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Cryptography 10000019 PDF
Cryptography 10000019 PDF
PR E F A C E
experiences as a decipherer .
TR A N S L A TO R S PR E F A C E
J . C . H . M A C B E TI I .
C O NTE N TS
PA R T I
PA G E
D ES C R IP T I O N or T HE PR I N CIP A L S Y S T E M S OF CR Y PT
OGR A II I Y , W I T H H I S T ORIC A L NOTI C E
PA R T I I
EX A M P L ES OF DE CI P H E RI N G 47
PA R T I I I
LI S TS A ND TA B LE s
BI BL I OG R A P HY 156
V
PA R T I V
TH E PLA Y I
VI I
A C K N O W L E D G M E NT
Th e late Mr W J Jarvis . . . .
Mr H G Telling
. . . .
Commander Smith US N , .
Paymaster Commander J E A -
. . .
Bro w n R N , . .
TH E M A R C ON I I NT E R NA T I ON A L CO DE CC .
,
L TD .
,
M O H O US
ARC NI E, ST R A ND
,
L O DO
N N, W . C 2 . .
25 t h 1 922 .
C R Y PTO G R A PH Y
PA R T I
DESCRI PTI ON OF THE PRI NCI PA L SYSTEMS OF
CR YPTOGRA PHY, WI TH HI STORI CAL NOTI CE 1
I .
l atter passes a nger over his hair his e ar his lips his , , ,
e ar and his n ose whereby we understand
, , Helen .
1
T h is P ar t I app e are d in t he B ib l iol h q u e u n ive rse lle ct r e vue
.
su iss e in Au g u s t Se p t m b e r
, e ,
n d Oc t o b e r
a 1 91 7 , .
2
F ro m t he Gre e k w ords p w d s e cr e t ; a n d yp d rf w t o w ri t e
x rr s, x . .
2 CR Y PT O GRAPHY
make them un rea dable t o others Particularly more .
,
almost at a glance .
3i i
,
{ I ix l
I
I
PRI NCIPA L SYST EM S OF CRYPT O GRAPHY 3
were some 800 signs in the text One of the signs the .
,
oftenest in any language one must calculat e f r e ,
q u e n c ies .
fact that the words n ous and vous we an d you
are common in the epistolary and conversational style .
coul d not be the word leque l here the sixth sign not being ,
, , , , .
i s t he m o tt o o f t he cryp t ograp h e r
PRIN CIPA L SYS T EM S OF CRYPT O GRAPHY 5
treasure unearthed .
t en thousand ti m es more arduous The system .
In one of the lat est novels of the Ars ene L upin series ,
it is ultra fantastical -
.
1
The ke ycryp t ograp h y i s t he f orm ul a w h ic h e n a b l e s a
in
t x t in ci p h e r t o b e re ad
e .
H e n ri M ar t i n H ts to ir e d e F ra n c e vo l i x p 4 7 2 n o t e
2
, , . .
, .
, .
PRIN CIPA L SYS TEMS O F CRYP T O GRAPHY 7
and return me the originals You do not know m e . ,
he wrote but you can rely on me entirely : I am
,
n e utra l .
good .
cip h e rs re pre s e n t i n g s d t he sa m e m e th o d s w o ul d rs t d is c l os e
. .
,
6, l , an d 0 .
8 CRYPT O GRAPHY
Mi ddle Ages is furnished by the se calle d alphabet of the
-
ME D -u r n n n
By writing the alphab et in a di ff erent order the ,
in deciphering :
P F C I O Q X D E R K Y J L S Z V M T A U G N B H W
I love you dearly .
denitely until all the letters requ ire d have b een marke d .
Thus to write the words I reciprocat e woul d require
,
1
It is d l ss t o say th a t i f t h ig ag co t ai s f t y a g l s d
n ee e e z z n n n e an
b o th.
10 CRYPT O GRAPHY
of corresponding is very ancient It is some years .
in his Po liorce te s l
.
l 77 32
/
t 4 / 4
rob b eries on a high scale who were int erne d at the two ,
T heir letter box was purely and si m ply the backs of the
-
fall out .
1h ap t r xxxi
C e .
Th m th od o f d cip h ri g app l i d h r
2 e e e e n e e e was t o ca l c l a t
u e t he
fr q
e cy o f t h v rio s l i s d c rv s
ue n e a u ne an u e .
PRIN CIPA L SYS TEM S OF CRYPT O GR APHY 1 1
messages in order to show the usefulness of a safe form o f
cryptography .
Take the small cases wr ot e M t o S but never
,
. .
,
tra ined eye and can at a glance detect whether any piece
,
and operate outside its ra dius of reflection .
and you can begin on ling the bars of your cell for we ,
shall have to b e out by the end o f the month He .
further writes : Not on e out of a hundred shorthand
experts in Berlin not one I repeat woul d b e capable ,
remain a seal ed book in French Switzerland .
II .
diplomatic or military purp o ses is t ermed cipher , ,
1
The a u th or s h o ul d h av e sai d l e gi t i m a t e ly
It i s a m a tt e r .
33
o f co m m o n k n o w l e dg th a t n u m b r l e ss a tt e m p t s w e re m ad e b y
e e
spi s t o co ve y i n f or m a t i o n t o t he n e m y b y m e a n s o f m ore or l e s s
e n e
i n ge n io u s ci p h e rs I n m os t cas e s th s a tt m p t s w re f oi l e d b y t he
. e e e e
i g n u i ty o f t h e xp r t s t a ff o f cryp t ograp h rs e m p l oy e d in t he
n e e e e
III .
1
King who discovered the strat agem
,
The Gartha .
which was once e m ployed in the East H ist iae u s .
,
tyrant of Susa he t ells us ,
wishing t o co m municat e ,
waite d till the hair grew again ( The era of the t ele .
shave his head and scrutinise it Now the incisions .
,
forme d the word Revolt ( A m i m s) e ra
1
H e rodo t s u , VI I 239
. .
2 Au l G ll
u- e e , N m t s a tt iq u e s X V
. II . 9 .
3
V 35 . .
O
14 CRYPT O GRAPHY
Plutarch among others has left us a description The
,
1
,
.
1 L if e o
f L ys a n d e r , c h xi x
. .
PRINCIPA L SYST EMS OF CRYPT O GRAPHY 15
D
E
A R d e . e n e m y .
W I L r i v e a .
T TH . o n t i c
r . I N k a n d .
i S . P l a n n i n g t
.
P
L
The Emperor Augustus says the same historian , ,
2
so on for the other letters and AA for Z ,
.
C ae sa r , c h l vi
. .
2
A ug ust us , c h l xxxvi ii
. .
PRI N CIPA L SYST EMS OF CRYPT O GRAPHY 1 7
etc.
1
The Governments of V enice Florence and other , ,
co n d e n c e s .
1
G S e le n u s , C ryp t o m e n ice
.
, p . 28 2 ( A lc iu n ) .
18 CRYPT O GRAPHY
formed us that in February 1 91 6 the D epartment at , ,
Cryptography sai d o ne of the most genial of Swiss ,
Army comm anders to me the other day is a German ,
.
crypto g raphy .
still unnished .
1
S e e t he Z rl r che r Post ,
F e b ru ary 28 , 1 91 6 , m idda y e d i t io n , an d
t he B a n d ,F e b ru ar y 29 1 91 6 Su p N 1 0 0 The m i l i t ar y Co u r t
, , . o . .
a t Zu ric h a f t e r s e m i g t o h e si t a t e s u b j e c t iv e l y ov e r th is poi n t in
, e n
a paragrap h o f i t s j u dg m e n t ad m i tted i t o b j c t i v l y in a n o th e r
, e e
pa rag rap h .
1
l ) T h o u I l is l i e u ive r se lle B ook 1 29 y e ar l 6 0 3
o , o r n , , .
PRIN CIPA L SYST EMS OF CRYPT O GRAPHY 1 9
During the reign of L ouis XIII another d e co d ist . ,
c o m t u r e of the Huguenots .
1
It was in the year says Charles Perrault ,
,
of which he deciphered w ith sc a rcely any trouble .
1
L e s H o m m e s illn s / r es qm ( 1 7 th) s i c le
on ! p a r u .
p en d a n t re .
Vo l . i
A n t o in e R o ss ig n ol l ll a is l r e d e s C o w p /
.
, es .
20 CRYP T O GRAPHY
house at Juvisy t o which he ha d ret ire d The poet .
0 w h a t a m ig ht y ar t i s th i n e
F or b y i t provi n c e s a r e w o n ,
A n d s e cr e t p l an s o f kin gs u n do n e .
T h is i s a rig ht co m m odi ou s ar t .
I pri th e e un t o m e i m par t
T h y m e th o d s a n d th u s j u s t i fy
,
The y e ars th a t b e a n d th os e go n e b y .
The va n q u is h e d e e i n g f ro m t he f ray
, ,
Take O a th a d e vi l s in th y pay ;
H ll s un s e e n i m ps th e i r pack e t s s t e a l
e ,
T h e i r s e cre t s t o th i n e e ye s re ve a l
.
St a f f has stat e d that a good decipherer must have
,
days .
ga m e 1
.
1
E nc yclop ce d ia B r ita n n ica ar t Cr y p t ograp h y
, . .
2
Va l e rio De la c yp t g a p hic vo l i i p 1 1
, r o r , . .
, . .
3
The a m o u r propr e o f t he cryp t ograp h e r do e s n o t a l w ays m e e t
-
w i th t he r e sp e c t d u e t o i t F or i n s t a n c e a cryp t ogra m w h i c h I w s
.
, a
f or t he f oo l w ho r e ads th e s e l i e s n .
22 CRYPT O GRAPHY
situate d in that part of the bishopric of Basle which was
then under the Bernese Prot ectorat e He ha d require d .
f
1
f
o S cie n ce an d Lite ra t ure o B e r lin .
pronounce d it t o be equivalent t o the word king
ha a thiya in the harmonious language of the time )
( K h -
s y ,
Thus for exa m ple the word mine could be written
, ,
II . 230 . 59 . 1 25 .
III . 514 . 1 84 . 37 4 .
IV . 58 5 . 229 . 146 .
1
Y e ar 1 7 5 8 pp . 3 6 9 3 8 9, w i
-
th t w p l a t s
o e .
PRINCIPA L SYST EMS OF CRYPT O GRAPHY 23
for the purpose o f m eeting secretly Their plottings .
,
Among the papers of the Chouannerie says M G ,
. .
L enotre 2
are t o b e seen a number of sheets writt en
,
'
after interminable e f forts have ha d t o abandon accor d ,
>l< '
1
If the black cabinets or postal espionage o f ces , ,
2
Se e ar t ic l e on C ip h rs
e .
in t he Te mp s Se p , t em be r 29, 1 91 7 .
24 CRYPT O GRAPH Y
This black cabinet known as the Secret Dispatch , ,
, P ar t 6 2, p . 1 29 cl se q .
PR IN CIPA L SYS T EMS OF CRYPT O GRAPHY 25
beyond suspicion
l u t e ly But he did not complain f o r .
1
,
stroke her black cabinet was operated in a wing of the
Imperial Palace of the Stallburg at Vienna The sta f f , .
