International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Issue 6, June 2014)
Modification in Pump Piping to Comply with Nozzle Allowable
Harshal M Ghule1, S. B. Belkar2
1
PG Student PREC Loni, India.
2
HOD Mechanical dept. PREC Loni India.
Abstract The load and stress imposed from a connecting
piping system can greatly affect the reliability of an
equipment; these loads either from expansion of a pipe or
from other source can cause shaft misalignment as well as
shell deformation interfering with the internal moving parts.
Therefore it is important to design the piping system to
impose a little stress as possible on the equipment, ideally, it is
not possible.
This project work is focused on to stress analysis of a pump
piping system as per process piping codes B31.3 by CAESAR-
II and rethinking the nozzle allowable loads provided by the
pump manufacture, to optimize the design and reduced the
design, material as well as manufacturing cost. To achieve
this, implement various methods. The loads which are
imposed on the pump nozzle can be reduced by possible re-
routing the piping system with less modification. But this re-
routing of a piping has its practical & layout limitation, so as
to overcome this difficulty, explores the methods for setting a
higher allowable loads without changing pump manufacturer
design consideration and size of pump. A more realistic
allowable should be established as per API 610 standard to
better balance equipment cost against piping engineering.
I. INTRODUCTION
It is common practice worldwide for piping designers to
route pump piping by considering mainly space, process
and flow constraints (such as pressure drop) and other
requirements arising from constructability, operability and
reparability. Unfortunately, pipe stress analysis
requirements are often not sufficiently considered while
routing and supporting piping systems, especially in
providing adequate flexibility to absorb expansion
contraction of pipes due to thermal loads. So, when as
designed piping systems are handed-off to pipe stress
engineers for detailed analysis, they soon realize that the
systems are stiff and loads on nozzles is to high to
comply with manufactures allowable so as suggest routing
changes to make the systems more flexible and to reduced
the nozzle loads. The piping designers, in turn, make
changes to routing and send the revised layout to the pipe
stress engineers to check for compliance again. Such back
and forth design iterations between layout and stress
departments continue until a suitable layout and support
scheme is arrived.
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But this resulting in significant increase in project
execution time, which, in turn, increases project costs. This
delay in project execution is further worsened in recent
years by increased operating pressures and temperatures in
order to increase plant output; increased operating
pressures increase pipe wall thicknesses, which, in turn,
increase piping stiffness's further. Such increased operating
temperatures applied on stiffer systems increase pipe
thermal stresses and support loads. So, it is all the more
important to make the piping layout flexible at the time of
routing.
Many researchers were worked on modification of pump
piping. Peng et.al. [1] Identified that the current allowable
for piping loads on rotating equipment nozzle imposed by
the equipment manufacturers are too low. William et.al.
[2] studied the pump reliability problem which is
responsible for the large amount of maintainence budget
and lost opportunitycost at chemical plants, refinaryies, and
many electric utilities. James et.al. [3] had studies the
Horizontal process Pump modification to comply with API-
610.sixth edition forces and moments. James et.al. [4]
Worked on the API 610 Base plate and Nozzle loading
criteria. The base plate and nozzle loading criteria in the
December 1985 draft version of API610 7th Edition is
substantially different from the criteria found in the 6th
Edition. Takio Simizu et.al. [5] senior research engineer
in Ebara research company studied "The analysis of nozzle
load for process pump." Also discussed shaft end
displacement of centerlines mounted pump under nozzle
loads. L.C. Peng et.al.[6]had studied the "Equipment
reliability improvement through reduced pipe stress ". The
loads and stress imposed from a connecting piping system
can greatly affect the reliability of equipment. Charles
et.al. [7] Proposed various aspects for pump piping. They
studied "Design and Operation of Pump for Hot standby
service.Peng et.al. [8] Found piping system is designed
based on the piping code created for each individual
industry. Peng,et.al. [9] Studied the "Treatment of support
friction in piping stress analysis".
It is always studied that how to overcome with this low
nozzle allowable provided by manufactures. So in this
research they have focused the various methods and
approach to comply this low allowable, without increasing
the project time, material and cost.
 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 4, April 2013)
Literature of past work does not adequately clarify the Process layout of system
proper innovative design of pump system and routine
modification in pump piping and Latest edition requirement
of API 610. So there is a need to modification in piping as
well as support friction factor consideration to reduce the
loads on piping nozzles.

