ECOCITY

, 4 2017

, MSc, ...

(European Federation of Geologists, EFG)
 ;

:[1]

(European Geothermal Energy Council, EGEC) [2]:
Geothermal energy is the energy stored in form of heat below the earths surface,
.


 : [3]
: [4] : [5]

(...)

:[6] : [7]


: [8]
 (I)
Olkaria II , [9]

-
(>90C)

Wairakei, . [12]

Ribeira Grande
So Miguel, [10]

Larderello, Puna
[13] Geothermal Venture, [11]

Hellisheidi, [14]
 (I)
( )
() ()
& ()



(, ,

, ..)
(district heating)

[15]

: [16]
: [17]
 (I)
( )
(DISTRICT HEATING)
: Klamath Falls, Oregon, , 2 , 112-274 m,
45-49 l/s 100-104oC [18,19]

: [19]
: [19]
(thermal station) -

Klamath Falls ( 2005) [18]

: [19] ,
Klamath (Klamath County
Courthouse),
: [19]
(. 2007) [20]
 (I)
( )


,
, ,




Klamath Falls
Oregon () [21]

Harz [23]

/
(
) [22]


Aomori
[23]

Greater
Binghampton Airport [26]

() Louisville,
[24] Kentucky () [25]
 (I)
( )


: [19]

14.000 m2


Klamath Falls
Oregon () [19].
To ,


55-60oC [27],
: [19]


Klamath
Falls,



100-104oC [19].

: [19] : [19]
 (I)
( )

: [28] : [28]

: [28]

: [28]
 (II)
( )
& ()

Altheim [29]

(
) Neustadt-Glewe [30]
 (II)
( )
& ()

(
)
Landau
[32]

( )
Unterhaching ( ) [31]
 (IV)

(t<25C) /
()

,
, ,
,
, -
,


: [33] : [34]

: [35]

: [36]
: [25]
 (IV)


,


()
,
.
-

-
.

[37]

: [38]
: [39, 40] : [41]
 (IV)

/
Ball State University
,
,
: Ball State University, INDIANA,
3600 , 120-150 m, [43]
47 [42, 43].
1 2009 [43].
4
[43].
: 80 $ [43]
2 $ /
[42, 44]

[42]

(,
)


: [45] ; : [46]

- CO2 &


:
.
.
CO2
.

( kg/MWh
) [47]
*
,
.





-
CO2
: [48] :[49]

H
CO2
.

: [50]

CO2
[52]

CO2 -
CO2 .
2010 [51]

/ ()
(150C),
, , .
, (CO2),
(2S), (Rn), (NH3), , ;

CO2 -
-
(
) [47, 53, 54, 55].

(H2S), ,
.
( Stretford,
SO2,
, H2O2 ..)
[47, 53, 54, 55]. :[56]

[47].

[53].

/ ()
(BINARY POWER PLANT) : [58]

:[57] :[59] /

(production well)

,
,
(re-injection
well).

CO2 .

- , ,
(i)
Reykjavik 1932,
[60]

, (),
.
CO2
,




.
Reykjavik ,
[61]
.

, Reykjavik
,
.

.

- , ,
(ii)
( gr/KWh) [62]

,
,
.

Reykjavik 1940 [64, 65]

[63]

Reykjavik [66]

(iii)
E CO2 [55] E NOX [55]

E (PM) [55]
E SO2 [55]

(iv)




[67]

[67]

*
**
.
***



- ()
/ ,
Reykjavik
[28]

: 1930 [68]
170000 ,
71,1 ., 85%
(2013) [68]
CO2 2-3 .
/ [66, 68]
CO2
100 . 1944 2012 [68].

CO2
Reykjavik
( ) 1944 2012 [68]
Reykjavik [68]


- ()

CO2
Galanta

1999-2015 [70]
2 , 2100 m, -
( CO2) 77-78oC [69]
1996:
(/)
[70]

[70]

NOx

1996-2015 [70]
CO2 4700 [69].
/ CO2,
CO2 (0,3 CO2/kWh) [68].