,
>1:
tal t s
en .
26 CRYP T O GRAPHY
documents which are in any degree complicate d any ,
IV .
cryptography or ciphers .
produce chaos .
or Ba b ylon .
AA AAA A AA A B AA A B A
Christian name ,
A B AAA B E BA R A B A AA
1
De A bb r e via t ur is H e b ra icis B as , l e , 1 61 3, pp . 24 , 27 , and 37 .
28 CRYP T O GRAPHY
R = A, O= B , V = C P= D H
, ,
=E, et c . The di ffi culty
then becomes apparent .
(A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P QR S TU V W X Y Z
d e f g h i j k l m O p q s t u V w x z
'
n r y
e f g h i j k l m n Op q r s t u v w x y z a
f g h i j k l m n O p q r s t u v w x y z a b
8 h i j k l m n O p q r s t u v w x y z a b c
11 i j kl m n O p q r s t u v w x y z a b c d
etc .
We now writ e the word hieroglyphics and under ,
h i e r o g l y p h i c s
B E C B E C B E C B E C B
the colu m n of capit als on the left ; at the point where the
t wo lines commande d by these letters intersect we n d
t he lett er i which we writ e as the rst letter of our
,
h i e r o g l y p h i c s
B E C B E C B E C B E C B
i m g s s i m c r i m e t
the key wor d BE C is trans f or m e d into im g ssim cr im e t
-
,
.
a l i e c c .
each case with the lett ers on of the plain text : Espi on age ,
, , , ,
PIAN O .
Italo Swiss frontier an d we therefore presume that
-
,
phrase .
ca n an d a ut
, a ur : Boileau
, Rousseau Moreau
, , , ,
Clemenceau Na d au d Caillaux
,
1
In Russian 0 1) and e n
, .
,
1
It m t b
us e un d e rs t ood th a t th e s e propor t io n s a r e o ly n a pp ro x i .
m a te .
32 CRYP T O GRAPHY
aske d a frien dly Greek who ha s long o f ciate d as a ,
his name from Osman to Abu Taleb the father of ,
Taleb . An historical example is that of Ab d cl Caaba ,
0 ( 30 p er a
( 20 per et c .
A G E N T I
2 E ? ? A ? I
G A ? I N I
P
2 e r r a r i
once in the third and once in the fth From
, .
28 7 1 5 4 7 5 0 9 62 20 65 1 3 7 9 5 2 32 7 5 8 8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 .
lead to confusion Suppose you want to write : Kiel
.
is b esieged Cie l ( heaven ) is b esieged
. is scarcely
the same thing Neither would your correspondent ever
.
guess that in the phrase His Maj esty ill ; coche r
,
( coach m an ) summone d to general headquarters the ,
>1
:
the req u ire d word you adopt the word appearing on the
,
WADE instead of VI SI O N
THERM OMET ER T ERRIFY
BE LL IC O S E BEARER
E S T U ARY E QU A L
T ORRE NT TO
OMIT O C CA S I O N
The word terrify appears here but n o t t erried , ,
t io n ar y you can say Sen d letter but not Sen t ,
letter which two phrases are d ia m e t r ica llv Oppose d in
,
meaning .
( page ) 7
1
23 GRAD U A L
24 GRANT
25 GRAVE
26 GREE K
27 GREE N
If it is req u ired to send the w o rd Greek y o u writ e ,
T he rst thing to
do and
it is not
easy is
to det ermine
the exact meaning of two of the numbers the same way ,
a ciphered document .
the abov e cipher for instance the thr ee highest num b ers
, ,
the secon d seems the more likely This dou b tless follows .
and both from the cont ext and its numerical position
a little earlier than WITHDRAWN (24 1 27 ) in the
dictionary it excludes any other reading but WI LL
, .
artillery or ar m y The wor ds occur so closely in
.
24 1 3 3 21 6 8 2 etc
, a r e transfor m e d into 1 34 3 2
, .
,
6 21 8 2 , ,
PRI NCIPA L SYST EM S OF CRYPT O GRAPHY 3 9
et c The great di fculty here is t o discover the normal
.
V.
1
The pse u do y m adop t e d b y
n R o u ss e a u w h en givi n g h i s f a m o u s
co n c e r t a t L au sa n n e .
40 CR Y PT O GRAPHY
cryptography however we encounter anagrams of
, ,
1 0 0 20 0 30 0 500 and
, , , , letters I hav e seen one .
numerous are include d the scytales o f the L ace
,
dist ance to the right in the same line the thir d lett er ,
left the fth in the same l ine to the right the sixth in
, ,
which means : T HE S T R O N G O U GH T T O PR OT E C T
THE WEAK It was a si m ilar cipher which Jules
.
L et us now pass to the grille or lattice a we ll , ,
9
sai d that when cutting the holes in the grille care must
, ,
T M H S L T
R E E T W E
E O C , V A A
S U C L E Y
L D D O S D
DE STROYE D BY THE GA U L S .
writ e rst the lett ers of the secon d colu m n n ext thos e
A I A D A R N I M VPI N S D E R .
nd let us sa y
, Ne w t o form a S phere as
, ,
our exa m ple w ill form the secon d vertical slice of the
graph The phr ase we are about t o discover ha d for
.
j
t I Z P OS
mI w L E I
mN o T H N
j
h R mN OH
from the second l ine : The word i m possible i s not in
2
Fr ench .
ninet eenth century writ er the undecipherable cipher
-
1
N OT E T R A N S L A TO R Wh e n M L an gi s w ro t e th is t he
BY . .
,
Ge r m a n s w e r e i n a t e d w i th th e i r m i l i t ary s u cc e ss e s .
2
: .
3
On e m e th od o f co m p l ica t io n ca l c ul a t e d t o e x e rcis e t he pa t i e n c e
,
i f I m a y sa y so o f a c e r t ai n n u m b e r o f e s in a t e x t in su c h a w a y
,
da n g ro u s i n as m u c h as i t d o e s n o t o ff e r a b so l u t e s e c u ri t y a n d o n e
e , ,
out that the second and longer exa m ple being reg ular , ,
1
I cid t a l l y i t m y b p i t d t th a t t h t l grap h ic a l p h a b t
n en a e o n e ou e e e e
is n o th i g l s b t a s y s t m o f cry p t og rap hy
n e e u e .
46 CRYPT O GRAPHY
c ul t to decipher it is none the less indisp ensable t o
,
C ON C L U S I ON .
Archimedes exclaim Eureka 1
,
PA R T I I
E X A MPL ES or DE C PH ER I NG I
A C ON S U L T A T I ON .
It is t o an unfortunat e acci dent that I owe t he
pleasure of m aking your acquaintance he said very , ,
a f fably . What has driven me t o seek enlightenment
from you is this : I have b een sent here on a mission ; you
wil l excuse me from going into details Arriving this .
47
48 CRYPT O GRA PHY
t o rea d the secret message transcribe d on t o another
square place d under the perforate d sheet Every night .
without delay .
a it e g f l y t b o e e h r e a u w n a n o a r r d r t e e t
h o s h f p e t a p o t o y h l r e t ih e n e m g a o a r n t
our exa m ple the rst hole in the grille exposes the letter
,
1
N OT E
T R A N S L A TO R Tl t e x t o f t he cip h e r as w l l as
BY . lc ,
e
m e e t t he r q u ir m e t Of t h E n g l is h t ra n l a t io n
e en s e s .
E XAMP L ES OF DE CIPHERI N G 49
IV
In this case ho w ever the grille was missing and my
, , ,
, 62 64 , .
correspon ding s quares 1 3 4 ( or 9 ( or
1 2 the , ,
another .
seems to call for the nal R and sure eno u gh this letter ,
EXAMP L ES OF D E CIPHE RI N G 51
N O ( 20 ,
We now have the group T T H E N O the ,
rst lett er being doubtless a nal and the last two the ,
we indicat e in green .
we quickly discern a P and an O and think o f Po l e
, .
The mat erials for the grille are now almost complet e ,
follows :
Re d : T T H E N O R T H P O L E
Green : E L B E W A E F T H E A N
Blue : R A N D TH E P O R T E R
Brown : I F O U A R S A Y I N G A
Good heavens l he exclaims I have some import ant ,
p apers in my portmant eau And with a bound he d is .
appears downstairs .
W HE R E I s TH E M ON EY 2
The Chief of the French Secret Service Department ha d
i nvite d me t o call upon him an d after giving me a cordial ,
welcome sai d ,
:
has not b een establishe d and who is known only under one ,
ment s dur ing the last two days but are still in the dark ,
I aske d him what this meant and he replie d that they were
,
m e kn o w at y o u r c o nvenience what you think of it .
20 1 0 1 0 4 53 7 8 7 24 36 6 7 3 5 1 8 7 6 936 1 7 7 95 298 4
8 4 7 20 1 224 6 7 5 294 85 1 8 5 27 23 6 45 2236 1 21 1 1
5 8 86 4 3 1 1 0 2250 1 1 8 1 3 4 1 4 3 7 5 6 5 95 21 4 0 1 5 93
5 7 91 3 1 54 4 93 94 5 4 44 10 21 25 244 8 1 0 0 64 221 2
of Voltaire s
Non il n est rien que Nanine n ho n or e
, ,
the alphabet .
, , .
)
ed one ,of the highest but According t o ,
u
y new hypothesis the plain text probably containe d ,
e qualling i according t o my theory , It m ight b e L atin .
,
I thought .
any place here ) but also in L atin where the lett ers , ,
l
M un icip a le .
93 6 = 1 8 = r a n d t h th i rd l tt e r in M u icip a le b y t he gro u p
, e e . n
4 54 = 1 3 = m .
58 CRYP T O GRAPHY
of years F urthermore he ha s chosen as the receptacle
.
, ,
p e a ce f
of gum .
Have you any idea o f the m eaning of the gures 2
Why yes I replie d
, , They have enable d me t o
.
nd this little met al obj ect .
A RA B I C N U M E RA L S .
m e ra l s
. One day I receive d in the usual bu f f envelope
the following text : 1
6 7 5 3 4 3 4 95 9 6 1 4 96 5 4 8 60 4 64 95 1 4 5 64 4 64 96 25 3 50
6 5 64 6 0 4 950 4 5 6 64 4 5 96 6 4 96 64 5 6 64 9 60 4 94 9664 6
5 96 6 5 0 624 9 50 53 6 6 50 60 5 7 4 96 8 5 84 9
1
Se e f oo t n o t e on p . 60 .
60 CRYPT O GRA PHY
I b egan by arrang ing the numbers in or der of i m portance ,
four times .
two gures :
6 7 53 4 3 4 9 59 61 4 9 65 4 8 60 4 6 49 51 45
64 4 6 4 9 62 5 3 50 65 64 60 4 9 5 0 4 5 66 44
5 9 66 4 9 66 4 5 66 4 9 60 4 9 4 9 66 4 6 59 66
5 0 62 4 9 50 5 3 66 5 0 60 57 4 9 68 58 4 9
1
N OT E T N S TO A t rs t sig ht th is cryp t ogra m w o l d
BY RA LA R . u
p . 35 .
