UNIX Shell-Scripting Basics

Agenda

What is a shell? A shell script?

Introduction to bash
Running Commands
Applied Shell Programming
What is a shell?
What is a shell?

/bin/bash
What is a shell?

#!/bin/bash
What is a shell?

INPUT

shell

OUTPUT ERROR
What is a shell?

Any Program
But there are a few popular shells
Bourne Shells

/bin/sh
/bin/bash
Bourne-Again Shell

Steve Bourne
Other Common Shells

C Shell (/bin/csh)
Turbo C Shell (/bin/tcsh)
Korn Shell (/bin/ksh)
An aside: What do I mean by /bin ?

C Shell (/bin/csh)
Turbo C Shell (/bin/tcsh)
Korn Shell (/bin/ksh)
An aside: What do I mean by /bin ?
/bin, /usr/bin, /usr/local/bin
/sbin, /usr/sbin, /usr/local/sbin
/tmp
/dev
/home/borwicjh
What is a Shell Script?

A Text File
With Instructions
Executable
What is a Shell Script?

% cat > hello.sh <<MY_PROGRAM

#!/bin/sh
echo Hello, world
MY_PROGRAM
% chmod +x hello.sh
% ./hello.sh
Hello, world
What is a Shell Script? A Text File

% cat > hello.sh <<MY_PROGRAM

#!/bin/sh
echo Hello, world
MY_PROGRAM
% chmod +x hello.sh
% ./hello.sh
Hello, world
An aside: Redirection
cat > /tmp/myfile
cat >> /tmp/myfile
cat 2> /tmp/myerr INPUT 0

cat < /tmp/myinput env

cat <<INPUT
Some input OUTPUT 1 ERROR 2

INPUT
cat > /tmp/x 2>&1
What is a Shell Script? How To Run

% cat > hello.sh <<MY_PROGRAM

#!/bin/sh
echo Hello, world
MY_PROGRAM
% chmod +x hello.sh
% ./hello.sh
Hello, world
What is a Shell Script? What To Do

% cat > hello.sh <<MY_PROGRAM

#!/bin/sh
echo Hello, world
MY_PROGRAM
% chmod +x hello.sh
% ./hello.sh
Hello, world
What is a Shell Script? Executable

% cat > hello.sh <<MY_PROGRAM

#!/bin/sh
echo Hello, world
MY_PROGRAM
% chmod +x hello.sh
% ./hello.sh
Hello, world
What is a Shell Script? Running it

% cat > hello.sh <<MY_PROGRAM

#!/bin/sh
echo Hello, world
MY_PROGRAM
% chmod +x hello.sh
% ./hello.sh
Hello, world
Finding the program: PATH

% ./hello.sh
echo vs. /usr/bin/echo
% echo $PATH
/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:
/home/borwicjh/bin
% which echo
/usr/bin/echo
Variables and the Environment

% hello.sh
bash: hello.sh: Command not
found
% PATH=$PATH:.
% hello.sh
Hello, world
An aside: Quoting
% echo $USER
$USER
% echo $USER
borwicjh
% echo \

% echo deacnet\\sct
deacnet\sct
% echo \
\
Variables and the Environment
% env
[variables passed to sub-programs]
% NEW_VAR=Yes
% echo $NEW_VAR
Yes
% env
[PATH but not NEW_VAR]
% export NEW_VAR
% env
[PATH and NEW_VAR]
Welcome to Shell Scripting!
How to Learn
man
man bash
man cat
man man
man k
man k manual
Learning the Bash Shell, 2nd Ed.
Bash Reference Cards
http://www.tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/
Introduction to bash
Continuing Lines: \
% echo This \
Is \
A \
Very \
Long \
Command Line
This Is A Very Long Command Line
%
Exit Status
$?
0 is True

% ls /does/not/exist
% echo $?
1
% echo $?
0
Exit Status: exit

% cat > test.sh <<_TEST_

exit 3
_TEST_
% chmod +x test.sh
% ./test.sh
% echo $?
3
Logic: test

% test 1 -lt 10
% echo $?
0
% test 1 == 10
% echo $?
1
Logic: test

test
[ ]
[ 1 lt 10 ]
[[ ]]
[[ this string =~ this ]]
(( ))
(( 1 < 10 ))
Logic: test
[ -f /etc/passwd ]
[ ! f /etc/passwd ]
[ -f /etc/passwd a f /etc/shadow ]
[ -f /etc/passwd o f /etc/shadow ]
An aside: $(( )) for Math

% echo $(( 1 + 2 ))
3
% echo $(( 2 * 3 ))
6
% echo $(( 1 / 3 ))
0
Logic: if
if something
then
:
# elif a contraction of else if:
elif something-else
then
:
else
then
:
fi
Logic: if
if [ $USER eq borwicjh ]
then
:
# elif a contraction of else if:
elif ls /etc/oratab
then
:
else
then
:
fi
Logic: if

