ASSIGNMENT

ON
POLITICAL HISTORY OF PAKISTAN

SUBMITTED BY:

ISHAM MEHMOOD

ROLL NO.: 15

BS PUBLIC POLICY

SUBMITTED TO:

SIR SHAFIQ

INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES

BAHAUDIN ZAKARIA UNIVERSITY MULTAN
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................1

PRE PARTITION OF POLITICAL EVENTS..........................................................2

MILITARY CAREER..........................................................................................4

Cabinet and Defense Minister.......................................................................7

Constitutional and legal reforms.................................................................10

Economy and infrastructure........................................................................12

Defense spending.......................................................................................13

Foreign policy..............................................................................................14

End of Presidency.......................................................................................18

Conclusion..................................................................................................22
 ABBREVIATIONS

Generals Headquarter (GHQ)

Military Intelligence (MI)

Central Treaty Organization (CENTO)

Chief martial law administrator (CMLA)

 INTRODUCTION

The Pakistan Movement, as it came to be known, was based on the principle

of two-nation theory, and aimed to establish a separate homeland for

Muslims in South Asia. This was a movement against the oppression,

perceived or real, that Muslims felt in the face of an increasingly politicized

Hindu majority. The Pakistan Movement was spearheaded by [Muhammad Ali

Jinnah] and staunchly opposed by some of Muslim religious scholars.

In 1951, the Military Intelligence (MI) director-general Major-General Syed

Shahid Hamid foiled an attempted coup d'tat, planned by Major-General

Akbar Khan, then Chief of General's Staff of the Generals Headquarter (GHQ)

was arrested along with a number of officers from Pakistan Army. It was the

first conspiracy against the elected government. Eleven military (army)

officers and four civilians were involved in the conspiracy. The conspirator

included Faiz Ahmad Faiz, a notable poet and intellectual, also connected

with the Communist Party of Pakistan. In the meantime, Commander-in-Chief

of Pakistan Army General Ayub Khan and Defense minister Iskandar Mirza

remained loyal to Liaqat Ali Khan. After an 18-month trial conducted in

secrecy, Major-General Khan and Faiz Ahmed Faiz were both convicted and

sentenced to long terms of imprisonment. Their defense lawyer was the

notable Bengali Muslim politician Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy. When

Suhrawardy became the Prime Minister of Pakistan in 1957, he obtained a

reprieve for most of the conspirators.

PRE PARTITION OF POLITICAL EVENTS

14 August 1947: Pakistan came into existence.

14 September 1948: Khwaja Nazimuddin becomes Governor-General of

Pakistan.

8February 1949: Azad Kashmir Government shifts its capital

11 May 1951: University of Karachi is established.

14 July 1953: Wazir Mansion Karachi, the birthplace of Quaid-e-Azam, is

declared protected national monument.

6 October 1955: Governor-General Ghulam Mohammad's resignation is

succeeded by Iskander Mirza.

22 December 1957: Malik Feroz Khan Noon is sworn in as seventh Prime

Minister of Pakistan.

7 October 1958: Martial Law is declared throughout the country. General

Ayub Khan is chief Martial Law Administrator.

1 August 1960: Islamabad is declared the principal seat of the Government

of Pakistan.

17 September 1964: Fatima Jinnah filed her paper as candidate for the

Presidential election.

9 July 1967: Mohtarma Fatima Jinnah dies in Karachi.

21 February 1974: Pakistan recognizes Bangladesh.

2 December 1980: Former PM, Chaudhry Muhammad Ali, dies in Karachi.

31 December 1985: Martial Law is lifted, amended 1973 Constitution

revived.

16 November 1988: General elections held. PPP wins 92, IJI secures 54.

6 October 1993: General elections held. PPP wins 86; PML (N) secures 72

seats.