EXAMP L ES OF D ECIPHERIN G 61
and l The rst three lett ers in the series might well b e
.
we get the complet e word ninet een , with n e as the
t ail en d of the prece ding word This promising result
-
.
observe that prece ding the wor d
, ninet een there ,
, , , , , ,
5 9 66
, , The co m bination leads us to the i dea that
a date is in question in which case ther e can be no hesi,
t a t io n in lling in the three blanks thus : t e d in June .
d = 50 ; e= 4 9 ; h= 4 6 ; i = 4 5 ; = 44 ; = 66 ; 62 ; t = 60 ;
j n r2
a lphabet :
2
62 .
CRYPT O GRA PHY
a=
53 h= 4 6 v = 58
b = 52 i= 4 5 p = 6 4 w = 57
c 51
2 =
j 44 q = 63 x = 56
d 50 k= 4 3 r = 62 = 55
z
y
e = 49 s = 61 z = 54
f = 48 m = 67 t = 60
= 47 n = 66 u = 59
g
hundre d an d twelve .
L
Once more I woul d ask m y readers t o refer t o th e
Preface t o this volume .
I N TH E F L OU R .
I Opene d the door half way an d aske d : Who is
-
there 2 An un known voice replied : May I trouble
a ddresse d as Mr D eputy was occupie d in taking
.
,
c o ntains w o r m s ; I w onder w hether there are any here .
And while Mr Dep u ty and o ther f uncti o naries l o o ked
.
64 CRYPT O GRAPHY
on with int erest he passe d the our through a sieve which
,
ink which he deferentially sub mitt e d to the D eputy
, .
( You woul d har dly know there was a war . Pro
visions are plentiful an d quit e chea p )
the D eputy He was comparing the English t ext
with the strange medley on the secon d ribbon an d seemed ,
Surely this was a Slavonic wor d meaning glory .
And coul d one connect it with the words i dol and
Sheba ? It might be some ritual On the other .
t erms I imagine d so m e semi Oriental conspiracy
.
-
,
me to ca ll upon Mr D eputy at an hotel near the .
You see he sai d ,
these are the two document s
,
seized the other night Each cont ains sixt y v e lett ers
.
-
.
tt r
Le e : A B C D E F G II I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Pla in t e x t z 7 0 1 3 6 1 0 3 4 0 1 4 0 4 5 3 1 5 3 3 4 1 4 0 2 0: 65
C iph r
e :
F o r instance he continue d ,both texts have an ,
66 CR Y PTOGR A PH Y
,
.
,
.
, , .
w hich are present in the plain t ext but absent f rom the
cipher .
U S L A A V I P I C A S D H O I O TO E I D O L Y
S H E B A H A D A D S TC E S R E N E S O N E Z
TU K U K D G O E L O A C S N R
experiment on the lines indicat ed by the D eputy ,
t ext .
dea that the cipher had been co m pose d with the aid of
t he syst em known as
dividers ( see p 4 ) that is
4 .
,
0 A
I H
O A
T D
O A
Of these pairs only OA could form part of an English
word but the o ther two pairs coul d each be the nal and
,
board . There w a s only one B in the cryptogram ,
tory I abandone d the wor d board and tried
, ,
S A
0
lI T H
O C A
T E D
O S A
The secon d line coul d not b e w ith for there w a s no ,
W in the cryptogram but it might be I think
, Adopt .
, , ,
0 S A V E U
I T H I N K
O C A P E U
T E D I S K
O S A C O D
"
reconstruction Certainly the words save
. think , ,
an d cap e seeme d t oo goo d to abandon I wondere d .
whether the last could b e a part of the wor d escap e ,
The wor d think was now preceded by O U instead
EXAMP L ES OF DE CIPHERI N G 69
V E U
d- i O U T H I N K
mE S C A P E U
n
tI L E D I S K
mD A S A G O D
d
U 0 A
wor d to precede boar d To intro duce this I pre .
,
sliding the column up two lines the K of think w a s ,
preserved an d the thir d line beca m e has escape d .
t o be :
70 CRYP T O GR APHY
D O Y O U T H I N K Z
H A S E S C A P E D T
O C H I L E D I S G U
I S E D A S A C O O K
O N B O A R D A N E U
T R A L V E S S E L
( Do you think Z has escaped t o Chile disguised as a
cook on boar d a neutral vessel
The document in plain language which accompanied
the above was merely int ende d t o t hrow investigators
o ff the scent Having found the key I lost all fur ther
.
,
learn for whom the message was I ntende d any more than ,
the name of the person referred t o a s Z I concerned
myself only with forwarding the whole ciphere d and
.
principal 1
.
C IP HE RI N G BY M EA N S OF A K EY -
W OR D .
and count the lett ers between the marks I do the same .
on p . 48 .
E XAMP L ES O F D E CIPHE RIN G 71
with the other identical groups and draw up the foll o wing
,
t able
ip to ip 63 letters , or
3) I
P :3 1
p 33
3! dd dd 3 3 3 ,
dd d d 62
,7 cc 90
U iv 4 8
,2 ds 11
3, sx 6 1
9, vp 3
9 v p 60
2, v y 33
,9
yb 9
3 3 afs 3 1
3 iy s 3 iys 63
1 evp e v p 60 ,9
word has been use d in coding the t ext and t hat this word ,
2 each ; 9 j m 0 w a z 1 each , , , , , , , .
2 each ; h j q r s w a 1 each , , , , , , , .
c v
p If . we adopt HE as the value of v
p we may ,
lines .
we have not at our d iSp osal such useful adj uncts for
nding a key word and that we are without any cl ues -
,
HETHE which looks like a part of the wor d whether
,
.
1 N OT E BY TR A N S L A TO R T h i s e xp e ri m e n t i s n o t
. in t he F re n c h
e di t io n , but i s add e d h e re t o a m p l i fy t he e xa m p l e .
74 CRYPT O GRAPHY
nise the possibility of numerous exceptions It will b e .
rememb ere d that the lett ers 8 and 0 each occur seven times *
, . .
obtained :
Col 1. . Col 2
. . Col 3 . .
sz E a=R
v= H c= T
'
f =W
ye r G
( lines 20 21 ) S ? OHA ? which we identify as such a s
-
,
.
st it u t in
g the new equivalents as we establish them we ,
we rst look along the top line of capitals for the le t ter H ,
76 CRYPT O GRAPHY
from which we procee d directly downwards in the colum n
i m mediately below until we arrive at the letter O ; and on
the left of the line in which this occurs we nd the capit al
i p b v d d z o b n , et c .
OL J O L J OL J OL J
following : u e s h s u l d s s f n .
i p b v d d z o b n w n z s c c z a f, e tc
Y E S Y E S Y E S Y E S Y E S Y E S Y E S, etc
w e s h o u l d s u f f i c 1 e n t l y w ,
et c
A B I LL E T D OUX -
.
4 e e a e e A L a e
1 2 3 4 10 11 12 13 14
WJ z a g L B D
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 23 24 25
F1 M _ UJ L
26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
36
N HL
mmn t n
37 38 39 4O 4 1 42 43 44 45 4 6 47
E L L B H J WE M
48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58
EXAMP L ES OF DE CIPHERI N G 79
Very good I sai d t o the anxious father ; will you
,
kindly call t o im orr ow about two o clock 2
ssylha
( exile ) and ssora ( quarrel ) Perhaps the wor d
,
.
language .
1 N OT E BY T R A N S L A TO R Me n t io n m ig ht b e m ad e o f D u t c h
.
,
w i th oog ( e ye ) , ee n (a on e ) uu ( h o u r ) a n d o th e r si m i l ar w ords
, ,
r , .
80 CRYPT O GRAPHY
L et us now pass on t o Spanish Here the only letter .
the most fre quent woul d be e These two lett ers l and e
, .
, ,
occur again at the end of the last wor d of our t ext but in ,
0
. We shoul d t he n have for the word 23 25 S O? doubt -
,
and 21 22 as n o ( not )
-
.
must be m uj er e s ( wo m en) .
L l e va t u e s t e pap e l .
L ov e is n o th i n g m ore th an a s q u a b b l e :
Wo m e n a re n o t s t on e s
.
K e e p th i s pap e r ).
your charges .
A L I TT L E G E R M A N .
cipher :
6
82 CRYP TO GRAPHY
E fs e kf t f o Tu b w c e f s F se f hkf c u ,
Fs xb s h f t ff ho f s w o e h f m kf c u .
K O t f k o f s Ob di u t kd i p g u h f g sf w u
t
F g sf w f t kd i, s e kf t f t m kf t u ,
E b t t F s , hm f kd i kin , w o t u f s c m kd i kt u .
or an average of 1 i n 5
% letters A s this verse contains .
rule .
. en en En e .
En
Here we are brought t o a st e p ; there is no such wor d as
e n in German whether with or without a capital lett er
,
.
is the fault 2
e n g r os and e n t et e
,
-
.
it occurs three times in the sext et and egg is not a ,
True if this were the case the fth wor d in the r st line
, ,
Fur ther trial favour s the i dea that the second wor d must
be d ie s en ( this ) the value t = S b eing arrive d at from the
,
word K o = I n (in )
, .
accor dingly make the trial chec king the result o f the ,
read as follows :
E XAMP L E S O F DE CIPHERIN G 85
De r di e se n S ta u b de r E rd e g ie b t ,
Er w a r g e se e g n e r g l ie b t
un d e .
Er h arre d e r Un s t e r b l ic h ke i t .
I n s e i e r Nac ht sic h o f t g e f r e u t
n .
E s f re u si c h w e di e s s l i e s t
e , r e .
D ass E r g l e ic h ihm u n s t r b l ic h is t
, , e .
In English :
H e w ho giv e s th is d u s t t o e ar th ,
Wa s b l e sse d a n d b e l ove d .
H e w ai t s f or i m m or t a l i t y .
I n h i s n i g ht he h as o f t r e j oi c d e .
L e t h im w ho r e ads th e s e l i n e s r e j oi c e ,
T h a t he l ik e him i s i m m or t a l
, ,
.
A S H OR T CUT .
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 s 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 20 21
+ V
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 3 1 3 2 33 34 3 5 3 6 3 7 8 8 39 4 O4 1
L l
42 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8 4 9 5 0 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 5 7 5 8 5 9 6 0
86 C RYPT O GRAPHY
We b egin by constructing a nu m erical table of all the
s igns in order of frequency :
S ig n . Tim e s . S ig n . Tim es . S ig n . Tim e s .
9 cc 4 2
1 s 3 X 2
V 7 D 3 T 1
r 2 1_
_ 1
L 4 O 2 1
A 4 2
1
, ,
the point .
an d 4 8 ) is probably a vowel .
the text .
H Z A: =
+ Er V Z N J
Z P m T Z
Penzance
29 5 is
3 which it does not
-
F rom A 2E W ( 1 1
'
a few to
( 36 magnicent w e reach o ur goal in thr ee or
,
88 CRYPT O GRAPHY
four steps thanks to our short cut and nally rea d the
, ,
following :
Am S pending a few days at Penz ance Weather .
magnicent Kindest regar ds
. .
