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TABLE OF CONTENTS

NO. CONTENTS PAGE

1 TABLE OF CONTENT 1

2 INTRODUCTION 2

3 CONTENTS 3

4 CONCLUSION 10

5 REFERENCES 11
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INTRODUCTION

We are required to carry out a project work while we are in semester 1. The project must be
on any of the topics covered in the Mathematics 1. This project must be done in group. Upon
completion of this mathematics 1 project work, we gain something valuable. We are able to
apply and adapt a variety of problem solving strategies to solve routine and non-routine
problems. We also experience classroom environments which are challenging, interesting and
meaningful where knowledge and skills are applied in meaningful ways in solving real-life
problems. Hence, our thinking skills are also improved. Beside that we experience classroom
environments where expressing ones mathematical thinking, reasoning and communication
are highly encouraged and also stimulates and enhances effective learning. This acquire
effective mathematical communication through oral and writing, and to use the mathematics
to express mathematical ideas correctly and precise. We also can enhance acquisition of
mathematical knowledge and skills through problem-solving ways that increase interest
prepare ourselves for the demand of our future undertakings and in workplace. This makes us
realise that mathematics is an important and powerful tool in solving real-life problems and
hence develop positive attitude towards mathematics
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History of Trigonometry

Trigonometry (from Greek trignon "triangle" + metron "measure" is a branch of

mathematics that studies triangles and the relationships between their sides and the angles
between these sides. Trigonometry defines the trigonometric functions, which describe those
relationships and have applicability to cyclical phenomena, such as waves. The field evolved
during the third century BC as a branch of geometry used extensively for astronomical
studies. It is also the foundation of the practical art of surveying. Sumerian astronomers
introduced angle measure, using a division of circles into 360 degrees. They and their
successors the Babylonians studied the ratios of the sides of similar triangles and discovered
some properties of these ratios, but did not turn that into a systematic method for finding sides
and angles of triangles. The ancient Nubians used a similar methodology. The ancient Greeks
transformed trigonometry into an ordered science. Classical Greek mathematicians (such as
Euclid and Archimedes) studied the properties of chords and inscribed angles in circles, and
proved theorems that are equivalent to modern trigonometric formulae, although they
presented them geometrically rather than algebraically. Claudius Ptolemy expanded upon
Hipparchus' Chords in a Circle in his Almagest. The modern sine function was first defined in
the Surya Siddhanta, and its properties were further documented by the 5th century Indian
mathematician and astronomer Aryabhata. These Greek and Indian works were translated and
expanded by medieval Islamic mathematicians. By the 10th century, Islamic mathematicians
were using all six trigonometric functions, had tabulated their values, and were applying them
to problems in spherical geometry.[citation needed] At about the same time, Chinese
mathematicians developed trigonometry independently, although it was not a major field of
study for them. Knowledge of trigonometric functions and methods reached Europe via Latin
translations of the works of Persian and Arabic astronomers such as Al Battani and Nasir al-
Din al-Tusi. One of the earliest works on trigonometry by a European mathematician is De
Triangulis by the 15th century German mathematician Regiomontanus. Trigonometry was
still so little known in 16th centuryEurope that Nicolaus Copernicus devoted two chapters of
De revolutionibus orbium coelestium to explaining its basic concepts. Driven by the demands
of navigation and the growing need for accurate maps of large areas, trigonometry grew to be
a major branch of mathematics. Bartholomaeus Pitiscus was the first to use the word,
publishing his Trigonometria in 1595.
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FORMULA

Sine function(sine), defined as the ratio of the side opposite the angle to the hypotenuse.
Sin A=opposite
hypotenuse
= a
c

Cosine function(cos), defined as the ratio of the adjacent leg to the hypotenuse.
adjacent b
Cos A = hypotenuse = c

Tangent function(tan), defined as the ratio of the opposite leg to the adjacent leg.
opposite a sinA
Tan A = adjacent = b = cosA

Area of Trigonometry
Area of triangle, A = b h
h
sin c = b

b sin c = h

Thus, that, A = ab sin C (include angle)

Phytagoras Theorem
a2 + b2 = c2

Cosine Rule

a2 = b2 +c2 2bc cos A

Sine Rule
a b c
= =
Sin Sin Sin
A B C
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PROBLEM STATEMENT

