Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 73 (2010) 6772

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Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering

j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w. e l s ev i e r. c o m / l o c a t e / p e t r o l

New correlations to predict natural gas viscosity and compressibility factor

Ehsan Heidaryan a,, Jamshid Moghadasi b, Masoud Rahimi c
a
Faculty of Energy, Kermanshah University of Technology, Kermanshah 6717863766, Iran
b
Petroleum Engineering Department, Petroleum University of Technology, Ahwaz, Iran
c
CFD Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This study proposed two new accurate simple explicit numerical methods for calculating the z-Factor and
Received 29 September 2009 viscosity of natural gases. Results of these correlations are compared versus experimental data. Proposed
Accepted 15 May 2010 correlation for z-Factor has 0.402 and 1.366 of Absolute Average Percent Error (AAE%) respectively versus
Standing and Katz chart and experimental data. The output of this correlation can be directly assumed or be
Keywords: used as an initial value of other implicit correlations. In addition, this correlation is valid for gas coefcient of
natural gas
isothermal compressibility (cg) calculations. The new method for viscosity accounts for the presence of
compressibility factor (z-Factor)
viscosity
heptane plus and non-hydrocarbon components. This model was derived from 1260 experimental
correlation measurement of gas viscosity of eleven different mixtures with AAE% of 2.083. This model is simpler and
more efcient than published correlations, and the comparisons indicate superiority of the proposed model
over other methods.
2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction most common sources of z-Factor calculations. Occasionally when

Natural gas is a subcategory of petroleum that occurs naturally,
and it is composed of complex mixtures of hydrocarbons and a minor
amount of inorganic compound. Natural gasses physical properties,
and in particular, their variations with pressure, temperature, and
molecular weight are of great importance in petroleum and gas
engineering calculations.
Petroleum engineers need to predict pVT properties of petroleum
uids at given conditions of temperature and pressure. This can be
determined through pVT analysis of uid sample tests or can be
calculated by using Equations of State (EoS) based on computer codes
if the uid composition is known. This information is often
unavailable particularly at the early stage of eld development or
needs to be veried, supported and supplemented during the course
of eld development. Then it is the task of empirical correlations to
estimate the petroleum uid properties as a function of the reservoir's
readily available characteristics (Ahmed, 1989).
In the oil and gas industries, natural gas compressibility factor (z-
Factor) and viscosity are two of the most important parameters in
upstream and downstream and their importance cannot be over-
emphasized in material balance, gas reserve evaluation, gas reservoir
simulation, gas well testing and gas processing calculations. The
experimental measurements, EoS and empirical correlations are the
Corresponding author. Tel.: + 98 918 336 0389.
E-mail address: heidaryan@engineer.com (E. Heidaryan).
data become unavailable; viscosity is estimated using empirical
correlations as function of gas density, temperature, composition
and the gas viscosity at low pressure or pressure. The purpose of this
study is to develop the two new accurate simple explicit correlations
for rapid estimating z-Factor and viscosity.
2. Natural gas compressibility factor (z-Factor)
2.1. Background
The calculation of natural gas volume, density and viscosity at
elevated pressures and temperatures requires values of z-Factor. All
the Equations of State (EoS) are implicit in terms of the z-Factor; this
means that the z-Factor should be solved as a root of the EoS. In
general, EoSs are not easy to use, not only because of the numerous
calculations involved, but also basically due to the lack of knowledge
to calculate critical properties, acentric factors of plus-fraction's
components, and the binary interaction parameters. To conquer this,
Li and Guo (1991) modied the original Peng and Robinson-EoS to
predict properties of natural gases by introducing 33 constants. The
modication increases the numerical computations and makes the
equation inconvenient for engineering proposes. In addition, EoSs
could be used to predict density or physical properties of pure
hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon mixtures, whether reliable models or
correlations to predict these properties are available. However,
Elsharkawy (2004) showed that EoSs have poor ability to predict
hydrocarbon gas mixtures volumetric properties.

0920-4105/$ see front matter 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.petrol.2010.05.008
68 E. Heidaryan et al. / Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 73 (2010) 6772

The most often EoS used by petroleum engineers is:

pV = znRT: 1

In which p is the absolute pressure, V is the volume, T is the

absolute temperature, z is the compressibility factor, n is the number
of moles of the gas, and R is the universal gas constant. The ratio of the
actual volume to the ideal volume of real gas, which is a measure of
the amount the gas deviates from perfect behavior, is called the
compressibility factor. It is also called the gas deviation factor and is
denoted by the symbol z.

