL[m \kR TiThPm Tts[
URu,
i) AiP Lp YlTYoLu Urfm
VWjm Te Ls[ Yim.
ii) \PV WfN]L[l k Li AYoLs
AYtk [ ERY Yim.
iii) \PV u]t\jRd Li T\Ud Ls[d
P.
iv) Ut\YoLPu GlTm UR SVjPu
RPo[ Y[ojd Ls[ Yim.
NRVm GuT JqYYu SuUdLL Ju
Ym URoL[d LiP Ko AUlTm.
48
1. NRVm - A\Yru u]
R URu JYu A\d LsLLs AYu
NRVjp Es[ Ut\ URoLPu RPo Lsm
T Ru Y[of T\. A R UR]l
TiPVY]L Ut\. URjRuU EPVY]L
Ym \L[d Ltd Ls[ \. URPV
A\dLsLL[ NnVm, AYt\ \lTLd
LPldLm RYlTm J L[U NRVm. G]Y,
NRV YrRu Lf \kR A\Yr Gu \Xm.
\Vo NRV LhlTL[m LPUL[m
\k YrYR Sm Li\m. B]p NRWQ
URoLdf NRVm Ru A\dLhPUL [e\.
NRVjp UdLs TpY AUlL[ NRV
SXYrl TL[f Nn Yu\]o. RUdL] Je
LhlT L[m A\dLhTL[m Yjd
Li JqY R URu Spjp LY]m
Nju\]o. RURu Ysfdm AYPV
mT SXYrdm Q tu\]o.
NRVjk X Rj YrTYu AjRLV
SXYr SuUL[ APV V; G]Y, NRVm
GuT Ap Ym RURd NL SXu Rm (Social
Welfare) J AUlTm.
NRV SXu
NRV Y]eL[L [em Lpd Pm, NRV
Pm, RtPm, NUV Y]m, UlTt
Y]m Tu\ AUlLs Xm RURu SXu T\
49
m. G]Y, NRV SXu GuT GpX UdLu SX]
Es[PdV GuT RY\.
AvPu t T URu J NL Xe
URPjp TpY QeLs APes[]. AYtp
TiTPR Xe QeLs UXe t\. CfNLjp
TpY UdLPV Nok Ym T SpX URu
P Ru]XYVL Uu\u.
TYm, T\U, BN, TWN, VSXm, BdLm
NjRp, LoYm (A) UUR, RtTU, TdlT,
LTm, NmTp, LTPm, YhLm, Yl Tu\ QeLm
Shp TWd Pdu\]. CYVm RURu
SXjtm Y[ofdm L [lT]Ym.
RURm Sm
TYL S GuT TpY NLj]WPV
RokRdLlThP AWl W L[d Li, RUdL]
NhP YWL[ YjLi, Clp J lhP
GpXds Ym JqY R URu RYL[
oj Nn Ldm AWVp TWUlTV S
G]Xm.
S GuTRt TX AOoLs [dLm Rks[]o. Ce
lXuh GuTYo, J lhP Xl TV EPV
UdL[p HtTjd LiP AWVp AUlTV S
Gu\o.
Um, EhWpNu GuTYo, J lhP
XlTds Ym UdLs NhP L[ Yjd
Li BsY S Gu \o. S GuT JeL] rfu\]o. RlThP UdLu Y[ofd Ht\
50
UdLs \kR NRVd hPUl]p CVem Ko
AWNeLjRd d\.
R URu, NRVm Utm S Cmum
Ju\Pu CQk NVpT\. G]Y, UdLs
JqY Ym Rm X Ak RjRm NRV Yrp
TeLtTYoL[Lj LZ Yim UdLu SdLU Shu
SdLULj LZ Yim. mTm, Ts, AYXLm, NUVm
G]l TpY AUlLs NVpTu\]. CkR
AUlLs GpXm Shu SXd YYdm LL[L
[eL Yim. G]YRu ShP AUlLs
VYttm TWUlTnd LsYo.
NRVjp Ym JqY R URdm SXu
Rm LWQjRp J ShP Su] G]d \m.
J Shu SXu Utm Y[of GuT TYL GpX
UdLu SXuL[m dm. S NVp\p
CVem T HtTm SuU ULd AR CVdL
tTm UdL[ l Tl BYo.
Shu LPULs CYLlThP] Ju, S SmU
YZ YdL Yim. CWiPY, Sm Shu SpYrt
TTP Yim. ARY CkRd LPUL[ \Yt\
S SUd Q V Yim. N NUVUt\, NRVl
T[RWjp Ht\j RrL[ dL Yim, Lpu
AlTPp \Ud LtT YX YnlL[l TdL
Yim.
J rXp J Xo Su Yru\]o. TXo
51
YLp rXV EYdL S VX Yim.
CR]p UdLs Su TV]PYo. TmTuUV] UdLs
SpYp NpmT TYL VYm SuUVjRu
LR YVtTm. G]Y, BsYm, B[lTYm
Su EQok, SmUV Vm Ak SpXR
A\frXV EYdY. T SXd UPULd
Lm GuTp Lj YT AUV. T SXu
rdLm TXYt\ Rus APdVRL Cd\.
BuLf NpYm, dVUL Yrl ThL[
VYodm TokRjR Tm \Yt \Pu
[eL Yim.
UdLd SXu Rm EXLl ThL[ VYdm
Aj AYoL[ TV]PVf NnRp Yim. Shu
NpYm CmUip \kR A]YdLm EVRm. CR
J Xo Uhm TV]PVf NnY VYWm Htd
Ls[lTPR Ju\m. G]Y, JqY R URm
Shu Y[ofdm, Shu SXjtm TTP Yim.
Sm UdLu SX YrYV SdLULd Li
NVpTP Yim. G]Y RURm Sm CQkR
NVpTP Yim.
u SXd LsLLs
RURdm, Ut\YoLdm HtTm RPoT
AlTPVLd LiP A\X SdLeL[
YLlTjRXm. AY,
1. Ru]Xd LsL
2. \o SXd LsL
3. T SXd LsL ApX EXL[Vd LsL.
52
1. Ru]Xd LsL
URu TPlXV Ru]XYVL Cd\u.
Ut\Yo SXjRl TYp Pj Ru]XXjRV URu
SP Z\u. Gu Ru]Xd LsL Yj\.
Ru]Xd LsLuT, URu RuUuUV UhU
LR Yim. AYu m \oSXm LR YiV
RY CpX. AqY L]m A Ru]Xm
TYRLY AUm. CkRd LsL ALkRV
UhU EYdm Gu Xo NpXd m. Clm
Ru]Xm Lf NVpTm URu ALkRV[]L
CkR BL Yim Gu GqR LhPVm CpX
Gu CdLsLV[oLs Yo.
jRo, H, LkULu Utm CqXp RuV TX
TWOoLs VSXYVL [e CkRp, Cu Lm
SpXR EXL NRVjR EYdL k CdU?
Ru]Xd LsL AlTPp AUkR RjYm
NVp \p ALkRp Li Nu PXm.
AR]p, A SU A\X EsQod WQL
Cd\ Gu L L YuUV] Gol GZdm.
Ru]XjR h GkR YLm \o SX]j RPY
U]fNu SmU AZd\. URu CVtL YrY
NRV YrYL [em T, Ru]XjRV
LjtLi, \o SXjR ZVUp, \o ERVm
SPR J URu GlT EiUp UR]L [eL
m? AvPhp AqY Ru]Xm LiP UR]
Xe Gu\o. RuSXm Sm LsL RY Gu\
Tm A EQojm Ko EiUV UdL V.
53
 R URu GuTY] Y]Yu, NRVm Au
GuTR AdLsL GjdLh\.
\o SXdLsL, EXL[V LsL RV
LsLL[ Sm HtTRL CkRm RkWjPu
[em RURoLu SXjRV A\Yru dLs
Gu Xo u\]o. H]p JqY RURu
SXm EVom Shu EVoY X Sh\.
Ru]Xd LsL GuT J YL A\Vt LsL
G]d Ls[ Yim. GkR J URm Ru SXjRj
\k \oSXjRV dL[Ld Li NVpTRp
L]m. UR Yru C X dL[
AlTPVLd LiP A\dLsLLs YdLl
Tu\].
E[Vt LjlT Ru]Xm RURu CVtL
A\UL [eY TXY, \o SXm TRm
RURu CVtL A\UL [e\. URj
RuUV UVL BWnkRp \o Lhm Au,
CWdLm, \o SXm Ttm Ti BV TiLm
AYPm Cdu\]. CkR AlTPp Sd]p
RURu CVtLVLY Ru]Xm Tm, \o SXm
Ljm Ym CVtL Qm EPVYu GuT
RY\.
2. \o SXd LsL
R URu RuSXjRd LR \o SXjRV Ru
dL[Ld Ls[ Yim GuTR CdLsL
54
Yj\. \o SXd LsL Ru]V VLm NnV
Y YlTRm. Ru GuTRj Rm G]dLi Ut\
RURoLu SX]m Sm TQ Yim GuTm,
AqY Nnm T U\km U\LULd P
Ru]X] APYR GiQXL GuTm \oSXd
LsLVu LjRm.
jRu]Xm TXY l \o SXm Lm
RuUm T SXu \jRd \TjR CVm
GuT vTuNu Lj.
\d Ri Nnm BoYjp Ru EPp SXm
TQUm, Ru NnV ]jR A[dl T SXu
TQ VUm JY] EPpSXm Lh R]dL \o
Ri NnV YiV Xd B[PXm. ApX
Ru EWV VLm Nn PXm.
VLm GuT \dLL Ru EUV hd
Lj, \oSXm SpYR Bm.
ERWQUL J p UdLs [d SVp
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Ae UdL[d LlTt\o. UdLPu CQk
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VLm GuT A\Yr m TX YLp Ju\Vu
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Es[okR SX]j Rd\. AR Tu \Ytm
Es[okR TVu Ei. GuTR AdLsL]o Htd
Ls[ YiV Ju\m.
55
 Ru] UVL Ajd Li \oSXm
TY GuT CVtLl TsLdjRu Ht\.
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RVm Ru] Ajd Li TX RV UL[
[d\. B]p URu CZkR EW im T\
V. C Ru]Xd LsL]o Lj.
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CdLsLl T JqY RURm RuPV
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RuPu Nok ClTYoLu mT SX]d LR
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J LtT]V.
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Ahf NpX CVXpX.
56
3. T SXdLL EZdm T AL A[p
RuPV SX]m AYu TYu GuT SmT
VRRL Cd\. TU SXu L
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Y YkVRd LiPLd Lid\m,
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57
 Tt ]dLs 3.2. mTm F]V NL Y]eLm
I. K YLp PV (FAMILY AND OTHER SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS)
1. NRVm Gu\p Gu]? NRVjp Y]m GuTRtl TY]
2. S YWV. [dLeL[ BWnYm URu Yrp A\lTt
3. NRV SXu Gu\p Gu]? XVeL[L GY [eu\] GuTR AYm Sm
4. J S GlT Su] G] AZdLlT\? LPUVm. TYL Y]m GuT J
RjRuUV] TiT V Gum, NLju
5. YL SXd LsLLs VY?
XV] RuUVd Lj UdL[ Y SPjf Npu\
6. VLm Gu\p Gu]? Ko AUl Gum \Xm.
7. \oSXd LsL Tt vTuNu Lj V? UW YLs, NhPLs Gu\ AlTPp NVp
II. Tj YLd LUp PV TjYm, U]m, Yd, NVp BV u XLm
1. J URu GlT BWnfdhTu\u? U\R TiTh] XjYm, NRVju
2. NRVm j Lku Lj V? AlTPj RYL[l TY] Je LuT
SlTjYm, GpXYttm UXL TWmTV
3. RUR Y[ofdm, SXjtm L [lT]
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VY?
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5. \oSXd LsL]u Lj V? RVLY YmT TX Y]eLs AYd
6. TSXd LsL]u t V? EQVL ClTRf NLCVp AOoLs u\]o.
III. J TdL A[p PV NRV Y]eLs
1. NRVm A\Yru u] - GqY? NRVjp mTm, Lp Y]m, RtPm,
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NLd Pm, UShd Pm Tu\ TpY TV
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Y]eLm Utm V AUlLm NRV
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TL[m CeL YLd LQXm.
58 59
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AlTP AXLL [eY mTm G]Xm.
60
mTju NVtTLs
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Nn Ls[ m. G]Y, mTm Auu
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61
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k ClTf NVp.
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62
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63
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64
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65
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LlTgNZu WkRVo Sh Sp
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66
2. Lp Y]m
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Ru Nnm NVu AlTPp ATYYXL
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67
 RURu, \lU Gu\ AlTPp X
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TRp.
3. NL CQlTm, EXL JUlThPm Adm
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68
SPV Ak NVpTm Bt\m, u [L[
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70
2. RjRuUV Y[ojd Ls[m JtU,
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71
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72
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4. Nlj RuU LijRp Yim.
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74
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X] AV EV TLlT AlTm, GpX
YnlL[m GpXm Tu\ EUV
AjfNRVjp URu GpX Xm
Y[ofVPVf NnYm Shu AlTPl TiTm.
ETm KYl m NTLm
NW CVpY S.
kR T, WR Sn, Adm TL, BV um
NWUp YrYR \kR SPm Gu\o YsYo. Um
SPuT SP Y[jR] SPpX
SP Y[kR S.
75
 \W SPUp Y[kRm SL[ SpX SL[m.
S Y[m Rm SLs SpX SLs BL GuT CRu
Ts.
mTm H]V NL Y]eLm Gu\ RXlp
NL CVp A\l Tt Y]eLs A]jm R
UR] A\YQ]L Ut AYu LXjRm CPjRm
LPkR GpXVt\ EXL[V A\ CVp Yr] Ak
Ru] UmTjd Ls[m, U]fNu X]
Ak ndLm EVY STjm NRV A\ CVp
Tt Y]eL[L [em GuTp m IVm CpX.
3. ATYm kR TVoLs Xm AY] VY?
4. BiULu LPUL[] \Stl TPu Lj
V?
5. RkR ULdm, ULu RkRdm Btm LPUL[]
YsYo Y] VY?
6. CpYrdLl Tt YsYo Y] VY?
7. UdLh T Tt YsYo Y] VY?
8. LpV Tm Y\Ls VY?
9. LpXR PWl Tt Xo Y] VY?
III. J TdL A[p PV

