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CHAPTER 15revaug PDF
CHAPTER 15revaug PDF
CHAPTER 15
Differential Equations
In many natural conditions the rate at which the amount of an object changes is
1) The marginal cost of a product varies directly with the number of units
manufactured.
2) The rate at which certain populations increase varies directly with the size of
dP
the population, i.e. = kt where P (t ) is the population at time t .
dt
dT
the case of a body cooling we have = k (T ! E ) . Where E is the fixed
dt
dT
into a saucepan of boiling water, we have = k (E ! T ) where k is positive.
dt
403
4) If a substance is poured into a glass of water and the substance dissolves then
dS
e.g. = kS where S is the quantity of substance undissolved.
dt
dM
substance. = kM where M is the amount of substance present. k again
dt
is a negative constant.
dy
Each of the foregoing examples is modeled by the differential equation = ky . To
dt
dy
= ky
dt
1 dy
! =k
y dt
ln y = kt + c
For most practical problems y is always positive and so we can say ln y = kt + c for
some constant c .
404
i.e. y = e kt +c
= ec ! e kt
if y = Ae kt
dy
then = Ae kt ! k = ky as required.
dt
Example 1
dy
Question: Suppose = 4 xy and y = 1 when x = 2 . Find y when x = 3 .
dx
dy
Answer: = 4 xy
dx
1 dy
! = 4x
y dx
ln y = 2 x 2 + c
When x = 2 , y = 1 (given)
! ln1 = 8 + c
0 = 8+c
!8 = c
! ln y = 2 x 2 ! 8
2
!8
i.e. y = e2 x
! When x = 3 , y = e10 .
405
Example 2
dy 2 x
Question: = and y = 0 when x = 1 .
dx e y
Find y when x = 2 .
dy 2 x
Answer: =
dx e y
dy
! ey = 2x
dx
e y = x2 + c
When x = 1 , y = 0 (given)
! e0 = 12 + c
i.e. 0=c
i.e. e y = x2
When x 2 = 2 , e y = 4
! y = ln 4 .
of the variables.
Example 3
dB
i.e. = kB
dt
1 dB
! =k
B dt
B = e kt +c
B = ec e kt
i.e. B (t ) = 1000e kt
When t = 10 , B = 5000
! 5000 = 1000e10 k
! 5 = e10 k
1
! 5 = ek
10
407
1
Substituting 510 = e k into B (t ) = 1000e kt , we get
t
B (t ) = 1000 ! 510
= 11180 (approx.)
Example 4
that after 100 days it has lost 30 % of its initial amount. Find the half-
life of Polonium.
Answer: Half-life means the number of days after which the amount of
initial amount.
dP
= kP (where k is a negative constant because P is
dt
decreasing)
P (t ) = P0e kt
408
After 100 days the polonium has lost 30 % of its initial mass.
1
! (0.7 )100 = ek
t
! P = P0 (0.7 )100 is the equation expressing the amount of
1
To find its half-life we must note that, at that time, P = P0 .
2
t
i.e. 0.5 P0 = P0 (0.7 )100
t
i.e. 0.5 = (0.7 )100
t
! ln (0.5 ) = ln (0.7 )
100
100ln (0.5 )
i.e. =t
ln (0.7 )
Example 5
Answer: Let T (t ) be the temperature of the water after t minutes from the
dT
Then = k (T ! 25 )
dt
1 dT
! =k
T ! 25 dt
ln (T ! 25 ) = kt + c
! T ! 25 = e kt +c = ec " e kt
When t = 0 , T = 100
! 75 = ec e0
i.e. ec = 75
! T ! 25 = 75e kt
When t = 5 , T = 80
! 55 = 75e5 k
1
! 55 $ 5
! #" 75 &% = e
k
410
1
! 11 " 5
i.e. ek = # $
% 15 &
When T = 50 we have
t
! 11 " 5
50 = 75 # $ + 25
% 15 &
t
1 ! 11 " 5
=# $
3 % 15 &
! 1 " t ! 11 "
ln # $ = ln # $
% 3 & 5 % 15 &
!1"
ln # $
5 % & =t
3
! 11 "
ln # $
% 15 &
17.71 = t
Example 6
v
Question: A raindrop falls with acceleration 9.81 ! (metres/second) per
3.2
velocity is 0.
v
Answer: acceleration = 9.81 !
