1

SOME IMPORTANT MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE

Circle : Area = r2; Circumference = 2 r.
Square : Area = x2 ; Perimeter = 4x.
Rectangle: Area = xy ; Perimeter = 2(x+y).
1
Triangle : Area = (base)(height) ; Perimeter = a+b+c.
2
3 2
Area of equilateral triangle = a .
4
4
Sphere : Surface Area = 4 r2 ; Volume = r3.
3
2 3
Cube : Surface Area = 6a ; Volume = a .
1
Cone : Curved Surface Area = rl ; Volume = r2 h
3

Total surface area = . r l + r 2

Cuboid : Total surface area = 2 (ab + bh + lh); Volume = lbh.

Cylinder : Curved surface area = 2 rh; Volume = r2 h
Total surface area (open) = 2 rh;
Total surface area (closed) = 2 rh+2 r2 .

SOME BASIC ALGEBRAIC FORMULAE:

1.(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab+ b2 . 2. (a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab+ b2 .

3.(a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b). 4. (a - b)3 = a3 - b3 - 3ab(a - b).
2 2 2 2
5.(a + b + c) = a + b + c +2ab+2bc +2ca.
6.(a + b + c)3 = a3 + b3 + c3+3a2b+3a2c + 3b2c +3b2a +3c2a +3c2a+6abc.
7.a2 - b2 = (a + b)(a b ) .
8.a3 b3 = (a b) (a2 + ab + b2 ).
9.a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 - ab + b2 ).
10.(a + b)2 + (a - b)2 = 4ab.
11.(a + b)2 - (a - b)2 = 2(a2 + b2 ).
12.If a + b +c =0, then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3 abc .

INDICES AND SURDS

am m n mn (ab)m = a m b m
1. am an = am + n 2. = a m n . 3. (a ) = a . 4. .
an
m am m = 1
a y
5. = . 6. a 0 = 1, a 0 . 7. a x
m . 8. a = a x = y
b b m a
9. a x = b x a = b 10. a 2 b = x y , where x + y = a and xy = b.

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LOGARITHMS
a x = m log m = x (a > 0 and a 1)
a
1. loga mn = logm + logn.
m
2. loga = logm logn.
n
3. loga mn = n logm.
log a
4. logba = .
log b
5. logaa = 1.
6. loga1 = 0.
1
7. logba = .
log a b
8. loga1= 0.
9. log (m +n) logm +logn.
10. e logx = x.
11. logaax = x.
PROGRESSIONS
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
a, a + d, a+2d,-----------------------------are in A.P.
nth term, Tn = a + (n-1)d.
n
Sum to n terms, Sn = [ 2a + (n 1)d ] .
2
If a, b, c are in A.P, then 2b = a + c.
GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
a, ar, ar2 ,--------------------------- are in G.P.
a(1 r n ) a(r n 1)
Sum to n terms, Sn = if r < 1 and Sn = if r > 1.
1 r r 1
a
Sum to infinite terms of G.P, S = .
1 r
If a, b, c are in A.P, then b2 = ac.
HARMONIC PROGRESSION
Reciprocals of the terms of A.P are in H.P
1 1 1
, , , ----------------- are in H.P
a a + d a + 2d
2ac
If a, b, c are in H.P, then b = .
a+c
MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION
n(n + 1)
1 + 2 + 3 + -----------------+n = n = .
2
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
12+22 +32 + -----------------+n2 = n =
2
.
6
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n 2 (n + 1) 2
13+23 +33 + ----------------+ n3 = n 3
=
4
.
PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATION
n!
n Pr =
( n r) ! .
n!
nCr = .
r!( n r ) !
n!= 1.2 3.--------n.
nCr = nCn-r.
nCr + nCr-1 = (n + 1) Cr.
(m + n)!
(m + n)Cr = .
m!n!
BINOMIAL THEOREM

(x +a)n = xn + nC1 xn-1 a + nC2 xn-2 a2 + nC3 xn-3 a3 +------------+ nCn an.

nth term, Tr+1 = nCr xn-r ar .

