AcPower PDF

14: Power in AC Circuits
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Power Factor Correction
Ideal Transformer
Transformer Applications
Summary
E1.1 Analysis of Circuits (2015-6714) AC Power: 14 1 / 11

Average Power

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

Average Power

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer v 2 (t)
Transformer Applications Intantaneous Power dissipated in R: p(t) = R
Summary

Average Power

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Summary

Average Power

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Summary
Average Power dissipated in R:

1
RT
P = T 0
p(t)dt

Average Power

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Summary

1
RT 1 1
RT
P = T 0
p(t)dt = R T 0
v 2 (t)dt

Average Power

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Summary

1
RT 1 1
RT 2 hv2 (t)i
P = T 0
p(t)dt = R T 0
v (t)dt = R

Average Power

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Summary

R
1 T 1 1
RT 2 hv2 (t)i

2=
P T 0 p(t)dt = R T 0
v (t)dt = R
v (t) is the value of v 2 (t) averaged over time

Average Power

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Summary

R
1 T 1 1
RT 2 hv2 (t)i

2=
v (t)dt = R
p
We define the RMS Voltage (Root Mean Square): Vrms = hv 2 (t)i

Average Power

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Summary

R
1 T 1 1
RT 2 hv2 (t)i

2=
v (t)dt = R
p
hv2 (t)i (Vrms )2
The average power dissipated in R is P = R = R
Vrms is the DC voltage that would cause R to dissipate the same power.

Average Power

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Summary

R
1 T 1 1
RT 2 hv2 (t)i

2=
v (t)dt = R
p
hv2 (t)i (Vrms )2
The average power dissipated in R is P = R = R
Vrms is the DC voltage that would cause R to dissipate the same power.
We use small letters for time-varying voltages and capital letters for
time-invariant values.

Cosine Wave RMS

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Transformer Applications Cosine Wave: v(t) = 5 cos t. Amplitude is V = 5 V.
Summary

Cosine Wave RMS

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
2 2 2 2 1 1

Squared Voltage: v (t) = V cos t = V 2 + 2 cos 2t

Cosine Wave RMS

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
2 2 2 2 1 1


2 V2
Mean Square Voltage: v = 2 since cos 2t averages to zero.

Cosine Wave RMS

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
2 2 2 2 1 1


2 V2

Cosine Wave RMS

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
2 2 2 2 1 1


2 V 2
p
RMS Voltage: Vrms = hv 2 i = 1 V = 3.54 V
2

Cosine Wave RMS

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
2 2 2 2 1 1


2 V 2
p
RMS Voltage: Vrms = hv 2 i = 1 V = 3.54 V
2
Note: Power engineers always use RMS voltages and currents exclusively
and omit the rms subscript.
For example UK Mains voltage = 230 V rms = 325 V peak.

Cosine Wave RMS

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary
2 2 2 2 1 1


2 V 2
p
e
RMS Voltage: Vrms = hv 2 i = 1 V = 3.54 V = V
2
Note: Power engineers always use RMS voltages and currents exclusively
and omit the rms subscript.
For example UK Mains voltage = 230 V rms = 325 V peak.

e =
In this lecture course only, a ~ overbar means 2: thus V 1 V .
2

Power Factor

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer Suppose voltage and current phasors are:
Summary V = |V | ejV
I = |I| ejI

Power Factor

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Summary V = |V | ejV v(t) = |V | cos (t + V )
I = |I| ejI i(t) = |I| cos (t + I )

Power Factor

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
I = |I| ejI i(t) = |I| cos (t + I )

Power Factor

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
I = |I| ejI i(t) = |I| cos (t + I )
Power dissipated in load Z is
p(t) = v(t)i(t) = |V | |I| cos (t + V ) cos (t + I )

Power Factor

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
I = |I| ejI i(t) = |I| cos (t + I )
1 1

= |V | |I| 2 cos (2t + V + I ) + 2 cos (V I )

Power Factor

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
I = |I| ejI i(t) = |I| cos (t + I )
1 1

= |V | |I| cos (2t + V + I ) + cos (V I )
2 2
= 21 |V | |I| cos (V I ) + 12 |V | |I| cos (2t + V + I )

Power Factor

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
I = |I| ejI i(t) = |I| cos (t + I )
1 1

= |V | |I| cos (2t + V + I ) + cos (V I )
2 2

Power Factor

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
I = |I| ejI i(t) = |I| cos (t + I )
1 1

