Michelle Xiong

Annotated Bibliography
Primary Sources
Acme Newspictures. Wendell Willkie, Wife and Governor Ralph Carr in Colorado Springs.
1940. Photograph. Accessed March 1, 2017.
http://www.historicimages.com/1940-press-photo-wendell-l-willkie-gov-ralph-l-carr-of-c
olorado-nex74666.
This photograph shows Carr greeting Wendell Willkie, the Republican Presidential
nominee, and his wife. Ralph Carr had declined to run as vice president with Willkie but
remained friends and continued to campaign for him.

Baker, Rufus C. Letter to Ralph L. Carr, April 17, 1942. In Governor Ralph Carrs Collection.
Accessed March 1, 2017.
https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/sites/default/files/Documents%20from%20Governor%
20Ralph%20Carrs%20Collection_0.pdf.
In this letter, Dr. Rufus C Baker, Minister at the First Methodist Church commends and
expresses gratitude for Ralph Carrs actions on behalf of the Ministers Association of
Boulder Colorado. This demonstrated that not everyone disagreed with Ralph Carr and
his defense of Japanese American rights.

Carr, Ralph. Letter to Thomas J. Morrissey, June 1942. In Ralph Carr Collection. Accessed
March 1, 2017.
https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/sites/default/files/Documents%20from%20Governor%
20Ralph%20Carrs%20Collection_0.pdf.
A letter from Ralph Carr to US Attorney General Thomas J Morrissey expressing
concern for interning American citizens and asking for clarification on how to handle
evacuees arriving in Colorado.
 Carr, Ralph L. Letter to George H. Thompson, August 28, 1942. In Governor Ralph Carrs
Collection. Accessed March 1, 2017.
https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/sites/default/files/Documents%20from%20Governor%
20Ralph%20Carrs%20Collection_0.pdf.
This letter from Ralph Carr to the Mayor of Julesburg, Colorado reveals Carrs intentions
to ask the War Relocation Authority about whether Japanese internees could work in
Colorado.

Denver Post. No Dumping Here. 1942. Illustration. Accessed March 1, 2017.

http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:324808/FULLTEXT03.
An illustration from the Denver Post with a clear message: No Dumping Here- State of
Colorado. The cartoon is captioned And we dont mean maybe

Denver Post. Ralph L. Carr Sworn In 1941. 1941. Photograph. Accessed March 1, 2017.
http://www.denverpost.com/2016/12/06/ralph-carr-colorado-japanese-internment/.
This is a photo of Ralph Carr being sworn in for his second term as Governor of
Colorado in 1941. At the time, he was popular for his budget reforms.

Denver Post. Young Ralph Carr circa 1910. 1910. Photograph. Accessed February 28, 2017.
http://5008.sydneyplus.com/HistoryColorado_ArgusNet_Final/ViewRecord.aspx?templat
e=Object&record=5fa69618-9e0f-403e-a541-a129a9f5fcbc&displayFields=Attachment&
lang=en-US.
This photo of Ralph Carr is from before he became Governor of Colorado. I chose this
for my home page because it is a more formal portrait style photo of him.

Doty, Florence N. Telegram to Ralph L. Carr, telegram, 1942. In Governor Ralph Carr An
Archival Research Handbook to a Colorado Governors Collection, by Ivona Elenton,
29. Accessed March 3, 2017.
http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:324808/FULLTEXT03.
 A telegram sent warning Governor Carr against welcoming the Japanese evacuees to
Colorado. This telegram reflected the sentiment of many Coloradans.

For a Greater Colorado Re-Elect Gov. Carr. 1940. Illustration. Accessed February 28, 2017.
http://5008.sydneyplus.com/HistoryColorado_ArgusNet_Final/ViewRecord.aspx?templat
e=Object&record=069654b5-f1f4-485a-858b-8fe06be5bc03&displayFields=Attachment
&lang=en-US.
This postcard was part of Ralph Carrs reelection campaign effort. It highlights his
achievement of balancing Colorados budget as he promised during his first campaign.
This was one of the main reasons Ralph Carr was popular in Colorado and why he
received national attention.

Gov Carr Stakes Political Future on His Jap Stand. In Governor Ralph Carr An Archival
Research Handbook to a Colorado Governors Collection, by Ivona Elenton. Excerpt
from The Denver Post (Denver, CO), 1942. Accessed March 1, 2017.
http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:324808/FULLTEXT03.
The Denver Post was very interested in Ralph Carrs stance on Japanese Americans. This
article and headline highlights the political risk Ralph Carr took in order to stick to his
beliefs.

