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Bme Unit 3 PDF
Bme Unit 3 PDF
STOICHIOMETRY OF BIOPROCESS
1 dX
net =
X dt
X = cell concentration
t = time
Monod eq: applied for balanced growth, i.e. composition of biomass remains constant and
specific rate of production of each component of culture is equal to .
when S>>Ks, g = m
when S<<Ks g = m S/ KS
Limitations of Monods eq:
YIELD
Observed or apparent yield = (mass or moles of product present) /(total mass or moles of
reactant consumed)
YIELD COEFFICIENT
YX/S = mass or moles of biomass produced per unit mass or moles of substrate
consumed
YP/S = mass or moles of product formed per unit mass or moles of substrate consumed
YP/X = mass or moles of product formed per unit mass or moles of biomass
biom formed
YX/O = mass or moles of biomass formed per unit mass or moles of oxygen consumed
YCO2/S = mass or moles of CO2 formed per unit mass or moles of substrate consumed
Ykcal = mass or moles of biomass formed per Kcal of heat evolved in fermentation
Maintenance coefficient : specific rate of substrate uptake for cellular cell activities.
(ds / dt ) m
m =
X
1 1 m
= + ATP (1)
AP
YX M D
/ ATP YX / ATP
1 1 m
O2
= + (2)
Y AP Y M D
X / O2 X / O2
D= dilution factor
C balance: w = c+d
H balance: x+bg = c+2e
N balance: z+bi=c
RQ=d/a
Degree of reduction (): Number of equivalents of available electrons per gram atom Carbon.
Available electrons are those that would be transferred to oxygen upon oxidation of a compound
to CO2, H2O, NH3.
High degree of reduction means low degree of oxidation CH4 > C2H5OH > C6H12O6
a=1/4 (w S-c B- f j p)
From (1),
4a c fj p
1= + B+
w w S w S
S
4a
= electron tranferred to O 2
w
S
c B fj p
= electron tranferred to biomass
w S = electron tranferred to product
w S
Maximum value of stoichiometric coefficient c (all electrons are used for biomass synthesis) is
c B
=
B w S
& Cmax is given by
w
= S
c max
B
w
f max = S
j
P
Q1. Production of single cell protein from hexadecane is given by the following reaction:
2a = 0.27c+2d+e ----------(3)
b= 0.2 c ------------(4)
RQ = d/a ------------(5)
Solving (1)-(5),
a=12.48
b= 2.13
c= 10.64
d=5.37
e=11.36
(c) Cells of same composition as above, compare maximum possible biomass yields from
ethanol and glucose.
(d) Solution: (a) The cell composition is CH1.84O0.55N0.2 plus 5% ash. This means 95% of
total weight = 25.44
(m) (b)
w
= S
c max
B
C6H12O6 as substrate:
C2H5OH as substrate:
Q3. Assume that the experimental measurements for a certain organism have shown that the cells
can convert 2/3 of substrate carbon to biomass. (a) Calculate the stoichiometric coefficients of
following reactions:
C16 H 34 + aO 2 + bNH3 cCH1.66O 0.27 N1.2 + dH 2O + eCO 2
(b) Calculate the yield coefficients YX/S, YX/O2 for both reactions
C6 H12O 6 + aO 2 + bNH 3 cCH1.66O 0.27 N1.2 + dH 2O + eCO 2
64 = e(12), e=5.33
O balance: 2a(16)=1.2c(16)+2e(16)+d(16)
a=12.427
48=4.4c(12), c=0.909
24=12 e, e=2
H balance: 12+3b=7.3c+2d
d = 3.854
a = 1.473
b, for hexadecane,
2) Non growth associated product: takes place in stationary phase and when growth rate is
zero. qP = = constant
3) Mixed growth associated product: takes place in slow growth and stationary phases. qP =
g +
Luedeking-Piret model
In the eq: qP = g + ,
0 1.25 100
9 2.45 97
16 5.1 90.4
23 10.5 76.9
30 22 48.1
34 33 20.6
36 37.5 9.38
40 41 0.63
c. C. What maximum cell concentration could one except if 50 g of glucose were used
with the same size inoculum?
Or if Ks, then:
Product Inhibition
Example of Non-competitive
competitive product inhibition
Competitive inhibition:
Noncompetitive inhibition :
Uncompetitive inhibition :
The net specific rate expression in the presence of death has the following form:
The heat generate during microbial growth is being calculated using the heat of the combustion
of the substrate and
nd of cellular material. A schematic of an enthalpy balance for microbial
utilization of substrate is presented below as figure. The heat of combustion the substrate is equal
to the sum of the metabolic heat and the heat of combustion of the cellular material.
mater
Where VL is the liquid volume (I) and X is the cell concentration (g/l).Since the oxygen is
the final electron acceptor
Here QGR is in units of kcal/h, while QO2 is in millimoles of Q2/h
Metabolic heat released during fermentation can be removed by circulating cooling water
through a cooling coil or cooling jacket in the fermenter. Often, temperature control (adequate
heat removal) is an important limitation on reactor design. The ability to estimate heat-removal
requirements is essential for proper reactor design.
Reference Books
1) Shuler and Kargi (2004). Bioprocess Engineering:Basic Concepts, 2nd ed. Prentice Hall.
2) Doran P.M. (2005). Bioprocess Engineering Principles, 1st ed. Academic Press