A D I C T I ON A R Y C OD E .
that the ab ove nu m bers have not b een change d and are ,
order :
0 00 1 24 8 5 4 21 2 60 6 2 8 57 6
0 00 1 27 99 4 21 2 6 44 8 8 57 6
0 30 0 326 1 4 368 6 63 8 8 6 86
0 30 0 3 696 4 57 0 7 1 59 8 68 6
0 64 4 3 922 4 8 27 7 26 2 86 86
0 70 2 394 0 4 83 3 7 64 2 91 8 5
1 37 8 404 9 57 61 7 67 0 921 9
21 3 7 40 49 60 1 6 7 94 8 95 7 6
24 7 5 4 176 60 1 8 8 33 7 97 1 2
EXAMP L ES OF DE CI PH ERIN G 89
reading : Either X o r Y war m ly reco m mende d .
of the phrase w a s : Both X and Y absolutely unknown .
useful .
initials 1
.
will use in pre f erence a s m all dicti o nary suitable for rapid
reference though there is the inevitable drawback that
,
alphabet .
1
Se e p . 1 38 .
90 CRYPT O GRAPHY
We have b egun by supposing that 0 0 0 1 = A The .
sit ion s of an d t o the conj unction and the
, ,
article the et c Now we learn fro m the t able that
,
.
,
the wor ds closely following it : o ff o ff end o f fen
, ,
sive .
S ur ely this last a common military t erm is
the equivalent of our second presume d 0 nu m ber 60 1 8 , .
to.
The dictionary table S hows T s in Webster t o
,
EXAM PL E S O F DE CIPHERIN G 91
T here are two other pairs of duplicate numbers 4 0 4 9
and 4 21 2 These fall so m ewhere about H but there are
.
,
l e ss enem y o f fensive I t happens that the other .
, .
t iv e l y a dopting t he prono u n
I for this n u m ber w e ,
92 CRYPT O GRAPHY
, .
is near the en d of the alphabet the pronoun you ,
The numb er followi ng I in the above group is
95 7 6 the secon d highest
, and therefor e probably a ,
thr ee four ths of the int erval This brings u s among the
-
.
p ro t em and look
.
,for a wor d closely preceding it which
will suit our cont ext The dictionary S hows us di .
v ul g e and divide The group we are studying may
.
w hich follow the group and you an d I will divide the ,
and intervals .
TH E S L I DI N G R U L E S .
col umn until on the last page among the Stock Exchange
, , ,
.
,
lowest to t he highest .
742 .
p e a t ed ?
L et us put aside for the moment our notes on the
three g ur e groups after adding thereto the observation
-
,
20 corresponding to T ; 8 7 9= 24 = X et c
, , .
18 5 t i me s 35 56 t w ic e 70 on c e
19 on c e 36 58 72 t w ic e
tw ic e tim
a,
21 37 59 3 e s 73 on c e
22 4 t im e s 38 n e o c 60 o c n e 74 5 time s
23 t w ic e 39 w e t ic 61 3 t im e s 76 5
24 41 n e o c 62 t w ic e 77 on c e
25 4ti s
me l t hn e s
42 E 63 5 tim e s 79 t w ic e
26 t c
wi e 43 n e o c 65 o c n e 80 on c e .
28 ti s
3 me 44 66 4 tim e s 81
29 3 53 67 3 99
31 3 54 68 3
pai r .
EXAMP L ES O F DE CIPHERI N G 97
I N etc
, .
or slide system .
bett er illustrat e the part which the four rules can play
in ciphering .
As an ex a mple to cipher t he wor d dee d from the
,
far t her on i n the chapter entitle d
,
Sp ilt Ink ,
numbers .
wrong track .
but the fact that our rst essay though a fail ure pro , ,
I
5
the cryptogram We get as far as TH E K NOW2BLFI
6 f .
,
O
su
(a
m ed ) i n the rst line and try the letters prece ding it .
0
We get E TA TSOTELBA R eversing this we recognise .
,
C:
H
:3
Able t o state At last we are making denite pro
.
an d 8 1 .
changes of alphabet In two cases certainly such .
, ,
follows :
Able to state that plan is working well Only six .
A C ONT RI B U T I ON T o H I S T OR Y .
to say :
o u s z e h h
.
n 1 C
m a (3 ] k O n S O 6 r i 0 X
g.e g u u e uc U u h S 3 u y u O
a c l)
. .
u c n s a 1
k a s s d f g e V
a f n u s r 0 a I
i u t u
.
W S 0 u 1
_
i k a d v
.
m l
.
J 1
US NS NL CM AC CP E V RI GE E G G U
, , , , , , , , , ,
UU SS SD UO BA I K
, , ,K A A G AF I U UI
, , , , , ,
II G O
, .
us us 24 sd sd 26 2 x 13
63 3 x3x7 u ono 64
n s 47 47 b a
ns ba 64
nl
nl 10 8 ikik 42 2x 3 >< 7
3 ,
cm cm 79 79 12 2 x 2x 3
a c
9 9
ac 37 37 k a k a 54
p
9,
cp c 37 37 ag a 49 7 7
cv
g 9, X
cv 55 5 x l1 af af 15 3 x 5
, 9
ri ri 48 .
, 2x 2x 2x 2x 3 iu iu 8 n 2 X 2 >< 2
ge
e
g 48 2x 2x2x 2x 3
u i ui 10 a: 2x 5
eg
eg 26 2 x 13 i i i i 3 n 3
g ugu 26 2 x 13 g go
o 5 : 9 5
nu
uu 3 3
three .
i n the chapter on Ciphering by Means of a Key
Word
.
EXAMP L ES OF D ECIPHERING 10 3
(l ) o u s (17) y u o ( 3 3) m 0 . 1
( 2) z e h ( 1 8) u c n ( )
3 4 c a f
( 3) n s o ( 1 9) s a c ( 3 5) w s i
(4 ) b o n ( )
2 0 p i a ( 3 6) u t u
( 5) l h h ( )
21 m e g (37 ) i 1 k
( )6 i c m ( 22) u v b ( 38 ) i 1 u
(7 ) a c p ( )
2 3 a i k ( )
3 9 u o o
( )8 k s c ( 24 ) a s s (40 ) u l n
( 9) o u s ( 25) d f a ( )
4 1 l 1 k
(10) e e v ( 26) p O a ( 4 2) a d n
(1 1) r i o ( 27 ) r i ( 4 3) g o h
( 1 2) x g e ( 28 ) a g e (4 4 ) b a g
( 1 3) g u u ( 29) v a f ( 4 5) o v j
(14) e u u ( )
30 n u s ( )
4 6 a
( )
1 5 u h s (31 ) r t r
( 1 6) s d u ( )
3 2 r c 0
Our text thus arrange d in three columns the rst ,
THE .
of capit als r epresents the letters of the plai n t ext the small ,
t able .
o u s z e h n s o b o n l h h i c In a c p k s c
V N OV N OV N OV N O V N O V N O V N O V N O
t h e e r t s f a g b z q u t
THE the d i ff erence being due t o the fact that the letters
,
n er e s t able
we pro duce the key wor d PDW b ut this
,
-
,
u = I ( col .
and probably preceding the The group T HE i n .
o= T 3 1etters
, osi
a E
I
1 2 F: 2 n a:
A9
. n
i z A 4
O U n O n
3 2
E 5 , L : 2
2 H 3:
g W,
= 2
u= S , 6
t ext so far as discovered and the small lett ers are ciphers ,
,, 2: e h o a g
s t i v f
9 9, 3: 0 p
m s e c k u r j b f n v h g a i
N OT E BY A UT H O R T h is s t a t e m e n t b y
corre spon d e n t w ho i s my ,
B o r n ha k w ho w i th co n sid e ra b l e r e t ic e n c e ackn o w l e dg e th a t t he
, , ,
M argrav e o f B ra n d n b u rg i s o n ly n d h as n e v r b e e n o th e r th a n
e , a e ,
ki n g in P r u ssia
The i m m e n s e ki n gdo m o f P r u ssia as w e kn o w
.
,
j u ridica l b asis .
S PI L T I NK .
wrot e .
false shame :
s s e g u h c k x d g z g g z s z d s j n f j
z
w p h f x q u g o g g h z n y s l
p a y s f i m
o w l s w n n o z d d f h v m p x k q b z h h t
i z n h k d r t x f s n r e x b e m f
y y
z
g gz
-
3 letters , or 3
z d-z d 8 2 X 2 >< 2
H i ,
se es 2 0 2 x 2 >< 5
ys ys 5 o
-
zn z n 3 7
-
37
predominant factor does not augur well for the key wor d -
t o no result
The cryptogram contains several double letters v ia
.
33, gg ( twice ) n n d d h
,h and yy
, A close
,
scrutiny
,
reveals .
way with the lo n g rule but with the di ff erence that two
consecutive alphabets al e f t y two letters A Z and A Z
,
- - -
, ,
the plain t ext and the long rul e the cipher alphabets
, .
cipher the wor d gun The G on the short rul e is seen
.
l etter
. We now decide to use a new alphabet base d on
this M ; for this purpose we merely slide the S hort r ul e to
the right until its A is above M on the long rule To .
last letter to be T Thus the word gun becomes
, .
,
scribed .
every letter This is what I read :
.
them to o ur cryptogram :
Rul e A . In as the second 8 equals A
gg g A
3, 3 n 3 A
3 3) ,3 d 3, A
9, J, 3 3)
A
a: M h A n
v n y A n
one l etters .
the plain t ext by the short one we slide the latter u ntil ,
8
1 14 CRYPT O GRAPHY
where o ur formul ae are i m potent and e ff ectively the series ,
I am convinced that the present system is absolut ely
undecipherable Accordingl y I am proud t o have ih
.
,
vented it .
words conv in ced accor d in gly and in vented
, ,
while ent in pres en t and inv en ted is ciphere d
a s iw
p and r es: resp ectively .
AN U N D E CI P H E RA B LE S Y S TE M .
j oy
. The cipher text which containe d f t y two letters
,
-
,
was as follows :
y l i r x q m p a t cm o v z n g r q l f k v e
wn o d s d s c k u t i u h p f y w b h e g b x j a
whf etc
, .
Quit e si m ple he sai d This is how I wr ot e that
, .
The t ext thus formed I sent t o you .
Then it ha s no meaning I I exclaimed .
Of course he replied and I must ask you t o forgive
, ,
quickly 1
TH E A N TI QUE D E A L E R S
.
lost all right to rep eat the famous remark I almost ,
1
Why sco l d him Do t y n
ou th i k h i s sorry o g h t o h av
n e en u e
k e p t m e w ai t i n g H ac h tt s di t io
2 (! r
u v es dc J . R i a c ne ,
1 8 65
e e
e n , ,
vo l v p . . . .
E XAMP L E S OF D E CIPHERIN G 117
VI Z
2 . Incense burner i mp p
. .
rubbe d mi m p p
. .
6 . Ir on dagger mp p .
frame mi z .
11 . Ol d barometer In r . .
p
12 . Ol d pict ur e ( rustic scene ) f . z
14 . Grandfather clock
15 . Card table with inlai d draught boar d
,
w o od mi . z
in centre mi . z
118 CRYPT O GRAPHY
23 S m all mirror , large black wooden fra m e
. b p p . .
2
5 Tin candlestick
. L P
S
26 Oval ilver tray , t arnished
.
28. L
arge bronze han d lamp i mp p
. .
poun d s
We all know the r le playe d by zero in arith m eti c
when high numbers come into play Zero the value of .
,
t o the right This is the gur e that best give s the notion
.
Na ug ht .
EXAMP L ES OF DE CIPHERI N G 119
larger planet 1 0 .
ie
. mi mp p
. . Further the engraving
. . . pict ure ,
door knocker -
an d decanter ( 4 1 ) are each price d
at mi z These articles seem to m e quite dear enough
. .
1 20 CRYP T O GRAPHY
at 1 2s 6 d so that there is no nee d to ascribe a great er
. .
,
value than 2 t o i .
are also t wo it ems S ilver bell ( 33) and decant er with silver
stand ( 36) price d at 1 2s 6 d . .
5 to r .
w e a ppraise b at 3 .
waste d my ti m e .
PA R T I I I
LI STS A ND TA BLE S
but the fact must not be lost sight of that they constitut e
on ly on e of the fa ctor s which t he decipherer must t ake int o
persevering study .
E NG L IS H I .
Ord e r
f Le tte r F re quen cy
o .
etc .
1 22
L IS T S A ND TAB L E S 1 23
Ord er o f F re quen cy f
o F in a l L e tte rs .
TH HE A N ER O N RE I N E D ND AT OF O R
, , , , , , , , , , , ,
HA E N N T EA et c
, , , , .
F r e quen cy f Doub le
o L e tte r s .
EE, 0 0 , F F LL
etc , , S S, .
Word s ( in Ord e r )
The M os t F r e qu e n t Two Le t te r -
.
O F T O I N IT IS BE HE BY OR AS AT A N S O
, , , , , , , , , , , , ,
etc .
E N G L IS H II .
E NT F OR I O N T I O ND E HAS ME N NCE
, , , , , , , ,
O F T ST H , .
A I 0 , , .
E N GL I SH
III . .
( CO M PI L E D BY TR A N S L A T O R ) .
1
li sh I ) . .
NG , ND ,NT , DS KS ST TS TH H T R T S S C T LL
, , , , , , , , , ,
LT , GH , S H CH DD L D L S NS R N R S WN
, , , , , , , , ,
FF , LP MS , , R D, R L .
E N GLI SH IV . .
F in a l B ig ra in s .
1 1 word s ending HE .
1 0 word s e nding E D .
Thi d t h f ll w i g e t i p t p a g e 1 3 8 h a e b ee m
1 o n co
s an e o n s c on s u o v .
p ile d p e ia lly f
s c t h E g li h E d it i
or e n s on .
L IS T S A ND T A B L ES 1 253
5 word s ending NT .
4 word s ending L Y .
TY .
M E NE OT OW R T S S S T T S T H VE
, , , , , , , , ,
.
E M E T E W E Y GE OH HY I G I L I N IR
, , , , , , , , , , ,
LL L S L T NS N Y OM O U R N R S S H TE UE
, , , , , , , , , , ,
U L UR US UT WN WO Y S
, , , , , ,
.
F in al Tr igra rn s .
5 word s ending I N G .
ND S P L E VER, , R TY , .
EE N E ND E RY E SS E S T HE D HE N HE R
, , , , , , ,
NE D N T S O KS O RE RED T ED T E R U N D
, , , , , , , .
I n itia l Co n so n a n t B ig ra ms ( O rd e r o
f Fre q u en cy
) .
T H PR WH CH F R S H TR
, , , , , , , CL , SP , CR , PH P L . ,
B R CL SC S M S T WR
. , , , ,
.
1 26 CRYP T O GRAPHY
E N G L I SH V .
A b A cV a
A m b A SS3 dOr .
ArA i A
.
A m i A b I9
A l A I V 3 A m m A
o A rtd 1
A d A m n A 1 e
A i A c A m PA n
p A k A g e t r A m W A
S A r A In e n t A n d A
eVA u A t e e r r A n e A n
r A i A m A n i A
he A l A n 0 n s A M
1
A
r A n g l e n1St
.
q u A A n t A W D
o r A
o
u A l JA n u A I V a
A v A C A n A S
he A chA
l
.
w A V . p A W
A f A p A
A r A rd A p t A
p A e A n t A q u A
A _ A
g A r A
m A
A
n A _
r A _
e A d
W hA
A
A
r
r c
r i A
A g 8
A
aVA l A b 18 r k A u
h
C l A m An t A r m A m
A n A 0 A r n A n
a
nt
C 0 m P1 A s A n t A r r A
.
Dr 8 A f A s t r t A k 8
PA
.
A i A S t A r v A t 1 0 n
A l A A S c A
S h A m 9 d
.
S 1 00 D A m Au A
DA . p A h 18 A A
A t A _ A
ustl A
V A u A d e V A A W
A v A c A AI
A w A y S A AS
L IS T S A ND T A B L ES 1 27
A t t A _ a n E _
A u d A C h
E a E r
p
-
r e s t A u r Ant a r E _
c A v e A t a S E
A v i A a t E
d Ar w c k a V E
t A X p A y e r b 1 E
lA y m A n E c r E
B a B E c t E
B o B rE
. d e E
B r B e E d oo E
S n B u B x p F d l E n t
C o B w B n e E d l E
C a Cu l a m wE d n E S d
C a C_ r E d r E H
C a Ch d E e p En
C e CY E f f E M
C h Ck 1
0 E f l E d
C i C E f l E M
C l Ck H E g l E M
C o Ch S E g m E Dt
SS C o Ch E g r E _
C r C 0 E i v E
E
.
S 3 C r CY E l l
C r Cke E l l E
C r C E l S E
C r C E l t E
S p e C t CM E l V E
C t C m b E I
S53 nD
.
a D m l E f
D e D E m p E
D e D m S EH a
D i De m n C E
D i D
E n d E
h H nde D r D n o
o
E
I D u Da n 0
+
0 0 n l E n t
E a E n n n E _
E a E r
E n S E
s p E a l 4 r n t E
E Em p
.
a l E n V
1 28 CRYP T O GRA PHY
O Et r
y G
E
O Er ne G
n m
u G
y
P G
D E G
c ; L
b E d 1a n G
P .
Q u _ H s
I C m w H
A
bE n
amg
A
v
I E 8 H
r r H
r c I
c X
r
v
r E n C e I
c h e r mS S I
g
s r
p n U
L
.
mdf I
v
r s b m I
r t I
I
n
r V m
E u
o 0 E I
b m e
.
E S 1 y I
S p I
a
S E I
E s
t m I
S
.
m n t 8 m I
I
1
+
3 E
i
m E t I I
E t t m I
n
+
W E u I
E u t m I
I
.
n
V 1
s 0 m
m
E
m X
h
y
C
m
b
C rI
I
I
V
A
p E rI
X t m I
i t 1 I
E
GF u r Fn
I
u 1 W I
E
O a n U tI
n
w u G I
O g a
w dI
L IS T S A N D T A B L E S 1 29
N
N
O
O
O
O
O
O
l O
p O
M d Ma n f O
i
l
. M O
C O e MOr 0 e L
C O
e MOn 0 _ O
M MY C O
Nd e S C6 m O
N e1 r O
0 O
O
C O
N O
N tO
O
Nb L
I O
f O
N e O
f O
Nc 6 n O
L
b
g O
d O
t O
O
N t e x p 0
b 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1% CR Y P T O GRA PHY
b O S SS
P S S On
P S S
P Pe r S S S
P Pm
.
S S6
.
P P S S
P PO w e e n t h u S S_
P P S Sb
P P S Ss
P P S Ss
P P G n S S
P P t 8 S S8
.
0
1 R R 1 M d e 6 S S6
Rd
.
e X R 1 S S8
0 S S8
n
a S S 0
1
c a 0 a S S 9
S S
W R
a R e T T
p e R R m T T
la R R S T T
_ R R T T6
PR R 0 T
_ R R T T
R R T
R R T
C o R R T
R R u T
R R T T
R R b a T Tl
L
R 1 T Ta
p u R Rt T Te
R T Th
ho R n
a c e T T
c n R y T T
R T T
d e 0 UT T
F 0 b R y d ST T
f o R T T
a S S t O S u T T
L I S TS A N D TA B L E S 1 31
Tr a Te Um O Ur
J . r T
T Un h Ur
_ T Un l UC
.
l 0 n
b e T 0 h Un S Ul
T u h r U p t Ur
O u T t U r b Ul
a T H e d p U r S Ue
S iT dafi io n m U S c Ul
T MU S e Um
g r 3 T T M U S q Ue
8U U8 g U t t Ur
8 U c Um b V l Ve
S U
U
U
t
f
o
U e S
S
V
V
W
aW&
l Ve
l Ve
a
U
.
t Z l 0
b
Z a
hU h 0
0
E N G L IS H VI .
d A l l A
r A l w Ay
A C 0 u A
1
n t A n 0 8
8 t A r c A s 8
0 h A m An
m A e f A c W r
.
.
A g I
A l S A t n
A l I A
A p h A b M
A c tA u l A r e A d
y
e r A d i c A t e Ste Am b OA t
A d o r A b l e n A m e S A k 8
h e A d q u A r t e r s _ A m l n A t
e r i A f 1 n A n o i A l
.
A l n
A g i n A l A n d m A r k
A g u l A c h A n g e A b m
u
c o t e
1 32 CRYP T O GRA PHY
lA n g u A g e teC h D Ca l
g A n g w Ay Ch u Ch
I n e C h AJ J I C Ad C l e C
A n im A C l f C
o r g A ri i s A t io n ne C k 1
.
Ce
A n n u Al C l 1 Ch
.An o m AJ y C l u Ch
m A n s 1 A u g ht e r C o a Ce ar
t r Aa i s p Ar e n t Co m Ca
s u b s t A ri t i Al C o n C .
n L A na i f Act ur e Co u Cl
d i L A p iml A t e d C r u Ch
c A t e e Ct r C
e C u b C
l Cu r Cy
o D e e De
e D e l De
t D e s De m m0 n
.
.
1 D i v De
We Dn e Da y
Dr e D
Dw l Dle
. .
E a b E
a c E
E a g
E a g
A E a g
E
A s t r
lA t e r Al C E a n
A t i c A E a r S S
c o A1 M 3 f Ar m s E a r
A t u r A r 9 E a r E
A v e r Ag e E a 8 E r
n A V i g A t e E a t E
A v o c A t io n E b a E
A V OW AI d E c l E
A w kw Ar d S p E c l En
B s o r B p r E c l E
v o l C a n i C c 0 r r E c t E S S
Ch a n Ce s E c u E
C h a r Co a l E c u E
L IS T S A N D T A B L ES 1 33
E V al
a
.
m d l rE si d E
_ E u C E
d d E s i r E
Scb du l E E s o m E
d a C E
f -
E s q u E
_ f
o I E in v E s t m E n t
t E r E s u m E
g a
.
DE h a V E E t o b E
.
. .
d E 1 f l E d r E t i c E n t
.
f 0 r E 1 g n Er l if E t i m E
.
