14.5) Rusting What is rusting? It as meationed in section 14.1 that metals may react with ae and water, and corrode. When an object made of iron is exposed to ‘molst ar for some Uine, a reddiat-trown substance slowly forms ‘onthe surface ofthe metal This substance ts called rat and has the chemical name fychated iro) oxide. The process that produces rust ‘6 inown as rusting or the ‘corvesdon of iret Its the slow oxidation of ron t6 form bd ‘won(l) oxide (rust). The equation for rustinatis AFG) + 30419) + MO — 2Fe,0,-0400) (The-xin the chemical formula of hydrated iron() exdeindieates the numberof water molecules present in the compound) What conditions are essential for rusting! “The enperiment on page 250 investigates the essential conditlons for rusting.Es Tet bes Tet ube toed ciel FT antyrus Terubee Ter tubeD ee ste a 1.342 Seta Batt toy We ring Science >xiU Seqtnsha shawn at ‘nopto ney eer et otae {hs ron ans apy cae Meum wsahinte Experiment 2 “To vestigate the coniitions mecessary for eusting Procedure 1. The iron nails are cleaned with sanépaper to remove any rust present 2 The iow nalls a shown im Fig 1421 3. Alter one week, the tron nails are examined and their appearancels noted, thea placed in tour diferent test tubes as The results ofthe experiment are summarised in Table 149, 4 _[renating < Teint = vs ae le 1.9 Rent ot enema ‘The resits obtained show two important facts about rising 1. Bothair and water are needed for rusting to occur 2. The presence of sodium chloride Increases the speed of sty Besides sodium chloride. acidic substances such as sulpher dioxide and carbon dioxide also speed up the resting process. ‘Thus, in objects near the sea and in Industrial areas corrode ‘more rapaly because of the presence of sak and other pollutants Rust Prevention ust very brite and flaky. Thus, wher corrodes, the rusted aurlace of the metal fakes away. This produces @ new metal Surface to corrode. Eventually, al ofthe metal will rust and Rae away. There are three general methods of rust prevention —using 4 protective layer, using a sacrificial metal aad using alloys, How does using a protecilce layer prevent resting? Inorder to prevent iran from nasting it has to be hept away from ‘water and oxygen. One general method ol “rst proofing. is to ‘coat the metal abject with a protective layer of substance. This ‘includes coating the iot/steel surface with paint or grease ‘covering it wth plate, electroplating tor ei platingBoth sloctroplating and dip plating involve galvais outing iron/stec! with a layer of another metal. Electro uses electricity to do this. Dip plating is the process of dipping iroa into molten zine or tn. A thin fm of zinc oF tin then covers the ron/steel. This layer prevents water and air from coming Into ‘contact with the iron or see! eurtace. Using a sacrificial metal Fixing bars of zine to a ship's ull prevents the ship’ steel body from rusting (ig 14.22) Heavy blocks of magyresium attached to underground pipes made of ron pretee's the pipes fram rusting (ig. 14.23). These metals attached are more reactive than Iron and wili corrode instead of ron. As long as magnesium of zine is present, ron wil not rust. This Is called sacrificial protection Dbeeause the teaypesioin or zinc ie ‘sacrificed to protect the rot or ted Using alloys ‘The best known rustesistant alloy of iron is staniess steel. Stainless stcel containa nickel and chromium. On exposure to alt and molsture,a very hard coating of chromium(ll) oxide, CrDs forms on the surface of stainless stel, protecting it from {urther ‘Table 1.10 summarises the cornmon methods ol rit provetien emt ‘lingo areasng The po wil take place under the pate surtce Te proteive fmf olor grea gathes dst and ‘lsticoating | Ktchentare uch as ining | the las yer tor, theron tats tora as ‘gavansing | waterbuxes dst, ane | The metal doesnotrusteve the zc laer (nepating) | ooh ktnon sinks | samadhi beau sn more restive ah iron. zee coredes instead of fon) tiepaing | food cars Ifthe tin ayer srt, the an beneath ust ‘rome plating | aps betes, yee handle | Tis ves bright ny inh as wl bos “ta tlck | undergreunioes. sips. kos | Magnesium and zine conor n ace of won becase staincor osteo pes ‘ey are more eacive metas. sane ste | eatery, segialinivunent, | Sains el contans evonium and nid, wichge on ceoncal pone mene tame 1410 varus ethos ofrastprevenen 8Questions 1 Describe how sting s prevented on 12) the moving pats of amadhine 5) food cane 12) kitchen sink tap, ‘the ports fa steeper suomerged in water 2. The diagram shows a simple experiment on rusting. What Information can be deswn frm the experiment? on sare — cd tebe ont ar 14.6| Recycling Metals Metals are finite resourees. This means that the amounts of the ‘arto metals in the Earth are lated. Over the centuries, we have ‘used up much ofthe Barth’s metal resources. With the increasing demand for metals, our natural resources” will not last much longer. Fig. 