6 Fite ofthe Chinese People's Republic in, Land Rf bh psp of he tien Te won ne ht cit fe nin 27 see ee ny ne Comet The Sino-Soviet Split Poo fe a ad oe ie Bf ie Caan i Esme apS3n6r Cow stg), é Ya kn ly S89 ra er a ZL iy hi ad es Cone a Sak rm i a i 4g52% Its an enigma thy FScalabl, and inv he Moscow Peking Axis, characsied os «formidable front of interne Pieil poletcien wolidaty, deteionted rapidly yard he ead of to a relaocship ance desebal as “astng, wa. : degeuerted 9 quickly inc «bier ceed g feoweind flee boner clashes, which shatered the myth of ences il Coun and threatened the disintegration ofthe Soca Hes GS jersluloning China, Stain eotinued to favor Chineas wi el tel in the Soviet Union, such as Ch'a Chupa, Li Leann, and the _entysight Bolsheviks, putting chem in charg of the Chinese Cosma Panty while eeping Mao ot of the Cental Commitee Even afer became the de, faco leader of Chinese Communist 1956 ateof i cop -Altbouigh respecting tein as» builder of sacaliny, Mo fd witnessed the ineposess of tho Conntem's Chiow policy in the rg20t and ely 19308, Theefore, he had no confidence in Moscow’ judement and xe jeted Stalin's "authority sex polscal ana miltasy seit fr dhe Chis nee svolution.”* in 1962, realling events dee decales eater, Moo stated: “Tr is we Chincie ha hve achieved understanding of the obj: tive word of Ching, not the eomeades conceaned with Caiese uestions fn the Communi Intemational, ‘hese comrades in the Coamunist In: ‘exnatonal simpy didnot undectand ox wo could sy thay utter fale ro andersind, Chisese society, the Chinese nation, or the Chinese revah tio."* Oply a Chines who widen the Sinifeaton of Mansa could lad the Chinese revolution to succes. Thus, Mao Fought the bate in hie ‘oven way and achieved sucess pot hecaee of but in gpite of Sabin spe port. There was no rapport between eer; in fact, there yas biden mu ‘ual distrust acd anspathy. Stalin ensiderel Mao defective in kis under standing of Mars, lacking an iotematioul perspective, and lied in his revolutionary experience" Niki Khnishehey realed thot "Stalin ‘yas alvays fly etical of Mag," calling him x "margarine Mars" (pesckany marksst)* Other Soviet references to Chinese Connie as “eabbage Communists” and "diss Communis®red on the onside but white on dhe inside—belitded Chinese Communism and hut Mos Pride, As early a5 1036 Mao told Ese Snow: “We ese cevainly not fighting for a emancipated China in ander to tum the county aver 10 Moscr!”® ‘Toward the end of Wosld Wr Hl, Mao and Chou Emal looked s0 the fuze with the goal of avoiding complete dependence on the Soviet ‘Union. In January 1945; they socaly propousd a vst to Washington ta confer wich Reosevel &s "leaders of & peiary Chinese pty.” They ‘yanted to convince the President that hey, not the KM, presented the futne of Cina. They desired coalition government, aves to Ame ‘an aid fllowing dhe model of Tito, recognition bythe United States ‘mace party, not an outlaw, ant belligerent sats allowing them to pattcpste in the postwar China aengercnts ad the oxgtnaon of the Uived Natious. Mos imporeanty, f Ciang refused eo, they 1. Bein Schon, “Chins Bevlpmenal Expos 497" fo Ma Ol Soyo) cial tional Fern Sar Wr {hare Kose Remeber Cone Phe Seno Sevier lt an ilies Boe American supgozt of dhe Chinese cmd to now the pos Comat Pay ‘ns equa way o Roel after ame delay by Amador Fat). Fle wise comment the miltnyeopeson with Vera vould conte “cogs of the Communit Pay 5 an cued be Tere” and lend the “dnsusten ofthe NaSenel Goverment. btwn end lo, ed a defeat of Amat’ poly In China” The Presid, ring the message on Janvry tex, a pec si pti fs YC ond bn ig oe Speech Aled vig indading the poner certnent of Gennany, ‘hr cin ibd Gove den for 16 een the United Nason, and the Plc bogerqurtin, Mreoes, only fe mesh afer Sil’ tell he wont no new complain i lana wich Chong Kx Shek The Pen chee wer oot eseptve o Mi og.” ‘Adough the vst to Wacingen did net motoele, Mao eon to taik with John 8. Sent, placer of the Dini Mision in Ye, abo he ned for Amesean sd, On March 13, 2945, Meo se (Cn green pore mar nod is conan development She lacs she plait Foopdnlon nccerary 1 ary cis ut ene... Anedes tnd China complement each other eeonondclly: they” wil not ‘compe. ‘Cina nesds to bald up Ugh indtses wo aupply her own wahae snd age te living andar of her om people “Amur ot ely the et table county to wis hs ecanamie Aeyslopment of China sho sao the eal cousity Fly able to pac ‘pate, For all hae seuany,chte oust ot ad cannot be ey cn it errangement or misundestending bunean the Chinese people aoe Arse ‘The designation of the Unie States as the “mos suble” and “the only ‘of eighty-one Cana paties ta Moseowrin Novesnbee196e to adj cate the dispute "The Chinese delegation ridiculed the ides of peacelul ocastence as 2 oleae, argue foe inscesed nappoct for was of Iibeeation and natondl independence movements and belided the chances of a peaceful tak ven The Soviets viol that che dangers of global war were to get find Hat, since the Coramunist blow hac! net achieved a decisive state fuperiadty, it should act with caution. Moreover, the eoonomig ree ‘would be the decisive factor and te favor dhe Socialist camp. The Tinal communiqué of the conference, sued on December 6, 1960) 5. iuow K. re, The Sls Ble Uy ond Gof (Cab, Mn, we, 6 Boll 6 Za, “he Roar of SiS Halts” Ans Sar, 4 ii Cin “ies ot Chin A Hy iy 98, are a7. Ea ea af tha Moo Ofna Dol 8. Za The “The SinoSovst Spit ex ders Une Soviet vim uk posed cocntence with minor change to anges the Chinae, Peking selusandy subsebed tothe eommaniqué te preserve blo eiasisy but, boenth the surface, biemess remeind. ‘Audio the Sols coed wey a the conference, i was cleat thet Peking coud challenge Mosow without the dk of expulsion fom the ioe The das of Soviet hegensny we ove. Sino Sovce ations wee Free sand by Moscow's unter ae se ding the Oban mine css in 962, by ts aceptanceof a nucleat te ban seat wihous conning ee Chinese, aed by i ssl fo ep pot China the a6 border war with adie animus bad become 22 bur dat in 1964, when comledon of o Chinese nuclen: devin Seem iniinent, Khrushchev considered desoying Peking’ atone in fallatons. The scene dismayed other Soviet leaders wo qucily not fied the Chine lesdenbip. Mao threatened to invade Outee Mongalla ta prove thas the USI, cou not protect esses mAs clic Soot avecte th last mist when, on Octobe: 15,1964 the more pag Toni Soviet ade, Leos Bresiner and Alene! Kooy, susedel in nus enough support ia tbe Cental Commis 1 sieve, Kins Ahoy of Chainan of the Counel af Miniges® A day lies dhe Si Chinese stanie device wis expleded in Siukang—a feat achieved by Chins owm cents afer the widrawal of Soviet penonn Aloagh SinoSoritrlasons temporary improve, it soon, busine ‘xident thatthe new Soviet leadetbip had noe deviated busily from the couse chared by