Pak Samy has a piece of unused land besides his house. This piece of land is surrounded by
the river and the mountain. After his retirement, he decided to clear up that piece of land to
plant vegetables. Pak Samy thinks that it will be good if he can fence up that land. He
measured the diagonal distance from the river to the foot of the mountain (A to B) is 500 m
and the distance along the mountain side till it almost meets the streams of the river (B to C)
is 800 m. Pak Samy also built a block made from sand bags along the river for flood
prevention during heavy rain. The angle subtended between the diagonal distance of AB and
the sand block is 30 as shown in diagram 1.

a) Pak Samy planned to dig a water supply for irrigation with cross section of the shape
of a sector with centre point B, to make watering job easier for him. He needs to build
the top part of the water supply .You are required to help him to calculate the angle of
ABC in order that he could build the water supply.

b) Pak Samy is poor in calculation, he wanted to fence up that piece of land in a

triangular shape. You need to help him to calculate the total length of the fencing
materials needed.

B 800 C

500m

30

A
DIAGRAM 1
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a) Pak Samy planned to dig a water supply for irrigation with cross section of the shape of a
sector with centre point B, to make watering job easier for him. He needs to build the top
part of the water supply with radius 1 m and height 1 m. You are required to help him to
calculate the angle of point B in order that he could build the water supply.

FIRST METHOD

B 800 C

500m

30

o
sinC sin 30
=
500 800
o
C=sin1 ( 500 sin30
800 )
=1813

< ABC = 180 30 1813

=13147 / 131.78
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SECOND METHOD

B 800 C

500m

D
30

Draw a perpendicular line from B to AC to intersect the line AC at D.

<ABC = 60

In triangle ABD

BD
Sin 30
500

BD = 500 Sin30 = 250m

In triangle BDC

250
Cos (< BDC) =
800

< BDC cos

1
( 250
800 )

= 7147

<ABC = 60 + 7147
= 13147 / 131.78

b) Pak Samy is poor in calculation, he wanted to fence up that piece of land in a triangular
shape. You need to help him to calculate the total length of the fencing materials needed.
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METHOD 1

B 800 C

500m

D
30

BD
sin 30o=
500

BD = 250

In triangle ABD, AD = 500 - 250

AD = 187500

= 433.01m

In triangle BDC, CD =800250

CD = 577500

= 759.93m

Total length of the fence = 500 + 800 + 433.01 + 759.93

= 2492.94m
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METHOD 2

In triangle ABC,

Using Cosine Rule,

AC =500+ 8002 x 500 x 800 x cos 131 47

= 1 423 052.47

AC = 1 192.92m

Total length of fences = 500 + 800 + 1192.92

= 2492.92m
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CONCLUSION

Based on our researches and discussion represented in this report, we do know that
Mathematics is a universal part of human culture. In construction, surface area affects
planning (how much to buy) and costs (how much to charge) in connection with such things
as wallboard, shingles, and paint. In manufacturing you will have the same issues - say, the
cost of making boxes or printing, or sheet metal parts. In designing, surface area enters into
calculations of wind resistance and drag in cars or airplanes, pressure and strength of
materials.

The surface area exposed to air affects how fast something cools or heats or dries out.
Elephants, for example, need big ears to increase their surface area for cooling purposes, so
it's not only human designers that have to do these calculations. Many objects have complex
shapes to increase their surface area: the inside of your lungs, intestines, and brain, air
cleaners, radiators - and towels, as you mentioned. Others avoid flat shapes to minimize
surface area and avoid drying out: pine needles and cactus for example.

Many things you buy for home use are priced by surface area - or, if not, you should figure
out their cost per square foot to decide which is the best buy: fabric, plastic wrap, and so on.

Furthermore, after done this report we had learned that knowledge is important for ourself as
want to be a good person and success in the world and akhirat. In Quran, Al-Mujadilah, 58:11,
"Allah will raise up, to (suitable) ranks and (degrees), those of you who believe and who have
been granted knowledge. And Allah is well-acquainted with all you do."

This verse shows the importance of knowledge and the virtues that Allah has given to it. It
also shows that knowledge comes before deeds, since Allah instructed His Prophet to know
that He is One and the only One worthy of worship.
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REFERENCES

http://www.scribd.com/doc/97400825/Additional-Mathematic-Project-Work-
1-2012-Sarawak#

en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometry