Professional Documents
Culture Documents
by
James N. Anagnos
Thomas W. Kennedy
conducted for
by the
August 1972
The contents of this report reflect the views of the
authors, who are responsible for the facts and the
accuracy of the data presented herein. The contents
do not necessarily reflect the official views or
policies of the Federal Highway Administration. This
report does not constitute a standard, specification,
or regulation.
ii
PREFACE
James N. Anagnos
Thomas W. Kennedy
August 1972
iii
LIST OF REPORTS
Report No. 98-1, "An Indirect Tensile Test for Stabilized Materials," by W.
Ronald Hudson and Thomas W. Kennedy, summarizes current knowledge of the in-
direct tensile test, reports findings of limited evaluation of the test, and
describes the equipment and testing techniques developed.
Report No. 98-2, "An Evaluation of Factors Affecting the Tensile Properties
of Asphalt-Treated Materials," by William O. Hadley, W. Ronald Hudson, and
Thomas W. Kennedy, discusses factors important in determining the tensile
strength of asphalt-treated materials and reports findings of an evaluation
of eight of these factors.
Report No. 98-5, '~valuation and Prediction of the Tensile Properties of Lime-
Treated Materials," by Walter S. Tulloch, II, W. Ronald Hudson, and Thomas W.
Kennedy, presents a detailed investigation by indirect tensile test of five
factors thought to affect the tensile properties of lime-treated materials and
reports findings of an investigation of the correlation between the indirect
tensile test and standard Texas Highway Department tests for lime-treated
materials.
Report No. 98-6, 'torrelation of Tensile Properties with Stability and Cohesi-
orncter Values for i\sphalt-Treated Materials," by William O. Hadley, W. Ronald
lludson, and Thomas w. Kennedy, presents a detailed correlation of indirect
t('l1s:ile lest parameters, i.e., strength, modulus of elasticity, Poisson's
ratio, and failure strain, with stability and cohesiometer values for asphult-
treated materials.
iv
v
Report No. 98-10, "Practical Method of Conducting the Indirect Tensile Test,"
by James N. Anagnos and Thomas W. Kennedy, describes equipment and test pro-
cedures involved in conducting the indirect tensile test along with a method
of analyzing the test results.
ABSTRACT
vi
SUMMARY
vii
IMPLEMENTATION STATEMENT
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE iii
LIST OF REPORTS iv
ABSTRACT vi
SUMMARY. vii
INTRODUCTION 1
Equipment 5
Test Procedure 9
Calculation of Indirect Tensile Strength 9
Equipment 11
Test Procedure 14
Calculation of Tensile Properties 14
REFERENCES 21
ix
x
A need exists for a simple test method which can be used to evaluate the
tensile properties of all types of pavement materials and to obtain informa-
tion which can be used for pavement design. In addition to failing from
cracking of the surface layers, rigid pavements may fail due to loss of sup-
port as the result of subbase cracking, and flexible pavements may also fail
due to the formation of tensile cracks in the subbase and base layers with
subsequent propogation of the crack upward through the surface layer.
In recognition of the need for information on the tensile characteristics
of stabilized subbase materials, the Texas Highway Department and the Federal
Highway Administration sponsored Project 3-8-66-98, ''Evaluation of Tensile
Properties of Subbases for Use in Rigid Pavement Design," which was conducted
by the Center for Highway Research at The University of Texas at Austin. As
a part of this project, the various tests which were currently available and
which could be used to obtain information on the tensile characteristics of
highway materials were evaluated (Ref 3). As a result, the indirect tensile
test or splitting tensile test was adopted and further developed to provide a
test method which could be used to obtain estimates of tensile strength,
Poisson's ratio, modulus of elasticity, and tensile strains for all types of
stabilized materials (Ref 1). In addition, it is felt that the test can be
used to evaluate other pavement materials except cohesion1ess materials, such
as sand, gravel, and crushed stone.
The purpose of this report is to provide a detailed description of the
test, test procedures, equipment, and methods of calculating tensile strength,
Poisson's ratio, modulus of elasticity, and tensile strains. The portion of
the report concerned with procedures, equipment, and methods of calculating
the various properties has been divided into two sections, since determination
of tensile strength is relatively simple, requiring only a method of applying
and measuring the total compressive load applied to the specimen, whereas the
determination of Poisson's ratio, modulus of elasticity, and tensile strain is
more difficult, requiring accurate measurements of specimen deformations.