26 July 1999: Kargil War ends between Pakistan and India.

23 November 2002: Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali sworn in as Prime Minister.

28 August 2004: Shaukat Aziz becomes Prime Minister.

26 August 2006: Akbar Bugti killed by military

9September 2008: Asif Zardari takes oath as President of Pakistan

 MARTIAL LAW IS DECLARED THROUGHOUT THE

COUNTRY. GENERAL AYUB KHAN IS CHIEF MARTIAL

LAW ADMINISTRATOR. 7OCTOBER1958

MILITARY CAREER

Ayub Khan's performance at the Sandhurst Military Academy in the United

Kingdom was excellent, earning him many awards and scholarships by his

British superiors. He was commissioned as 2nd Lt. on 2 February 1928 in the

1/14th Punjab Regiment (1st Battalion of the 14th Punjab Regiment) of

British Indian Army it is now known as the 5th battalion of the Punjab

Regiment of Pakistan Army. Amongst those who passed out with him was the

future army chief of the Indian Army, General J. N. Chaudhri. After the

standard probationary period of service in a British Army, he was appointed

to the British Indian Army on 10 April 1929, joining the 1/14th Punjab

Regiment Sherdils, later known as 5th Punjab Regiment.

He was promoted to lieutenant on 2 May 1930 and to army captain on 2

February 1937. On 19 May 1941, he was promoted to Major in the British

Indian Army.

During World War II, he was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel in 1942 and was

posted to participate in first phase of Burma Front in 194243. In 1945, he

was promoted to colonel and assumed the command of his regiment to

direct operations on second phase of Burma Front; however he was soon

suspended without pay from that command temporarily for visible cowardice

under fire.

In 1946, he was posted back to the British India and was stationed in the

North-West Frontier Province and in 1947, he was promoted as a one-star

general, Brigadier-General, and commanded a Brigade in mountainous South

Waziristan. When the United Kingdom announced the partition of British India

into India and Pakistan, he was one of the most senior serving generals in

the British Indian Army and decided to opt for Pakistan in 1947. At the time

of his joining, the Indian Army sent the military seniority list to Pakistan's

Ministry of Defense (MOD) where he was the 10th ranking officer in terms of

seniority with Service No. PA-010.

Upon promoted as two-star assignment, he was elevated as Major-General

and commanded the 14th Army Division as its GOC, stationed in Dacca, East-

Pakistan. In 1949, he was appointed as army commander of Eastern

Command and decorated with the Hilal-i-Jurat (HJ) by Prime Minister Liaquat

Ali Khan for non-combatant service and called back to Army GHQ as an

adjutant-general on November of same year.

General Ayub Khan arriving to take command of the Pakistan Army in 1951.

Prime minister Liaquat Ali Khan approved the relief papers of Lieutenant

General Sir Douglas Gracey (later retired as an honorary general) on 16

January 1951 after his term was completed. The Pakistan government
already called for appointing a native chiefs of staff of army, air force, navy,

and marines, and dismissed deputation appointments from the British

military. The Army GHQ sent the nomination papers to Prime Minister's

Secretariat for the appointment of commander-in-chief. There were four-

senior officers in the race: Major-General Iftikhar Khan, Major-General Akbar

Khan, Major-General Ishfakul Majid, and Major-General N.A.M. Raza.

Initially, it was Major-General Iftikhar Khan who was promoted to four-star

rank and selected to be appointed as first native commander of the army but

died in an airplane crash en route after finishing the senior staff officers'

course in the United Kingdom. All three remaining major-generals were

bypassed including the recommended senior-most Major-General Akbar Khan

and Major-General Ishfakul Majid.

The Defence Secretary Iskandar Mirza, at that time, played a crucial role in

lobbying for the army post selection as presenting with convincing

arguments to Prime Minister Ali Khan to promote the junior-most Major-

General Ayub Khan to the post despite the fact that his name was not

included in the nomination list. Ayub's papers of promotion were

controversially approved and appointed as the first native Commander in

Chief of Pakistan Army with a promotion to the three-star rank, Lieutenant-

General, on 17 January 1951 by Prime Minister Ali Khan.