3.2
dv v 31.392 ! v
! = 9.81 ! =
dt 3.2 3.2
1 dv 1
! =
31.392 ! v dt 3.2
1
Integrating with respect to time we get ! ln (31.392 ! v ) = t +c
3.2
t
i.e. ln (31.392 ! v ) = ! !c
3.2
!t
3.2 ! c
i.e. 31.392 ! v = e e
When v = 0 , t = 0
i.e. 31.392 = e ! c
!t
i.e. 31.392 ! v = 31.392e 3.2
!t
i.e. 31.392 ! 31.392e 3.2 = v
!t
As time increases without bound then e 3.2 approaches zero.
Example 7
roast was initially 20 C at what time was the roast put in the oven?
Answer: Let T (t ) be the temperature of the roast and let t be the number of
dT
= k (180 ! T )
dt
1 dT
! =k
180 ! T dt
! ln (180 ! T ) = kt + c
! ln (180 ! T ) = !kt ! c
! 180 ! T = e ! kt !c = e ! c e ! kt
! 70 = e ! c
! 20 = 70e ! k
2
! e! k =
7
413
Substituting in
*
t
" 2%
! 180 ! T = 70 $ '
# 7&
t
# 2&
! T = 180 " 70 % (
$ 7'
t
!2"
i.e. 20 = 180 # 70 $ %
&7'
t
!2"
70 # $ = 160
%7&
t
! 2 " 16
# $ =
%7& 7
minutes (approx.)
! The roast was put in the oven 39.6 minutes before noon
Authors Note:
dB 1
Often in an example such as = kB the equation is re-written dB = kdt and both
dt B
1
sides of the equation are integrated as ! B dB = ! kdt .
While it is true that this will lead to the correct result, it is frowned upon by the
authors because
dB !B dB
1) Even though is the limit of as !t " 0 , is not a fraction itself
dt !t dt
inherently clear that this is valid because, on the face of it, we will be
integrating the left-hand side with respect to B and integrating the right-
Worksheet 1
dy
1. If = y + 1 and y = 2 when x = 0 , find y when x = 1 .
dx
dy
2. If = 2 y + 3 and y = 2 when x = 0 , find y when x = 1 .
dx
dy
3. If = 2 xy 2 and y = 1 when x = 1 , find y when x = 2 .
dx
dy
4. If = e y + x and y = 0 when x = ln 4 , find y when x = ln 2 .
dx
dN
5. The bacteria in a certain culture increase according to the law = kN where
dt
dP
6. Population grows at a rate such that = kP where P is the population, k is a
dt
5 years.
instant. If 20 grams are present at time zero and 16 grams are present after 10
years, how many grams will be present after 20 years? Repeat the question
8. The downward acceleration of a man whose fall from a practice tower is being
dT
after it starts to cool is T C then = !k (T ! 15 ) where 15 C is the room
dt
solution. Thus, if C is the concentration (in grams per litre) and the
dC
saturation concentration is 10, then = k (10 ! C ) . Show that
dt
( )