Khmushahee. Peking ranewed i attack op Soviet revbionam, and the ehian widened, Amunber of Communist poner found the work esiced sympathy for Peking dynamic ssance, while sxhes split into peeChinos and proMusian frtons, Repeated Soviet Shemp 16 expel the Chinese fom the international Cmts more tment have ban unsure The Terria Controversy Compounding the tens of sell pte ad ge ee Sip over he inmate Comment arene ws te teal cotkoresy eve the gisele Sno Soret boxe nd he dry soot ‘Shyintecl by Tee Psi snd Stain lo a pen ‘exing all lost territories and rights, Cnc gievnce ve hs teniories ae hitealy dary Suna Foi, Mee i ip of Se ee Sect pe Cir ma wy Sock 1 Saar Chr Wed a Xen Yl, 96.6a iss ofthe Chinese Peopas Republic Even sho the fs to ssi with Rom, tha of Nema of 1685 sail of Kalben of «727, were geneally ron! mgal, ira lent 3000 and 4o,000 square sles of lind epee. The renaaing tev wih Rie were deine nua: the Tay of An of 1856 coda to Rusia 1s,co0 are le of tein in the Arn River Vak ley, which became Asnasky Prova, the Tasty of Peking of 860 ‘ich onion the Aigun ety, coded nad ne 133,00 squat Illes of land east ofthe Ut Rie, hic become the Martine Pre ince of Rusti; ud the Treaty of Se Petey of 185 detached 020 sree miles of Chinese tenia. Dating the Republican Reyoloon al 1p12, Rusia promoted die Mongilin ncependesce ovement ae 02 ‘fnned the “aonomy" of Outs Mongolia, tuming i nin 8 de foo Fuwsian prowetra. Aldngh ater the Derk Revlon Chia re agined contol of Outer Mongols n 1919, Sort feet invaded Que Mongolia in July agar; extrig is “independence” while eanexng ‘Tanna Tove! in 1gag the Mengallan Poole’ Republic vas es Iished, becoming the fas Soe sali, with capital at Ung, now ‘eat Un Bator (Bed Here). Thea, bythe Yl Agceroat of eb Zune 1945, later ean amed by the ino Soviet Tey of Angst 14 1945 the vies regained al the sist special sght shinee in Mae chun los wo Jpan fer Ts’ detent in 150s. Even afer te de of the Peoples Republic of China, Stain exacted fr Mo nny huaiac Ingconsesion “ie al pine Chines, May Kai alway acid sty be juries hint had yates inte est. As ea 1936 be to he Aes ‘n Joust Egor Snow the isthe imnedte task of Chine te ‘nin al cur lost tector” icing Outer Mongo which saul eat a pa of he "Clin federation On March 5, 1563, Pliag published st of lt tent, intding por of Souther Secs, the Madina Province, and at leat seonee suse iso land fa Tian Cen Aa, Ie Grande thatthe So vets skool for che cod, tthe cst Sio-Sovit fonder wat 2 prt of fanequl” and therfore ileal rte, Mascon dnl Juving tet problems wih any neighboring state and rele oa rit the ilegaliy ofthe ld treaties Chine, On Jaly 16,1964, Meo tld isn Japanese Sci Panty delegon "Alou é hired yar gp theae to cheese] Hilal brn Rasa eit nd ene then Vadvsiok, Khabsors, Kanchita, an oer aes le tee Seve eitory We have not yt presented us il for hiss" Mos Te ting nso 3. pe Riad One hit New Ys 98) 96 3,1 ef ‘Th SinoSovit Spe 653 com deinen Ma's anenent a emincnt of Hes Leben sod Kinsey sera publi tha Toe Runt nae cp ‘2s Imperial Cine Sh nics Ba an lead om ker people tnd thr aa elt ch chs. ee, here ap on ht bag in Peking on Febay 25,1964 de no popes ad Ui down tn Oster 5 of he time ge, What flowed mee mows frie inden of inreng Regency td Ines. By November she Deemer Key ealtip deed io ake ean ine st he cit pte an mc dae sened neve ‘Acciling tthe Ching ci, fom the baakdown of te negate sons 9 to March tthe