Tt ]dLs 1. s[Ldm Tt\oLdm CPV Es[

EULm LPULm VY?
I. K YLp PV
2. UdLhT jR \l AmNeLs VY?
1. NRV Y]eLs VY? 3. Sh TtV \lL[ [d GL?
2. mTm GuT V? 4. Lp TYRu dLsLs VY?
3. mTm Tt Tn^uw m Lj V? 5. StL ULu StTiLs VY?
4. mTju El]oLs VYo? IV. Su TdL A[p PV
5. mTju \lLs VY? 1. mTm TtV AVp LhTLs j J
6. mTm TtV TZ UL[ VY? LhW YWL.
7. ATY A Gu\p Gu]? 3.3 EULs LPULs Utm SpXdLm (Rights, Duties
& Virtues)
8. U G]lTY V?
9. NUVm Gk\p Gu]? EULs (Rights)

10. NUV Y]m GuT V? EULm LPULm CLiLs Tu\Y,

II. Tj YLd LUp PV Ju\Vu Nok ClTY, J SQVju C
TdLeLs Tu\Y; CQVRY, JYu
1. Y]m GuT V?
\VL LPUL[f NnY]u AY]
2. mTjp Tt dLlTm TiLs VY?
76 77
JdLPVYu G]d Yo. AY] Su]PjRV
SpXdLUL U\.
G]Y, EU, LPU, SpXdLm Tu\Y
RUR YrdLp Ju\ Ju Nok NVpTYRp
AYPV YrdL Y[m Tm RuU AP\.
1. EULu CVp (The Nature of Rights)
EU GuT Ttd m T A A\YLX,
NhPYLXX Ju\l TY ApX NVpL[
SPjm \Vd dm.
EU GuT A\CVp AWVp NhPULY ApX
A\Vf NhPULY AUVXm. CWim
YqY\]Y.
ERWQUL Gj AjRYu C\Y]m GuT
W m A\m. CkVVp BVo UQdLo Up
EUPVYo BYo. B]p, NhPlT UQdLo
EU PV.
ZkRL[l Tt\jR Rn Jjdj Ru
ZkRVd LpXY, tLY ApX ThTh AUdLj RXYo vYphm hx AWVp
ujRY EU CpX GuTR Sm AVYim.
2. EUm NLm
URu RuXp Rj LhX (A) X
Ym T AYd GjRLV EUm RYpX, (A) YrYRtL] EU.
LWQm, RVL YrYRp GpX EULm AYu Tt
Cd\u. H]u\p AYu Yru\ Zp AYdd
PdLjRdLY GYV AYt\ Vm UdLpX.
78
LWQm AY]f t URoL[ CpX. CkXp
AYu VPm GkR EUV GRtLL XShP Yim.
AYu NRVjR Nok Ym TRu Ru
EUL[ XSh\u.
EUV GeL YjR Yim ApX RodL
Yim Gu NVL AYRu URu \kR
A\Um. RURd EUL[ YZeYRu Xm
NLU] RURu Y[ofd EQVL AU\.
EUVp Ru] Y[ojd Lsm RURu
NLju SuUVV T SuUV Y[odL
]\u, CqYLp RURm NLm LjRp /
Ls[p Gum \p CQYRd LQXm. CqYL
CQlTp EULm LPULm CQu\].
3. URu EULs
AUdLf RkWl WLP]ju (Declaration of
Independence) T URu AlTP EULs Gu\
LhThP CqXL Udm Tkm YLp
Ik RkWeLs G] GpXSLm Htm YLp
AOo Nofm Nok YhP]o, UdLu GuTYo
rLm UR A\S EUl ThVX (Moral Rights)
YZe\o.
B) RkW UR]dm EU.
C) EPUL[d Lsm EU.
79
D) JlTkRm NndLsm EU.
E) Lp Ltm EU.
A) YrYRtL] EU
\l / C\l GuT EXp \dm A]j
EoLdm TY]. Ym EU GuT GpX
EoLdU AlTP EUVm. CR
EQojYRtLLY JqY Bim (Human Rights Day)
UR EU Ss LiPPlT\.
JYu Ru EW GkR A[dl RU] G]
Gi\] AkR A[d \ Em RU] G]d
LR Yim. JYu Ru YZ Yim Gu ]lT
TXY Ut\Y]m YZ P Yim. Ko Eo Ru
YrY SPjm TRu Ru]V Ru EQoRp
Gum ATYjRl T\. G]Y Ym EU
GuT JYL AlTP EUVm. Yr - YZ
Gu\ Um Ym EUV Yj\.
B) RkWUn Ym EU
LhlTPt\ RkWUL Ym EU GuT
JYL LhlThds APeV LhlTPt\ XRu.
NLjp LhlTLs TX Ls Ei. G]Y, Ld
APeV Xp, H]V URoLu RkW EUV
\R YLp JYu RuPV RkWjRl
TVuTjd Ls[ YiVY]u\u. LhlT
Ld CPp JYL LhPt\ Xp Ym EU
Tt R]dm \odm TVs[ YLp
80
NVpT\Vp A]YU RkWUL YZ m.
ERWQUL NXp Npm T CPlTdLUL
TLYim GuT NXu , CkR d EhTh
Lp NlTkm TLXm, Nlum TLXm,
SPkm TLXm, YL]eLm TLXm, C AYPV
LhPt\ RkWUL CVem EU Bm.
C) EPUL[dLsm EU
Ym EUm LpUm Tt EZdm
EUVp LhPt\ Xp u T m JYu,
Ru lTl T ThLs (Nj) TXYt\j Ru
EPUVdd Lsm EUV AYd NLm
YZe\. TsL[ EPUVdd LsYRu
SdLm \d SuU NnYRtjRu GuTR EQok
AkR EUV AYdf NLm AdL u Y\.
D) JlTkRm Nnd Lsm EU
LpUm EZlm Tt\ RURu
TsL[j RuPUVdd Lsm Vtp
DTm T \ URu ER RYlT\. JYu
Ut\Y] CQk RiPt\ YiV XU
AUU]p AqYm CQk NVp YRt
EV JlTkR EUVf NLm AqYdm
YZe\.
E) Lp Ltm EU
Ym EUVl TXY, LpVl TYRt
NLm GpX YLV] ERVm Nn, AYu LpV
TYRtV YnlL[ EiPd LdL Yim,
81
JYu mm A[dd Lp LtTR]p Ru
RuPjp U\k Pdm TWt\pL[ YlTjR
m.
AqYLp, TiThPYoL[Lf NL El]oL[
Ut AUdL m TiThP El]oL[p Tis[
EVo RjRuU YnkR NLm AUV m. G]Y,
RURu mm LpV YZem YLp NLm
AYdj Q V Yim.
NVU
NVU G]lTm EZlU Ko AlTP
EUVm EZlu Xm Eo YrRp Yim Gu\
Xp JYu EZdL YnlTdL Yim. EZdm
T Ru AYs U\k Pdm TWt\pLs
YlTPm.
UX \lThP B EULp Ym EU,
LpU, NVp EU, RkW EU, EPULsm AlTPp NVpTm LPUL[m.
EU CY Ikm CVtL EULs G]d \Xm.
T SXdl TVuTYRl Tjj Ru GkR
EUm YlT\. JqY URm T LPUL[V dm. CWdL EQou AlTPX]
SXdd LVL [eYRp UdLu EU J
YWmts LhTjRl T\.
LPULs
LPU Gu\ Npdl TpY TsLs Cu\V
EXL YZdp YZeLl Tu\]. CeL dLl Tm
LPU Gu\ Npd A\ CVp EV Ts Gu]
GuTRd LiTm.
82
1. LPU GuTRu Ts
rXdm NVtThtm TkY]Yt\ SpX
NVpLs GuTo. CWi SpX NVpLp Ju\
RokRj, A TjRULm LhlTLm AUkR
J NVXL CdUu AR]V LPU Gu
\Yim.
LPULu YLLs (Kinds of Duties)
1. \t\ ApX RY] LPUm, \Yt\
(ApX) RYt\ LPUm
\t\ LPULs RY]Y, URoL[p Z
SWRY NnVd VY. GjdLhPL, Tn
TNR, PR, Eo LX NnVR Tu\]
GoU\jRuU YnSR LPU\Yt\ LPULs
RYt\Y, URoL[p Z SWR A[ LPdL
VRY. GjdLhPL, Au, LQ, DL,
Tu\Ym. CYLs LXm, CPm, rX BVYtu
1. Utm CWdL EQou AlTPX] LPULs
u AlTPX] LPULs \t\
LPULs \Yt\, RYt\ LPUL[V dm. C
AWNeLj]X ApX NLjRX YjRlTm
RPVYL[m.
2. LPUdLL LPU Gum LsL (Duty for Duty sake)
Wh GuTYu LPU TtV LjR],
GuPV Xm Xd JjR LPULm (Duty For
Duty Sake) Gu\ RXlp EQojRl T\.
83
 Liu LPUd LsLV], LPU Ju\V
LjtLi [Ls TtV Utm ARu
SuU TtV kR]pXUp LPUVtY GuT
Luhu LPUd LsLu UVdLjRm, \
FdL[ ApX AL FdL[ SU CVt
XVj iRp P Gum, A\u Tp Gm
UVR ApX LPUdLL LPU (Duty for
Duty sake) Gu\ EQof UhU Sm CVt XV
CVdm FdVL CjRp Yim Gu Luh
\o.
URu LPUVf Nnm T GkRRl TX]m
mV YjR NnVUX LPUVV LiQLd
Li NnV Yim GuTR TLYjRp
LoUVLjp \lTm xLmVLoU GuT T[m.
AYWYo R \UdLtT NRV E\Lm
AY] CPm GY] YWV\ NnVlT\.
AqY\, BVo, UjYo, TV[o, BhV[o,
RX, RXV] A]Ydm LPULs
YWVdLlTu\].
SpXdLm (Virtue)
1. SpXdLju Ts (The Meaning of Virtue)
G]Y, YofN Gum T URUmTL[]
SpXdLjRV dm.
A\ CVp CfNpX CWi YqYYLl
TsLp TVuTj\m.
CR JdLju J TiTLdLsYo. G
SpXR ARd lhP J YLp Nnm \ULm
CR]d Ls[Xm ApX TUd LPULs
Ju\f NnYRm C lPXm.
SpXdLm GuT StkR], StNVp, Su]PjR,
StTi, SpX Ru]PdLm, , SoU, E
BVYtu JeQkR NVp \u.
2. AOoLu [dLm
HtdLiP JNVX ApX LPUVf Nnm
T Ru]l TXY Ut\Ym Ym
EUPVYoLs G] ]j AYoLu EUd F
SWYiQm \kR \p AR]f NnYRV
SpXdLm GuTo.
X AOoLs SpXdLm GuTRtf NVpLu
E[ EQoPu AUk Ym Ti G]m
[dLUjR]o.

SpXdLm Gu\ NpX VIRTUE Gu\ BeXf JYu RokRjd Lsm NVp G GuT
Npu RZdLf NpXLd LsY UW. NRWQUL TtV Bn RYVt\ Gum, NVp \p AYu
CfNpX Sm YZem T URPV UmThPd Ru SoUd QjR YlTjR Yim Gum,
lTRULd Ls\m. AY \kR JdLm Gum AOoLs L]o.