1
2
where
p
Stainless Steel
Load ing Strip
Poisson's ratio, modulus of elasticity, and failure strains for 4-inch and
6-inch diameter specimens with a half-inch-wide curved loading strip are sum-
marized in Table 1.
It is recommended that the test be conducted at a controlled deformation
0
rate of 2 inches per minute at 75 F utilizing half-inch-wide curved face
loading strips. Other loading rates and testing temperatures can be utilized
for studies of special interest, and in the case of relatively stiff materials
it may be desirable to reduce the loading rate.
The remainder of this report describes the procedures and equipment re-
quired to conduct the test and to obtain estimates of tensile strength, Poisson's
ratio, modulus of elasticity, and tensile strains.
EQUIPMENT
General Use
Diameter of Specimen
octWC'l'll l(lad P and tal a 1 11Orb:on ta 1 deforma tion X Cor loads tIp
T
to failure load P ).
Fai1
2000
==,
"0
Least Squares Line ~I
.3 of Best Fit, For -I
Q)
>
Loads up to Pfoil a1 l
:;::;\
.~ 1000 1
I
.... /
e.
/ .21 - Data Points Used to
E ~I Obtain Least Squares
o /
u / -I Line of Best Fit
/ 9,
"0
Q.)
/ al
.~ I
: 500 S =f.Ej 01
<l H \'l.TI II
-I
~I
F~I
u..1
:>fl
o .001 .002 .003 .004 .005
Total Horizontal Deformation t inches
TEST PROCEDURE
4-inch-specimens
P
Fail
= 0.156 h
"
Tile guided lOdding head can be used (Fig 7), but space limitations restrict
tile specimen size to diameters and lengths of 6 inches or less.
.
6-inch-diameter specimens
P
Fai1
= 0.105 h
where
EQUIPMENT
14
TEST PROCEDURE
Procedure
(1) From the load deformation curves obtained from the indirect tensile
test (Figs 10 and 11) replot the corresponding vertical and hori-
zontal deformations up to the failure load P "I (first break
point) (Fig 12). Fa1
(2) Determine the deformation ratio DR , the slope of the line of best
fit, between the corresponding vertical and horizontal deformations
up to the failure load (Table 2).
..0
...J 500
"C
Q)
: 250
Least Squares
750 Li ne of Best Fit
For Loads Up to
Pfail
..0
...J
-0500
o
o
...J
-0
Q)
Ffoll. ____ ~_~
~250 First Break Point
-
0
0
E Least Squares Line
-
.....
0 . 01 of Best Fit
IV
0
-
u
.....
IV
>
o .001 .002
Horizontal Deformation, Inches
x, Y,
Horizontal Vertical
Deformation, Deformation, 2
in Inches in Inches XY X
Load, in
Pounds
4
(x 10- ) (x 10- 3 ) (x 10- )
5 (x 10- 6 )
0 0 0 0 0
Lxy _ Lx Ly
n
Ue[ormation Ratio = DR = 6.49
These values used to determine the position of the line of best fit.
18
(3) Determine the horizontal tangent modulus SH' the slope of the line
of best fit between load P and total horizontal deformation Xr
for loads up to the failure load P on the load-horizontal
Fail
deformation curve (Fig 11). The solution using the least squares
method is shown in Table 3.
(4) Solve the equations summarized in Table 1 to determine the various
tensile properties.
Example
= 0.156 u:
P
x
h = 1.980 inches,
D = 4 inches,
= 25.6 psi.
L:xL:y
L:xy- n
DR =
2 = 6.49
L:} - {L:nxi
From Table 1
0.0673DR - 0.8954
Poisson's ratio v = -0.2494DR - 0.0156 = 0.281
X,
Horizontal
Deformation, X2
Y, XY
in Inches Load, in
(x 10- 4 ) (x 10- )
2 (x 10- 6 )
Pounds
0 0 0 0
Lx L:y
I. xy -
n 4
SH = = 10.87 x 10 1b/in
2 0:: x)2
LX - n
"I(
These values are used to determine the position of the line of best fit.
20
Exy _ ExEy
n = 10.87 X 104 1b/in
2 (Ex)2
Ex - - -
n
From Table 1
4
E = S: [0.9976V + 0.2692J = 3.017 X 10 psi
~ = .0029 inches
From Table 1
= rO.1l85v + 0.03896J =
T ~F LO.2494v + 0.0673
21
REFERENCES
3. Hudson, W. Ronald and Thomas W. Kennedy, "An Indirect Tensile Test for
Stabilized Materials," Research Report 98-1, Center for Highway
Research, The University of Texas at Austin, January 1968.