Houses at Amache. Photograph. Accessed March 2, 2017.

http://www.amache.org/photo-archives/.
This is a photograph of Amache or the Grenada Relocation Center located in southeastern
Colorado.

Internees Working in the Fields. Photograph. Accessed March 3, 2017.

http://www.amache.org/photo-archives/.
 This photo is of Japanese internees at Amache who are working in the fields. Many of the
internees wanted to work and Ralph Carr tried to help them although they were under
federal jurisdiction.

Iwasaki, Hikaru. Granada Relocation Center Closes. October 15, 1945. Photograph. Accessed
February 28, 2017.
http://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/Educators/Amache_primary_resou
rce_set.pdf.
This picture was taken on the day Amache closed in 1945. Mr. Yamamoto, an internee is
shaking hands with the Project Director James G Lindley.

Jackson, William H. 346T Street Scene at Fremont, Cripple Creek. Photograph. Accessed March
1, 2017.
http://5008.sydneyplus.com/HistoryColorado_ArgusNet_Final/ViewRecord.aspx?templat
e=Object&record=f3d1263f-d6a3-4f34-b081-541d7a7180e8&displayFields=Attachment
&lang=en-US.
This photograph features a busy street in Cripple Creek, the area Ralph Carr grew up in.
It was an area with a lot of diversity because of its mining camps and this is shown by the
photos bustling crowds.

King, George. Letter to Ralph L. Carr, March 2, 1942. In Governor Ralph Carr An Archival
Research Handbook to a Colorado Governors Collection, by Ivona Elenton, 30.
Accessed March 3, 2017.
http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:324808/FULLTEXT03.
An angry and concise letter written by a resident of Colorado who did not approve of
Japanese Americans moving to Colorado.
Konishi, Marion. America, Our Hope Is In You. Speech, June 25, 1943. In Japanese
Imprisonment At Amache, by Christian Heimburger. Accessed February 28, 2017.
http://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/Educators/Amache_primary_resou
rce_set.pdf.
This powerful speech was given by Marion Konishi during the graduation ceremony at
Grenada High School in 1943. In the speech, Marion explains why she still has faith in
America. She looks back at history and observes that America has made mistakes before
but has always corrected them.

Lange, Dorothea. Order to Evacuate Japanese Americans from San Francisco. 1942. Photograph.
Accessed March 1, 2017. https://research.archives.gov/id/536018.
This flyer directed the removal of people of Japanese ancestry from San Francisco. It was
issued by Lieutenant General J.L. DeWitt on April 1, 1942, several months after
Executive Order 9066.

Mahoney, Charles T. Memorandum, Native Sons of Colorado Your Nation Is at War, 1942. In
Documents from Governor Ralph Carrs Collection 1939-1943. Accessed March 1, 2017.
https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/sites/default/files/Documents%20from%20Governor%
20Ralph%20Carrs%20Collection_0.pdf.
In this memo, the Sons of Colorado urges residents to keep Japanese aliens from coming
into the state. It warns of the Japanese threat and the Yellow Peril. The message
expressed in the letter was part of the general fear and hysteria that existed at the time.

Mazzula, Fred. Ralph Carrs Funeral. September 26, 1950. Photograph. Accessed February 28,
2017.
http://5008.sydneyplus.com/HistoryColorado_ArgusNet_Final/ViewRecord.aspx?templat
e=Object&record=541e6b7b-6d8c-4415-b97c-52c948f35de7&displayFields=Attachment
&lang=en-US.
 This is a photograph taken at Ralph Carrs funeral. He died September 22, 1950 at age
65. He was in the midst of running for Colorado governor again after a hiatus from
politics.

Norred, Cyrril F. Group of Japanese Women, Men and Young Girls. 1920. Photograph. Accessed
March 1, 2017.
http://digital.denverlibrary.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/p15330coll22/id/30363/rec/24.
Photo of a group of Japanese Americans in front of Colorado Times newspaper office.
The women and girls are wearing kimonos but all of them are holding American flags, a
sign of their loyalty to the United States even though they maintained their cultural
traditions.

Photo of Ralph Carr giving radio speech. January 8, 1943. Photograph. Accessed March 1, 2017.
http://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/files/Educators/Amache_primary_resou
rce_set.pdf.
This is a photo of Ralph Carr addressing the state in a radio speech in 1943 about the
Japanese Americans coming to Colorado.

