13EE3017

Power System-III
(Switch Gear and Protection)

Mani Sankar Matta, Asst. Professor,

EEE Dept., AITAM Tekkali
Unit 1 CIRCUIT BREAKERS

Module 1 INTRODUCTION
Module 2 ARC
Module 3 CIRCUIT BREAKERS

Mani Sankar Matta, Asst. Professor, EEE

Dept., AITAM Tekkali
 Module 1
INTRODUCTION

Mani Sankar Matta, Asst. Professor, EEE

Dept., AITAM Tekkali
 Power System Protection
Electrical Power Systems - Protection
(Generators, T/Fs, Transmission & Distribution lines)

Protection from ?
Short circuits heavy currents
Abnormal conditions over speeds, overvoltage,
under frequency, loss of excitation, over heating.....

Mani Sankar Matta, Asst. Professor, EEE

Dept., AITAM Tekkali
What Components (Equipment) Do We
Protect?

Generators
Transformers, Reactors
Lines
Buses
Capacitors

Mani Sankar Matta, Asst. Professor, EEE

Dept., AITAM Tekkali
 Necessity of system protection
The protection is needed to remove as speedily as
possible any element of the power system in
which a fault has developed

To avoid abnormal operating regions - safety of

the equipment.

safety of the human personnel

safety to healthy equipment

Mani Sankar Matta, Asst. Professor, EEE
Dept., AITAM Tekkali
Mani Sankar Matta, Asst. Professor, EEE
Dept., AITAM Tekkali
Mani Sankar Matta, Asst. Professor, EEE
Dept., AITAM Tekkali
 Causes of faults
Failure of Insulation Short circuits
Pollution(soot, cement dust, salt) Insulator string
Flashover
Failure of conducting path (open- circuit)
Broken conductor falling on ground Short circuit
Tree Contact
Abnormal loading
Over voltages due to lightning
Ice and Snow loading
Animals (Birds, snakes, squirrels....)
Earth Quakes, creepers, poor quality of system
components
Mani Sankar Matta, Asst. Professor, EEE
Dept., AITAM Tekkali
 T/F, Motor, Gen, Cable : Insulation failure,
mechanical damage, accidental contact with
earth, abnormal loading..

Poor quality of system components

Mani Sankar Matta, Asst. Professor, EEE

Dept., AITAM Tekkali
Mani Sankar Matta, Asst. Professor, EEE
Dept., AITAM Tekkali
 Fault Statistics
Overhead line : 50%
UG cables : 9%
Transformers : 10%
Generators : 7%
Switchgears :12%
CTs, PTs, Relays,
Control Equipment : 12%

Mani Sankar Matta, Asst. Professor, EEE

Dept., AITAM Tekkali
 Frequency of occurrence of different
faults on OH lines

Line to Ground (L-G) : 85%

Line to Line (L-L) : 8%

Double Line to Ground (2L-G) : 5%

Three phase (3-) :2%

Mani Sankar Matta, Asst. Professor, EEE

Dept., AITAM Tekkali
 Switch Gear and Protection
apparatus used for switching, controlling and
protecting the electrical circuits

switching and interrupting currents - normal

and abnormal conditions

switches, fuses, relays and circuit breakers

Mani Sankar Matta, Asst. Professor, EEE

Dept., AITAM Tekkali
 Function : prompt removal from service any
element of a power system when it suffers a
short circuit, or when it starts to operate in any
abnormal manner that might cause damage with
effective operation of the rest of the system.

Protection system and switch gear doesnt

anticipate or prevent occurrence of a fault

Buchholz relay early warning of incipient faults

Mani Sankar Matta, Asst. Professor, EEE

Dept., AITAM Tekkali
 Relay
detects the fault and initiates the operation of
Circuit Breaker (CB)

continuously monitors - electrical quantities

(voltage, current, frequency and phase angle)
which are different under normal and fault
conditions

operates by virtue of the current and/or voltage

supplied to them by current transformers (CT)
and voltage transformers (PT)
Mani Sankar Matta, Asst. Professor, EEE
Dept., AITAM Tekkali
 If the value of actuating quantity (current,
voltage, etc) is above pick up value the relay
operates

Operation of a particular relay signals the CB

to open the appropriate circuit to isolate the
faulty apparatus

Mani Sankar Matta, Asst. Professor, EEE

Dept., AITAM Tekkali
Fig: Basic connection of protective relay - single line diagram

Mani Sankar Matta, Asst. Professor, EEE

Dept., AITAM Tekkali
Fig : Basic connections of a protective relay

Mani Sankar Matta, Asst. Professor, EEE

Dept., AITAM Tekkali
 Circuit Breaker
Isolates faulty part of the power system in
case of abnormal conditions

Relay detects abnormal conditions and sends

a tripping signal to CB

Fixed contact and moving contact

Mani Sankar Matta, Asst. Professor, EEE

Dept., AITAM Tekkali
 Normal conditions : contacts remain closed

If a trip signal is received the moving contact is

separated from the fixed contact to interrupt
the circuit

Contacts can be opened manually or by

remote control whenever desired

Mani Sankar Matta, Asst. Professor, EEE

Dept., AITAM Tekkali
 As the contacts separate an arc is struck
between the contacts

Arc delays current interruption and also

generates enormous heat

Main problem in CB : arc should be

extinguished in shortest possible time

Mani Sankar Matta, Asst. Professor, EEE

Dept., AITAM Tekkali
 CB location - each generator, transformer, bus,
transmission line, etc., can be completely
disconnected from the rest of the system

Mani Sankar Matta, Asst. Professor, EEE

Dept., AITAM Tekkali
 Essential qualities of protection
system
Reliability: assurance that the protection will perform
correctly.

Selectivity: maximum continuity of service with minimum

system disconnection.

Speed of operation: minimum fault duration and

consequent equipment damage and system instability.

Simplicity: minimum protective equipment and associated

circuitry to achieve the protection objectives.

Economics: maximum protection at minimal total cost

Mani Sankar Matta, Asst. Professor, EEE
Dept., AITAM Tekkali
 Course outline
Unit 1 Circuit Breakers

Unit 2 Electromagnetic and Introduction of

Static Relays

Unit 3 Generator & Transformer Protection

Unit 4 Feeder and Bus - Bar Protection

Unit 5 Protection against over voltage and

grounding
Mani Sankar Matta, Asst. Professor, EEE
Dept., AITAM Tekkali
 Reference Books
Badri Ram, D. N. Vishwakarma, Power System Protection
and Switchgear, 2nd Edition, TMH Publications

V K Mehta, Rohit Mehta, Principles of Power system, 4th

Edition, S. Chand

C. L. Wadhwa, Electrical Power Systems,3rd Edition New

Age international (P) Limited

Sunil S Rao, Switchgear and Protection Khanna

Publishers
Mani Sankar Matta, Asst. Professor, EEE
Dept., AITAM Tekkali
THANK YOU

Mani Sankar Matta, Asst. Professor, EEE

Dept., AITAM Tekkali