APPENDIX 1
I
,-,
-1
(:)
~-
'0 ,'0'
1
1 I
I -t- ,
, BaR
F
-, " -' , -'
-~
1.....' - - - - - - A a H--~
.. I
E
i t
~
c
Die Set - Front View
T
Guide Post
~5in.
to be
Extreme care must be taken in aligning the upper and lower loading plate.
26
27
.~. Note:
0)' l Both Loading Strips
are 0.5 in. )( 0.5 in. )( 9 in. a
are Mounted with 3 Socket
Head Screws. All Screws
are Countersunk to Avoid Inter-
ference on Back Side of Plate.
One Pair of Loading Strips is
Holes Drilled to Fit Bolt Holes Machined to Fit 4-in:-Diameter
on Platen of Gyratory Compactor /, Specimen, Second. Pair to
. ~s . Fit 6-in:- Diameter
~ '" / /-? ~specimen
/ "'-
, /
(;) . i~'
/ '- It/
}O.5in
Sharp Edges to be
Rounded Off
31
32
Polished Surface
, ,I
I ,, ,,
'---"-----"'-------"-- All Mounting and Dowel Pin Holes Should Be Drilled 0.20 in.
Simultaneously with Respective Holes in Adjustable Blocks
Adjustable Specimen
Contact Point
OI25.in.~I: II
~:
II 0
. :(Q):
::
r-~ ::.:J
~
t ~,
,- I
.-::1,1 11
r-' : ::
, " I I
:: In
I, '
1111',
r=:-'
q.7 in., Drilled and
'-I' I I I ::: ilTappedto fit
'''::-' '_JI II II I : '-I'
~ 3116,32 tpi Screw
i 1 IIO.2in.
I 1 1
-=------'---'---:1
JL.......!......
1-----1.75in.---
Locking Lug
Note:
(I) General Dimensions, Dowel
Pin Locations, and Arm
Mount Screw Holes on Both
Blocks are the Same.
(2) Rack and Pinion Device can
be Selected from Availability
of Parts and Installed to
Bu i Iders Specifications.
Iii ; 1I (3'> To Be Mode of Aluminum
a/ 'and
Set Screw to Hold Rack
Pinion Bushing
, ,------------
~10 ,.::.1
___ I : L ________ __ .,
00 :_- p!i:
:1:1-:1:1:1
I ~~!\.~-l.~4.J11I71
--- ......:-:.:-...
I
,..::.,
'
in. -- . . . . . ~--~~
Rock
o
1_--1
I-=-'I
I-=:-, Set Screws to Lock
L=.J Gear Rock in Place
o I - I
.1-::-..
I~
-
L";:-...I
r --,
;.....:=-:
"---1
1.75 in .
........=-.
1'-::-'
r- 1 r - -1
II I1 l..-:::...-t
:-=-1 ,r-, r" - ~
~ I ,_.:..-1
1 - 1
1
I
1
1
Note: To Be Made of
Aluminum
@ 2.0 in.
..., ........
,
Note:
To Be Made of Aluminum
f-.------'------- I
216
5 21~ I CD
I
i I : I- Washer
- High Quality
Compression
Spring
Fig AU. Connection between load cell and loadhead die set.
APPENDIX 4
(1) Plug in DC power supply and recording equipment and allow approxi-
mately 20 minutes for warmup.
(2) Adjust DC power supply output to approximately 6 volts. A digital
voltmeter is preferred for this adjustment.
(3) Place horizontal deformation device in calibrating position (Fig A14).
Arm contacts should be centered on actuating screws and dial gage
points. Caution should be exercised to assure that the arm contact
points are lightly in contact with the actuating screw holder blocks.
(4) Lock arms in the above position.
(5) Connect the device to the power supply and to the recording equip-
ment.
(6) Null the strain gage output and zero the dial gages.
(7) Select the desired MV/inch range on the recorder.
(8) Using one of the arm activating screws of the calibrator, move the
arm a given amount. Check for proper movement on the recording
equipment. The amount of movement may be changed by altering the
applied voltage to the strain gage or by altering the range selection
of the recording equipment.
(9) Calibrate the other arm in a like manner.
(10) Continue the process several times to check for repeatability.
41
42
43