84 85
 LPUL[ UtLi NnYR Su]PjR G]d
lYi, JdLm (ApX) Su]PjRL[V
YZdLULd Li NVpTm T AYLs StTis[
Su]PjR Gu l\o XVoh (Laird).
SpXdLju UX] StTiT APm YLs
URu APVYu Gu YR P
Au Yp CVeTYu G]d \Xm. APV
URu mVtm NVX CfNf NVp
(Voluntary Actions). BN, CR] Je Nnm
AYt\p BNu \Yd dL[Ld Li,
A Njm Yp NVXtm \u BV um
CQk NVXtu\]. G]Y, CfNf NVp GuT
URu Ru AY]p SpX, V GY] Gi, Bnk
RokRjR NVXm.
CfNf NVXf NnV tTmT AR A
STjR Yim. NVp \UV] A YjR
TRp NpX Yim. CfNf NVp J URu
DTmT AYPV A, AfNVp NnV YiV
TR, T\ YiV \, TVu, u[ BV
GpXYt\m TtV L[d LiPRLY Cdm.
CfNVXl TX\ l l Nnm T A
AfNf NVXL (Non- voluntary Actions) AU\. CRV
TZdLf NVp (Habitual Action) Gu \Xm.
JYu Su]PjRV CfNf NVXL m Ht
NVpTh YYRp AYu U]p Su]PjRl
86
Tkm. AkR Su]PjR U]lTYjRu Sm
StTi (Good Character) Gu \m.
SpXdL StTim CuTm
SpXdL StTi GlTm CuTjR
CQk YYRLY Ls[lT\. SpXdL
StTi AUkR YrdLV] ARu UXofVV
CuTP]V ATdLl T\ Gu NnR]o
Nu\o.
B]p SpXdL StTiT] GlTm
CuTjRd LdLm Gu E \V. AR
UtLsTYoLu A\fNVpL[l Tj CuTm
EPVYoL[L AU\oLs.
EVokR CuTm GuT URu RuPV
NVtTL[ t\L jR AkXXV
LQlT\ NRWQ CuTm GuT UV]
NVtThdV TtV UtLsm A[XV
PdLl T\ Gu \o AvPp.
G]Y, Nn\ Au \V] TtV
UtLsm XXV CuTm Rt\m Tt \
GuT Lj.
SpXdL StTiL]p \ Tt\
YrY GYu JYu NVp \Tj\]
AY] EVokR dL[ CQkR EVokR
CuTm ndm UR]u\u GuT A\Vt
LsL.
87
SpXdL StTiLm YrVt dLs TVm
SpXdL StTiLm YrVt dLs TVm
UR Yrdm URY[ UmThtm Ju\ Ju
Nok Clm, CjRLV E\u AlTPp
CqWim CYY G] YWV\ NnVlTPpX,
AqY YWV\ NnV tTmT YqY
AlTPL[d LiP YWV\ Nn\oLs.
SpXdL StTiLs R URu Ti SXjRf
NokRY, BRXp AY ALXf NoPVYL[,
B]p YrVp dLs TVuLs GpXYLVm
kR SuUVLm, Eu \Xp u
APVdV SuUVLm ClTRp AYLs ALX,
\X BV CYLf NoL[m LiPYL[L
AUu\].
SpXdL StTiLs R URoLu SuU
TVuL[m NLju SuUVm APYRt
LL[L AUu\]. GkR J YrVt dLs
TVm AR] CQkR J SpXdL StTi]l
Ttd\ GuTRd LQXm, GjdLhPL,
A\CVX AlTPVLd LiP SpXdL
StTiT] A\CVp NokR YrVp dLs TV]d
Li [em.
SpXdL StTiLs rdLm u YLL[Ll
dLlTu\], AY,
1. Ru]l TtVY.
2. \Wl TtVY
3. dL[l TtVY
88
1. Ru]l TtVY
LPUL[ UtLsm T JYu RuPV
SuUV AlTPVLd Li ARtl TkYRL
AUm SpXdL StTiLs CqYLVf Nm. S
XU, Ru]PdLm, NpYXp dL]m, A\Vp
BVY Ru]l TtV SpXdL
StTiL[m.
2. \Yt\l TtVY
JYu Ut\YPV ApX Ut\ EPV
SuUd TkYRV LPUL[ UtLsm T
AYttLtT SpXdL StTiL[ UtLs[p
\Wl TtVY G]Xm, , CWdLQoPu V A\f
NVp, ShlTt RV] \Yt\l TtV SpXdL
StTiLs Bm.
3. dL[l TtVY
EiUu Up Au, SuUu Up Tt, AZL
Su UjRp Tu\Y dL[ SdV SpXdL
StTiLs G]Xm.
SpXdL StTim TiTm
TiT GuT U]l TL[V SpXdLj]l
TiTjYRu Xm SpXdLju AlTPd
LXUL u \k [eYRm. C AVX],
EQofVX], NVVX] Ls A]jm CQk
EiPm JYL u]t\jRp AUY. BRu,
SpXdL StTi EiUl TiThu \LXL
AU\.
89
 RURlTi BUl TiTL AUU Tm
Y[ofV EiUV] RuX Y[of. R URu
BU SdV YrRu EiUV] A\Xl
TiTh Yr. G]Y, RURl TikR BUl
TiTL Y[of Tt, u]o, Ru]V dV NRV
YrY EshP NRV SuUV SdV TiTL
Y[oYR TiT.
BUlTi Y[of
2. URu AlTP EUL[L UdLu
Y]t\ [d GL?
3. SpXdL UX] StTiL[ APm YLs
VY?
IV. Su TdL A[p PV
1. EU, LPU Utm SpXdLm TtV A\S
LjdL[ Y.
3.4 RiP]l TtV LsLLs

BU G]lTY (Personality) JYu Tts[ BWmT LXjp UuRu Rj Yrk YkRu.

EPtTiLs, E[lTiLs, NL A\SlTiLs AlT AYd LPULm, EULm CpX.
BV]Vm JeQkR NVXV dm, EULm LPULm CpXR T SpXdL
BUu EPpRt\m, ATYeLs, ]Ls, StTiLs Gu Tt\lTm YrVp A\eLm CpX.
LtT]Ls, TZdL YZdLeLs, TtLs, BV] Vm RVL YrkR URu NRVUL YZjRPe]u.
APes[]. Au Rp NRV Yrp uTt YZ YiV
YrVp A\eLs Ru]. TWTo CQk Ym T
Tt ]dLs
A]YWm CQjf NVtTP Ydm A\ CVp
I. K YLp PV Ld A]Ym CQe SPdL YiV LPU
1. EU GuTRu Ts V? EiP\.
2. LPU Gu\p Gu]? R URu RuPV U]fNuu AlTPp
3. SpXdLm - YWV? HtdLidm A\YVp Ls, NL AUl
II. Tj YLd LUp PV EY]T NLm AUjR Ls, AWNjR L[]
1. URu AlTP EUL[L UdLu Y] Ls TmT, tX NUVeLp R URu
VY? A\ YrYm Tdm \p Ls AUk
2. YrYRts[ EU GuT V? Yi. CqLd EhTh SPdL YiV URu
AqLd EhTh SPdL YiV URu
3. BU G]lTY VY?
AqL[j R] \jRPem T A\ Yrp
III. J TdL A[p PV
WfN]Lm Ru]. WfN]LdLt\
1. EULu CVpLs VY? RiP]Lm YZeLlTu\].
90 91
 StNVpLs GqY TWhtVYV ARlTp
t\eLm RiP]dVY. GuT J YWV\f
Np. GkR J Vm u\ GfNVU t\U
G]m A RiP] TYRtV G]m LY
CVp. t\eLu YLL[ rdLiPY
YLlTjRXm. AY, TYfNVp, Z, JdLVp
U, A\jt U\] NVp ApX T, t\m Tu\Y.
1. TYfNVp (Sin) V ]Ls U]p TkhPp
AY Es[okR SpXdLjRd Lj, ARtLtT
Yl\f NVpL[m, U Tjm. Su
U\jRp J TYfNVp, TYfNVp GuT J
TYfNVp, TYfNVp GuT JWYL V A\Sf
NVp ARY V Ti EPV. AW]p RidL
VR. NLjRp YdLlTYRu Gm
AW]p AdLlTm RiP] ARt CpX.
2. Z (Mistake) URu Rk BWnk NnR
RYdl Z Gu TVo. Ju\ Bnk
RokRdm Xp RY Sok \. X
RY\] NVpL[ StNVpL[] RokRj
\.
3. JdLVp U (Evils of Virtue) JYu JdLVp
L[ AYm, NVp \]m CQk u\
Rp JdLVp U G]lTm. JdLm GuT
J A\fNVp, A\Yj U GuT JYu AkR,
A\dLsLV \u. BLVp A\V
Rp UV.
4. TfNVp (Vice) SpXdLju UuU GqY
SpXdL StTiTLd LRlTR AqY\
92
SpXdLju UV] TfNVp Gum
LRlTm. SpXdLju U GuT
SpXdLjk N URp ApX JYLf
NdLp G]Xm. NL A\S NhPeLd U\L
JYu NVpTY]u, AY]f NLm Tdm
NLju TfNpd B[YRp AY] NVp
Tf NVXL AUVl Tt [em.
5. t\m (Crime) uTpXm LPd GWLf Nnm
NVp TYm Gum NLjt GWLf Nnm NVp
GpXm t\m Gu NpY UW. G]Y, AW]p
HtdLs[lThP, NLjt GWLf Nnm NVp
t\m. A RiP]dV.
6. RiP] (Punishment) t\m NnRYu RidLlThP
BLYim. GqY StNVpLdl T
AdLlTu\R, ARl Tu\ t\eLdj
RiP] AdLlT\. t\Y NLj]p
AUdLl Tt\ AWVp NhPeL[ \u
AR] YiUu\ RLojR\u. AY]
RY\] NVu RuUd Ht\Y RiP]
AlTRu XU] Je NnVlT\u. G]Y,
RiP] G]lTY A\YX], J SoUV]
SlTjm NVXm. RiP]l TtV
LsLL[ uYLVL AUdLl Tts[].
AY \V
A) GfNlj RiP]dLsL (Deterrent Theory of
Punishment)
B) TdlT Yem RiP]dLsL (Retributive
Theory of Punishment)
93
C) ojjRj RiP]d LsL (Reformative theory of
Punishment)
A) GfNlj RiP]dLsL (Deterrent Theory of
Punishment)
t\m NnR JY]j Ridm \p
Ut\YoLm AR t\m VUp CdLf NnY Ru
CdLsLu SdLm, t\m NnR JY] Ridm
\p AYd AdLlTm RiPQV]
Ut\YoLd GfNdLVL CdL Yim GuTR CRu
SdLm Bm.
B VRtLL RidLlTPpX. GoLXjp
BLs TLUp CdLjRu CjRiP] G]
olTjR J Tu tk CdLsLu
SdLm Su [em.
CdLsLp X \TLs Es[].
CdLsLuT R URu Ut\Yo SXdLL
YeLVLl TVuTjR Tu\u, JY]
Ut\YoLd u UVL LhY Ru CdLsLu
AlTP Gu\p A RY\m.
X SWeLp t\m CZjR JY] J T
RidL tTmT, Ut\YoLd CjRiP]
GfNdLVL CdLYim. Gu\i Ld
LUVLm RidLXm ApX Ld \YLm
RidLXm. C RY\m.
Um J t\Y Rp \VL J t\jR
CZdm T Adt\jR AYu im NnVUhPu
94
Gu\ Xp T AY] GfNdL NnVXm, Ld
\kR RiP] YZeLXm ApX RidLUXV
hPXm. G]Y, Ut\YoL[ GfNdm YLp
RiP] dm T XUd Ht\T Nt
R]ULm LUVLm T RiP] dL
tTY VVkRu. J t\Y im Adt\jRf
NnVUhPu Gu\ Xp T t\YVj
RidLUp ClT SpX Ru. B]p, AR t\jRj
mj mTf NnV SokRp t\YVf NnR
t\jdV YLp LUVL RilT NLjt
SuU TVdm CdLsLuT dj RiP]m
SoUPV Gu [dd LhPlT\.
B) TdlT Yem RiP]dLsL (Retributive
Theory of Punishment)
uTjtj uTm ApX TdlT Yem
RiP]dLsL GuT, Ut\Yd CZjR
uTR AR CZjRY] ATdm T NnYR
CjRiP]u SdLm Lidd Li, Tpdl Tp
GuTR TYL SdmT, C TYem
RuUVf NokRR]dLs[ CPm EiP\.
GjLhPL, NZo YWXtp RoLp J Lu]d
Lu\ UL]
1. Uu]o Rm RodLXV Chd LpX YjRR
Ce ] \Xm.
2. JYu NnR UdLt\ RiP]VLj uTjR
AYd AdL YiU] SU U]fNu\
oQdu\ Gu\o ThXo
95
 CjRiP]d LsL EQof AlTPp
GkR UhUu URu NRV Yrm C dV
CPm Tt Cd\. Cu\p, A@ Akm, UR
Yrdf NRVm u]VL [e\.
G]Y, NRVm AkYR Sm mT V.
UR NRVm AV SmT URu XeLPm
rXV APV Sm.
CdLsLm X \TLs LQlTu\].
TdT YeRp GuT EQofu AlTPp
Lm NVp Bm. C J Ap okR Nu\oLs
Ym NRVjtl TkR.
t\Y JYu Cdt\jR GRtLLf NnRu?
AY] RilT SuU TVdU? AlTVu\p GkR
A[YW RiP] YZeY? TdLlThPYu NnR
t\m Gu]? Tu\YL[ W Nj BWVUp
TdlT Yem SdLjp RiP] AlT
ASLLf NVXm.
C) ojRj RiP]d LsL (Reformative Theory
of Punishment)
t\m NnRYu Su\p jm SdLjp
RiP] AUV Yim GuT CdLsLu
SdLm. SpXiQju AlTPp AmT
CdLsL CdLXjR UdL[p TU[p YWYtLl
Tu\.
96
t\m kR JY] UR]L Uj AYu
SuUVV U]p Li RiP] AdLlTP
Yim Gu\ LjRm LiP. ARY t\m
NnRYd SpX LpV Lh, im Gdt\jRm
AYu NnVPUp Rj AY] YZ YlTR
AYdj RiP] LlTu SdLm Gu Y
CdLsLu dVjYm Bm.
t\Vp BnY] JYu Hu t\m Nn\u
GuTRtL] LWQeL[ YdmT, EPVp NokR
\Lm, U]Y[jp HtThP L[LU t\m
V HYs\] Gu lu\. Um NRV
Ht\jRrm UR]d t\Y Bdu\.
BLVp RiP] GuT t\YLu EPpY[m,
U]Y[m BVYL[ J SVd UjYo GqY
fN Adu\W AR Tp t\m kR JY]
JSVVL Tj, Adt\jR im AYu
NnVUp Rj jR Yim.
ojRj RiP]d LsLm X \TLs
Es[]. GpXd t\YLU EPVp Utm U]Vp
\TL]p t\m NnRYoLs ApXo. Um GpXd
t\eLU NRV Ht\jRr]p HtThPY
GuTRm UVL HtdLs[ V.
RiP]V] t\YV SpXY]L Ut
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NUVeLp RiP] LlTR P Uuj Y
JY] SpXY]dYm Ei.
97
 dUih Wn tlT, TQo lTeL[ 3.5 NL A\Vp Es[ oLLs
t\m VYRtd LWQUu\]. AjRLVYoL[ R URm NLm
UjY U]p Noj fN Xm RT\f RURo TXo CQk Ym AUlT NLm
NnVXm. B]p GpX t\YLm CqYLVf G]lTm. NLm Gu\ TVp TXo CQk Ym
NokRYoLs ApXo. Yrp X Ld EhTh SPdm TiTl Tt
YZYiV JqY URu LPUVm.
Tt ]dLs
NLYrtj RYV] L[ RURoL[
I. K YLp PV AUdLXm. B]p, AY A]Ydm
1. TYf NVp GuT G? TjY]YL AUV Yim.
2. Z GuT V? RURu NLjp CQk YrYu dV
dLs AUV] CuT Yr YZ Yim GuTR.
3. Tf NVp GqY EiP\?
Cd dL[ APm YLp A]Ydm
4. t\m YWV? TY] Ls AUV Yim.
5. RiP]l Tt l GL? NL A\jp LQlTm X odLL[d LiPk
6. YLj RiP]d LsLLs VY? AYt\d L[V A\CVp Tm Q\. NLjp
LQlTm oLLs \V,
II. Tj YLd LUp PV
1. CWjRp fNVjRp (Begging)
1. Gfl RiP]d LsLu SdLeLs VY? 2. YLWj UQ (Divorce)
2. ojjR RiP]d LsLu SdLeLs VY? 3. YWRhNQ (Dowry)
III. J TdL A[p PV 4. RtLX (Suicide)
1. TdlT Yem RiP]d LsL TtV 5. NL Ht\jRrLs (Social Inequalities)
LjdL[j Rj G? 6. TRl ThLd AUVRp (Durg Addiction)
7. TVeLWYRm (Terrorism)
2. YLj RiP]d LsLLp \kR G? Hu?
GuT]Ym. CYt\ YLd LiTm.
IV. Su TdL A[p PV
CWjRp - fNVjRp
YL RiP]d LsLL[ j J LhW
fNVjRp GuT CY], TlTRtV
YWL?
Lm YdLj RdL J NVp. Gm, A
98 99
NLjp CuYW tm dLl T\Up Ck
Y\.
CWjRdL] LWQeLs
CWjRdd LWQm Ts CpXU YU,
LYXuU, Yk EZdLU, mTjp BRWuU,
Wd U]lTuU Utm EPp F]m LWQULm
fNdLWoL[L U CdLXm. Gm, fNVjj
Ru YZ Yim Gu\ GiQm NVm NVu.
CR]V YsYo,
CWkm Eo YrRp Yiu TWk
LL EXVtVu.
G]d l\o.
JYu fN GjjRu Eo YrRp Yim
GukRp, AlTlThP EXL CVtVYu YrdL
S\L[, YjRYu GY] AYu AXk k
LhPY]L G] YsYo l\o. Um
CWjRd YU LWQULd \lT\.
CuU CmT CWko Ym Gum
YuUu YuThP Cp.
Gu\o YsYo.
YU uTU], AR] TdLl fN GjR
oYu Gu\ YRm Ld LUV]Rm Gu
l\o YsYo. YU CVtLf t\eLu
LWQULm HtTYi, URu R]LY Rd
LsYm Ei. CVtLf t\eL]p HtTm YU
100
RodL VRRu\m. B]p R] Rd Lsm
YU GuT URu EPX Yk EZdLUV.
CR]V YsYo,
CXo TXWV LWQm StTo
XoTXo SY RYo,
G]d l\o.
CpXRYoL[L YVYoL[L TXo ClTRtd
LWQm, Rm LPUVf NnTYoLs XWLm
NnVRYoLs TXWLm ClTR Bm Gu\
YsYm. CqXp Rdm \Udm Ht\ Rp
Gem TW Pd\. HRY Ju\j RokRj
EPZlTp YZ LtdLs[ Yim.
J URu YrdLu Ytm Rpm
AY]V NokR. JURu HrUp CdL AY]
LWQU\u Gu\ RURd LhT. URPV
NmTjR]m, UkRU] Td, BoYUt\ NnLLs
AYPV YUd LWQU\.
UdvYTu tT, J URu Ytd LWQm
AYPV L]U], VVU] EZlTm. J
URu Rpdd LWQm AYPV NmTj
R]U] V TZdLeL[m.
CWjRX dm Y\Ls
CWjRp GuT GkR YLm CWdLlTYRtV
NVp Au. l, , EPp F]m CYt\p EZjf
NlP CVXR Xs[YoL[d LlTtm T
A]Yu, AW EPp F]t\YoLd Ht\Y
YX YnlT YZe AYoRm Yrd Y Nn
Y\.
101
 fN GjRXV CkR NLd t\jRl TdP
AW BRWYt\ Vo CpXm, UYr CpXm,
AUjd Lj ]o YrY HtTj Y\. C NhPVL Jld Ls[l Tt\.
Lm TtYRtV.
CR]j Ru]oYj Ri Y]eLm Utm
NY Y]eLm Ht SPjR u YWYim.
JqY CkV ULm ClWfN]dj oLQ
VtLs UtLs[ Yim.
fN GlTRV RXLd LiPYoLs NLju
tSn Tu\YoLs. fN GlTYoL[ NLjp
AUlT GkR YLm A\d LsLVL.
fN GlTYoLm, AR FdlTYoLm NLd
t\YL[ GuTR AV Yim.
3.5.2 YLWj
YLWj Gu\ YPUf Npu RZdLm UQ
GuTRm.
UQ YV YkR Ko Bm J Tim CQk
YZ NmWRVj UQU ApX Tj UQU
Nn Ls\oLs. AlTf NnLiP UQjR
HR J LWQjtLL NhPju Q Li
UQjR jd LsYR YLWj GuTRm.
AVpSLp YLWj NoYNRWQUL
SPTt\m, Sm ShPl TjRYW L
AiUdLXjp, Ck UQf NhPm 1955p Ru
AXdLlThP. CkRf NhPjt EhThP GpX
UQeLm \lT iQljd LsYRu Xm
102
YLWj T\Xm. RkRLWQm C NWPm
AUkdLU]p YLWjR AUdLXm GuT
YLWj T\d LWQeLs
YLWj TYRtd rLiP LWQeLs CdL
Yim. AY,
1. UQU] J BQ, TiQ, CpYrdL
Sk RYRp.
2. LQY], U]V Ru URjR h Y URjR
RRp.
3. RPok u BiLXm QY] ApX
QV U] SVp ApX \ SnL[p
TdLlThjRp (RSn, Tp]Sn) Tu\
Ut V LWQeLdLL YLWj LWXm.
YLWj TtV LjdLs
YLWj GuT mTjRm NLjRm
Tdm GuTRp CRtL] L[ GRdLd P
GuT NhPm CVtVYoLu Lj. ERWQUL
TV LX A[ Ynl LjRp Ylt\
RmTVo U]m JjlTm Ynl Cd\.
AlTkm YLWj L]p olu AlTPp
WkRW TWUl (Permanent Maintenance) YZeLd Ll
T\Xm.
NUVf NPeL[m NRVjRm Ht\dLs[lThP
UQ E\Y NhPju Q Li Ut\ V
GuT TZUYLu Lj.
103
 B]p, UYm NRV AUldLtT, kR
mTm, NiPm mTjR P UX] Gu
TZU YLu Ljd Go [dLm Ad\.
EXL A\CVp kR]V[oLu tlT, UQm
GuT \o SXjRm, \o SXjR CQkR T
SXjRm Y[odm YLp A\ CVp LhTL[f
NVtTjR AUjd Ls[l Tt\ J YL JlTkRm
GuTo,
CR]V YsYo,
RtLjj RtLiPt Tj RL Nu\
NtLjf NoXs Ti.
Gu \o.
Ru]m, Ru LQY]m TdLj,
Nu\o TLu\ NtL[m uTt Nou
YrTY[ Ti Gu\o. A\CVt kR]V]oLu
tT Ce RtLjRp GuT Ru]Xm LjRp,
RtLiPo TRp GuT \o SXm LjRp, RL Nu\
NtLjRp GuT TU SXm LjRXL AUVl
Tts[R AVXm.
LQYu, U] CYU YLWjR mm
T AR] YZeP Yim. UQm LQYu
U] CYu AlTPj RYL[ \
NnVj RYhPp ARt YLWjR RW Y
YpX.
104
\ T\ VR UQm AdmTjp
Es[ A]Yu JdLd LLdm LWQUL
AUYRp CYu NmURjuTp YLWj
AlTR jRuU EPV, GuT NL
u]t\d LsL]u t Bm.
YLWju V [Ls
1. YLWj Tt\ TiQ Cu\V NRVm V
LiQhPjP]V Tod\. Um,
AYoLd CkR NRVjp TV TLlm,
Ulm CpX.
2. YLWj Tt\YoLu ZkRLs T[RW Y[m
uV LWQjRp NLjm Ru mTjm TX
EUL[ CZdL S\. CR]p, J TYm
AVR ZkRLs Tm YR] A[PtLV.
3. YLWj Tt\ RkR ApX Rn UYLm
Nn Lsm T AYoLPm Y[m ZkR
AuTm, BRWYm YUL CZk
Pdm. RuPV UrfVV, YjRjRV
TokLs[ VUp, Esds U SpX
U]lTuULm, BUl TiLm EdXk
Tm Xd AdZkRLs Rs[lT\oLs.
YLWjR Rodm Y\Ls
1. UQjRp mTm Gu\ J NL A\dLhPm
AUdLl T\. UQm GuT HR CuTjd
UhU AUdLl Tt\Ru.
105
2. mTjp [, U]d \ Tu\Yt\l \WVR
YLp Es[Ujd Li YZ Yim GuTR
mT A\d LhPju BYo.
3. LQYu U] CYdPV Es[
U]l[Y U\j, U]m JjR CQlT
UtLi, R]dm \odm, mTjtm Utm
NLjtm L[WYU] \p SXm Y[m
EiPdm YLp YZ Yim.
4. RmUp kR A[df NhPju ToYdf NpX
PUp mT WfN]L[ ZkRLu SXu
LVY YLWj LhTR j TUV
CkRp, XUVd LXm Ut\Xm. AqY
NnYRp YLWj NdL CVXRRd P LXm
Njd Lhm GuT EiU.
5. Rr Shp JqY UYhPjm NhPm Utm
mT BXN] Uu\eLs ULo Uu\eLs SpX
\p NVpTh Yu\]. LQYu U]dm
CPV Lj YT Es[YoLs, CmUVeLp
CXYNUL BXN] T\Xm. TYL,
CmUVeLs YLWj]j RdLY Vtdm.
G]Y, LQYu U] CYoL[j RjRV
E[Vp Sdp AWLs YZe AYoLPV
WfN]Ld o Liu\]. CmVtLp X
NUVeLp Ytm Tts[]o.
3.5.3. YWRhNQ
mTm Gu\ RuU A\d LhPjR AUdL
Bm, Tim CQYR UQm, C CVpT]
106
Ju. AjUQju T TihPo YWdl
(UQULd) Tum Tm AlTR YWRhNQ
Bm.
YWRhNQ TtV [dLm
YWRhNQ L TZeLXjR RuhP.
UQju T Tum Tm LjRRtL]
NjVd Ls NjRWl oYUL Es[]. BWmTLXjp
Rh] GuT UVR jRm RWlTm J AuTl.
t Ldm AuTl RhNQ,
ARlTp TiQ UQULd Ldm T
Tum Tm AuTlTL Lj Ru
YWRhNQ. C S[Pp Ti hPo UQULu
hPdd LhPVULd LdL YiVRL UhP.
Ck NvWjp \lTY TX J TiQ
LuVR]m Nn Ldm T, TiQ Ttd
LsTYd (YWd) RhNQ LdL Yim.
CpXVp UQm \\. CkR RhNQ S[Pp
YWRhNQVL UV B]p Au U]Yk
A]TlTL, T[RWl TLlTd L LdLlThP
Tu, TsLs Cu LhPVju Tp T\lTYRp
CkRl TZdLm J NLd LUVLd LRlT\.
TiLs AdLXjp ALm Lp T\pX
ARtLtT YN YnlLm RkR rXm
CpXUkRoLs. T[RWl TLlTd L
UQju T Tum, Tm R]UL
AdLlThP.
107
 B]p, TiLs Tjl T[RWf RkWm,
YXYnlPu V SpX YNV] rX APk
hP CkSm, UQULu hPo TkRLV]
T[ YWRhNQVL Go Tod\oLs.
YWRhNQ YeY Gu\ LU YYLULl
TWYu\. CfNLd LU Cu GpXWm
LidLl T\. YWRhNQ YeYm, LlTm 5.
t\m Gu NhPm V Tm, Cdt\U] TjRYo,
TUWo, HZ, TQdLWo Gu\ TT Cu Lrk
LiRu Cd\.
YV YkR TXTiLs UQULUp LXm
LlTRt YWRhNQ LdL VUV LWQm. Htd
LiP A[t YWRhNQ LdL CVXR LWQjRp
UQm kR \m, TiLs LU
TjRlTu\]o. CdLU ReLR TiLs
RtLXdd Pj RVeYpX.
YWRhNQV RlTRtL] Y\Ls
1. J TiQ Tu TPu Noj R]UL
HtTR Bi R]d J AYU]ULd LRYim.
Tim Ru J VTWl T[L
CTjRlTYR AYU]m G]dLR Yim.
2. UQULR Bi YWRhNQ YeL UhPu Gum
UQULR Ti YWRhNQ LdLUhPu