C = 10 1 ! e ! kt . If k = 0.01 and t is measured in minutes, what is the
reduces to 180 mg in 100 years, how many milligrams will remain at the end of
100 . If it takes 2 minutes for the body to cool to 140 , how long does it
dP
13. P is related to t by the formula = 100 + 0.05 P where t is the time in years
dt
1
instant. If of the original amount of the substance has been converted
3
when t = 4 min and if an amount of 500 has been converted when t = 8 min,
Answers to Worksheet 1
7e 2 ! 3 1
1. 3e ! 1 2. 3. ! 4. ! ln 3
2 2
5. a) 3446 b) 21.6
6. 0.1386
7. 12.8, 13.33
9. T = 485e! kt + 15 , 281.17
10. 4.51
13. 6155
14. 900
418
Worksheet 2
dy
1. y = f (x ) is a function such that = y ie x and f (0 ) = 1 . f (1) =
dx
(A) 15.15 (B) 15.16 (C) 5.57 (D) 2.27 (E) 3.18
dy
2. If = 2 y and if y = 1 when t = 1 , what is the value of t for which y = e 2 ?
dt
1 3
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) (E)
2 2
3. At each point ( x , y ) on a certain curve, the slope of the curve is 2xy . If the
curve contains the point (0,5) then the curve contains the point
dy
4. If = y cos x and y = 3 when x = 0 , then y =
dx
dx
6. If = kt , and if x = 2 when t = 0 and x = 6 when t = 1 , then k equals
dt
dx
7. If = !10 x and if x = 50 when t = 0 , then x =
dt
dy cos x
8. If = and (0,0) is a point on the curve, which one of the following
dx cos y
dy
9. If = e y and y = 0 when x = 1 , then y = !1 when x =
dx
10. The curve that passes through the point (1, e ) and whose slope at any point
3y
( x, y ) is equal to has the equation
x
11. On the surface of the moon, the acceleration of gravity is !5.28 feet per
1000 feet with a velocity of 56 feet per second, its velocity 4.5 seconds later is
(A) 67.88 (B) 37.52 (C) 32.24 (D) 25.16 (E) 16.12
12. If the temperature is constant, then the rate of change of barometric pressure
(A) 21.47 (B) 25.32 (C) 28.91 (D) 32.11 (E) 35.82
Answers to Worksheet 2
1. C 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. C 6. B
7. B 8. A 9. C 10. C 11. C 12. B
420
Worksheet 3
room in which the body rests is 5 C, and assuming Newtons Law of Cooling
3. When a transistor radio is switched off, the current declines according to the
dI
formula = kI where I is the current, t is time in seconds and k is a
dt
constant. If the current drops to 10 % in the first second, how long will it
5. Let f be a function with f (1) = 4 such that for x > 0 and y > 0 , slope is
3x 2 + 1
given by .
2y
b) Write an equation for the line tangent to the graph of f at x = 1 and use it
421
to approximate f (1.2 ).
dy 3 x 2 + 1
c) Find f (x ) by solving the separable differential equations = with
dx 2y
Answers to Worksheet 3
1 1 7
5. a) b) y = x + , f (1.2 ) ! 4.1 c) f (x ) = x3 + x + 14 d) 4.114
2 2 2
Worksheet 4
present.
b) If P (2 ) = 200 , find k .
c) Find lim P (t ) .
t !"
422
3
equation f ' (t ) = , where t is measured in hours.
f (t )
a) If f (0 ) = 1 , find f (t ) .
4. A roast is put in a 300 F oven and heats according to the differential equation
dT
= k (300 ! T )
dt
minutes.
terms of k and t .
population. If the population goes from 2500 to 3600 in five years, what is it
dV
surface area of the snowball, that is, = !kS , where k is a positive constant.
dt
3
r=! t+2.
20
423
dF
equation = !0.1(F ! 70 ) , with the initial condition F (0 ) = 180 .
dt
c) If the tea is safe to drink when its temperature is less than 120 , at what
Answers to Worksheet 4
1
2. a) P (t ) = 300 ! 200e ! kt b) k = ln 2 c) 300
2
1
3. a) 6t + 1 b) after hour
2
(2t + 50 )
2
5.
!t
7. a) F = 70 + 110e 10
b) 110 (approx.)
c) 7.88 minutes
424
Worksheet 5
2. Polonium 210 decays into lead with a half-life of 138 days. How long will it
temperature.
7. The motion of a stone falling from rest from the top of a high building is
dv 1
acceleration = = 32 + v
dt 2
425
where v and t represent velocity and time respectively as usual. Find the
velocity after 4 seconds. Find also the distance the stone falls from its initial
8. When a person dies the temperature of their body will decrease from 37 C to
Law of Cooling. A person was found murdered. Police arrived at the scene
of the murder at 10:56 p.m. The temperature of the body at that time was
31 C and one hour later it was 30 C. The temperature of the room in which
the murder was committed is 22 C. At what time (to the nearest minute) was
9. The population of Russia in 1969 was 209 million. It is estimated that the
dP
= .01P .
dt
b) After what period of time will the population be double that of 1969?
10. Research has provided data which substantiate the model that the risk ( r %)
dr
= kr where k is a constant. The risk is 1% if the blood alcohol level is
db
0 % and the risk is 20 % if the blood alcohol level is 14%. At what blood
11. When a coil of steel is removed from a furnace its temperature is 684 C.
Four minutes later its temperature is 246 C. How long will it take for the coil
dv ! 1 "
= $ g # v%
dt & 4 '
c) How long will it take for the skydiver to reach 90% of his limiting velocity
13. Let v (t ) be the velocity, in feet per second, of a skydiver at time t seconds,
dv
equation = !2v ! 32 , with initial condition v (0 ) = !50 .
dt
c) It is safe to land when her speed is 20 feet per second. At what time does
Answers to Worksheet 5
1. 0.984 grm
2. 458.4 days
3. 9.46 minutes
1
4. 28 C
3
5. 6.184 %
6. 1.36 p.m.