II. DESIGN BASIS FOR STRESS ANALYSIS.

The applicable edition of the codes and standards shall
be that in effect on the contract date.
A] Codes:-Comply with all applicable Codes including,
ASME, B31.3, Section VII, B16.5.
B] Standards:-Comply with the following applicable
Standards: API, API 610, WRC, WRC 107, WRC 297,
ASCE-7-05, EJMA
C] Basic Data for Analysis:-For analysis of stress it is
required to find out pressure,wight and temperature of the Piping designer and Layout engineer route piping as per
fluid ,along with this loading type is important factor which design requirement by considering various access ways,
is to be consider while analysis. maintenance requirement and process requirement as
shown in below fig
Project Specification And Pump Piping Design
Parameters:- Lines which are connected to the deethaniser
centrifugal pump in propylene recovery unit has below
listed properties.
Suction Line No- Discharge Line No-
14"-1630-P-400-31174XR 8"-1630-P-013-31174XR
Equipment - 1630-D-007 Equipment-1630-G-004A/B
(Reflux Drum ) (Reflux Pump)
Density of Fluid - .0004270 Pressure Rating 300
kg./cu.cm.
Operating Temperature - 49 Operating Pressure -18.2 bars

Design Temperature - 87 Design Pressure -32.65 bars

Mill Tolerance-12.5
Corrosion Allowance-3.00mm
Piping Code-B 31.3
Test Pressure = 48.98 bars
Piping Material- A333 6
Equipment Standard-API610 Caesar model formation is based on the initial routine
and possible support location shared by Piping Dept.
Design parameters is as per project design basis.
Caesar model is as shown in below Fig.

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 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 4, April 2013)

Nozzle check with Initial Piping.

It is found that the nozzles are not qualified in the
existing routine as the initial system is very stiff. Even if
the nozzle is not passed in two times of allowable in API
610 then we will suggest possible route modification in Piping Caesar-II model with route modification :-
existing routine at clouded potion. As the Piping has rerouted the piping needs to be again
NODE Fa N. Fb N. Fc N.
Forces Ma Mb Mc Moments
Remark
update the Caesar model as per latest routine which is as
Check N.m. N.m. N.m. Check
70 shown in Fig.
Limits 24299 23401 13998 20899 13799 19599
2(OPE) 5297 921 2609 0.218 -530 -547 1760 0.09 Qualify
In Stress analysis to reduced the nozzle loads due to
3(OPE)
4(OPE)
5366
5204
921
1138
2879
2528
0.221
0.214
-612
-376
-831
-392
1856
2056
0.095
0.105
Qualify
Qualify
friction effect of support use 0.1 as a friction factor.
11(SUS) 9347 -1094 -846 0.385 -323 -498 20 0.036 Qualify
500
Limits 4893 3781 3114 2576 3525 1762
2(OPE) -4480 2188 -1139 0.916 -499 -1041 -3258 1.849 Qualify
3(OPE) 38 311 -1154 0.371 -845 -764 -1091 0.619 Qualify
4(OPE) -4075 1995 -1262 0.833 -123 -1491 -2890 1.64 Qualify
11(SUS) 34 -363 -446 0.143 -411 -104 337 0.191 Qualify
750
Limits 4893 3781 3114 2576 3525 1762
2(OPE) -5298 3095 1938 1.083 1360 2854 -5094 2.89 Fail
3(OPE) -4998 2911 1719 1.021 937 2496 -4735 2.687 Fail
4(OPE) -1221 1721 1450 0.466 1613 1440 -3947 2.24 Fail
11(SUS) 39 -330 283 0.091 361 -275 266 0.151 Qualify
2130
Limits 3114 2491 2046 1762 2305 1180
2(OPE) 223 1402 1321 0.645 -188 510 -291 0.247 Qualify
3(OPE) 955 65 301 0.307 -194 108 108 0.11 Qualify
4(OPE) 223 1429 1350 0.66 -195 522 -293 0.249 Qualify
11(SUS) 962 -184 7 0.309 -112 -16 126 0.107 Qualify
2530
Limits 3114 2491 2046 1762 2305 1180
2(OPE) 98 716 743 0.363 147 150 -443 0.375 Qualify
3(OPE) 96 809 820 0.401 120 193 -443 0.376 Qualify
4(OPE) 968 -426 -405 0.311 60 -202 111 0.094 Qualify
11(SUS) 962 -202 -32 0.309 -99 -31 127 0.107 Qualify