# see if a file exists

if [ -e /etc/passwd ]
then
echo /etc/passwd exists
else
echo /etc/passwd not found!
fi
Logic: for

for i in 1 2 3
do
echo $i
done
Logic: for

for i in /*
do
echo Listing $i:
ls -l $i
read
done
Logic: for

for i in /*
do
echo Listing $i:
ls -l $i
read
done
Logic: for

for i in /*
do
echo Listing $i:
ls -l $i
read
done
Logic: C-style for

for (( expr1 ;
expr2 ;
expr3 ))
do
list
done
Logic: C-style for

LIMIT=10
for (( a=1 ;
a<=LIMIT ;
a++ ))
do
echo n $a
done
Logic: while

while something
do
:

done
Logic: while

a=0; LIMIT=10
while [ "$a" -lt "$LIMIT" ]
do
echo -n "$a
a=$(( a + 1 ))
done
Counters

COUNTER=0
while [ -e $FILE.COUNTER ]
do
COUNTER=$(( COUNTER + 1))
done

Note: race condition

Reusing Code: Sourcing
% cat > /path/to/my/passwords <<_PW_
FTP_USER=sct
_PW_
% echo $FTP_USER

% . /path/to/my/passwords
% echo $FTP_USER
sct
%
Variable Manipulation
% FILEPATH=/path/to/my/output.lis
% echo $FILEPATH
/path/to/my/output.lis
% echo ${FILEPATH%.lis}
/path/to/my/output
% echo ${FILEPATH#*/}
path/to/my/output.lis
% echo ${FILEPATH##*/}
output.lis
It takes a long time to
become a bash
guru
Running Programs
Reasons for Running Programs

Check Return Code

$?
Get Job Output
OUTPUT=`echo Hello`
OUTPUT=$(echo Hello)
Send Output Somewhere
Redirection: <, >
Pipes
Pipes
INPUT 0
Lots of Little Tools
echo

OUTPUT 1 ERROR 2
echo Hello | \
wc -c A Pipe!

INPUT 0

wc

OUTPUT 1 ERROR 2
Email Notification

% echo Message | \
mail s Heres your message \
borwicjh@wfu.edu
Dates

% DATESTRING=`date +%Y%m%d`
% echo $DATESTRING
20060125
% man date
FTP the Hard Way

ftp n u server.wfu.edu <<_FTP_

user username password
put FILE
_FTP_
FTP with wget
wget \
ftp://user:pass@server.wfu.edu/file
wget r \
ftp://user:pass@server.wfu.edu/dir/
FTP with curl

curl T upload-file \
-u username:password \
ftp://server.wfu.edu/dir/file
Searching: grep

% grep rayra /etc/passwd

% grep r rayra /etc
% grep r RAYRA /etc
% grep ri RAYRA /etc
% grep rli rayra /etc
Searching: find

% find /home/borwicjh \
-name *.lis
[all files matching *.lis]
% find /home/borwicjh \
-mtime -1 name *.lis
[*.lis, if modified within 24h]
% man find
Searching: locate

% locate .lis
[files with .lis in path]
% locate log
[also finds /var/log/messages]
Applied Shell Programming
Make Your Life Easier

TAB completion
Control+R
history
cd -
Study a UNIX Editor
pushd/popd
% cd /tmp
% pushd /var/log
/var/log /tmp
% cd ..
% pwd
/var
% popd
/tmp
Monitoring processes

ps
ps ef
ps u oracle
ps C sshd
man ps
DOS Mode Files

#!/usr/bin/bash^M
FTP transfer in ASCII, or
dos2unix infile > outfile
sqlplus
JOB=ZZZTEST
PARAMS=ZZZTEST_PARAMS
PARAMS_USER=BORWICJH
sqlplus $BANNER_USER/$BANNER_PW << _EOF_
set serveroutput on
set sqlprompt ""

EXECUTE WF_SATURN.FZ_Get_Parameters('$JOB',
'$PARAMS', '$PARAMS_USER');
_EOF_
sqlplus
sqlplus $USER/$PASS @$FILE_SQL \
$ARG1 $ARG2 $ARG3
if [ $? ne 0 ]
then
exit 1
fi
if [ -e /file/sql/should/create ]
then
[use SQL-created file]
fi

Ask Amy Lamy!

Passing Arguments

% cat > test.sh <<_TEST_

echo Your name is \$1 \$2
_TEST_
% chmod +x test.sh
% ./test.sh John Borwick ignore-
this
Your name is John Borwick
INB Job Submission Template
$1: user ID
$2: password
$3: one-up number
$4: process name
$5: printer name

% /path/to/your/script $UI $PW \

$ONE_UP $JOB $PRNT
Scheduling Jobs

% crontab -l
0 0 * * * daily-midnight-job.sh
0 * * * * hourly-job.sh
* * * * * every-minute.sh
0 1 * * 0 1AM-on-sunday.sh
% EDITOR=vi crontab e
% man 5 crontab
Other Questions?

Shells and Shell Scripts

bash
Running Commands
bash and Banner in Practice