PARTIAL FRACTIONS
f (x)
is a proper fraction if the deg (g(x)) > deg (f(x)).
g(x)
f (x)
is a improper fraction if the deg (g(x)) deg (f(x)).
g(x)
1. Linear non- repeated factors
f (x) A B
= + .
(ax + b)(cx + d) ax + b (cx + d)
2. Linear repeated factors
f (x) A B C
= + + .
(ax + b)(cx + d) 2
ax + b (cx + d) (cx + d) 2
3. Non-linear(quadratic which can not be factorized)
f (x) Ax + B Cx + D
= 2 + .
(ax + b)(cx + d) ax + b (cx 2 + d)
2 2

ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY
1. Distance between the two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) in the plane is
(x 2 x1 ) 2 + (y 2 y1 ) 2 OR (x1 x 2 ) 2 + (y1 y 2 ) 2 .
2. Section formula
mx 2 + nx1 my 2 + ny1
, (for internal division),
m+n m+n
mx 2 nx1 my 2 ny1
, (for external division).
mn mn

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3. Mid point formula

x1 + x 2 y1 + y 2
, .
2 2

4. Centriod formula
x1 + x 2 + x 3 y1 + y 2 + y3
, .
3 3
5. Area of triangle when their vertices are given,
1
2
x1 (y2 y3 )
1
= [ x1 (y 2 y3 ) + x 2 (y3 y1 ) + x 3 (y1 y 2 ) ]
2
STRAIGHT LINE
Slope (or Gradient) of a line = tangent of an inclination = tan.
Slope of a X- axis = 0
Slope of a line parallel to X-axis = 0
Slope of a Y- axis =
Slope of a line parallel to Y-axis =
y 2 y1
Slope of a line joining (x1, x2) and (y1, y2) = .
x 2 x1
If two lines are parallel, then their slopes are equal (m1= m2)
If two lines are perpendicular, then their product of slopes is -1 (m1 m2 = -1)
EQUATIONS OF STRAIGHT LINE
1. y = mx + c (slope-intercept form)
y - y1 = m(x-x1) (point-slope form)
y y
y y1 = 2 1 (x x1 ) (two point form)
x 2 x1
x y
+ = 1 (intercept form)
a b
x cos +y sin = P (normal form)
Equation of a straight line in the general form is ax2 + bx + c = 0
a
Slope of ax2 + bx + c = 0 is
b
m1 m 2
2. Angle between two straight lines is given by, tan =
1 + m1m 2
Length of the perpendicular from a point (x1,x2) and the straight line ax2 + bx + c
ax1 + by1 + c
= 0 is
a 2 + b2

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Equation of a straight line passing through intersection of two lines a 1x2 + b1x + c1
= 0 and a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0 is a1x2 + b1x + c1 + K(a2x2 + b2x + c2 ) = 0, where K is
any constant.
Two lines meeting a point are called intersecting lines.
More than two lines meeting a point are called concurrent lines.
Equation of bisector of angle between the lines a1x + b1y+ c1 = 0 and
a1x + b1 y + c1 a x + b 2 y 2 + c2
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 is = 2
a12 + b12 a 22 + b22

PAIR OF STRAIGHT LINES

1. An equation ax2 +2hxy +by2 = 0, represents a pair of lines passing through origin
generally called as homogeneous equation of degree2 in x and y and
2 h 2 ab
angle between these is given by tan = .
a+b
ax2 +2hxy +by2 = 0, represents a pair of coincident lines, if h2 = ab and the same
represents a pair of perpendicular lines, if a + b = 0.
2h
If m1 and m2 are the slopes of the lines ax2 +2hxy +by2 = 0,then m1 + m2 =
b
a
and m1 m2 = .
b
2. An equation ax2 +2hxy +by2+2gx +2fy +c = 0 is called second general second
order equation represents a pair of lines if it satisfies the the condition
abc + 2fgh af2 bg2 ch2 = 0.
The angle between the lines ax2 +2hxy +by2+2gx +2fy +c = 0 is given by
2 h 2 ab
tan = .
a+b
ax2 +2hxy +by2+2gx +2fy +c = 0, represents a pair of parallel lines, if h2 = ab and
af2= bg2 and the distance between the parallel lines is
2 g 2 ac
.
a(a + b)
ax2 +2hxy +by2+2gx +2fy +c = 0, represents a pair of perpendicular lines
,if a + b = 0.

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TRIGNOMETRY
1 2
Area of a sector of a circle = r .
2
Arc length, S = r .
opp adj opp adj hyp hyp
sin = ,cos = ,tan = ,cot = , sec = , cosec = .
hyp hyp adj opp adj opp
1 1 1 1
Sin = or cosec = , cos = or sec = ,
cos ec sin sec cos
1 1 sin cos
tan = or cot = , tan = , cot = .
cot tan cos sin
sin2 + cos2 = 1; sin2 = 1- cos2; cos2 = 1- sin2;
sec2 - tan2 = 1; sec2 = 1+ tan2; tan2 = sec2 1;
cosec2 - cot2 = 1; cosec2 = 1+ cot2; cot2 = cosec2 1.

STANDARD ANGLES
0 or
5
00 0 30
or 450 or 600 or 900 or 150 or 750 or
6 4 3 2 12 12
Sin 1 1 3 3 1 3 +1
0 2 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
Cos 3 1 1 3 +1 3 1
1 2 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
Tan 1 3 1 3 +1
0 1
3 3
3 +1 3 1
Cot 1 3 +1 3 1
1 0
3 3 3 1 3 +1
Sec 2 2 2 2 2
1 1
3 2
3 +1 3 1
Cosec 2 2 2 2 2
2 1
2 3 3 1 3 +1

ALLIED ANGLES
Trigonometric functions of angles which are in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th quadrants can be
obtained as follows :
If the transformation begins at 900 or 2700, the trigonometric functions changes as
sin cos
tan cot
sec cosec

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where as the transformation begins at 1800 or 3600, the same trigonometric functions
will be retained, however the signs (+ or -) of the functions decides ASTC rule.
COMPOUND ANGLES

Sin(A+B)=sinAcosB+cosAsinB.
Sin(A-B)= sinAcosB-cosAsinB.
Cos(A+B)=cosAcosB-sinAsinB.
Cos(A-B)=cosAcosB+sinAsinB.
tan A + tan B
tan(A+B)=
1 tan A tan B
tan A tan B
tan(A-B)=
1 + tan A tan B
1 + tan A
tan + A =
4 1 tan A
1 tan A
tan A =
4 1 + tan A
tan A + tan B + tan C tan A tan B tan C
tan(A+B+C)=
1 (tan A tan B + tan B tan C + tan C tan A)
sin(A+B) sin(A-B)= sin 2 A sin 2 B = cos 2 B cos 2 A
cos(A+B) cos(A-B)= cos 2 A sin 2 B

MULTIPLE ANGLES

2 tan A
1.sin 2A=2 sinA cosA. 2. sin 2A= .
1 + tan 2 A
3.cos 2A = cos 2 A sin 2 A
=1-2 sin 2 A .
= 2 cos 2 A 1
1 tan 2 A
=
1 + tan 2 A
2 tan A 1
4. tan 2A= , 5. 1+cos 2A= 2 cos 2 A , 6. cos 2 A = (1 + cos 2A) .
1 tan A
2
2
1
7. 1-cos 2A= 2sin 2 A , 8. sin 2 A = (1 cos 2A) , 9.1+sin 2A= (sin A + cos A) 2 ,
2
10. 1-sin 2A= (cos A sin A) = (sin A cos A) 2 , 11.cos 3A= 4 cos3 A 3cos A ,
2

3 tan A tan 3 A
12. sin 3A= 3sin A 4sin 3 A , 13.tan 3A= .
1 3 tan 2 A

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HALF ANGLE FORMULAE

2 tan
2 2 2
1) sin = 2sin cos . 2) sin = . 3) cos = cos sin .
2 2 2 2
1 + tan 2
2

1 tan 2
2 2 2
4) cos = 1 2sin . 5) cos = 2 cos 1 . 6) cos = .
2 2
1 + tan 2
2

2 tan
2 2 2
7) tan = . 8) 1 + cos = 2 cos . 9) 1 cos = 2sin .
2 2
1 tan 2
2
PRODUCT TO SUM

2 sinA cosB = sin(A+B) + sin(A-B).

2 cosA sinB = sin(A+B) sin(A-B).
2 cosA cosB = cos(A+B) + cos(A-B).
2 sinA sinB = cos(A+B) cos(A-B).