Gum EVn tL Yim.
108
3. TihPo YWRhNQ Lhm UQULu hPWj
Pu NhPju ToYdd Li YWYim.
4. LYp \]o YWRhNQ t\m TtV Nn
PjRP]V, t\m CZjRYW 1961m YPm
AWYeLm LiYkR YWRhNQ Rlf
NhPjuT SPYdL GdL Yim.
JqY UYhP BhV[o AYXLjm
YWRhNQ Rll (Dowry Prevention Cell)
AUdLlTh CVeY\. Ap \ Nn
PdL T\Xm.
6. Ru]oYd dLs YWRPNQ UVl Tt
WfNWm NnYPu BeLe Lm YWRhNQ
LUL[ AWdj Rj t\eL[d
\dLXm.
7. NhPj]p UhU Ut\eL[d Li YWV.
JqY RURm YWRhNQd LUV
EQok ARl Tdm Vtp DThPpRu
YWRhNQd LUV tUL ALt\ m.
3.5.4 RtLX
Ym EU
EXp \kR UdLs A]Ym Rm \l]
AlTPVLd Li CVtLVLl Tm
Rp EUV. Sm CqXp \lT YrYRt
LLY UdL[nl \kRYo A]Ym
YrYRtUPVYoL[. GkR J URdm
AYPV EPm, Em NkRU]YVVm
109
AYt\ Y[odLl T TPYiUVpX AdLl
TTRp P.
Ym EUVl Tt\ JYu ARtV LPUVf
NLjtf NnVYim. RuPV Ym EUV
AlT Ru RtLX. RtLX Nn LsYu
LWQm CkRf NLm AYPV Ym EUV AYu
ATlTRtj Q NnVpX Gu\ t\m
UjRlT\. RtLXdd LWQU] Xu NokR
Tm iRXL AU\.
URPV Ep XuNoSR T, A NokR
T Utm TUl T G] u TLs Es[].
XuNokR TVp CuTm Gu\ SuUVl T\u
Cp, HtTm YrVp dLp Ru UR]j RtLX
Nn Ls[j i\.
Ut\ CTL[] AlT, TUl T
SuUL[l Tt kjf NVpTPUp RtLX Nn
LsY NhPlT t\Um. WfN]L[ Gojf
NUdm CpXRYoLs RtLX Nnm
U]XXV ClToLs.
RtLX GiQm 90 dL UdLd HRY
J rXp Ru U\\. B]p Cp Ik
Rp H dL Td CkR GiQm YWYL U]R
h ALYpX. H]p, AYoLd WfN]
WkRWUL Ck Li Cdm. T]k YV Rp
TjRuT YV YW Es[YoLPm LQlTm WfN]
RtLX GiQm Ru.
110
RtLX Nn LsTYoLp TiL[ P
BiL[ LWU] \Vj RokRd\oLs. ClT
LWU] RkLX Lrfp ALU] EZlT
NklTYoLs BiLs Ru.
RtLX GiQm ClTR Am \
1. RtLX GiQjp ClTYoLPm U] E[fNp
ALdm.
2. AYoLu SPYdLLm, YlTLm o
Tu Cdm.
3. TRhPm, LYXm ALm LQlTm.
4. EPp SdLm YlTm.
5. GRtm Gp EQofYNl TYoLs.
6. R]df NkRU] EPUL[ YiPm Gu
JdYo.
7. AYoLu VtLs \u LY]jR DolTRL
Cdm.
8. SWVLY, U\LULY RtLX Vtp
DTYRL WhYPu Vtm DTYoLs.
RtLXdL] LWQm
Sm ]kRm NRV AUlp SPTm
RtLX LrL[d Li Tm U]m Yk\m.
Rop Rp, YU, YXuU WRSn,
LPuRpX, LRp Rp, mTjRLW, SPjRp
NkRLm, UQjRP Tu\ TX LWQeL[d \Xm.
111
 C Tu\ TX LWQeL[m Et Sdm T,
Yrp HtTm GkR J RpVm Goj tLj
u Yim Rr U]lTuUV CRt
AlTPd LWQm G] AVXm.
Um RtLXd dV LWQm A ofVt\
Xp kjf NVpTPUm Bm. A TdYm
APVR Xp LZjR]m, Rr U]lTuUm
EiP\. URPV LZjR]m AY]
U]YU At\Y]L Ut \. AVUu
LWQUL RtLX Tu\ t\eLs SPTu\].
Gm RtLX Nn LsY WfN]Ld oYL
AUV GuTR AQYm EQW Yim.
RtLXVj Rdm Y \Ls
1. RtLXd t\m LZRY CdL UdLd
YrVt TLl AdLl TP Yim.
2. RtLXVj Rdm NhPm ETjRlTP
Yim.
3. UQYoLs HUt\jRj Rem U]YUm, Nlj
RuUm dLYoL[L EYdLlTPp Yim.
4. RtLX GiQjRj im LrfLs, Utm
UQYo U]p Yl EQof, TYem GiQm,
LeLTm Tu\Ytt CPm RWdP.
5. RtLXd Vm UQYoLd Ru]oj
Ri Y]eLs AWm, SmdLm Aj
Y\.
112
6. RtLX TtV UL[ UdLs AV Y]
Utm RXdLh Tu\ NR]eLs LrfL[j
RVdL Yim.
7. Tsp LR, LhW, TfNlTh, LXkWVPp
Tu\Ytu Xm RtLX TtV UL[
GpXm AmTf NnV Yim.
8. URu JqYYm CuTm uTm LXkRu
YrdL Gu\ EiU AYl T\f Nn
U]jRl TdYlTj AVf NnRp Yim.
G]Y, CRt UdLs BRWm, NL SXjRi
Y]eLm, EQVL u NVpTP Yim.
3 : 5 : 5 NL Ht\jRrLs (Social Inequalities)
R URoLs TXo CQk YrYRtLL AUjd
LiP A\dLhPU NLm NL El]Lds GkR
J YLm GkR J YtUm CpX. A NoSR,
T[RWm NokR Ht\jRrLs LQlTY CVtL
B]p NLm NoSR YTL[ SUd SU Yjd
LiPRm.
YoQWU RoUm
YRLX YoQWU RoUjp WUQo
`jVo, YVo, jWo G] Ru AlTPp
dLlTh. TpXWm BiLdl \m N,
URm, AlTPp URu Ht\jRrL[
AUdLdP. CqXp Ym EU Tt\ JqY
R URm NRV AUlp A]Ym NUU. Cu
Sm AVp T[RWm Tu\ \Lp Y][V
113
A[p EVok Cd\m. B]p NRV AUlp
Uhm u Re Cd\m.
CkV RkWm APYRt u GjR]V NL
ojR YLs Ru]oLs NLjp Ht\jRrL[
dL AmTThZjR]o. RkWm APkR \ SU
AW TX NhPeL[ CVt NRV YTL[d LV
TX ojR TL[f Nn Li Y\.
NUX NUjYm
A Utm T[RW Y[of AlTPp
TZeLs (Scheduled Tribes), RrjRlThPo (Scheduled Caste),
Lm tTjRlThPo (Most Backward Class)
oUW]o (Denotified Caste), tTjRlThPo (Backward Class)
G]l dLlTh SU CkV AW A]jl T
UdL[m NUXlTjR, NUjYm, NLRWjYm,
RkWm Gu\ AlTPp A Y[of
TRW Y[ofd Lm AmTTh Y\.
ARuT, RV AWVp AUlf NhPju TX
NLLm TLl YNLm NnVlTh Es[].
SU AWVXUlf NhPm, UdL[V SU
SUd Ajd LiP NhPm. CkRf NhPju
uWuT A]jd UdLdm , RkWm,
NUjYm BVYt\ Aj, Shu JtUVm
RSTu LiVjRm E Nn, A]j
UdLPm NLRWjYjR Y[odL Sm E
is[m.
114
CkR LiVm N, UR, U Bau
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115
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116
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(Drug Addiction)
NLjp R\T CdLdV Ll TV NLf
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117
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118
9. Bi, Ti Gu\ TRu hPUL UkR
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119
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C[OoLs EQW, Tt\oLm BVoLm
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NnV Yim.
120 121
 NRV Utm AWVp NhPjhPeLd U\L Rm
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122
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123
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124
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125
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126
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127
Cu\V XU tm UhP. UjYoLs
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128
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129
 AYo RdLsm YW fN RPWlTP
Yim.
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RmUl T Nn Ls[ Yim. UjYd
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NnRXL UjYj\l TUd U
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130
13. UjYj \l T NokR UjYu NYV
J LVLl TVuTjd Li CXTm Nodm
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131
 NhPeLs YZdLjp GiLs Xm
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132
j \u RtLXf dLpLs (Problems of the Legal
Profession in the Present days)
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Aj\Vf NokR RiPoLs APeV hPUl
EYdLl Tts[].
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II. J Tj A[p ApX Tj YLd LUp
PV (5 PV) 10. WjVaWm Tt G.
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3. u UuU Tt Y. 1. BN]eL[l Tt Yj ARu TVuL[ Y.