The Caesar-II model shows various temperature

In piping routine change some loop will apply to
consideration i.e. Pump standby, which as shown in Fig
increase flexibility and piping 3D model is as shown in Fig.

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 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 4, April 2013)
Maximum Stresses in piping system
11 (SUS) W+P1 Load Case
Code stress Check Passed
Highest Stresses: (N./sq.mm)
Code Stress Ratio (%): 49.7 @Node 20
Code Stress: 67.1 Allowable 134.8
Axial Stress: 66.6 @Node 30
Bending Stress: 36.4 @Node 1720
Torsion Stress: 1.8 @Node 1760
Hoop Stress: 134.7 @Node 30
3D Max Intensity: 139.7 @Node 30

16 (OCC) L16=L12+L11 Load Case

Code stress Check Passed
Highest Stresses: (N./sq.mm)
Code Stress Ratio (%): 43 @Node 1720
Fig.Pump Piping Caesar-II Model with Pump B Operating and A Code Stress: 78.8 Allowable 183.4
stand by Axial Stress: 66.6 @Node 30
Bending Stress: 46.7 @Node 1720
Torsion Stress: 4.2 @Node 1750
Hoop Stress: 134.7 @Node 30
3D Max Intensity: 139.7 @Node 30

17 (OCC) L17=L13+L11 Load Case

Code stress Check Passed
Highest Stresses: (N./sq.mm)
Code Stress Ratio (%): 43 @Node 1720
Code Stress: 78.8 Allowable 183.4
Axial Stress: 66.6 @Node 30
Bending Stress: 46.7 @Node 1720
Torsion Stress: 2.4 @Node 1750
Hoop Stress: 134.7 @Node 30
3D Max Intensity: 139.7 @Node 30

18 (OCC) L18=L13+L11 Load Case

Code stress Check Passed
Fig.4.8 Pump Piping Caesar-II Model with Pump A Operating and B Highest Stresses: (N./sq.mm)
stand by Code Stress Ratio (%): 43 @Node 1720
Code Stress: 78.8 Allowable 183.4
Axial Stress: 66.6 @Node 30
III. CAESAR-II OUTPUT. NODE DISPLACEMENT IN SUS Bending Stress: 46.7 @Node 1720
CASE Torsion Stress: 2.4 @Node 1750
Hoop Stress: 134.7 @Node 30
In sustain case the displacement in Y direction i.e. in
3D Max Intensity: 139.7 @Node 30
vertical downward, should not be more that the specific
value in design basis . In this design basis in sustain case 19 (OCC) L19=L14+L11 Load Case
sagging should not be more than 8 mm.As the sagging is Code stress Check Passed
Highest Stresses: (N./sq.mm)
more than 8 mm then its shows that restrain which is Code Stress Ratio (%): 41.6 @Node 1720
provided is not sufficient. even if the system is passed in Code Stress: 76.2 Allowable 183.4
sustain stress. so Piping stress Engineer to check sagging Axial Stress: 66.6 @Node 30
and needs to provide supports accordingly. Bending Stress: 44.1 @Node 1720
Torsion Stress: 2.1 @Node 1759
By using Caesar-II software, analysis of system is Hoop Stress: 134.7 @Node 30
carried out and result is tabulated below 3D Max Intensity: 139.7 @Node 50