E 1 t h E r b E t o k E n
_ E 1 e t E E v a n E s c e n t
d E 1 l n E t 8 E v i c E
d E 1 l V E ar V i d E n t
8 n v E 1 o E E V i s E
b E 1 o
d
1
E 0 r E
E 1 u E E v o k
E m b l E m b e n E v o l E n t
m in E n t d E v o t E
_ E m i S E b E w a r E
r E m u n E r a 0 E x c t
4
u e r
3 r E n t h E S i8 E x p r E ss
p .
s 6 V E n t l E t b E x t r Em e
g E n t l E F e a r Ful
c E n t r E G o i n G
En u m E r a t Gr u d Ge
PE 0 p l E H a r s H
r E p l l E d
.
.
H a t c H
E p o S E a r c H b i s H o p
8 c E p t I E H e a t H
E p u t E H e i
.
g H !
T
U
E r a g E H l t c H
E r a s E tH o u g H
_ E r a t E I e n t I
0 V E r d u E I g h t I n
og
9 x PE r i m E n t C 0 m PI l a t I u
d E r i V hl E PI l g r I m
n e V E r t Ele H V I l l a I n
I 0 1 t
o
l n BE r v E W
.
I
.
m p l
W ho l E s a E I m p r I
r E s c u E I u I
n q
134 CRYP T O GRA PHY
I n s p I r e p l e M e n t
I n s t I n c t c o M la l i M e n t
I n t ii I t io n s y M p t o M
d im I Ir u t I on a M u s e Me n t
I n v o I c e r N a m e Nt
c I r c u I t c o N c e r
m I s c h I e f e N c h a Nt
a N c i e Nt
N dem
d i g
Nd m e Nt
e m e N t
c o N f r o N t
+
n c O O
E N g l a Nd
s a N g u i N e
n i s a N c e
h e N o m e No n
p
o m i
kN O W 1 N g
.
d e N 01 U t
8 h e
N S
.
1 g
N
.
I S 1 o
s y m b o L i c S t N t
L i k t
N
.
1 t r
t
0 b 0 uS
L o y L
a o 0 C t 0 n
L u c k L e s s r 0 0 r y
a b s o e t e L y t 0 S 0 m e
M a d a hl W h 0 S 0 e
c o m hl
II
al I
a
a
n d ll e n t
x i M u nl
a z e M e n t
s 0
s Om e h
l
s 0 m 8 b
0
0
Ow
q
u y
a M e n d Ih n m c Om p r O n s e
s o M e t i hh m c O n g l O m e r a t io n
I l i n i M u nl c On t r O
ILo n u M e n t a n O n y n H Du s
Bl o v e M e n t O p t i On
L IS T S A ND TABLE S 1 35
f 0 r e o S e l S s
e
h 0
p 0
0 r t h
r
r
l
t n on
oh 0
od 0 X
S
d n
b e S
e n e S s
li i S e
i d e S
0 r t l on b u S i n e Ss
t 0 r t u ou S s u S p e n S e
P 0 S t p on O d iS Ii e r S e
0 t a t o r e S p o n S
hr 0 u g h ou f S t i e S
L
b a
b 0 u r h o o d Ch r i S t In a S
0 u t d o S t r e Ss
0 u t g oiN o a b S t r u S e
Pa r a r e t Ta i n T
Pe r s P Te e n Th
Ph 0 s Ph e
ni
Pl u m P
Po 8 t Po n e
Pr 0 m Pt
Pr 0 s Pe r
Qu nm
.
l n Qu m
R a t o R
t R a V e R s8
S u R c h a R 8 6
a R d O u R
R e C o R d
R e V e R s e
buR g l a R
b R i b e R Y
auR i f e R o uS
w R i t e R
C o R k S c R e W c u l T i v aF e
a R m Ou R p T i V i T y
b R o k e B T m e n T
PR o p e R u Tm o s T
To T
.
1u R t h e R a s
A R t h u R T r a c T
p a R t n e R Tr a i T
m o R t u a R Y c o n Tr a s U
I
d N b u r Se Tr e a T
dw c l o Se s Tr e e T
1% CR YP TO GR AP HY
S Tr c T S U m p t U u S
p 3 Tr o T p Un o t
_ S Tr u c T n d 0 ted
Tr H s T c O n n d I
cOnW Tu I a T
o
3 l 01
a
1
0
_ 0 Tu n a T U
o
r l 0
Tw 8 n T U U
0
e 1
tru Tw r T y Ut h U
n
S
Ua r U b6 U U
o
q a t l
h Uf U U U
o
c a e 0 3 t l 0
Ul n o U Va t V
. .
r 1
fr Ul t f U V V
. .
O t l
S U l Ph U WGS t W r d
SC Ul p t U e W1 n W d
.
d r
E N G L I SH .
VI I .
p A l A t A b e E V E f E
MA l A A I b I l I U
L
CA n A
C A r A
C A t A
d A
An
r A o
I b
I g
I m
I
I
I
t
d
n
I O
I b
L
I S
I A v A g An I n I t I a n
E c E d E n I s I t I
P E c E m E a I t I I 8
W E d E c E S o r I v I I 3
I E f E r E n e I v I S I 0
_ E e Oc Om Ob
g E n E r
1
t V 9
V E h E m En c On O l Og
E l E m E n On Op Ol
E l E v E n On O t On
O E m E t E r C Or Of Or
M
1
E n E v E r Ti Tu T
E r E Un U S Uw
.
v E r
a
L IS T S A N D T A B L ES B7
B ig ra ms R ep ea te d .
CO Oa
d E R R
I CI M
I NI g
DA G g G8
.
A
b A R b R ous A
BA f Ar 0 u SB
CA l Ar e ousC
CA S CA d e
CA U CA s
DA I DA n e l l e s
D E A
.
E A b 1e
C
EN d E Nt
t E N
r eVER b ER t6
E R g E R
PE R E R S 6
_ I N
g I Ng
_ I N k I No
o
MA d MA n s E Nt im E Nt
MU r M Ur . M At he M A t i c s
NG NG s e N Ti m e N T
.
NT 8 NT c o N Ti n e N T
ON ON O Ur t e O U s
.
1 c
PA 1 PA b l e p l E N i p o t E N t i a r
y
PO r POl s c in t E R p r e t E R
R E d R Em c o N Tr a v e N T i o n
R E p R E sent c O Ur O Usa g e
SE n SE in TE r p r e T E r
WS a SS u N De r s t a N D
SS e S etc .
, et c .
1 38 CRYP T O GRAPH Y
Wor ds of Te n Die re n t L etters , which m a y b e used in S ub
st it u tion F i re 9 or 1 0 an d there by for m
of t he
g u s 0 ,
E N G L I S H VI I I . .
cla ssi e d or di n g
a cc to th eir I n i tia ls .
P er Ce nt . T ta l
o . Per Ce nt. Tot a l .
> z
w o
o w
d e
m w
w m
m e
m d
H <
m
u
w
b
z
L IS T S
T A B L ES A ND
1 39
F RE N CH .
I .
Accor d in g t o Va l e r io z E N A I R S T U O L D C M P V F ,
etc .
A ccord i n g to K a siski : E S R I A N T O U L e t c , .
E S TR A N L I UD , etc .
E S E N L E DE O N O U
, , , , , , NT, RE N E E D TE E M
, , , , ,
S E ER AR M E A N I T
, , , , , , E T, IE T] E L N S UR
, , , , .
A ccordin g to Valeri e : S S LL E E NN TT FF CC RR , , , , , , , ,
M M PP , .
A ccordin g to Kasis hi : S S E E NN TT FF CC RR , , , , , , .
EE .
140 CRYP T O GRAPH Y
F RE N CH II . .
The Ce rn m e n e st Tr ig ra ms .
E ME I O N E UR E LL S SE E S T D AN DE L
, , , , , , , ,
M E N D E S T IO E SE A N S
, , , , .
AI T A NT OUR A N S L E S AIS O US
, , , , , , .
A N. AU , CE , 0 1 , DE DU, E N E T, I L JE , LA , LE , MA
, , , ,
ME NE NI
. . . NU O N , , OU SA SE SI , TA , TE , TU, UN
, , , .
Word s of On e L etter .
A O Y , , .
F ou r -
Letter Gr oup s rep ea ted in S u ccess i on .
F RE N C H III .
In i t i a l l etters ( Va l eri e ) : D L E P A C S M R I F e t c , .
S econd l etters ( L an g ie ) z E O A U N R I T e t c , .
Thi rd l etters (L an g ie ) z S E U N T I R e t c ( or d er in , .
di f ferent ) .
I O L ( no or der ) e t c , .
BL , BR , P L PR
, , F L , F R , VR , C L CR GL GR T R
, , , , ,
DR CH , , PH , TH , S C S P ST
, , .
F RE N C H IV .
F i na l B i g ra ms ( La n gie) .
25 wor d s endin g E S .
23 w or d s en d in g NT .
1 0 w ords en di n g RE .
7 w or d s eac h endin g U N L A , .
6 w ords eac h en d in g M E SE UR UI L E NS ER , , , , , , .
F in a l Tr igra rn s ( La n gie ) .
7 words endin g O NT .
6 w ords endin g RE S .
4 words endi n g T RE .
1 42 CRYP T O GRAPHY
F RE N CH
V . .
F ive -
Letter Gr oup ep ea ted in r S u cce ss i o n .
F AIRE F AIRE .
R ep ea te d Gr oup s ep a ra ted
s by a S in gle Letter .
VI S A VI S PE U A PE U
, , P E T I T A PE T I T , Dos A DOS .
L E S B E LL E S A C T I O N S .
Three -
L etter Word s en din g w th E i .
CR EEE s
p rolixe m i xt
,
u re e t c axe sexe b oxe
, e t c .
, , , , .
H is preceded b y :
C a s in che mi n che v al cher e t c
, , , , .
P as in p hotogra p hie e t c
, , .
T as in t heatre e t c
, , .
1
I n E n g l is h
c o n s id e rab ly m ig h t b e us e d TR A NS L A TOR
. .
L IS T S A ND T A B L ES 1 43
F RE N C H VI .
A m E m i
c
A f p
4 r r
c A l A m v id E m m E n t
c A m A n 8 f E m m E
r A A S m p E
l
n r e u r
c A n A e
e A E d E
!
r A n n
E
.
A p P A g 1 E
r b A 1
.
DA n E
.
_ A r r A dE r E e
A r t A g r E
P o
w
S S A d e
S E
/
A e l
A t l A S S E
A t t A S E
B 3 r B 3 I e p S E
B 0 m B 8
E t E
a
n
.
C 3 l C3 n 8 t E
1
1
.
C 1 r C U E
C 0 n C h DE
C r o C _ C
S t a C1 e
.
0 C 1
_ D a r c a S
E EE
n
D De t
.
1 n n
o
0 u V n m e n
P E 0 h E r t
S
IE 0 l E V
E 0 r E
+
u d E C n d
.
I E u E r E
.
0 l 1 r p
E f f E 1
S
r E f l E ah .
1 r
E t
E
r E g i E r
S E g m E n t t
I
a 1 E .
.
g r E s % l
ch an0 E 1 i E f r
E 1 l E S
1 44 CRYP T O GRAPHY
E H v E 0 n
r E V u E 0
M n
.