4. CVUju TVuLs VY? 2. AxPeL VLm Tt dLUL Yj G.
246 247
 Q p ThVp
1. A\Vp Ko ALm pVm
RZdLm Lk Tl 1984
2. ThdLhP LpVQ kRW]o TPp Rl
BVo . C. TX xQu.
3. RjY CVp Up X CWiPm Bi Rr S
TPp LZLm Tl 2001.
4. A\ CVp Up X RXm Bi Rr S
TPp LZLm Tl 1981.
5. NLp UpX CWiPm Bi Rr S
TPp LZLm Tl 2002.
6. d\s TUXZLo EW Tl 1980.
7. TRgN VLm TWRu Tl 2000.
8. V]m Y LTL]kR Tl 2003.
9. UkWm EWVVo G. YWRW_u Tl 2003.
10. c TRgN VL jWm vY Tl 2002.
11. SpYr PdPo . YWRWNu Tl 1990.
12. VLd Lp B. . lWUVu jV TW
BV TWV `^m^Ru.
13. BWdV Yrd AUV] VLN]eLs
PdPo . B. xQu Tl 2003.
14. NL AVp / JuTRm Yl RrS TP p
Y]m Tl / 2003.
15. d\s TUXZLo EW LeL jRL XVm
. SLo Nu] 17. SuLm Tl 2002.
248
16. SXVo.UW RVoNu] XVXd Lpj
p Rrl XYo (193034). pX XVm. .SLo,
Nu] 17. u\m Tl _u 1998.
17. AqYVu pLs R.T.u]N. SfVo
TlTLm 916, LeL AmUu Lp R.
Nu] 24. Rt Tl HlWp 1999.
18. UQYoLd TR] c Lg LULPm
c NeLWfNoV vYLs c UPm LgWm M c
W _Lj ^Rl lTL`uv 158/12 Xd
W Ut UmTXm Nu] 33. Y
_]Y 2003.
19. SpXdLd Lp SpXVo XYo. C[eLYu
V LdL Vu] ULo U..T. LVjo.
NmT Tl`ov LmT Nu] 1 SuLm
Tl 1981.
20. SpXdLd LRLs RrS Tt\o BVo
LZLm Nu] 6. RtTl 1984.
21. RZo ZdLm TiTm ]Yo
T.lWUVu Gm.H..Gf.., WmUo TlTLm. 126.
Lp NX TZ 624 601. RtTl U 1999.
22. JdL SLs TjRm Yl Y. . UkWm
Gm.H.. L TlL`ov Nu] 17. RtTl
_X 1979
23. UVR WUu ld LRLs oV Nn oV
GiPo WNv TZV Gi 24, xQ R.
Nu] 17 RtTl NmTo 2002.
249
24. TgN RkWd LRLs oj]u Nn oV
GiPoWNv T.Gi.24, xQ R, Nu17.
CWiPm Tl HlWp 2003.
25. TZ Lu Lm ojRm PdPo Gl.
lWUVu WmUo TlTLm, TZ624 602. Rt
Tl Uof 1994.
26. UrY YZ SXVo Lhm YLs .Gv.
RqSj SoUR TlTLm. VL WV SLo Nu] 17.
Rt Tl _X 1997.
27. Ruu LZ RuL PdPo Gv. XNLWu 2.
ArRm TlTLm 15, jl s[ R Yo 632
001. RtTl NmTo 1997.
28. YsYm LWp UodLm Xmf NpYo. PdPo
U.T. YO]m eL TlTLm UXlo 5.
Nu] 4 CWiPm Tl U 2000.
29. J[Y ARm GW YSRu. UR TlTLm
77, _uv W, NR, Nu] 15. Rt Tl
1987.
30. Rm \m vY AWLm 19, LiQRNu 9.
NX, VLWV SLo. Nu] 17. Rt Tl 2001.
31. Lg Yo ]d LRmTm W. LQT qV
jV Wvh, 106/1, apX NX .SLo, Nu]
17. RtTl _u 1995.
32. c WU xQu d LRLs c WU xQ
UPm UXlo, Nu] 4.
250
33. YrdLm Rm H.YWL oj,
Gv.I...TlL`uv mPh, Nu] 28.
RtTl AdPTo 1962.
34. NjWm Ttm NWo LR XYo AWN U
CXd XVm 10, Lm R. Nu] 14. CWiPm
T NmTo 1985.
ENGLISH
1. Ethics (in Questions & Answers) - Kedar Nath - Ram Nata - Ninth
Revised Edition - 1999 -
English Reader - Higher Secondary - Second year - Revised Edi-
tion - 2000.
3. Manual of Ethics ] Introduction - S. Mackerzie
4. Study of Ethical Principles - Seth
A Study of Maral theory - J. Latrde.
6. In defence of free will - C.A. Cambella
7. Moral Education - std vi CBSE - Fourth Edition - 1977.
8. Wings of fire - Auto Biography - A.P.J. Abdul kalam - 1999.
Ethics for today - Harnold H. Titus.
10. Principles Of Political Science.
251
 AgNtTs Conduct - SPjR
LXfNtLs Conscience - U]fNu
Constructive - BdLf NoT]
A
Courage -
Absolute ethics - (Rf \ls[) NopX
Custom - UWTdLm
A\Vp
Concept - Ljl Ts
Adolescence - C[UlTYm
Cardo - Zm Af
Aesthetics - AZVm, GVp Courage - , Wm
Analytical model - TlTWnf U Cardinal - AlTP
Appetite - ShPm Crime - t\m
Assertorial Imperative - Ed LhlT Civics - UVp
Citizenship - U
Authority - ALWm
Community centre - NRV SXdPm
Altruism - \o SXm
Conference Hall - UShd Pm
Association - NeLm D
Alms - fN Definition - YWV\ ApX [dLm
Avaricc - TWN Descriptive Science - [dL AVp
Alcoholic - UAkTYo Desire - lTm
B
Determinism - oUdLlTt\
Duties - LPULs
Behaviourism - SPjRdLsL
Divorce - YLWj
Begging - CWjRp
Dowry - YWRhNQ
C E
Character - NVp\ A\Vp Elements - R AmNeLs
Character - JdLm ApX SPjR Emotional attitudes - UnlThl TdLs
Coherence - CV Emotions - U]YfLs
252 253
Ethics - A\Vp Hypocrisy - LTPm
Evaluative language - Ulh U Hospitality - kRmTp
Evolution - TQUm Hatred - Yl
Egoism - ALkR
Humanity - URSVm
Education - Lp
I
F
Ideal Community - EVokR dLs LiP
Final cause - XV] LWQm
NRVm
Freedom - LhPt\ X ApX RkW
X Idealists - CXhVd LsL]o ApX
Ljd LsL]o
Freedom of the will - CVtXu LhPt\ ApX
RkRWU] X Ideal Self - EVokR CXhVl T[L
[em BuU
G
General will - TCVtX Illusion - UVj Rt\m