1424 shows approximately how long i wil take for the reserves of some metals to runout° 1 0 Ey oe Nueberot eas 424 Approunate metre meres exon mites ro Some metals such as chromium and tron are 20 abundant that It [s difficult to believe they can ever run out. On the other hand, ‘metals such as lead and tn are in very short supply. The reserves ‘f thesemetals could run outin your lifetime! The world’s reserves ‘of raw metals may last longer if ‘we find new ore deposits using advanced technology tke ateltes ‘+ we find substitutes to replace metals 40 that we can use the existing metals more sparingly. A good example is the replacement of some metal parts n cars with plastic or ceramic [parts Optical fbres made of special glass are replaciag the Imetal wires used in communications instruments. ‘+ we recycle metals. Metals are readily recycled — old metal ‘objets can be crushed ard melted for reuse (ig. 14.25). eee e-S>S Let us now diacuss the Issues surrouncing recychg Environmental impact of metal extraction Before metals can be extracted irom their ores, the land Is mined for ores. Mined land is usually unsightly and it cannot support plant and animal ie.[An enormous amount of waste materalis also generated from the fetraction process as shown in Fig. 14.25 Se + a (or ing) (tom toon) lean Fig 1426 bt 90% ofa metal ee eds pas wast enacion roc. ‘About 90% ofthe metal ore used for metal extraction tums out to bbe wasteand needs tobe isposed of after the metal sexiacted. It net deposed ofcarchily, the waste mayleach into vol and nearby Water bodies, polluting land and water Ta dispose of the waste huge landfil sites need to be dug “The smelting of ores also causes more ai pollution compared to ary other industrial process In addition, the extraction af met from their ores requires a continuous supply ol energy The enengy ‘usually generated from burning fossil fuels, which are already in searce supp. Advantages of recycling I meiais are recyced and reused, there will be fess need 10 ly for metal ores. With a decrease in mining operations, land wil be free for other uses such as agriculture. Ale and water pollution will also be greatly reduced. Fewer landfills will be required 10 dispose of both used metal objects and waste material from metal ‘extraction. This wil hep save on the cost of baticing land sites Dy recycling metal instead of extracting them trom ores, we are leo conserving our limited fossil uel reserves, SintonHow are some metals commonly recycled? Lead iron and aluminium are mainly recovered by scrap metal recycing. Lead is recovered from car batteries. When a. car battery no lenger works, the lead Inside itis revsed. A large fraction ol iron and steel prodiced today Is also recyeled from ‘rap metal. Aluminium is recycled mainly fom drink cans aad food containers, Economic sues of recyeting ‘One problem with recycling metas is that recycling can ako be extremly costly. There isthe cost of transporting the serap metal to the processing plant. The different types of metals must be separaied belore they can be recycled. Adltional cosis are Incurred to sort and clean the scrap meta. ‘Some metal-producing businesses may decide that the costs are too high and that recycing isnot worthwiile. This ls especially it the metal to be recycled Is not an expensive nor a very valuable Social ianues of recycling ‘Weneed energy, lean airand water in order to survive. Compared toextracting metals rom ore, recycling doesnot produceasmuch waste as that may endanger human heath. With the Ineeasing ‘human population worldwide, more land will be seeded to grow food. reat livesiock and build homes, factories, offices and hhigaways. Bulding new mines reduces the ad avalable for these other important uses, Eventually, resources of metal would atl be wed up: Thus, it would be wise to start developing metal recyeling programs and processes that are costefiective and environnenially friendly Although there ate obvious advantages for recycling matali take efort and time for communities and businesses to practise recycling 26 away fife Everyone wil need ta realise that exchot tus plays avital roe in conserving our natural resources. ‘yng rs ~ name sp dong be es fingerWorked Example Why is teaser to rcyde lead than to reece alumni? Answer Lead is below aluminium inthe reactivity series. Leas compounds an be easily reduced to lead wing carton, unlike sluminim. eae sikohasa lawer meting pont than aluminium. Hence, it iseaser to separate out eae from i ixtes with other substances for reycing (Note: Aluminium forms compounds with strong bonds Waste aluminium compounds have tobe melted Ina molten furnace befere ure alumirium car be obtained using eecroys, This very coy Questions 1 How can other scrap metals be separates from scrap iron? 2. State thee advantages of reycing aluminium.Concept map porns eres arr ey With steam eee rics ree acid —e ‘waste gases + molten iron + slag (N,, CO, CO) a