20 (EXP) L20=L2-L11 Load Case

Code stress Check Passed
Highest Stresses: (N./sq.mm)
Code Stress Ratio (%): 12.9 @Node 1360
Code Stress: 26.6 Allowable 206.8
Axial Stress: 2 @Node 1360
Bending Stress: 26.6 @Node 1360
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 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 4, April 2013)
Torsion Stress: 3.9 @Node 320 PipingNozzleCheck.
Hoop Stress: 0 @Node 30
3D Max Intensity: 43.4 @Node 1360

21 (EXP) L21=L3-L11 Load Case

Code stress Check Passed
Highest Stresses: (N./sq.mm)
Code Stress Ratio (%): 12.9 @Node 1360
Code Stress: 26.6 Allowable 206.8
Axial Stress: 2 @Node 1360
Bending Stress: 26.6 @Node 1360
Torsion Stress: 3.4 @Node 570
Hoop Stress: 0 @Node 30
3D Max Intensity: 43.4 @Node 1360

22 (EXP) L22=L4-L11 Load Case

Code stress Check Passed
Highest Stresses: (N./sq.mm)
Code Stress Ratio (%): 12.9 @Node 1360
Code Stress: 26.7 Allowable 206.8
Axial Stress: 2 @Node 1360
Bending Stress: 26.7 @Node 1360
Torsion Stress: 3.7 @Node 320
Hoop Stress: 0 @Node 30
3D Max Intensity: 43.5 @Node 1360

23 (EXP) L23=L5-L11 Load Case

Code stress Check Passed
Highest Stresses: (N./sq.mm)
Code Stress Ratio (%): 21.6 @Node 370
Code Stress: 44.6 Allowable 206.8
Axial Stress: 3.7 @Node 1360
Bending Stress: 44.6 @Node 370
Torsion Stress: 8.3 @Node 320
Hoop Stress: 0 @Node 30
3D Max Intensity: 65.4 @Node 1350

24 (EXP) L24=L6-L11 Load Case Nozzle Check Criteria By API-610.

Code stress Check Passed
If we considered nozzle allowable 2times of the API
Highest Stresses: (N./sq.mm)
Code Stress Ratio (%): 36.3 @Node 1360 then we have to comply "Annex F".
Code Stress: 62.6 Allowable 172.4
Axial Stress: 4.6 @Node 1360 Annex F (Horizontal pumps):
Bending Stress: 62.6 @Node 1360 F.1.1 Acceptable piping configurations should not cause
Torsion Stress: 5.9 @Node 570
Hoop Stress: 0 @Node 30
excessive misalignment between the pump and driver.
3D Max Intensity: 101.9 @Node 1360 Piping configurations that produce component nozzle loads
lying within the ranges specified in Table 4 limit casing
25 (EXP) L25=L5-L6 Load Case distortion to one-half the pump vendors design criterion
Code stress Check Passed
Highest Stresses: (N./sq.mm)
(see 5.3.3) and ensure pump shaft displacement of less than
Code Stress Ratio (%): 47.2 @Node 1360 250 m (0,010 in). [13 3]
Code Stress: 97.6 Allowable 206.8 F.1.2 Piping configurations that produce loads outside
Axial Stress: 8.3 @Node 1360 the ranges specified in Table 4 are also acceptable without
Bending Stress: 97.6 @Node 1360
Torsion Stress: 13.9 @Node 320
consultation with the pump vendor if the conditions
Hoop Stress: 0 @Node 30 specified in F.1.2 a) through .1.2 c) below are satisfied.
3D Max Intensity: 160.7 @Node 1360 Satisfying these conditions ensures that any pump casing
distortion will be within the vendor's design criteria and
that the displacement of the pump shaft will be less than
380 m (0,015 in).