Good - SXu, SuU Impulse - iRp

Generous - RW[U]lTuU Indeterminism - oUdLVR ApX
Greedy - TWN YWV\ NnVVR
Gue LsL
Gambling - RhPm
H Individual - RjR ApX RlThP

Happiness - Ur Intention - EhP

Harmony - CN ApX CV Interrogative language - ]\ U
Heredity - UWX Intrinsic value - Es[okR TVu ApX CVp
Hypothesis - FLm TVu

254 255
Introspection - Es[ Moderation - CPYL
Intuitive Induction - EsQoj Rl\ Monism - Ju\ UnlTs Gu\
Imperfect - RYt\ LsL ApX JUd
LsL
Inequality - Ht\jRr
Moral experience - A\Qo ApX ATYm
Individual - RURu
Moral gain - A\lTVu
Intoxicating - TR Ru\
Moralizing - A\YlTjRp
In carnation - AYRWm
Moral Science - A\Y AVp
Industrial - RXLm
Moral Sense School - A\Qod LsLVd
J
LPllTo
Judgement - Ls ApX oU]eLs
Moral relations - A\jRPoLs
Justice - SoU ApX
Motive - Fd
Jurisprudence - NvWm
Mysticism - A S
L
Moral rights - A\S EU
Levels - XLs
N
Logic - A[YVp
Natural Selection - CVtLj Ro
Logical Atomists - XdLp BhP^d
Normative Science - UpYWmhP AVp,
LsL]o
EVoX AVp
Lust - V EQoLs
O
M
Objective - \X
Mean - CPY ApX J XV]
Objective validity - \X HtPU
Y
Obligatoriness, sense of - LPlThQo
Metaphysics - AlTPVp,
Organic needs - ElLu RYLs
Middle Course - SjRWU] Y

256 257
Organic unity - ElLu NodL Psychology - E[p, E[Vp
Oughtness - LPlT Professional - Rp NokR
P
R
Paradox - WW
Rationality - TjRWRm A
Perception - \dLh
Realist - LhlThLsLVd
Perfection - \ LPllTYo
Personality - BU ApX UTm Reality - UnlTs, TWmTs
RURl Ti
Relative Ethics - No A\Vp
Persuasive Definition - Yjm YWV\
Religion - URm ApX NUVm
ApX [dLm
Remote ends - RXLs
Phenomenon - Rt\l Ts
Right - NV], SV, SpX
Philosophers disciplines - RjY AYdLd
LhlTLs Rights - EULs

Philosophy - RjYm Revenge - T YeRp

Retributive - Tdl T
Positive Science - SoX AVp
Reformative - ojRm
Practice - NVp\ ApX SP\
S
Prescriptive Language - LhP[ U
Scale - ThVp ApX YN
Prima facie obligations - RPdLd LPlTLs
Self- Conscious - RuQo X, Ru S]X
Probability - Cu]T Bm Gum t
Self-determinism - Ru]X oUdLlTt\
Proximate ends - Ajs[ Ls LsL ApX V oU]d
LsL
258 259
Self-evident - R] [em RuU Temperance - Ru]PdLm
Self-realization - Ru] EQoRp Tendency - Td
Sentiment - Tt Tendency, Innate - EPu\kR E[lTd
Spiritual Evolution - BuLlTQUm Theists - RnY SmdL Es[YoLs
Standard (ethical) - A\S \ Theory - LsL
State - S Terrorism - TVeLWYRm
Stimulus - FdLm, iPX ApX iRp
Terrorist - TVeLWY
Subjective - ALX
U
System - JeLUl
Unconditionality - YWV\Vt\ X
Social Obligation - NL LPlT
Unconscious - ]Yt\ X
Shyness - YhLm
Universality - TU X
Soul - BuU
Universe - WTgNm
Super natural - RnLm
Urges - GfLs
Salvation - T
Ultimate Reality - TWm Ts
Saints (Monks) - \
Sin - TYm V

T Validity - HtPU

Taboos - XdLs Value - TVu ApX Ul

Telelogical Theory - SdLd LsL Value in use - YZem TVu ApX Ul

Virtue - JdLm
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Virtues, cardinal - AlTPV] JdLeLs

Volitions - CVtX

Voluntary - RuVpT]

Vice - Tf Np

Willing - CVtX

Wisdom - ATY A

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