X p E 1 0 0 n r S
1
F 0 r F 1 t 0 u n 3
G 0 n G PI e
H a c H P
v I o t I e P
d I f f I m R T M re
s I n I m R awd
r
5m n t
a I u I e R
ueI l I R
m I l I R 3
I m m I R
a I n S I R e
c r I P t I R m a
m I s S I R
c a p I t I S
.
m 1lI t I S
L l L
l N f N er 3
n N i
n
s
t
t
t
P 0 i 0 DS
f 0 l 0
0 D1 O
.
e 0 m
A
H
0 n 0 _
0 P 0 e
_ 0 r 0
h0 r 0 06 e
_ 0 r . 0
L IS T S A N D T A B L E S 14
n A i s s A
c A p i t A i n e
Ch a n Ce l i e r e p l e M e n t
p r E c i s lr e Nch a Nt e r
s E c o u E r c iNq u a Nt e
E c u t E r iNs t a N t
E i l l E iN s t i t
E l o g E h Or i On
z
Em b lE r p r o
p ( ) r t i O ri
E n d r E Po u r Pr e
E n t i E r fR ce u a R
E n t r E r p a R c o u R ir
E r i t E p R e n d R e
l a R g e u It
p R o p o R t io n
m a u e R
d e S s a i S ir
Tr a iT
Tr o iT
etc .
, et c .
B ig ra ms R ep ea te d .
> z g o u v mw E :
> w
1
< mw m H w
w> 0 m H E d
of
o>
0 z
m
H Z d 1 D
z a D Z m C
r C
o> D
C Z e S Z H D
mz z a D Z Q C
mz -
o Z - OZ r
wz ?
c o
M
$ O G -m t x
r
mw wE O ws :
D
(
mw mm U ma
3
2
'
0 mm mw 0 D
( H 3
:
H0
146 CR Y P T O GRAPH Y
F RE N CH .
-
VII .
a ccor d in t o t he ir I n itia ls
g .
Per Ce t T t l
n . o a . P e r Ce t T t n . o al.
A N
B 0
0 P
D Q
E R
F S
G T
H U
I V
J W
K X
L Y
M Z
The s horta g e of p e r cent in . t he tota l is due t o
b l anks and the a p proxi m ate nature o f t he ca l cu l at i ons .
I T A L IA N I .
A ccordin g t o Va l eri e : E I A O R L N T S C D P e t c , .
I A E ONL R D U .
v e consecuti v e words .
ER ,
E S O N RE E L E N DE DI TI S I L A
, , , , , , , , , , AL A N , ,
R A NT T A 0 0 I N L E TO 1 0 AR NE
, , , , , , , , , , OR .
LL SS TT , , , EE , PP NN B B GG C C
, , , . .
Word s of On e L etter .
A E I O , , , .
I T A L IA N II .
ID E E SI IDI ER O PAR N T E S T A
, , , , , , .
HAI HA HA NN O, , .
SPANIS H I .
E A O S I R N L D TC U P , etc .
14 8 CRYP T O GRAPHY
Or d er of Fre q u e n cy of F in a l L e t te r s ( Va ler ie ) .
A E S ONL R Y I D Z U , e t c.
E S E N E L DE L A OS AR UE RA RE E R
, , , , , , , , , , , AS O N , ,
QU S T A D A L O R S E TA C O 0 1 1 0
, , , , , , , , , , NO .
C C LL RR infrequent l y A A EE 0 0 NN
, , , , , , .
A ccordin g to Val e r ie : E E LL RR S S DD I
, , , , .
Word s of On e Letter .
A E O U Y , , , , .
SPA N IS H II .
QUE E S T ARA AD O A QU DE L CI O NT E O S A
, , , , , , , , ,
E DE PER IS T N EI RES SD E , , , , , .
LL .
Q i s a l wa ys followed by U .
1 Ne it he r S n or D can b e d o ub l e d in t he am e
wo d , b ut t h y
s r e
occu r e
c o n s c u t iv ely as t he n l a of on e wo r d a n d t he in it i l o f t h e a
n e x t TR A N s LA To It .
L IS T S A ND TABLE S 14 9
GER M A N I .
of L etter Frequen cy
Or d er .
According to K a siski : E N I R S T U D A H e t c , .
According t o Va l eri e : E N R I T S D U A H e t c , .
N E R TS D H U Z F , et c .
EN ER
, , CH , ND DE , , IE T E RE E 1 U N GE
, , , , , , DI ,
ES , BE , I N I T HE et c
, , , .
E E , TT, LL S S DD
, , .
GER M AN . II .
EIN I CH DE N D ER T E N CH T S CH CHE D I E
, , , , , , , , ,
U N G GE N U N D NE N D ES B E N R CH
, , , , , , .
1 50 CRYP T O GRAPHY
AB , A M A N DA
, E R E S I M I N OB S O U M
, DU , , , , , , , ,
WO ZU then JA N U e t c
'
, , , , .
Q i s a l w ay s follo w e d b y U .
words .
per cent 1
.
GERMA N III .
P e r Ce nt . Tota l . Per Ce nt .
A
B 0
0 P
D Q
E R 70 0 7
F S
G T
H U
I V
J W
K X
L 58 1 7 Y
M Z
l a t ion s on a to t al of he e t a b li he d
s s t he
p re e e I t m ay b e ed
N
s nc of E s, s, etc . n ot
t ha t o n e v olu m e of t he l arg e d i t i a y c on r of L ar o u ss e c o n t in s a ab o ut
ch ara t r
c e s .
T A BL E S L IS T S 1 51 A ND
RUSSIA N I .
O rd er of L etter Frequ en cy .
1
A ccording t o La n g ie : O A N I S E TV R L K M
etc : ,
D TM V R U K P , etc .
Eng li sh transliterations : O Y A I E L N H D T S M U V
R Z K P et c , .
F i n a l L etter s .
1
e t c.
S T N O E N G O TO
, , , , , K A, KO , N A, ER RA L I SK , , , ,
OS M ,
, R O, PO , ZA .
1
I n c lu d in g re sul t s of su p p l e m en t ary in v e s t ig a t ion s by t ra ns
la t e r .
1 52 CRYP T O GRAPHY
'
AG O , E NI O S T Y K E ( bigra m in R u ssi a n
STV, , ,
OR O S T O E GO L IS N I ( I ) A SKA A L O M NNO
, , , , , ,
, ,
ERE I SK NY ( K ) H e t c
, , , .
Do ub le L etters ( L an g ie) .
NN , EE , SS , 00 ,
ZZ .
I ( DA 0 U A
, , , , .
N O TE T
BY S L T
RAN
A O R
To these . m ay be a d de d i f ,
na l har d S i gn is i g nored V K S ,
,
.
RU SS I A N II . .
I LI K A K O B O OVO O G O O D O O KO O L O O N O
, .
, , , , , , , ,
O S O P OP T O T T U T etc , , , , .
P OR T A S T A B L E
.
d c zif eris N ap l es 1 5 6 3
, , .
occ urs eit her be l ow or abo v e that o f the p l ain text in the
double l ine corresponding to the key l etter For instance -
.
,
t o cip her the word re d b y m eans o f t he ke y wor d -
r e d
CA R
f r v
t he cipher wor d vt u with the ke y wor d N O T f o r
,
-
,
v t u
NOT
b a d
VI GE NEE E S TABLE .
Paris 1 5 8 6
, .
in t he ci p hered text ( se e p .
L tte esr f
o p la in t ext
g
n
i
e e s of
L tt r am t
p/ ext Rese ve
. r
k i k
REX
t e n
1 56 CRYP T O GRAPHY
With N u m be r f
o C mb i at i
o n on s
3 letter s 1
6
99 24
1 20
7 20
B RI T ISH SUR NA M E S .
order o f frequency :
S ON TON, ER ,
, F ORD S T O N ( E ) MA N
I N G ( S) , LE Y , , , ,
0 0 K BY H AM L A ND I e K E TT W E LL F IE L D
, , , , , , , ,
KI N ( S ) L O W ( S ) W O OD M ORE B UR N HURS T
, , , , , ,
W O R T H DA L E SHA W B O R OU GH S T O W E
, , , , ,
1
A B C A CB
, , B A C BCA , CA B, CBA
, .
L I S TS A ND T A B L ES 1 57
F RE N CH SUR NA M ES .
3 8 end in ARD .
21 end in E AU .
1 9 end in AUD .
1 5 eac h en d i n L E T LLE , .
1 3 each end in A N D NE T , .
1 2 each end in AU X ER E ER T , , .
1 1 each end in L O T R O N S O N , , .
8 end in L I N .
7 each end in RI N UE T , .
ot h er fro m 5 1 to 1 0 0 .
Tracing paper .
Colour ed pencil s .
o n e w o ul d ha v e 1 8 E s 9 S s 8 R s 7 A s 7 7 Ns
, , , , ,
B I B L I O GRAPHY
WOR K S R E COMM E ND E D .
ee, . . s n e o n n . s, .
B e r li
,
1 8 63
n, .
Vie a 1 8 8 1
. .
,
nn , .
by A g K u kh f f
. e rc Pari 1 8 8 3 o s . s, .
La c ryp t g rap hi t
o ap p li a ti a l art milit a ire b y H J
c e ses c on s
, . e sse
Pari 1 8 8 5
.
s, .
E ss a i l m th d d d hi m t b y P V l i Pari 1 8 93
su r es
e e es e c re en , . a er e . s, .
B Y TR A N SL A TOR
p rocess is ca ll ed tictacking and I understand
, that t h e
as s h own i n t h e fo ll owing d i a g ra m :
FI G 1
. . FI G 2 . .
, ,
inst ance t he word bankrup t c y migh t b e e m ployed
,
,
and I have frequen t ly been a sked for advice and a ssi st ance
in thi s respec t but i t is ex t re m ely di f cul t t o devi se any
,
11
1 62 CRYP T O GRAPHY
adopted by S pie s in t he variou s count ries involved in t he
war t o trans mit informa t ion secre t ly I t woul d be im
.
wh a t ever .
T HE P L AYFA IR C IPHE R SYS T EM E T C 1 6 5 , .
L e tter s . F ig u re s .
> 1
w o 2
O w 9
0
U o 4
m
w 5
m 0
e 7
d 8
H < 9
m g 0
m x
r a
g N
M . has o m itt ed t o give a n y reference t o
L a n g ie
P l ayfai r cipher which has been extens i ve l y u se d f or
,
b a n k
FI G 1
. .
TH E P L AY F AIR C IPHER SYS T E M E T C , . 1 67
as S hown in Fig 2 : .
a n k r
e f g
l m o
p t c
v
w x 2
FI G 2. .
a d dition of X or Z .
who l e s quare .
5 When
. pair Of l e t t ers t o b e enci phered occurs in
t he
the sa m e hori z on t al column substitu t e the le t t er at ,
and R L by A Q .
F I NIS H e t c ,
.
YO UM AY E X PE C T RE L I E F I N TH
CQ TI RP GV VL Y C AH M L FG MB Y F
RE X E DA Y S
AH VG E B UZ
and then underneath each group o f sub stit ut ed l e t t ers ,
i m m ediately m a y b e sent on the understanding t hat
,
s q u a re , CU M B E R L A N D
in the second and four t h and ,
S O L UTI O N OF TH E P L A Y F A I R C I PH E R .