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 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 4, April 2013)
a) The individual component forces and moments acting IV. RESULT AND DISSCUSION
on each pump nozzle flange shall not exceed the Condition 1- Nozzle Load with initial routine
range specified in Table 4 (T4) by a factor of more
than 2. EQUIPMENT NO: 1630-G-004 A/B SPEC : 31174XR
NOZZLE NO: N1 Suction nozzle SYSTEM DISCRIPTION: DEETHANISER REFLUX PUMP
b) The resultant applied force (FRSA, FRDA) and the RATING: 300 # DESIGN CONDITION :
resultant applied moment (MRSA, MRDA) acting on NOZZLE SIZE: 219 NB (8") PRESSURE: 33.8 kgf/cm square
each pump nozzle flange shall satisfy the appropriate SCH THICK : XS (12.7 mm) TEMPRATURE: 87 C
interaction equations below. Forces In N Moment N-m
Node No Nozzel Discription Type of Loads Remark
Fx = Fc Fy = Fa Fz = Fb Mx = Mc My-Ma Mz = Mb
[FRSA/(1,5FRST4)]+[MRSA/(1,5MRST4)] 2.......(F.1) 750 8" RFFE 300 # / N1/A 1938 3095 5298 5094 1613 2854 Operating Load System Fail
500 8" RFFE 300 # / N1/B 1262 4480 2188 3258 845 1491 Operating Load System Fail
[FRDA/(1,5FRDT4)]+[MRDA/(1,5MRDT4)] 2....(F.2) 3114 4893 3781 1762 2576 3525 Allowabel Load As Per API 610

c) The applied component forces and moments acting on EQUIPMENT NO: 1630-G-004 A/B SPEC : 31174XR
each pump nozzle flange shall be translated to the NOZZLE NO: N2 Discharge Nozzle SYSTEM Discription: DEETHANISER REFLUX PUMP
centre of the pump. The magnitude of the resultant RATING: 300 # OPERATING CONDITION :
applied force (FRCA), the resultant applied moment NOZZLE SIZE: 219 NB (6") PRESSURE:
(MRCA), and the applied moment shall be limited by SCH THICK : XS (12.7 mm) TEMPRATURE:
Forces In N Moment N-m
Equation (F.3), Equation (F.4) and Equation (F.5) (the Node No Nozzel Discription Type of Loads Remark
Fx = Fc Fy = Fa Fz = Fb Mx = Mc My-Ma Mz = Mb
sign convention shown in Figure 20 through Figure 2130 6" RFFE 300 # / N2/A 1350 962 1429 293 195 522 Operating Load System Pass
24 and the right-hand rule should be used in 2530 6" RFFE 300 # / N2/B 820 968 809 443 147 202 Operating Load System Pass
evaluating these equations). [13 3] 2046 3114 2491 1180 1762 2305 Allowabel Load As Per 2 API 610

FRCA<1.5(FRST4+FRDT4).......................................(F.3) Condition 2- Nozzle Load After route modification.

|MYCA|<2,0(MYST4+MYDT4)...............................(F.4) EQUIPMENT NO: 1630-G-004 A/B SPEC : 31174XR
NOZZLE NO: N1 Suction nozzle SYSTEM DISCRIPTION: DEETHANISER REFLUX PUMP
MRCA<1,5(MRST4+MRDT4)..................................(F.5) RATING: 300 # DESIGN CONDITION :
NOZZLE SIZE: 219 NB (8") PRESSURE: 33.8 kgf/cm square
SCH THICK : XS (12.7 mm) TEMPRATURE: 87 C
Forces In N Moment N-m
Node No Nozzel Discription Type of Loads Remark
Fx = Fc Fy = Fa Fz = Fb Mx = Mc My-Ma Mz = Mb
750 8" RFFE 300 # / N1/A 505 8501 2347 3191 352 2066 Operating Load System PASS
500 8" RFFE 300 # / N1/B 360 9524 2516 3447 342 1666 Operating Load System PASS
6228 9786 7562 3524 5152 7050 Allowabel Load As Per 2 API 610