= |V | |I| cos (2t + V + I ) + cos (V I )
2 2
Average power: P = 12 |V | |I| cos () where = V I

Power Factor

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
I = |I| ejI i(t) = |I| cos (t + I )
1 1

= |V | |I| cos (2t + V + I ) + cos (V I )
2 2

= Ve Ie cos ()

Power Factor

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
I = |I| ejI i(t) = |I| cos (t + I )
1 1

= |V | |I| cos (2t + V + I ) + cos (V I )
2 2

= Ve Ie cos () cos is the power factor

Power Factor

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
I = |I| ejI i(t) = |I| cos (t + I )
1 1

= |V | |I| cos (2t + V + I ) + cos (V I )
2 2

= Ve Ie cos () cos is the power factor
> 0 a lagging power factor (normal case: Current lags Voltage)

< 0 a leading power factor (rare case: Current leads Voltage)
Complex Power
e = 1 |V | ejV and I =
Average Power If V 1 |I| ejI
2 2
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
e Ie
The complex power absorbed by Z is S = V
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
where * means complex conjugate.
Ideal Transformer
Summary

Complex Power
2 2
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
e Ie
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem


Ideal Transformer Ve Ie = Ve ejV Ie ejI
Summary

Complex Power
2 2
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
e Ie
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem


Ideal Transformer Ve Ie = Ve ejV Ie ejI = Ve Ie ej(V I )
Summary

Complex Power
2 2
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
e Ie
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem



Summary

= Ve Ie ej

Complex Power
2 2
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
e Ie
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem



Summary
e e j e e
= V I e = V I cos + j Ve Ie sin

Complex Power
2 2
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
e Ie
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem



Summary
e e j e e
= P + jQ

Complex Power
2 2
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
e Ie
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem



Summary
e e j e e
= P + jQ

Complex Power
2 2
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
e Ie
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem



Summary
e e j e e
= P + jQ
Complex Power: S = Ve Ie = P + jQ measured in Volt-Amps (VA)

Complex Power
2 2
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
e Ie
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem



Summary
e e j e e
= P + jQ
e e
Apparent Power: |S| = V I measured in Volt-Amps (VA)

Complex Power
2 2
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
e Ie
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem



Summary
e e j e e
= P + jQ
e e
Average Power: P = (S) measured in Watts (W)

Complex Power
2 2
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
e Ie
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem



Summary
e e j e e
= P + jQ
e e
Reactive Power: Q = (S) Measured in Volt-Amps Reactive (VAR)

Complex Power
2 2
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
e Ie
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem



Summary
e e j e e
= P + jQ
e e
Reactive Power: Q = (S) Measuredin Volt-Amps Reactive (VAR)
Power Factor: cos = cos V e Ie = P
|S|

Complex Power
2 2
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
e Ie
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem



Summary
e e j e e
= P + jQ
e e
|S|
Machines and transformers have capacity limits and power losses that are
independent of cos ; their ratings are always given in apparent power.

Complex Power
2 2
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
e Ie
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem



Summary
e e j e e
= P + jQ
e e
|S|
Machines and transformers have capacity limits and power losses that are
independent of cos ; their ratings are always given in apparent power.
Power Company: Costs apparent power, Revenue average power.
Power in R, L, C

Average Power
e Ie = P + jQ
For any impedance, Z , complex power absorbed: S = V
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

Power in R, L, C

Average Power
e Ie = P + jQ
2 2 e |2
Cosine Wave RMS
e = IZ |
e (b) Ie Ie = Ie we get S = Ie Z = V
Power Factor Using (a) V Z
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

Power in R, L, C

Average Power
e Ie = P + jQ
2 2 e |2
Cosine Wave RMS
e = IZ |
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
2 2
Tellegens Theorem
e |Ve |
Power Factor Correction Resistor: S = I R = R =0
Ideal Transformer
Summary Absorbs average power, no VARs (Q = 0)

Power in R, L, C

Average Power
e Ie = P + jQ
2 2 e |2
Cosine Wave RMS
e = IZ |
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
2 2
Tellegens Theorem
e |Ve |
Ideal Transformer
2 2
e |Ve |
Inductor: S = j I L = j L = +90
No average power, Absorbs VARs (Q > 0)

Power in R, L, C

Average Power
e Ie = P + jQ
2 2 e |2
Cosine Wave RMS
e = IZ |
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
2 2
Tellegens Theorem
e |Ve |
Ideal Transformer
2 2
e |Ve |
2 2
|Ie|
Capacitor: S = j C = j Ve C = 90
No average power, Generates VARs (Q < 0)