By L ie ut .
-
Co mma n d er W W
. . S mith , U S Na vy
. . .
( )
0 W hen divi ded in t o groups o f t wo letters each no ,
or EE .
d
( ) Unless t he message i s ver y short t here wi ll b e
g roups .
t h er on a n re e t c as will b e sho w n la t er
, , , , ,
.
,
.
a s above we may de
,
s igna t e the let t ers o f the equa t ion
2
as 1 , 2 3 and 4 ,
Thu s 1,
4 where and are
.
1 , ,
let t ers ) .
C ase 1 L et t er s at
.
O p p o s it e corners o f a rectangle :
If Y F = t h
t hen FY = h t
TH = y f
HT fy z
172 CRYP T O GRAPHY
Case 2 Tw o . le t ters in the sa m e line or colu m n :
In line 1 of t h e s quare ,
NK = a n
and K N= n a
3, 4 2 ( plain ) ,
and 4, 3 1 ( plain ) .
NK = a n FA = e n
FK = g n FL = e m
M K = On al so FP= e t
TK = cn
Ws n F G= e f
, .
,
R ul e I V I n t he equation 1
. 4 if 1 and 4 are , ,
rule.
w hich is t he s a m e a s K R B or B K R .
A PB NOH R NA OR A GI OR E B WQGR UD
A NNSX R OUUA DT B NOA R P NI Y E R B
KBS N HL DY PY H S NY SI QC WR CSF Q
E NPF VB NVOB NX GNX R OU OA FL I G
OA E Y S C S OK TDN K NX DTF OI R NOM
FR TA CS HG QR OA B H NS R S E COR OT
VSB NOH R NR AR B I NTH X U QNFLR N
R UX UUO QE NSX U GR GR TR ONOR L O
VNNS GR A R GB I z R AR E H N
R AR GCI Y CNI VK DA DY PY R X X UUY
F I R S T L E TTE R S OF PA I R S .
d
g U VW
l
h
l
e H
l
l
e
e w
l l
o
d
v
-
l
l
u
l
w
l
s
-
x
S
R
E
T
T
E
'
o n s T U V \v x r l z
176 CRYP T O GRAPHY
This c hart shows t hat the fo l lowing group s occur in t h e
cip h er four ti m es each :
DA RN GR
RA NS XU
NO group occurs mo r e t han four t i m es This is u n .
th 50 at 25 s t 20
er 40 en 25 io 18
on 39 es 25 1e 18
an 3 8 Of 25 is 17 .
re 36 or 25 on 17
he 3 3 nt 24 ar 1 6
in 3 1 ea 22 as 1 6
ed 30 ti 22 de 1 6
nd 30 t o 22 rt 1 6
ha 26 i t 20 ve 16
The above t able and the frequency chart of Fig 1 .
g roups B N O H R
2
N 4 howe v
2
er present, O p portunities ,
.
co m m on groups :
R MR L
GR OA , ,
NS, GR ,
NS, X U,
12
178 CRYP TO GRAPHY
as GR cann ot b e er ( R ul e
S uppose GR, OA t o be ther This is an excellent , .
A O= re .
t hou g ht P urs uing this a ss um ption we a ssu m e in
.
,
Assu m e R N, R A, t o be th er ( line
Then R N= t h
and R A = er
N R = ht
AR = re .
( Fig .
T HE P L AYFAIR C IPHE R S Y S TE M E T C ,
. 17 9
AP BN O H R N AO RA GI O R E B WQ GR UD
th er he
A N NS XR OU UA DT B N OA RP NI YE R B
KB SN HS N Y SI QC WR CS
H L DY PY FQ
E N PF V B NV O B NX GN X R O U DA F L 1G
r h
OA EY SC SO K T DN KN X D TE CI RN O M
th
FR TA CS H Q GR OA BH NS R S E C O R O T
r he
VS BN O H R N RA RB 1N TH X U QN FL R N
th er e r th
RU XU UO QE NS XU GR G B T R CN OR RC
b e t
ZS SD VN NS GR AR G B IZ RA HN
he re er e
RA RG 01 YO NU VK DA DY PY RX XU UY
er eh
Fir st s t ep no t under sc o red S ub st i t u t ion s of 2n d .
FI G 2. .
( 3)
E R A
H
N ow note o t her grou p s containing R We know fro m .
Thi s digraph is he .
Then GR = he
R G= e h
(4)
E R A
G H
Go ing ba c k t o ( 1 ) and if we combine ( 2) wi t h ( 4 )
we have :
TH E P L AY F A IR C IPHER SYS T EM E T C , . 181
( 5)
1
E R A
G H
such a s TH r TA = r A N r E N= r etc S ub
-
z
, , , .
AN NS XR O U UA DT B N OA RP N1 YE R B
rs on sq su ri se 0 e
KB S N HL DY PY HS NY SI QC WR CS FQ
no n n rt
E N PF V B NV O B NX GN X R OU 0A FL 1G
ro ho se 0
0 A EY SC SO K T DN KN X D TF CI R N OM
Sc n th
FR TA cs H Q GR OA B H Ns R s E e OR OT
SO
1 r 0 11
VS BN OH R N RA RB IN TH X U QN FL R N
r1 th er e o n w th
RU XU UO QE NS XU GR G B ON OR RC
on he nt no
QN ZS SD VN NS GB IZ RA RE HN
on he re er e wh
RA CI YC NU VK DA DY PY RX X U UY
er eh
S tep on page 1 83 underlined
S tep on page 184 underlined twice
FIG 3
. .
TH E P L AY F A IR CIPHE R SYS T E M E T C , . 1 83
separat e column as be l o w
( )
8 T
E R A B
W
G H
O N S 1
ser m on Thus GI = e m and I G= m e
. .
.
,
and wX U w as .
( 9) Q T U
E R A B
W x
G H K M
O N S I
scored in Fig 4 . .
UA X K S .
TH E P L A YF A IR C IPHER SYS T E M , E TC . 1 85
A P R N OH R N A O R A GI OR E B WQ GR UD
du r i n g t h es er m o n e t he a
p
A N NS XR O U UA OA RP N1 YE
rs on wa sq su rp ri se dt 0 ea
1
KB SN HL DY PY NY S I QC CS
ma no n n
EN V B NV NX OU FL
ro S . w wa sq
OA E Y S C SD DN XD RN
se n th
FR TA CS HQ DA N S RS EC OR
ur in g t . se on . an ne
VS BN OH RN RB TH X U QN FL
ri ng th ea nw to
RU XU UO QE XU G B TR ON OR
at as
qs oq as me nt io ne
QN ZS S D VN NS GR GB IZ RA RE
to on he er e
R A R G CI YC NU VK DY PY RX XU
er e h
. st a . w as
FI G 4
. .
P
E R A R D
W X
G H K M
O N S I O
I t is apparen t tha t column 5 o f t he square should be
t ranspo sed t o lef t o f colu m n 1 ( t hi s doe s no t a t all
a ff ec t the equation s Ob t ained ) and t he ft h and second
,
P Q T U
D R A B
W X
H K M
C N 8 1
and Y .
P Q T U V
D E R A B
L Y W X Z
F G H K M
C O N S I
is con siderably .
C O N S I F G H K M
P Q T U V C O N S I
D E R A B or P Q T U V
L Y W
X Z D E R A B
F G H K M L Y W X Z
AP BN O H R N A O RA GI OR EB WQ GR UD
Du ri ng th es er mo *
ne
*
da yt *
he pa
AN NS XR O U UA DT B N OA RP N I YE R B
rs on wa sq su r
p ri se dt os eq ea
KB SN H L DY PY HS NY SI QC WR CS FQ
ma no fw e1 ql kn ow ns
p o r t in gp
E N PF V B NV OB NX GN X R O U OA F L IG
ro cl iv it ie sw ho w a sq se ld om
OA E Y S O SO K T DN KN X D TE CI RN OM
se qe mi nc hu rc hs la p h is th is
FR TA CS HQ GR OA B H N S R S E C O R OT
hd ur in gt he se r m o n an do ne n q
VS B N O H R N RA R B I N TH X U QN FL RN
ui ri n g t h er ea so n w as to 1d
RU X U UO QE NS X U GR GB TR ON OR RC
at as q s o q on a s He m e n t io ne dn
QN S D VN N S GR AR GB I Z RA RE HN
to xi ca ti on He re m e m b er ed wh
RA R G CI Y C N U VK DA DY PY R X XU UY
er eh is lo st u m b r e 1 q l aw as qx
E id e t ly a g r t m ea t f
p le f t
v n ou O
oud ,
n or ne ay .
Q w as used as a null .
FI G 5
. .
1 88 CRYP TO GR A PHY
O ne clai m m ade
in favo ur o f t he Playfair is t ha t comm o n
p airs such , as ih e r e n et c will
, not be enciphered
, in , .
,
le t t er gro ups
prior t o enciphering This clai m is well based but when
.
,
w
in M
' .
s sa g . r .
ih D
C 4
er D
C 4
O
on O 4
he Q 4
w
w
as Q 4
m R-
i 2
re h-
I 1
is O
C 2
in
T 9
O 2 !
C O DE S
Cl ose ly
a ll ied t o cryptography is t he use o f codes In .
t o cipher are :
228 50 4 986 1
B u y another
1 23 4 5 6 7 8 90
UZY NR A E H OB
A m ore elaborat e sys t e m o f ciphering is t o have a
series o f t able s for t he conversion o f t he gures wi t h
l et t ers compiled a s follows :
,
OQ= A B
CI = A C
0 2= A D
0 3 = AE
and so on up t o 99
, .
K L V E D E S T A B L N Y V S G V I W C O
D Z R K I C F Y T A B E C B Z B E W G
G I D W T C O W C W L A D E R Y Q G
Y V P J E G F A B L X U B Q C E Z L G A
H I C D R O Q U Z H V E F G D Q Y N Z
S B K E Q H J K 6 R L V D I C M G I W F i
E B I Z S O B Q s D A W R A L H V I S T
C A X S D P E D R S B I X F E G Y P T A
O P H Y H E J A O B M O F V R D I
S O B L J G E T F D R X L A V B I C S Z F
F E Z E L J U T K Y B S E N D N J O C
I
'
J E H S Q L O w V F R G U T R E H X Z
A B E D Z F Y T S J U J G A D V X F O B C
S J E T V T Y D VL H Y Z B U K B R A V
C R D Y F E Z F I O J T F O V S A T L E
s T Y Z C B E D L T E M R G K C S J
D R Z L s 1 X P E Q C F A G F J E F G
E M N Y C H C R I V T B I Z B C M E Q M
T E F T R Y D X P M A Q B M L 0 B P
R J P A R X E W D C Y V S O S B M L I V C
H L O C K L J E R T C L O C H Z A M K
Q U D C A K S C Y L A B R F O J D S E )
C U K J O K S L A S P B I Q Z E V L J l
W L F s o F R G I C L M D U G H S A K
T L X I N V H M E P Z L F U R S Q U C K I
U C N Z L Y D F A L K D E K I S O L U R
O T R I W V A V Y C A N T E D P X D U Z
R A B
'
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