VActual
z= 2
VIdeal

Fig. 1. z-Factor, plotted as a function of the pseudoreduced pressure for isotherms data
Standing and Katz have developed a chart (SKC) according to the from (Poettmann and Carppenter, 1952).
theory of corresponding states (Standing and Katz, 1942) for
calculating the z-Factor which is reliable for natural gas and gas
condensate mixture too (Rayes et al., 1992).
two independent variables, the multiple rational regression equation
T
Tr = 3 was correlated with pPr and reciprocal of TPr as follow:
TC


1
p z = f pPr ; 7
pr = 4 TPr
pC
0 1
A5 2 A9 A11
The principle of corresponding states, applies to single component BA1 + A3 lnpPr + T + A7 lnpPr + T 2 + T lnpPr C
B Pr Pr C
gases, but by applying average molar weight (Kay, 1936) it was z = ln B Pr
C:
@ A4 A8 A10 A
extended to gas mixtures. 1 + A2 ln pPr + T + A6 lnpPr + 2 +
2
ln pPr
Pr
TPr TPr
T 8
TPr = n
5
TPC = yi TCi
i=1 For more accuracy two set of tuned coefcients (Table 1) were
introduced for proposed correlation (A1 through A11) which were
p determined by minimizing the sum of squares of the residuals of
pPr = n
6
pPC = yi pCi Eq. (8). These tuned coefcients are changed if more accurate data in
i=1 sensitive region of SKC are available by proposed numerical method.

There are more than twenty correlations available with two
variables for calculating the z-Factor from tting SKC values in non-
cubic EoSs (Londono et al., 2005; Hall and Iglesias-Silva, 2007) or just
through tting techniques (Papy, 1968; Heidaryan et al., 2010).
However, these correlations are more complex which require initial
value, complicated and longer computations or have magnitude error.
This should be noticed that validation of all of SKC's correlations is for
pure hydrocarbon mixture with Mwa less than 40 (Standing and Katz,
1942; Standing, 1981). For pseudocritical properties of natural gases
with specic gravity more than 0.75, instead of average molar weight
(Kay, 1936) the Sutton's (1985) combination rule should be used. For
non-hydrocarbon impurities, Wichert and Aziz (1972) developed a
correction correlation for pseudocritical properties. For gas system
with unknown composition there are some accurate correlations for
predicting pseudocritical properties form gas specic gravity such as
Standing (1981), Elsharkawy et al. (2001), Londono et al. (2005), and
3. Natural gas viscosity
3.1. Background
As most laboratories do not have the required equipment for the
measurements of gas viscosities, the prediction of gas viscosity is
particularly important. Guo et al. (1997) presented two viscosity
models based on PR-EoS and PT-EoS. They found that their EoS-based
viscosity model is capable of satisfactorily describing pure component
hydrocarbon viscosity, but poorly predicts the viscosity of hydrocar-
bon mixtures (Guo et al., 2001). Jeje and Mattar (2006) declared that
Lee et al.'s (1966) correlation is the most reliable correlation for
Table 1
Tuned coefcients of Eq. (8).

Sutton (2007). Coefcient Tuned coefcient 0.2 pPr 3 Tuned coefcient 3 b pPr 15

A1 2.827793 10+ 00 3.252838 10+ 00

2.2. The new developed natural gas z-Factor correlation A2 4.688191 10 01 1.306424 10 01
A3 1.262288 10+ 00 6.449194 10 01
The SKC has been digitalized by Poettmann and Carppenter (1952) A4 1.536524 10+ 00 1.518028 10+ 00
A5 4.535045 10+ 00 5.391019 10+ 00
in range of 0.2 pPr 15 and 1.05 TPr 3. Fig. 1 illustrates the plot of
A6 6.895104 10 02 1.379588 10 02
this data. The 1220 points of this data in range of 0.2 pPr 15 A7 1.903869 10 01 6.600633 10 02
and1.2 TPr 3 have been considered for developing the new z-Factor A8 6.200089 10 01 6.120783 10 01
correlation. Multiple regression analysis attempts have been carried A9 1.838479 10+ 00 2.317431 10+ 00
out to explain the relationships between the independent variables A10 4.052367 10 01 1.632223 10 01
A11 1.073574 10+ 00 5.660595 10 01
and a dependent variable (Heidaryan et al., 2010). When there are
 E. Heidaryan et al. / Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 73 (2010) 6772 69

Table 2
Compositions natural gas mixtures collected for developing Eq. (10).