Power in R, L, C

Average Power
e Ie = P + jQ
2 2 e |2
Cosine Wave RMS
e = IZ |
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
2 2
Tellegens Theorem
e |Ve |
Ideal Transformer
2 2
e |Ve |
2 2
|Ie|
VARs are generated by capacitors and absorbed by inductors

Power in R, L, C

Average Power
e Ie = P + jQ
2 2 e |2
Cosine Wave RMS
e = IZ |
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
2 2
Tellegens Theorem
e |Ve |
Ideal Transformer
2 2
e |Ve |
2 2
|Ie|
VARs are generated by capacitors and absorbed by inductors

The phase, , of the absorbed power, S , equals the phase of Z
Tellegens Theorem

Average Power
Tellegens Theorem: The complex power, S , dissipated in any circuits
Cosine Wave RMS components sums to zero.
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
xn = voltage at node n
Tellegens Theorem Vb , Ib = voltage/current in branch b
Ideal Transformer (obeying passive sign convention)
Summary

Tellegens Theorem

Average Power
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Summary
1 if Vb starts from node n
abn = +1 if Vb ends at node n

0 else

Tellegens Theorem

Average Power
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Summary

0 else
e.g. branch 4 goes from 2 to 3 a4 = [0, 1, 1]

Tellegens Theorem

Average Power
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Summary

0 else
P
Branch voltages: Vb = n abn xn (e.g. V4 = x3 x2 )

Tellegens Theorem

Average Power
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Summary

0 else
P
Branch voltages: Vb = abn xn (e.g. V4 = x3 x2 )
n
P P
KCL @ node n: b abn Ib = 0 b abn Ib = 0

Tellegens Theorem

Average Power
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Summary

0 else
P
P P
P
P P
Tellegen: b V b Ib = b n abn xn Ib

Tellegens Theorem

Average Power
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Summary

0 else
P
P P
P
P P
P P
= n b abn Ib xn

Tellegens Theorem

Average Power
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Summary

0 else
P
P P
P
P P
P P P P
= n b abn Ib xn = n xn b abn Ib


Tellegens Theorem

Average Power
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Summary

0 else
P
P P
P
P P
P P
P P
P
= n b abn Ib xn = n xn b abn Ib = n xn 0

Tellegens Theorem

Average Power
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Summary

0 else
P
P P
P
P P
P P
P P
P
= n b abn Ib xn = n xn b abn Ib = n xn 0
P P P
Note: b Sb = 0 b Pb = 0 and also b Qb = 0.

Ve = 230. Motor modelled as 5||7j .

Average Power
e e
Ie = VR + ZVL
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary


Average Power
e e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 j32.9 A
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary


Average Power
e e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 j32.9 A = 56.5 36
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary


Average Power
e e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 j32.9 A = 56.5 36
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA

Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary


Average Power
e e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 j32.9 A = 56.5 36
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 1336 kVA

Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary


Average Power
e e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 j32.9 A = 56.5 36
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 1336 kVA

Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
P
Tellegens Theorem
cos = |S| = cos 36 = 0.81
Ideal Transformer
Summary


Average Power
e e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 j32.9 A = 56.5 36
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 1336 kVA

Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
P
Tellegens Theorem
cos = |S| = cos 36 = 0.81
Ideal Transformer
Summary
Add parallel capacitor of 300 F:


Average Power
e e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 j32.9 A = 56.5 36
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 1336 kVA

Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
P
Tellegens Theorem
cos = |S| = cos 36 = 0.81
Ideal Transformer
Summary
1
ZC = jC = 10.6j


Average Power
e e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 j32.9 A = 56.5 36
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 1336 kVA

Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
P
Tellegens Theorem
cos = |S| = cos 36 = 0.81
Ideal Transformer
Summary
ZC = 1
jC = 10.6j IeC = 21.7j A


Average Power
e e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 j32.9 A = 56.5 36
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 1336 kVA

Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
P
Tellegens Theorem
cos = |S| = cos 36 = 0.81
Ideal Transformer
Summary
ZC = jC1
= 10.6j IeC = 21.7j A
Ie = 46 j11.2 A = 47 14 A


Average Power
e e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 j32.9 A = 56.5 36
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 1336 kVA

Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
P
Tellegens Theorem
cos = |S| = cos 36 = 0.81
Ideal Transformer
Summary
ZC = jC1
= 10.6j IeC = 21.7j A
Ie = 46 j11.2 A = 47 14 A
SC = Ve IeC = j5 kVA