With Ayub becoming the army chief, it marked the change in the military

tradition of preferring native Pakistanis and ending the transitional role of

British military officers. Although, the Pakistani government announced the

appointment of navy's native commander in chief in 1951, it was Ayub Khan

who helped Vice-Admiral M.S. Choudhri to be appointed as first native navy's

commander in chief, also in 1953. The events surrounding his appointment

set the precedent for a native general being promoted out of turn, ostensibly

because he was the least ambitious of the generals in the line of promotion

and the most loyal to civil government at that time. He, alongside with

Admiral Choudhri, cancelled and disbanded the British military tradition in

the navy and the army when the U.S. military's advisers were dispatched to

the Pakistani military in 195557. British military tradition were only kept in

the air force due to being under its British commander and major staff

consisting of Royal Air Force officers.

In 1953, he went to his first foreign visit Turkey as an army chief, and was

said to be impressed with Turkish military tradition; he only met with Turkish

Defence minister during his visit. Thereafter, he went to the United States

and visited the US State Department and Pentagon to lobby for forging

military relations. He termed this visit as "medical visit" but made a strong

plea for military aid which was not considered due to India's opposition

towards this request.

Three months before the end of his tenure as commander-in-chief, Ayub

Khan deposed his mentor, Iskandar Mirza, Pakistan's president, in a military

coup after Mirza had declared martial law and made Ayub Khan the chief

martial law administrator.

Cabinet and Defense Minister

In 1954, Prime Minister Muhammad Ali Bogra's relations with the military and

Governor-General Ghulam Muhammad deteriorated on issues of the

economy. Pressured had been built up to reconstruct the Cabinet which

eventually witnessed with Lieutenant-General Ayub Khan becoming the

Defence Minister and Iskander Mirza as Home Minister in 1954.

On 24 February 1954, he signed the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO)

and, together with Mirza, their role in the national politics began to grow. In

1954, the work on controversial program, the One Unit, began which would

integrate the four provinces into one united political entity, known as West-

Pakistan, as a counterbalance to East-Pakistan. Despite opposition from the

ethnic parties and public in general, the program was launched by Prime

Minister Bogra. In 1955, Prime Minister Bogra was dismissed by Governor-

General Muhammad and he was succeeded by the new Prime Minister

Muhammad Ali as the Defence Minister.

As an after of general elections in 1954 in East, the Awami League formed

the government in East while the West was governed by the PML, but the

PML government collapse soon after in West in 1956. He was called on to join

the Cabinet as Defence Minister by Prime Minister H.S. Suhrawardy and

maintained closer relations with Iskander Mirza who now had become the

first President of the country after the successful promulgation of

Constitution in 1956. In 1957, President Mirza promoted him to the four-star

general while being part of the government and renewed his extension to

serve as an army chief of staff.

Around this time, the MoD led by General Ayub Khan began to see the

serious interservice rivalry between the Army GHQ staff and the Navy NHQ

staff. Commander in Chief of Navy Vice-Admiral M. S. Choudri and his NHQ

staff had been fighting with the Finance ministry and the MoD over the issues

of rearmament and contingency plans. Meanwhile, he continued to serve

with Prime Minister Chundrigar and Feroz Noon's government as Defence

Minister, and his resentment towards civilian politicians grew.

In 1958, he chaired the Joint Chiefs of Staff meeting where he became

involved with heated discussion with Admiral M. S. Choudri. He reportedly

complained against Admiral Choudri to President Mirza and criticized the

Admiral Choudri of "neither having the brain, imagination or depth of thought

to understand such (defence) problems nor the vision or the ability to make

any contribution." The impasse was broke with Admiral Choudhri resigning

from the Navy in protest as result of having differences with Navy's plans of

expansion and modernization. In 1958, Vice-Admiral Afzal Rahman Khan, who

was known to be confident of General Ayub Khan, was appointed as naval

chief by President Mirza.