Comp. No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 No. 4 No. 5 No. 6 No. 7 No. 8 No. 9 No. 10 No. 11

N2 0.21 5.2 0.55 0.04 0.67 4.8 1.4 0.3 0.6 15.8
CO2 0.23 0.19 1.7 2.04 3.2 0.64 0.9 1.4
He 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.8
C1 97.8 92.9 91.5 88.22 86.3 80.9 80.7 71.7 95.6 73.5 73.1
C2 0.95 0.94 3.1 5.08 6.8 9.9 8.7 14 3.6 25.7 6.1
C3 0.42 0.48 1.4 2.48 2.4 4.6 2.9 8.3 0.5 0.2 3.4
n-C4 0.23 0.18 0.5 0.58 0.48 1.35 1.7 1.9 0.6
i-C4 0.01 0.67 0.87 0.43 0.76 0.77 0.2
C5 0.09 0.06 0.28 0.41 0.22 0.6 0.13 0.39
C6 0.06 0.06 0.26 0.15 0.1 0.39 0.06 0.09
C+7 0.03 0.08 0.13 0.04 0.11 0.03 0.01
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

0

 1
determining the viscosity of natural gases. Londono et al. (2005) by Mwa Mwa 2 3
applying nonparametric regression and multiple regression analyses B
B 1 + B 2 + B3 + B4 + B5 + B 6 C
B T T C
introduced a new procedure for calculating the viscosity of natural = ln B


 C 10
@ Mwa Mwa 2 Mwa 3 A
gases. Sutton (2007) used the Lucas (1981) low-pressure gas viscosity 1 + B7 + B8 + B9 + B10
T T T
in order to modify Lee et al.'s (1966) correlation. Shokir and Dmour
(2009) used genetic programming based model for nding the
viscosity of pure and hydrocarbon gas mixtures. A practical issue In which is density, g/cm3; is gas viscosity, cp; T is temperature,
pertinent to all density-based gas-viscosity models is that an estimate F and Mwa is apparent molar weight. B1 through B10 (Table 3) are
of gas density must be known. Therefore, the accuracy of viscosity temperature, density and molecular weight independent tuned
calculations is dependent on the accuracy of z-Factor estimation. coefcients. The validity ranges for Eq. (10) can be found in Table 4.

3.2. The new developed natural gas-viscosity correlation 4. Results and discussion

In the present study, a large number of data for a variety of natural
gases have been used (Lee, 1965; Gonzalez et al., 1970) for developing
new viscosity correlation. These data contain 1260 viscosity data point
of eleven different gases. A complete description of the data is
reported in Table 2. The nonparametric regression algorithm (Xue
et al., 1997) showed that natural gas viscosity is a strong function of
the density, apparent molecular weight and reciprocal of temperature.
The multiple rational regression equation was correlated using , Mwa
and reciprocal of T.


1
= f ; ; Mwa
T
Fig. 2 shows the accuracy of Eq. (8) in compression with 4395 data
point of Poettmann and Carppenter's (1952) data in range of
0.2 pPr 15 and 1.2 TPr 3. Fig. 3 shows the Absolute Percent
Relative Error (AE%) contour plot of z in percent for Eq. (8). Statistical
parameters of Eq. (8) versus Poettmann and Carppenter's (1952) data
for each isotherm are showed in Table 5. Eq. (6) is not recommended
for predicting of z-Factor when TPr b 1.2, but its value could be used for
other implicit methods which are accurate in the vicinity of critical
isotherm. Another parameter that can be calculated through using z-
Factor correlations is gas coefcient of isothermal compressibility (cg)
(Ghedan et al., 1993). As it appears in Fig. 3, Eq. (8) is always valid for
9 cg calculations in its validity range.


1 V
cg = 11
V p T
Table 3
Tuned coefcients of Eq. (10).

Coefcient Tuned coefcient

B1 1.022872 10+ 00
B2 1.651432 10+ 00
B3 5.757386 10+ 00
B4 7.389282 10 02
B5 8.389065 10 02
B6 2.977476 10 01
B7 1.451318 10+ 00
B8 4.682506 10+ 00
B9 1.918239 10+ 00
B10 9.844968 10 02

Table 4
Validity ranges of Eq. (10).