EQUIPMENT NO: 1630-G-004 A/B SPEC : 31174XR

NOZZLE NO: N2 Discharge Nozzle SYSTEM Discription: DEETHANISER REFLUX PUMP
RATING: 300 # OPERATING CONDITION :
NOZZLE SIZE: 219 NB (6") PRESSURE:
SCH THICK : XS (12.7 mm) TEMPRATURE:
Forces In N Moment N-m
Node No Nozzel Discription Type of Loads Remark
Fx = Fc Fy = Fa Fz = Fb Mx = Mc My-Ma Mz = Mb
2130 6" RFFE 300 # / N2/A 1350 962 1429 293 195 522 Operating Load System Pass
2530 6" RFFE 300 # / N2/B 820 968 809 443 147 202 Operating Load System Pass
2046 3114 2491 1180 1762 2305 Allowabel Load As Per API 610

V. DISSCUSION
To comply with nozzle allowable we will try to compare
the result before route modification and after route
modification as Condition-1 it is cleared that the external
load on pump nozzle is higher than the allowable given by
the API 610 standards or Vendor.

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 International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering
Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 4, April 2013)
So to overcome this difficulties we will plan to route
modification in existing routine and also increase the
nozzle allowable for the same nozzle by complying API
610 Conditions Condition-2. In route modification we
increase the flexibility of pump piping by adding extra
elbows and loops. which reduced the circumferential
movement. In above nozzle loading chart the nozzle
allowable loads is considered to be 2 times of API 610 and
comply all condition of API 610
VI. CONCLUSION
By following the proper guideline of pump piping &
support philosophy, the forces & moments which is on the
nozzles are kept within allowable as per API 610.and
ASME section VIII DIV-1/2. Also increase the nozzle
allowable loads to reduces the design cost by complying
with allowable standards,
The low equipment allowable nozzle loads forced piping
engineers to use excessive pipe loops coupled with
complex restraint arrangement to meet the requirements.
This not only increase capital expenditure but also increase
potential operational problems. Vibration, cavitations, and
loss of net positive suction head (NPSH) are some of the
common operating problem resulting from excessive piping
loops To overcome the above difficulties, we have increase
the Pump allowable loads than the vendor without violating
API 610 standard.
790
REFERENCES
[1 ] L. C. Peng and A.O. Medellin " Rethinking the allowable pipe load
on rotating equipment nozzle " pp
[2 ] William D Marscher "Avoiding Failures in centrifugal
Pumps"(1999).
[3 ] James E Steiger "Horizontal process pump modifications to comply
with API-610 sixth edition force and moments"(1981)
[4 ] James E Steiger "API 610,Baseplate and nozzle loading
criteria"(1981).
[5 ] Tokio Shimizu and Hironori Teshiba "Analysis of nozzle load for
process pump".
[6 ] L.C.Peng "Equipment Reliability Improvement through Reduced
Pipe Stress"(1993).
[7 ] Charles C.Head & David G.Penry ."Design and operation of pumps
for hot standby services".
[8 ] L.C Peng "Understanding piping Code stress evaluation paradoxes
and ASME B31.3 Appendix P".(2013). pp 6-13.
[9 ] L.C. Peng "Treatment of support friction in Piping stress analysis".
[10 ] L.C. Peng "The Art of designing Piping Support System".
[11 ] "Code Piping Stress Analysis Seminar Notes". pp 8-50
[12 ] Code ASME B31.3 2004 .pp 1-38.
[13 ] Standard API 610. 10th Edition 2004. pp 110-113