President of Pakistan (19601969)

A formal group of Elizabeth in tiara and evening dress with eleven prime

ministers in evening dress or national costume. Khan (back row, second from
the right) with Elizabeth II, former Queen of Pakistan at the 1960

Commonwealth Prime Minister's Conference, Windsor Castle

In a threat of being dismissed, Prime Minister H.S. Suhrawardy resigned and

Prime Minister I.I. Chundiragar took over the post but in mere two months he

too tendered resignation after losing confidence in running the government.

The Constituent Assembly elected Sir Feroz Noon for the post of the Prime

Minister who had much larger support from the Western Republican Party

and Eastern Awami League, and Krishak Sramik.

This new alliance nearly threatened President Iskander Mirza because

Suhrawardy and Feroz were now initially campaigning to become Prime

Minister and President in the next general elections to be held. The

conservative Pakistan Muslim League, led under its President A.Q. Khan, was

also gaining momentum in West Pakistan and threatened for the Dharna

movement. These events were against President Mirza hence he was willing

to dissolve even Pakistan's One Unit for his advantage.

On the midnight of 7 and 8 October 1958, President Mirza ordered a mass

mobilization of Pakistan Armed Forces and abrogated the Constitution after

sending a letter to Prime Minister Feroze and the Constituent Assembly about

the coup d'tat. Most of the politicians became only aware of coup the next

morning; only the U.S. Ambassador James Langley was kept aware of the

political development in the country. President Mirza appointed General Ayub

as its chief martial law administrator (CMLA) to enforce the martial law in

both exclaveWest and East Pakistan. However, President Mirza soon realized
his mistake by making Ayub as the CMLA and repented his actions in news

media about the delicate position he had gotten himself into. He regretted

his decision and said: "I did not mean to do it," while offering assurances that

the martial law would be for the shortest possible duration. In an attempt to

consolidate the powers in his own control, Mirza unsuccessfully tried to

appoint Ayub as Prime Minister the following and asked him to appoint the

technocratic Cabinet. Such actions were not implemented due to Ayub

Khan's protest against this attempt and briefly complained about Mirza's

"high hand" methods. President Mirza made a bold move by undercutting

Ayub's rival in the army, navy and air force by co-opting military officers in

his favors. Informed of President Mirza's chicanery, Ayub dispatched the

military unit to enter in presidential palace on the midnight of 2627 October

1958 and placed him in a place to exile in to England. Subsequently, Admiral

A. R. Khan and four army and air force generals: Azam, Amir, Wajid, and

Asghar Khan were instrumental in Ayub Khan's rise to power.

Ouster of President Mirza was welcomed at public circles, Air Marshal Asghar

Khan, the air force chief backed the actions for the martial law enforcement.

He relieved the army command and appointed General Muhammad Musa as

the new army chief while he promoted himself to the five-star rank, Field

Marshal a rank that many of his critics said that he never deserved.

In 1960, a referendum, that functioned as Electoral College, was held that

asked the general public:"Do you have confidence in Mohammed Ayub

Khan?". The voter turnout was recorded at 95.6% and such confirmation was
used as impetus to formalise the new system a presidential system. Ayub

Khan was elected president for next five years and decided to pay his first

state visit to United States with his wife and daughter Begum Naseem

Aurangzeb in July 1961. Highlights of his visit included a state dinner at

Mount Vernon, a visit to the Islamic Center of Washington, and a ticker tape

parade in New York City.

Constitutional and legal reforms

A Constitutional Commission was set-up under the Supreme Court to

implement the work on the Constitution that was led by Chief Justice

Muhammad Shahabuddin and Supreme Court justices. The Commission

reported in 1961 with its recommendations but President Ayub remained

unsatisfied; he eventually altered the constitution that was entirely different

from the one recommended by the Shahabuddin Commission. The

Constitution reflected his personal views of politicians and the restriction of

using religions in politics. His presidency restored the writ of government

through the his promulgated constitution and lifted the martial law enforced

since 1958 that had banned the political freedom.