Property Max Min

Pressure (psia) 9580 116

Temperature (F) 340 77.7
Density (g/cm3) 0.3906 0.0038
Mwa 22.305 16.607
Fig. 2. Accuracy of Eq. (8) versus 4158 point of data (Poettmann and Carppenter, 1952)
Viscosity (cp) 0.0543 0.01042
in range of 0.2 pPr 15 and 1.2 TPr 3.
70 E. Heidaryan et al. / Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 73 (2010) 6772

Fig. 4. AE% of various methods in calculating natural gas z-Factor as function of

cumulative frequency.

Fig. 3. Absolute Percent Relative Error contour of z in percent for this study versus 4158
Table 7
point of data (Poettmann and Carppenter, 1952) in range of 0.2 pPr 15 and
Statistical parameters for each z-Factor correlation versus experimental data.
1.2 TPr 3.
Correlation APD% AAE% ERMS r2

Table 5 Eq. (8) 0.73258 1.366745 2.225004 0.979

Statistical parameters of Eq. (8) versus SKC. Hall and Iglesias-Silva (2007) 1.06918 1.614423 2.541089 0.977
Londono et al. (2005) 0.83831 1.791433 3.236726 0.956
Isotherm (TPr) APE% AAE% ERMS Heidaryan et al. (2010) 0.3992 3.256481 3.999567 0.951
Papy (1968) 8.11641 8.724819 17.71223 0.899
1.2 0.537 1.070 1.334
1.3 0.059 0.678 0.898
1.4 0.421 0.673 0.932
1.5 0.245 0.392 0.514
1.6 0.247 0.479 0.596
different mixtures have been provided from literature (Satter and
1.7 0.184 0.424 0.528
1.8 0.106 0.267 0.351
Campbell, 1963; Buxton and Campbell, 1967; Hall and Yarborough;
1.9 0.116 0.246 0.322 1973; Li and Guo, 1991); Table 6 summarized detail of this data. Fig. 4
2.0 0.185 0.254 0.333 shows the AE% of proposed z-Factor correlation and other methods
2.2 0.150 0.247 0.278 (Papy, 1968; Londono et al., 2005; Hall and Iglesias-Silva, 2007;
2.4 0.084 0.243 0.309
Heidaryan et al., 2010) as a function of cumulative frequency of z-
2.6 0.000 0.186 0.230
2.8 0.042 0.177 0.222 Factor experimental data. In addition the statistical parameters for
3.0 0.106 0.294 0.351 each correlation are showed in Table 7. By assuming an acceptable
Total 0.009 0.402 0.514 engineering error is 5%, this gure indicates that proposed method
successfully estimated the z-Factor for 95% of experimental data and

 its error never exceed 9%. According to Fig. 4, Eq. (8) is more accurate
1 1 z
cg = 12 than four common explicit and implicit correlations. Fig. 5 shows AE%
p z p T
of the proposed correlation and other viscosity methods (Lee et al.,
1966; Londono et al., 2005; Sutton, 2007; Shokir and Dmour, 2009) for
In other to compare accuracy of proposed correlation versus estimating the viscosities of the data (Lee, 1965; Gonzalez et al., 1970)
experimental data, 347 compressibility factor data points of eighteen as function of cumulative frequency. As it can be seen in these gures

Table 6
Compositions of experimental data for checking Eq. (8) and other z-Factor correlations.

Comp. No. 1a No. 2a No. 3a No. 4a No. 5a No. 6b No. 7b No. 8b No. 9b No. 10b No. 11c No. 12c No. 13c No. 14c No. 15c No. 16d No. 17d No. 18d

H2S 6.5 9.8 4.7 9.3 19.7 24.19 40

N2 0. 53 0.57 0.52 0.28 0.56 6.77 2.09 2.15 0.19 11.91 9.43
CO2 5.06 10.13 20.16 10.91 12.92 0.4 0.52 10.6 4.52 1.05 0.92 8.49 6.72
C1 89.77 85.2 74.58 75.93 58.41 87.1 83.1 83.6 80 71.3 98.5 94.53 81.83 76.01 68.8 75.12 38.36 30.36
C2 4.64 4.1 4.74 28.67 6.4 7.1 11.7 10.7 9 1.3 0.96 0.96 4.94 9.41 8.57 6.29 4.98
C3 13.16 1.55 1.55 6.49 12.54 4.53 2.61 2.07
n-C4 0.79 0.25 2.89 3.76 1.28 1.54 1.22
i-C4 0.3 0.05 1.21 0.78 1.71 1.23 0.97
C5 0.41 0.07 1.18 1.28 1.07 0.98 0.77
C6 0.24 0.26 0.54 0.24 0.87 0.67 0.53
C+7 0.144 0.11 0.13 0.09 5.74 3.73 2.95
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
a
Buxton and Campbell (1967).
b
Satter and Campbell (1963).
c
Li and Guo (1991).
d
Hall and Yarborough (1973).
 E. Heidaryan et al. / Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 73 (2010) 6772 71