Average Power
e e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 j32.9 A = 56.5 36
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 1336 kVA

Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
P
Tellegens Theorem
cos = |S| = cos 36 = 0.81
Ideal Transformer
Summary
ZC = jC1
= 10.6j IeC = 21.7j A
Ie = 46 j11.2 A = 47 14 A
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j2.6 kVA


Average Power
e e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 j32.9 A = 56.5 36
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 1336 kVA

Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
P
Tellegens Theorem
cos = |S| = cos 36 = 0.81
Ideal Transformer
Summary
ZC = jC1
= 10.6j IeC = 21.7j A
Ie = 46 j11.2 A = 47 14 A
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j2.6 kVA = 10.914 kVA


Average Power
e e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 j32.9 A = 56.5 36
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 1336 kVA

Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
P
Tellegens Theorem
cos = |S| = cos 36 = 0.81
Ideal Transformer
Summary
ZC = jC1
= 10.6j IeC = 21.7j A
Ie = 46 j11.2 A = 47 14 A
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j2.6 kVA = 10.914 kVA
P
cos = |S| = cos 14 = 0.97


Average Power
e e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 j32.9 A = 56.5 36
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 1336 kVA

Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
P
Tellegens Theorem
cos = |S| = cos 36 = 0.81
Ideal Transformer
Summary
ZC = jC1
= 10.6j IeC = 21.7j A
Ie = 46 j11.2 A = 47 14 A
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j2.6 kVA = 10.914 kVA
P
cos = |S| = cos 14 = 0.97
Average power to motor, P , is 10.6 kW in both cases.


Average Power
e e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 j32.9 A = 56.5 36
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 1336 kVA

Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
P
Tellegens Theorem
cos = |S| = cos 36 = 0.81
Ideal Transformer
Summary
ZC = jC1
= 10.6j IeC = 21.7j A
Ie = 46 j11.2 A = 47 14 A
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j2.6 kVA = 10.914 kVA
P
cos = |S| = cos 14 = 0.97
Average
power to motor, P , is 10.6 kW in both cases.
e
I , reduced from 56.5 47 A (16%) lower losses.


Average Power
e e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 j32.9 A = 56.5 36
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 1336 kVA

Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
P
Tellegens Theorem
cos = |S| = cos 36 = 0.81
Ideal Transformer
Summary
ZC = jC1
= 10.6j IeC = 21.7j A
Ie = 46 j11.2 A = 47 14 A
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j2.6 kVA = 10.914 kVA
P
cos = |S| = cos 14 = 0.97
Average
e
Effect of C : VARs = 7.6 2.6 kVAR


Average Power
e e
Ie = VR + ZVL = 46 j32.9 A = 56.5 36
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j7.6 kVA = 1336 kVA

Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
P
Tellegens Theorem
cos = |S| = cos 36 = 0.81
Ideal Transformer
Summary
ZC = jC1
= 10.6j IeC = 21.7j A
Ie = 46 j11.2 A = 47 14 A
S = Ve Ie = 10.6 + j2.6 kVA = 10.914 kVA
P
cos = |S| = cos 14 = 0.97
Average
e
Effect of C : VARs = 7.6 2.6 kVAR , power factor = 0.81 0.97.

Ideal Transformer

Average Power
A transformer has 2 windings on the same magnetic
Cosine Wave RMS core.
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

Ideal Transformer

Average Power
Power Factor
P l Vr d
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Ampres law: Nr Ir = A ; Faradays law: N
r
= dt .
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

Ideal Transformer

Average Power
Power Factor
P l Vr d
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Ampres law: Nr Ir = A ;
Faradays law: N
r
= dt .
Tellegens Theorem N1 : N2 + N3 shows the turns ratio between the windings.
Ideal Transformer The indicates the voltage polarity of each winding.
Summary

Ideal Transformer

Average Power
Power Factor
P l Vr d
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Faradays law: N
r
= dt .
V1 V2 V3
Summary Since is the same for all windings, N = N2 = N3 .
1

Ideal Transformer

Average Power
Power Factor
P l Vr d
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Faradays law: N
r
= dt .
V1 V2 V3
1
Assume N1 I1 + N2 I2 + N3 I3 = 0

Ideal Transformer

Average Power
Power Factor
P l Vr d
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Faradays law: N
r
= dt .
V1 V2 V3
1
Assume N1 I1 + N2 I2 + N3 I3 = 0
These two equations allow you to solve circuits and also

P
imply that Si = 0.

Ideal Transformer

Average Power
Power Factor
P l Vr d
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Faradays law: N
r
= dt .
V1 V2 V3
1
Assume N1 I1 + N2 I2 + N3 I3 = 0

P
imply that Si = 0.
Special Case:

Ideal Transformer

Average Power
Power Factor
P l Vr d
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Faradays law: N
r
= dt .
V1 V2 V3
1
Assume N1 I1 + N2 I2 + N3 I3 = 0

P
imply that Si = 0.
Special Case:
For a 2-winding transformer this simplifies to

N2 N1
V2 = N V1 and IL = I2 = N
1
I12

Ideal Transformer

Average Power
Power Factor
P l Vr d
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Faradays law: N
r
= dt .
V1 V2 V3
1
Assume N1 I1 + N2 I2 + N3 I3 = 0

P
imply that Si = 0.
Special Case:

N2 N1
1
I1 2
2 2
Hence VI 1 = N1
N2
V2
IL = N1
N2 Z
1

Ideal Transformer

Average Power
Power Factor
P l Vr d
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Faradays law: N
r
= dt .
V1 V2 V3
1
Assume N1 I1 + N2 I2 + N3 I3 = 0

P
imply that Si = 0.
Special Case:

N2 N1
1
I1 2
2 2
Hence VI 1 = N1
N2
V2
IL = N1
N2 Z
1
2
N1
Equivalent to a reflected impedance of N2 Z

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary


Power Transmission
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor Suppose a power transmission cable has 1 resistance.
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
100 kVA@ 1 kV = 100 A Ie2 R = 10 kW losses.
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary


Power Transmission
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem 100 kVA@ 100 kV = 1 A Ie2 R = 1 W losses.
Ideal Transformer
Summary


Power Transmission
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Ideal Transformer
Voltage Conversion
Summary
Electronic equipment requires 20 V but mains voltage is 240 V .


Power Transmission
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Ideal Transformer
Voltage Conversion
Summary
Interference protection
Microphone on long cable is susceptible to interference from nearby

mains cables. An N : 1 transformer reduces the microphone voltage
by N but reduces interference by N 2 .


Power Transmission
Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Ideal Transformer
Voltage Conversion
Summary
Interference protection
Microphone on long cable is susceptible to interference from nearby

mains cables. An N : 1 transformer reduces the microphone voltage
by N but reduces interference by N 2 .
Isolation
There is no electrical connection between the windings of a transformer

so circuitry (or people) on one side will not be endangered by a failure
that results in high voltages on the other side.

Summary
Complex Power: S = Ve Ie = P + jQ where Ve = Vrms =

Average Power 1 V .
2
Cosine Wave RMS
Power Factor
Complex Power
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

Summary
Complex Power: S = Ve Ie = P + jQ where Ve = Vrms =

Average Power 1 V .
2
Cosine Wave RMS 2 2
Power Factor e |Ve |
Complex Power For an impedance Z : S = I Z = Z
Power in R, L, C
Tellegens Theorem
Ideal Transformer
Summary

Summary
Complex Power: S = Ve Ie = P + jQ where Ve = Vrms = 12 V .

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS 2 2

Power in R, L, C

Tellegens Theorem Apparent Power: |S| = Ve Ie used for machine ratings.
Ideal Transformer
Summary

Summary

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS 2 2

Power in R, L, C


Average Power: P = (S) = Ve Ie cos (in Watts)
Ideal Transformer
Summary

Reactive Power: Q = (S) = Ve Ie sin (in VARs)

Summary

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS 2 2

Power in R, L, C


Ideal Transformer
Summary

Power engineers always use Ve and Ie and omit the ~.

Summary

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS 2 2

Power in R, L, C


Ideal Transformer
Summary

P P P
Tellegen: In any circuit b Sb = 0 b Pb = b Qb = 0

Summary

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS 2 2

Power in R, L, C


Ideal Transformer
Summary

P P P
Power Factor Correction: add parallel C to generate extra VARs

Summary

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS 2 2

Power in R, L, C


Ideal Transformer
Summary

P P P

P P
Ideal Transformer: Vi Ni and Ni Ii = 0 (implies Si = 0)

Summary

Average Power
Cosine Wave RMS 2 2

Power in R, L, C


Ideal Transformer
Summary

P P P

P P
Ideal Transformer: Vi Ni and Ni Ii = 0 (implies Si = 0)
For further details see Hayt et al. Chapter 11.

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