The new Constitution did respected Islam but did not declare Islam as state

religion and was viewed as a liberal constitution. It also provided for election

of the President by 80,000 (later raised to 120,000) Basic Democrats who

could theoretically make their own choice but who were essentially under his

control. He justified this as analogous to the American Electoral College and

cited Thomas Jefferson as his inspiration. The Ayub administration "guided"

the print newspapers though his takeover of key opposition papers and,

while Ayub Khan permitted a National Assembly, it had only limited powers.

On 2 March 1961, he passed and signed the "Muslim Family Laws" bill

through the ordinance under which unmitigated polygamy was abolished,

consent of the current wife was made mandatory for a second marriage,

brakes were also placed on the practice of instant divorce where men could

divorce women by saying:"I divorce you" three times under Islamic tradition.

The Arbitration Councils were set up under the law in the urban and rural

areas to deal with cases of:

(a) Grant of sanction to a person to contract a second marriage during the

subsistence of a marriage;

(b) Reconciliation of a dispute between a husband and a wife;

(c) Grant of a maintenance allowance to the wife and children.

Economy and infrastructure

Industrialization and rural development through constructing modern

national freeways are considered his greatest achievements and his era is

remembered for successful industrialization in the impoverished country.

Strong emphasis on capitalism and foreign direct investment (FDI) in the

industry is often regarded as "Great Decade" in the history of the country

(both economical and political history). The "Great Decade" was celebrated,

which highlighted the development plans executed during the years of

Ayub's rule, the private consortium companies, industries and credited with

creating an environment where the private sector was encouraged to

establish medium and small-scale industries in Pakistan. This opened up

avenues for new job opportunities and thus the economic graph of the

country started rising. He oversaw the development and completion of mega

projects such as hydroelectric dams, power stations, and barrages in all over

the country. During 196066, the annual GDP growth.

Several energy conservation programs were completed such as World's one

of the largest dam, the Mangla Dam and several small dams and water

reservoirs in West Pakistan while completing one dam in East Pakistan:

Kaptai Dam. Plans toward harnessing energy from nuclear sources were

authorized by President Ayub against the wishes of his own administration

over the cost of nuclear power plants. Initially, there were two nuclear power

plants to be established in the country: one was in Karachi and the second
one in Dhaka. It was Dr. Abdus Salam who had personally approved the

project in Karachi against the wishes of his own government, while the

project in East was never materialized.

Extensive education reforms were supposedly carried out and 'scientific

development efforts' also supposedly made during his years. These

supposed policies could not be sustained after 1965, and the economy

collapsed and led to the economic declines which he was unable to control.

He also introduced a new curricula and textbooks for universities and schools

after building many public-sector universities and schools were built during

his era. He also introduced agricultural reforms according to which no one

could occupy land less than 12.5 acres (500 irrigated land and 1000

unirrigated.) An oil refinery was established in Karachi, and these reforms led

to 15% GNP growth of the country that was three times greater than that of

India. Despite the increase in the GNP growth, the profit and revenue was

gained by the famous 22 families of the time that controlled 66% of the

industries and land of the country and 80% of the banking and insurance

companies of Pakistan.

Defense spending

During his era, the Navy was able to induct submarines and slowly modified

itself in terms of acquisitions of warships. However, he drastically reduced

funding of military in 1950s and prioritized less on the issue of nuclear

weapons in 1960s. Major procurement of weapons for the military was relied
from the United States's generous donations. Major funding was made

available for military acquisitions and procurement towards conventional

weaponry for conventional defense. In 1960s, Pakistani military had

American produced conventional weaponry in terms Jeep CJ, M48 Patton,

M24 Chaffee, and M16 rifles, F-86, and submarine all acquired through

Foreign Military Sales program. In 1961, President Ayub started the nation's

full fledge space program that was established with the cooperation of the

Air Force, and created civilian Suparco that launched unmanned space

missions throughout 1960s.