President Ronald Reagan Announcing the 1988 Civil Liberties Act. Video file. Youtube.
Posted by Densho, February 17, 2015. Accessed March 2, 2017.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TtCZgvYaXQ4.
This is a video of Ronald Reagan announcing the Civil Liberties Act of 1988. He admits
that the United States made a mistake. The Civil Liberties Act of 1988 granted
reparations for Japanese Americans who had been interned during World War II.

Swain, Alva A. Governor Ralph Carr Is Visiting with Republican Leaders In the East.
Steamboat Pilot (Steamboat Springs, CO), October 26, 1939. Accessed March 1, 2017.
https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/cgi-bin/colorado?a=d&d=STP19391026.2.4
4&e=--1950---1950--en-50--1--txt-txIN-ralph+carr+-------0-.
 This article describes Ralph Carrs meetings with party elite on the East coast including
Herbert Hoover and Tom Dewey. It was part of Ralph Carrs rising status in politics.

Secondary Sources
Amache.org. Amache and Japanese American Timeline. Amache.org. Accessed March 1,
2017. http://www.amache.org/timeline/.
A comprehensive timeline from the Amache Preservation Society that lists the important
dates of arrivals and activities at Amache.

Asakawa, Gil. Resettlement in Denver. Densho Encyclopedia. Last modified June 29, 2015.
Accessed March 1, 2017.
http://encyclopedia.densho.org/Resettlement%20in%20Denver/.
Encyclopedia article on Japanese Americans in the Denver area before, during, and after
World War II.

Densho. Important Moments in Japanese American History Before,After, and During World II
Mass Incarceration. Densho. Accessed February 27, 2017.
http://www.densho.org/timeline/.
A history of Japanese Americans that includes many previous acts of discrimination and
injustice prior to World War II. This included the Naturalization Act of 1790 and Ozawa
v. United States.

Duncan, E. E. Governor Ralph Carr: Defender of Japanese Americans. Palmer Lake, Colo.:
Filter Press, 2011.
This book is short and simple and gave me an excellent overview of Ralph Carrs life. In
particular, it was helpful for learning about his childhood and early life. It had a quote
from one of Ralph Carrs early writings about immigration that I liked a lot.
KUSA TV. How Pearl Harbor Looked in Colorado. Video file. 9News. December 7, 2016.
Accessed March 1, 2017.
http://www.9news.com/entertainment/television/programs/next-with-kyle-clark/denvers-
headlines-after-pearl-harbor-attack-from-rocky-mountain-news/365306930.
This news clip from 9News ran on the 75th anniversary of Pearl Harbor. Kyle Clark
shows how the news of the attack reached Colorados newspapers.

Maeda, Daryl J. Japanese Americans in Colorado. 2009. In Enduring Communities, 83-86.

Accessed February 25, 2017.
http://media.janm.org/projects/ec/pdf/EC-CO-Kurtz-All.pdf.
This essay was very helpful for me to understand the Japanese community in Colorado. It
contains specific numbers as to how many Japanese Americans there were over the 20th
century. There was also information about the various activities of the internees at
Amache.

Pearl, Josh. "Japanese Population by Generation." Chart. Dartmouth.edu. February 12, 2016.
Accessed March 3, 2017.
https://sites.dartmouth.edu/censushistory/2016/02/12/japanese-american-eastward-migrati
on-1
900-1970/.
This chart was published in an article from Dartmouth about Japanese American Eastward
migration (1900-1970). It's a clear chart that shows the difference between the Issei and
Nissei
generation population. I like how it shows the trend of the growing proportion of Nissei
Japanese
Americans.

Reeves, Richard. Infamy: The Shocking Story of the Japanese American Internment in World
War II. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2015.
 An in-depth book about Japanese internment. While it only mentions Ralph Carr once,
the book provided me with excellent background on the experience of Japanese
Americans during World War II.

Schrager, Adam. The Principled Politician: Governor Ralph Carr and the Fight against
Japanese American Internment. Trade pbk. ed. Golden, Colo.: Fulcrum, 2009.
This book was instrumental to my research. It provided a detailed narrative of Ralph
Carrs story. It helped me grasp the character and personality of Ralph Carr and
contained many facts about him I couldnt find anywhere else. In addition, several
pictures were scanned from the book as I could not find a digital copy online.

Ward, Kyle Roy. History in the Making: An Absorbing Look at How American History Has
Changed in the Telling over the Last 200 Years. New York: New Press, 2006.
This is an interesting book that tracks they way history has been taught and described
through textbooks of the time. The book has a section on immigration and Japanese
internment that provided valuable insight as to how Japanese immigrants were viewed in
the context of the early 20th century.