Soviets volte Gants bole tines. Froterwasion sacle so sch edges dt two loge es seated on Mach aand 3.1, 198 oo Chenpn Cleese) & Daan sky id in th Usui. Clanod-by Hs Chin ad the Soe Union Chroma eae at 133" 5 lenge a 46" 30" N- Tutte and i about a mile lng anda third ofa mile ye, The Cinose sige tt hiss isind spr of oe Chin ary hat Cold fe each fe ding ote ne ume ands tse by China fern fo net deing."The Svs aged it hy 4d muinanad o ner opr ise ign but sola 1950 when the Pals Repl of China ws nll ore ‘hf tha che Chinese realy app fer we of Duma Ed ws pra of Sot omnip ‘On the night ef March £2, ame joo camaulaged Chines aise tached Chen and end dug foie int woe aren pepers, So os amb, At pein. llwing my Chine, vxmingly ana, mused toad the Ramee ben hey ad rei win oeaty fet ofthe eneay the Ene row ply see sd he slo and he send ew opened lng mn Resins incon tes edz Ores Chins le hed a of Hing sod omen hd ene Rutan ay aig neon pone anc ‘ilenble anc ef Sot equpurnt, Rean latarenene tly scived ad dude the Chines out Doth er damed any wae ‘sauing he aera rover. ‘The scnd dis of Match nts wat need by che Rasa oan sxtof adn and led thse of nls tn ny sen, Boa Bing at 10am. w intl eaved for nie hous, sulin i 86 ncaa {4 22 Chine ess” Ins mae ees poeta sak thesis, eld etbins tists the other acs eet sad 2% Thomas W. Rin, "The Shove Beer Digna Biko Dept nL Md ches The ners. Sone Rin Ega rime of inehinese Peoples Repub ongunizel vast demonstrations to sti up national senements snd war Soues. ‘The immioence of var wer father heightened by subsequent ‘Sashus on Pacha (Celdinaky) Ilan io che Amu River and along the Sinklang border. The Danger of War Coming the wuke ofthe Soviet invasion of Carchosbovakia in 1968 and resbnevs announcement thatthe Soviet Unien had the sight fate ‘yen in the intemal ae of other Communist states which were deemed evients from the Socalist cause, these boeder clashes brought on the ‘ominous prospect of Soviet atsack om China, fat, the more venture fenne mili) and politcal Jaders in Moscow seriwaly proposed «pre Cooptive nuclear stike on China's atomic installations and explo the posit of enliing Armetean cooperation or tit approval. Ovetaes freee made by the Soviee military ttachés in the ‘Tokyo and Canbeme ‘Bnases and later at a higher level dhe United Stats for flat wear fuse agiust China, Dot Peesident Nin ade "a sharply, angry nome tive respanse”™ On September 1, 1969, while Aying home from [ano fier atending the funeral of Ho Chil-mink, Sovie Peemler Alex Konygn war ended in mate near Tekatsk to tum back to Peking, where he met with Chow Fnvlet at the azpor for three hous. ‘They ached an undeestmnding dat an agreement should be signed on noms of Toes, mine ofthe status quo of the frome, che prevention of ‘lity cali an clshes, ve seperaon of forces in disputed segs, the solations of all fonder guesions though alls, and nowoggresio, ‘Sfcr this moeting, border dipunes subside and highlevel negations seated on Octobe 25,1969 in Peking, Howeve én. July g7e the Sovst, ‘nim once agin prope to dhe United Stats a join agreement aginst any "provoative ations” by Chine or any other muclar power. The po ‘poals which invalved not only Chin but also che nuclear powers eng the NATO alliance, vas rajcted by Washington* ‘Ac the weeoatituted bones negations i Peking, the Chinese did rot deruand an outright retuim of all the teltsies lost to. Resa; howees, ‘hey did inst an sing the old cates as the bus for negating. ‘ven setlement of boindary questous and on gaining Soviet scknow- Clgmect thatthe old ‘Tacs testes were unequal end illegal. The Chi- ‘neo demande chat all Soviet gas in excos of the old Tit treaties wo nahn) op Te The a & These Sonat Split Sts ust be etn to China uncendionaliy, tnclting foo ofthe 70 ands inthe Ussur god Amur Rives, ttling tome goo squae miles of land, nl r2joc sare miles of land in dhe Panic wountsin eet in Sinkang, ‘To jf is argument Peking wind the ternational Iw peneiple of the thalweg which takes the deepest point of the main channels of bound- ‘uy tives tha Amur and the Us this ease—as the dividing line and hich would avrrd China the 6oo islands, including, Chea-pao and Pacha, As regaids the Pamir sector, the Chinee elim that twas or a eel by Ran op olan of ha ‘boundary pro “The Soviet delegates argued thatthe uentis signed by Mensa China and Tours Russa were ast "unegua” and that che Sino Russian bound ty fad been fied legally and historically, Although they sew season to ater the houndary now, the Soviets were willing to demonstrate their spoil by making some singe adjustinents i pitcuar fron areas, feportedly in the strategie Sinking and Vladivostok regions. As regeeds the Paniesecior and the Amur and Usousi Rivers, she Soviets denied the illegal eccupition of che Sex and rejected te doctrine of thabweg forthe secrnd, insisting tht dhe 600 dents belonged to Russa, "There was no ‘Sgreement oc aeeptabl compremise at the negotiation. “Appatently, bth sides used che nogosatons to grin tne fer other purges. By michig73 the Soviets inceased cheir sttenigh ox che Chik Foe border to nore than « lion men, equipped with missles and nue ‘done weapons, and stasoned at least 150 ships in the Paci. ‘They also {eployed some sae ABM's, known as the Goleth system, around Monae ‘an Leninged, fica fe sike advantage against China. Meanie, they worked diligently towacl veaching a détente with Westem Europe, cepeilly West Germany in order to avid eanfrentatin on to fens. "The Chinese reinforced this frontiers with atleast ene milion mm and nado a major Foreign policy shift in ouder to achieve & détante with the United States md Jepan, breaking out of impesilis encirclement ane Foretalling posible Soviet American collusion, Avoidance of a twofron ‘var wes Mao's major concer. In the meantime, to prepare forthe worst the Clisese bail extensive neers of tunnels es bomb sels in majo tives, complete with water, food, and medial eupplies, Nuclear install tions at Lop Norn Sinkiang were quietly moved inl t some unknowa sh Ta.Seng ny 09 en4205 Rabon 1808 Sh Paer St "hang ees Tino Cnn” The Cetin Secs Mon Sep apa Shai a Mane an Taco of Peking New Reig PR, Sea7A pet sad sie th German Asad far Eu Ae Si, BERS eile Seo Rater, ane 238 1975636 "se ofthe Chinese People's Republic squat a Tib, wile the old is wae cnoullgalos genuine soni fl, Chinese sborsangeniclese mils we deployed So uth sgt Vivo, Inks and eter Sve ts he Bey nd ldlesags mids apbe of ran ogo mits wes se upc gou in Sb and Sovee Cena As By 1973 the nem ang Seon miles paleo ching Meso and Lonngea mere Frei tlm othe Gnome ICBM tae nie ™ The se were ply developing» scone sik copay, Milas, the tne for Sovier mtr Bite th impunity wes ling pst and ipl natially the internal seman ould at laste suc 9 se Repoudl, ica Niza ried Mim May 193 he wed re natin th fa posible tens” ta Sovt ak on China wool Ahonen weld pec snd wld be ended ons he onl att of he United States, Beaney By que the quasi the United Sats te the sie of ale song Comma sey, None thls the Soviet dee for Ameren wat, ecology end 8 dee sgncely pce Mo frm ly gnting tbe Ameren wun Fovexal Enopems Comenst pte uch a tow of Ia, Ruton, and Yagosvis ao sunglydspproved of «Sons eich on Chinn Beechaer than samecved of an Aan Calle Sect Sten oo ACh by tegning Sv ds is il, Neh Re tnd ens obi, tthe pla hd been act eept Ws Tndia and Viemnam. Ee meee Tn the Gal spas, the Chincte ware ro precenld with slit tant, Indusval development, end piles of leery ad “acoso” 10 want» wt, ad the Sonts were tp obese wt the Chins guest oo excl what od about The Kern eee to me between tea and conslan; in mite ts it oer a aie it lh woe by Pking Ti nay Nox venber tor) the Chins sprig pepe tonaggesson pat Separators iw dspted bots eee on the ba te September 1969 undesanding bern Konygin and Chow Ens. But Deemer Soumned fe Th see af Sino Sovit stone ws allen Chine ‘eu ge emo he tent of endip ad lionesegnd You eu, Never, the danger of we ad cael ft eon Be tween the two nme peed ond ic unly benefited the oe pro. 18 Bynorth Chas nerdy ad ns of cree ad 1 2g ial atorle ogee Mey 10m the Chines rally sol os {Ges teal Gane rava a a se Hee AS “Cie ol ts one At Cr ieee ‘The SinoSovit Split 6 ‘agonist in the angular relaooship: che United Site. When the bese nul the diogon contended thecal cap ie Lene For mostof the decade ofthe 198, Sino Soviet relations were lauded by thre obstales: (2) Soviet suppor fora Vietnacwese invasion and occ pation of Cambs, (2) vit invasion of Afghanistan, and (3) Soviet frops stationed neac tho Chinese border, China intel that norman tio of slams would be proicated upon the removal ofthese thaee consis. China was the cnly Communist sate that did not tend an oficial party delegatian t the oth snivensary eleraion of the Bal sherik Heyauion in October 1987, However, China kept clave wate are the progres of Soviet leader Mikhail 8. Gobachey’s plies of opea- ness (gesnst) end politcal restructuring (perestoka), as beh cous tres were atesspting the same to overhaul rhe demesie economy, Garb cher considered improvement of relations with China a tp ply nad jn November 1987 asked fora mesting with the Chinese leader Teng. Hisiaoping, but Teng tamed down the overuse because the Soviets had ‘not brought about a withdraval of Viewsmese tops from Cambodi However, some warning tends were vxle after the Soviets began to ‘wth thee ope fom Afgeanisan kn May 1988 China and she So viet Union sigue aculurl exchange egrement,usdee which the Bolsbot Balle would perona iu Peking and the Hermitage Museum in Leninged would exchaoge exibitons with Peking National Palace Moseu hy Jie 1988 all sgnspoined t 4 susmit meeting between Gorbachev and |} Teng'in May 2983 and restoration of ofciel relations between the «we [conics hoy aera, Farther Reading ‘Aleph “Toph: ot of Chsa~CD Co ves No i" The New Yor "Tine Maro, Mac oa tooo ‘u,Tatuy he Sie Sones Terra Dope CPi 1973) ncn, Hwa Le a Cen) Mosc Pig Ant Sens ad Saas ‘New Ya p59) Tegan, il Ar Caen, and Lem Jl "Mas Hd nd SiS Welton? View fap Wogon, 133° The China Gur 33 G98 (Oa: Dre 137. ‘nth Ein Ke Th Seni Bas Url od Cnt Cage, Mas, oo ‘Clabb, Hdinund'O., Chins and Russia: The "Groat Game” (New York, 1971). Fae ie tty i ead pe eprops ca 97 i EE a by dB Pens (New Ye a