He focused the nuclear issue towards civil power and bypassed

recommendations towards military-use of nuclear technology and reportedly

spend . 721 million on civil-use of technology in terms of education and

nuclear power plants Finance minister Muhammad Shoaib argued against

spending on nuclear technology and was against of establishing a nuclear

power plant in Karachi over on cost.:54[63] It was Dr. Abdus Salam who had

personally approved the project against the wishes of his own government.

After the Sino-Indian war in 1962, the military appointments in civilian

institutions grew further and defence spending on budget hiked. The physical

size of the Pakistan Army's ground troops exponentially grew and the size of

military budget grew from 5.79% (1960s) to 9.78% (1966) until being

brought down to 6.1% (1967).

Foreign policy
The foreign relations with the United States and European Union were

prioritized and were main feature of his foreign policy while downplaying

foreign relations with the Soviet Union. While he enjoyed support from

President Dwight Eisenhower in 1950s and convinced the United States

alongside with Prime Minister Ali Khan to forged military relations in an

alliance against regional communism. His obsession towards modernization

of the armed forces in shortest time possible saw the relations with United

States as the only way to achieve his organization and personal objectives as

he argued against civilian supremacy that would affect the American

interests in the region as a result of an election.

Leasing an airbase in Peshawar in 1950s, the Central Intelligence Agency's

spy activities grew immensely during his presidency but such activities were

exposed in 1960 when the Soviet Union's air defence intercept and shot

down the U-2 plane by the S-75 missile, and captured its pilot. This incident

severely compromised the national security of Pakistan that brought the

Soviet ire on Pakistan but President Ayub had all knowledge of the operation

and full aware of what happened in the Soviet Union. While in United

Kingdom to pay state visit, the CIA station chief told President Ayub who

shrugged his shoulders and said that he had expected this would happen at

some point.

Ayub Khan had to publicly offered his apologies to the Soviet Union after

USSR Secretary General Nikita Khrushchev made a threat to bomb Peshawar.

President Ayub directed initiatives to Foreign Office to reduce tensions with

the Soviet Union by facilitating state visits of Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin

and Soviet Foreign minister Gromyko in Pakistan on a condition of

downplaying relations with the United States.

In 1960, he signed the historic frontier agreement with China despite the US

urgings and was a significant event in history of Cold war where a

noncommunist country had entered in alliance with communist country.

In 196165, Ayub lost much of the support from President John Kennedy and

President Lyndon Johnson who sought closer relations with India and placed

an embargo on both nations during the war in 1965. In 196667, he wrestled

with the United States' dictation on country's foreign policy while

strengthening relations with Soviet Union and China, whereas he successfully

signed an border agreement to resolve border disputes in 1960s. Relations

with Soviet Union were eventually normalized when Soviets facilitated peace

treaty with India in 1965, and reached a trade treaty the following year.

Despite initiatives made towards normalizing with Soviet Union, Ayub Khan

remained inclined towards the United States and western world, having well-

received President Johnson in Karachi in 1967.

In 1961-62, Ayub paid a state visit to the United Kingdom where he garnered

a lot of public interests from the British public when his involvement was

revealed in the Christine Keeler affair.

India: 1959 joint defence and 1965 war In 1959, Ayub Khan's interest in

building defence forces already diminished when he made an offer of joint

defense with India during the Sino-Indo clashes in October 1959 in Ladakh, in

a move seen as a result of American pressure and a lack of understanding of

Foreign affairs Upon hearing this proposal, India's Prime Minister Nehru

reportedly counter-ask Defence Minister Ayub: Joint Defence on what?." India

remained uninterested with such proposal and Prime Minister Nehru decided

to push his country's role in the Non-Aligned Movement In 1960, President

Ayub signed the water treaty with Prime Minister Nehru that was facilitated

by the World Bank as its witness. In 1964, the Pakistan Army engaged with

Indian Army in several skirmishes, and a secretive operations began to place

around that time.