for z has better statistical parameter than four common z-Factor

correlations against experimental data in addition it has 0.402 of AAE%
against Standing and Katz chart and also has 1.341of AAE% against
experimental data. This correlation is also valid for gas coefcient of
isothermal compressibility (cg) calculations. Moreover in this work an
efcient and simple numerical method has been presented for
calculation of the viscosity of natural gases when experimental
measurements are not available. This model was derived from 1260
experimental measurements of gas viscosity of eleven different
mixtures with AAE% of 2.083. The comparison indicates superiority
of the proposed correlation over other proposed methods.

6. Statistical formulas

!
Percent Relative Error (ER) zCalculated
i zObserved
i
ER = 100
zObserved
i
Fig. 5. AE% of various methods for estimating natural gas viscosity as function of i = 1; 2; 3; ::::; Nd
cumulative frequency. !
jz zObserved
j
Calculated
i i
Absolute Percent Relative AE % = 100
zObserved
i
Error (AE%)
i = 1; 2; 3; ::::; Nd
!
Nd
zCalculated zObserved
i i
i=1 zObserved
i
Average Percent Relative APE% = 100
Nd
Error (APE%) !
jz zObserved
j
Nd Calculated
i i
i=1 zObserved
i
Average Absolute Percent AAE% = 100
Nd
Relative Error (AAE%) v
u Nd
u
u Ei2
t i=1
Root Mean Square ERMS =
Error (ERMS) Nd

Nd  2
zexp exp
1;i z1;mean 1;i z1;mean
zcal cal
i=1
Correlation Coefcient r2 = ! !
Nd  2 Nd  2
zexp
1;i z exp
1;mean z cal zcal
1;i 1;mean
i=1 i=1

Nomenclature
Fig. 6. Accuracy of various methods for estimating natural gas viscosity. A tuning coefcient
B tuning coefcient
the new correlation (Eq. (10)) is more accurate than other methods cg gas coefcient of isothermal compressibility, psi 1
and successfully estimated viscosity of 90% of experimental data. Fig. 6 Mwa apparent molecular weight
shows the accuracy of each viscosity correlations at its validity ranges n number of moles of the gas
in comparison with data (Lee, 1965; Gonzalez et al., 1970) and their Nd number of data points
statistical parameters are showed in Table 8. p pressure, psia
pC critical pressure, psia
5. Conclusion pPC pseudocritical pressure, psia
pr reduced pressure
The simple accurate correlation based on the general gas pPr pseudoreduced pressure
compressibility factor chart (SKC) was obtained for a quick estimation R universal gas constant
of natural gas compressibility factor as a function of reduced pressure T absolute temperature, F
and reduced temperature. The advantage of the proposed correlation TC critical temperature, R
is that it is explicit in z and thus does not require an iterative solution TPC pseudocritical temperature, R
which is demanded by other methods developed from an EoS. The Tr reduced temperature
outcome of this correlation can be directly assumed or be used for TPr pseudoreduced temperature
initial value of other iterative correlations. Results of this correlation V volume, ft3
were compared against experimental data. The proposed correlation z compressibility factor
yi mole fraction of component i
density, g/ml
Table 8 Viscosity, cp
Statistical parameters for each viscosity correlation versus experimental data.

Correlation APE% AAE% ERMS

Eq. (10) 0.245 2.083 2.259 Acknowledgements

Sutton (2007) 2.356 3.228 4.377
Londono et al. (2005) 2.843 3.502 3.853 The lead author would like to thank Dr. Thomas A. Blasingame and
Lee, et al.(1966) 2.084 3.950 4.656 Dr. Kenneth R. Hall for their insight, comments, and suggestions
Shokir and Dmour (2009) 2.435 7.131 9.606
regarding this work. The authors also wish to express their grateful
72 E. Heidaryan et al. / Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 73 (2010) 6772
appreciation for useful comments of the reviewers that led to
signicant improvement of the paper.
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