7. 408.9, 91.94
8. 6:36 p.m.
9. a) 311,791,000
b) 69 years
10. 20.5 %
11. 8 minutes
" !t
#
12. a) v = 4 g $1 ! e 4 %
& '
b) !16 ft/sec
c) 1.07 seconds
428
Slope Fields
A slope field is a relatively recent method for helping to solve differential equations.
dy x
For example, if we were given = ! (and y = 2 when x = 0 ) then the slope field
dx y
!1
Note, for example, that at the point (1,1) the slope is = !1 and at (-1,1) the slope
1
! !1 1
is = = 1.
1 1
429
It must be remembered that the slope field is a representation of the original equation
and as such is a representation of the solution to the differential equation. For our
example it certainly seems that the solution to the differential equation is a circle.
dy x
=!
dx y
dy
! y = !x
dx
1 2 x2
! y = ! +c
2 2
i.e. y 2 + x 2 = 2c .
When x = 0 , y = 2 , ! c = 2 .
Of course greater value obtains to using slope fields when we are trying to solve more
dy
For example, consider the differential equation = x+ y.
dx
1
1) (0, ) 2) (0,-1) and 3) (0,-2)
2
dy
Solving = x + y analytically is beyond the scope of this book but suffice it to note
dx
Note for example that if the graph passes through (0,1) then the solution is
Similarly if the graph passes through (0,-1) then the solution is y = ! x ! 1 which is
point given and tracing on the slope field the direction suggested by the line segment
slopes. For example below is shown the slope field for the solution to:
dy
= ! y ! x2
dx
Drawn in thick type are the solutions (top to bottom) passing through
Again, analytically solving for the solutions to the differential equations is beyond the
scope of this book but for your interest the solutions are
a) y = ! x 2 + 2 x ! 2 + 4e ! x b) y = ! x 2 + 2 x ! 2 + 2e ! x c) y = ! x 2 + 2 x ! 2
Worksheet 6
1. Match the slope fields shown below with their differential equations.
I II
III
IV V
dy dy dy dy 1 dy
(A) = !y (B) =y (C) =x (D) = (E) = y2
dx dx dx dx y dx
433
2. Match the slope fields shown below with their differential equations.
I II
III IV
V VI
dy dy dy
(A) = 1+ y2 (B) =x (C) = sin x
dx dx dx
dy dy dy
(D) =y (F) = 4 ! y (E) = x! y
dx dx dx
434
dy
3. The slope field for the differential equation = y ! x 2 together with two
dx
dy x + y
4. Which of the slope fields shown below represents =
dx x ! y
(A) (B)
(C)
436
5. Match the slope fields shown below with the following differential equations.
dy dy dy
(A) = xe ! x (B) = sin x (C) = cos x
dx dx dx
dy dy 2 dy
(D) = x 2e ! x (E) = e! x (F) = e! x
dx dx dx
437
dy ( y + 1)(2 ! y )
6. Shown below is a slope field for the differential equation = .
dx 2
ii) (0,1)
iii) (1,0)
dy
7. Consider the differential equation = 2 y ! 4x .
dx
a) The slope field for the given differential equation is provided. Sketch the
solution curve that passes through the point (0,1) and sketch the solution
b) Let f be the function that satisfies the differential equation with initial
differential equation.
d) Let g be the function that satisfies the given differential equation with the
the point (0,0)? If so, is the point a local maximum or a local minimum?
439
dy
8. The figure below shows the slope field for a differential equation = f (x ) .
dx
differential equation.
a) Determine to the nearest integer the value of x for which all of the
your answer.
b) Determine to the nearest integer the value of x for which all of the
your answer.
your answer.
Answers to Worksheet 6
1. I B, II A, III D, IV E, V C
2. I D, II A, III E, IV C, V F, VI B
3. a) Upper graph is y = x 2 + 2 x + 2
Lower graph is y = x 2 + 2 x + 2 ! 2e x
b) (0,-1)
4. B
5. I B, II C, III A, IV F, V E, VI D
The functions are decreasing, then increasing. By the First Derivative Test
c) Start at the point (0,-2) and sketch in both directions, following the
Note that since the derivative is a function for x only, the slope will be the
same for each member of the family, at each value of x . This is why each
segment of the slope field appears parallel to those segments above and
below it. This is also why maximums and minimums occur at the same x