The war with India in 1965 was a turning point in his presidency, and it

ended in a settlement reached by Ayub Khan at Tashkent, called the Tashkent

Declaration, which was facilitated by the Soviet Union. The settlement was

perceived negatively by many Pakistanis and led Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto to resign

his post and take up opposition to Ayub Khan. According to Morrice James,

"For them [Pakistanis] Ayub had betrayed the nation and had inexcusably

lost face before the Indians."

According to Sartaj Aziz, it was Foreign Minister Bhutto that had gone on a

populist Anti-Indian and Anti-American binge during the meeting in a cabinet

meeting with President Ayub. Bhutto succeeded in the meeting on

spellbinding the ruling President into thinking he was becoming a world

statesman fawned upon by the enemies of the United States. When

authorizing the Operation Gibraltar, Deputy Chairman of Planning

Commission had famously told the President in the meeting: "Sir, I hope you

realize that our foreign policy and our economic requirements are not fully

consistent, in fact they are rapidly falling out of line". Aziz vetoed the

Operation Gibraltar against India, fearing the economical turmoil that would

jolt the country's economy, but was rebuffed by his senior bureaucrats. In

that meeting, Foreign Minister Bhutto convinced the President and the

Finance Minister Muhammad Shoaib that India would not attack Pakistan due

to Kashmir being a disputed territory, and per Bhutto's remarks: "Pakistans

incursion into Indian-occupied Kashmir, at Akhnoor, would not provide India

with the justification for attacking Pakistan across the international boundary

because Kashmir was a disputed territory". This theory proved wrong when

India launched a full-scale war against West-Pakistan in 1965.

His army chief General Musa Khan did not order the Pakistan Army without

the confirmation by President Ayub Khan despite Foreign Minister Bhutto's

urging: However, after the Indian Army advanced towards the Rann of Kutch,

General Musa Khan ordered the army to respond against the opposing force.

He faced serious altercations and public criticism with air chief AM Asghar

Khan for hiding the details of the war. The Air AHQ began fighting the

president over the contingency plans, and this inter-services rivalry ended

with Asghar Khan's resignation. To reduce interservices tensions and

criticism, navy commander Admiral A.R. Khan authorised the shelling

operation against Indian Navy posts in shores of Dwarka, India.

About the 1965 war's contingency plans, AM Nur Khan briefly wrote that

"Rumours about an impending operation were rife but the army had not

shared the plans with other forces."

Ayub Khan's main sponsor, the United States, did not welcome the move and

the Kennedy administration placed an economic embargo that caused

Pakistan to lose $500 million in aid and grants that had been received

through consortium. Ayub Khan could not politically survive in the aftermath

of 1965 war with India and fell from the presidency after surrendering the

presidential power to Army Commander General Yahya in 1969.

End of Presidency

In 1964, President Ayub Khan had been confident in his apparent popularity

and saw the deep divisions within the political opposition which ultimately

led him to announce the presidential elections in 1965. He earned the

nomination from Pakistan Muslim League (PML) and was shocked to see

when Fatima Jinnah earned the nomination from the Combined Opposition

Parties.

Fatima Jinnah had gained a lot of support from Karachi, Lahore, and various

parts in West Pakistan and East Pakistan as opposed to President Ayub Khan.

Jinnah targeted the Indus Waters Treaty and his over-reliance on the United

States and troubled relations with the Soviet Union. During the elections,

President Ayub earned notoriety when his son, Gohar Ayub Khan, was named
in media for his involvement in authorizing political murders in Karachi,

particularly those who supported Jinnah.

Angry protesters took their demonstrations in streets in Sindh and slogans

were chanted against President Ayub. Fatima Jinnah won the landslide voting

but Ayub Khan won the elections through the Electoral College. During this

time, Ayub Khan exploited the intelligence community to tape politicians

telephone and monitor their gatherings for his own advantage. For that

purpose, the Military Intelligence became extremely active during the

presidential elections keeping politicians in mass surveillance and while

Intelligence Bureau taped telephone recordings rather than keeping their

work nation's defence and security. This was the first time in the nation's

history that intelligence community had directly interfered in the national

politics, and intelligence community continued this role in successive years.

It was reported that the elections were widely rigged by the state authorities

and machinery under the control of Ayub Khan and it is believed that had the

elections been held via direct ballot, Fatima Jinnah would have won. The

Electoral College consisted of only 80,000 Basic Democrats, who were easily

manipulated by President Ayub Khan and bitterly won the elections with

64%. The election did not conform to international standards per many

journalists of the time and many saw the results with great suspicions.

The controversial winning over Fatima Jinnah in presidential elections and the

outcomes of war with India in 1965 brought devastating results for Ayub

Khan's image and his presidency. Upon returning from Tashkent, Foreign
Minister Bhutto went to the television media and criticized President Ayub for

selling nation's honor and sacrifice which promoted President Ayub to

deposed Bhutto. In Karachi, the public resentment towards Ayub had been

rising since the 1965 elections and his policies were widely disapproved.

In 1967, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto formed the socialist Pakistan Peoples Party and

attacked Ayub administration's economic, religious, and social policy while

taking the nationwide tour. Detention of Bhutto further inflamed the

opposition and demonstration sparked in all over the country with East

Pakistani Awami League charging Ayub administration of segregating policies

towards East. Labour unions called for labour strikes against Ayub Khan's

labour legislation and dissatisfaction was widespread in the country from

country's middle class by the end of 1968. When the Ayub Khan was

presented with the Six points by Rahman and Bhutto's called for

disapproving Ayub; he responded by imprisoning both leaders but that made

matters worst for Ayub's administration. Left-wing parties, allied with the

conservative mass, began advocating for the Islamic parliamentary

democracy system against his presidential rule.

In 1968, he survived a failed assassination attempt while visiting Dacca and

was visibly shaken after this attempt, according to the close aides; though

this was not reported in the press of the day.

In 1969, Ayub Khan opened up the negotiations with the opposition parties in

what was termed as "Round Table Confernce" where he held talks with every

opposition party except for Awami League and Pakistan Peoples Party.
However, no results were yielded and strong anti-Ayub demonstration

sparked in all over the country that called for his resignation. During this

time, Ayub Khan survived a near-fatal cardiac arrest that put him out of the

office, and later survived a paralysis attack that put him on wheelchair. The

Police were unable to control the situation and the law and order situation

worsen in the country, especially in East where the serious uprising and riots

were quelled in 1969, that at one point, his Home and Defence Minister Vice-

Admiral Rahman told the journalists that the "country was under the Mob

rule and that Police were not strong enough to tackle the situation."

The PPP also led very strong protests, street demonstrations, and riots

against the Ayub Khan's administration when the prices of food consumer

products such as sugar, tea, and wheat, hiked up and eventually people

widely disapproved of Ayub Khan by chanting slogans and employing insults

on referring to Ayub in 1969. On the streets of major cities of West Pakistan,

there were massive wall chalking that were identified as derogatory and

pejorative terms employed on Ayub and his image that made headlines in

the print and electronic media. Ayub Khan, himself, was shocked when

hearing the young protesters and college students in West had been

referring him to as "Dog." According to the Dawn editorial in 2014, it was first

time in the history when the derogatory language was used against country's

politicians.

Elements in the military began supporting the political parties that brought

the demise of Ayub Khan's era, and on 25 March 1969, President Ayub Khan
resigned from office and invited army chief General Yahya Khan to take over

the control of the country.

Conclusion

Gen Ayub Khan was a great martial law administrator. Ayub Khan was a first

commander in chief of Pakistan Army. Ayub khan was a great leader but, he

had some crises in his presidential government.

Ayub Khan had also avoided the international economy and international

relations, He was not much more interested in to build the relations with

other states.