SUM TO PRODUCT
C+D CD
Sin C + sin D = 2sin cos .
2 2
C+D CD
Sin C sin D = 2 cos sin .
2 2
C+D CD
Cos C + cos D = 2 cos cos .
2 2
C+D CD
Cos C- cos D = 2sin sin
2 2
OR
D+C DC
Cos C- cos D = 2sin sin
2 2

PROPERTIES AND SOLUTIONS OF TRIANGLE

a b c
Sine Rule: = = = 2R , where R is the circum radius of the
sin A sin B sin C
triangle.
b 2 + c2 a 2
Cosine Rule: a2 = b2 + c2 -2bc cosA or cosA = ,
2bc

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a 2 + c2 b2
b2 = a2 + c2 -2ac cosB or cosB = ,
2ac
a 2 + b2 c2
c2 = a2 + b2 -2ab cosC or cosC = .
2ab
Projection Rule: a = b cosC +c cosB
b = c cosA +a cosC
c = a cosB +b cosA
Tangents Rule:
BC bc A
tan = cot ,
2 b+c 2
CA ca B
tan = cot ,
2 c+a 2
AB ab C
tan = cot .
2 a+b 2
Half angle formula:
A (s b)(s c) A s(s a) A (s b)(s c)
sin = , cos = , tan = .
2 bc 2 bc 2 s(s a)
B (s a)(s c) B s(s b) B (s a)(s c)
sin = , cos = , tan = .
2 ac 2 ac 2 s(s b)
C (s a)(s b) C s(s c) C (s a)(s b)
sin = , cos = , tan = .
2 ab 2 ab 2 s(s c)
Area of triangle ABC = s(s a)(s b)(s c) ,
1 1 1
Area of triangle ABC = bcsin A = ac sin B = ab sin C .
2 2 2
LIMITS

1. If f ( x ) = f ( x ) , then f ( x ) is called Even Function

2. If f ( x ) = f ( x ) , then f ( x ) is called Odd Function

3. If P is the smallest + ve real number such that if f ( x + P ) = f ( x ) , then f ( x ) is called

a periodic function with period P.

4. Right Hand Limit (RHL) = xlim

a+
( f ( x ) ) = lim
h 0
( f ( a + h) )
Left Hand Limit (LHL) = xlim
a
( f ( x ) ) = lim
h 0
( f ( a h) )
If RHL=LHL then lim
xa
( f ( x ) ) exists and
lim ( f ( x ) ) = RHL=LHL
xa

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1
5. Lt = 0 , if p > 0 and nLt n p = if p > 0
n np

sin x tan x x x
6. Lt = Lt ( x in radians ) = xLt = Lt =1
x 0 x x 0 x 0 sin x x 0 tan x
sin x 0 tan x 0
7. Lt = Lt =
x 0 x x 0 x 180
sin x 2
8. Lt =
x x
2

sin 1 x tan 1 x
9. lim = 1 = lim
x 0 x x 0 x
x n an
10. lim = nan 1 , where n is an integer or a fraction.
xa xa

ax 1 ex 1
11. lim = log a , lim = log e = 1
x 0 x x 0 x
n
1 1
12. lim 1 + = e , lim ( 1 + n ) n = e
x n x 0

13. lim kf ( x ) = k lim f ( x )

xa xa

14. lim f ( x ) g ( x ) = lim f ( x ) lim g ( x )

xa xa x a

15. lim f ( x ) .g ( x ) = lim f ( x ) .lim g ( x )

xa xa xa

f ( x) lim f ( x)
= provided lim g( x ) 0
xa
lim
g ( x) lim g ( x)
xa xa
xa

16. A function f ( x ) is said to be continuous at the point x = a if

(i) lim f ( x ) exists (ii) f ( a ) is defined (iii) lim f ( x ) = f ( a)

xa xa

17. A function f ( x ) is said to be discontinuous or not continuous at x = a if

(i) f ( x ) is not defined at x = a (ii) lim f ( x ) does not exist at x = a

xa

(iii) xlim f ( x ) lim f ( x ) f ( a )

a+0 xa0

18. If two functions f ( x ) and g ( x ) are continuous then f ( x ) + g ( x ) is continuous

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