SO2
1996-2015 [70]

1999-2015 [70]


- ()
(ORC)

Altheim
ORC 1
MWe [29]
650 8
MWth [29]

:[29]

,

:




400 GWh 2001 [29]
2013 (
) [29]


- (V)
Szeged New Szeged ()
Szeged [71,72,73,74]

1 (1995 m) 2 (1350 1750 m)

: 85-90oC [71] - : 3300 m
25 [72,73]
: 2013 [74] :[75]
: 4,4 MWth [72, 73]
: 55239 GJ/y [72, 73]
CO2: 3633 t/y [72, 73]
New Szeged [71,72,73,74]
1 (2000 m) 2
(1250 1700 m)- : 85-90oC
: 4400 m
12 [72, 73]
: 4,5 MWth [72,73]

: 37167 GJ/y [73]
CO2: Szeged [72,73]
2343 t/y [72,73]

New Szeged [72,73]



- -
.
1995-2015 [76]

1995 2015

88%

89%

(space heating)
(district heating)
28 [76].

-
, ,
, , [76].


(i)
M - :[78]

(1,5 . )
CO2:
() 100% ...
2025 [77]
() 100%
2040 [77].
800 km
[77].

(3-5,5 km) 140oC
& ()
[77].

Sauerlach,
[77]

[77]


(ii)
-
Grigny
Viry-Chatillon [79].
- 2016
2 (
) 1650 m [79].
300 m3/h 71oC :[81]
50000 MWh [79].

2017
9000 Grigny Viry-
Chatillon [79].

21000
CO2 [79].
:[82]

:[80] :[83]

-

:[84]

:[82]

H
,
[47, 53].

,
(
)
:[85]
.

-
:[86]

:[87]

:[82]

H
.
(, ,
, ) ,
,
( , )
[47, 53, 55].
 -
()

,
(, ,
), o
.

/ () [88]

Szeged [74]

Klamath Falls Oregon () [19]
 -
()
,
(.. ).
Laugarnes, Reykjavik

(Pumping
Station)

: [28]
REYKJAVIK :
- /
, 700-800 m, , ,
110-140oC ( )

,
,
764 m
120oC.

!

[ :30-3-2012]
 REYKJAVIK :
- /

- (Pumping
Station) Laugarnes,
Reykjavik

(Pumping Station)

: [28]

: [28]
REYKJAVIK :
- /
/

[ : 30-3-2012]
 -
()



( ).

[89]

(. 2002) 4
(-4, BO-5, BO-6 BO-7), 1197-2500 m,
240-250oC
(2013-2014) [90] ( ) [91, 92]
 -
(V)

/

/ So Miguel [93]
Reykiavik,
,
,


[28]

[94]
 -

(noise pollution)
[55, 67]:
- -
- /

- :

, , ,

: [55, 67]

(dBA)
/ 15 - 28
/ 51 - 54
/ 54
40
25
55
96,5 km/h 30 m 65
40

,
.



(...)
: [97] [98]

: [95]

.
24 , 365
, ... (, ),

.
,
,


.
,
,
.
, ...,
.
( km2/TWh)
[96]

()

.
.

Imperial Valley (...)
[100]

[53, 99]:





(I)

, :
,
, / ,

: [95]

: [101]

()


:

/ -
-
, /

,
.

,

,

.


(

,
).

(V)

(micro-earthquakes)
1-3
Richter,
[55, 67].

, .
,
..
: [102]

.

: (i)
- .
: [103]

/ Bouillante

: [91]

7

Bouillante [91]

: (ii)


Bouillante [91] BO-5, O-6 BO-7 ( 2000 -
2001). [91]

BO-5, BO-6 BO-7.
:
BO6
:

( 2001) [91]

: (iii)

-4, BO-5,
BO-6 BO-7
/ (.
2002) [91]

,
, ,
[92]

: [91]

4 -
[91, 92]
:

(iv)

(. 2001) [91]

: [91, 92]

: (v)

( , ) [91, 92].

: (vi)
Bouillante Unit 1 (4,7 MW)

: [91]

: [92]

.
[92].

Bouillante 1 [91]
-
- : 4,7 MW
- 1 (350 m )
(4,7 MW) [91]


Bouillante Unit 2:
(11 MW) (vii)

Bouillante 2 [91]
-
- : 11 MW
- 3
( 1000 1150 m)

[91]:
: [104]

: 30 GWh/y (Bouillante 1)
and 72 GWh/y (Bouillante 2)
: 90%
: 9%

: [105]
: [106] : [107] : [108]

,

25oC,
(),


: [109]

,



,
, : [110]

.

(i)
: [112]

: [111]

(CO2) [114].
CO [114].

4046,86 m2 750
2
[111, 112, 115].
100000
1 acre = 4046,86 m2
20
1,1
[114].

55-60%
(air-source heat pump) [112].
(Environmental
Protection Agency, EPA)



72%

[116]. : [113]

(ii)
,
.
.
,
.


,

,



.
/, () -
() (. . )

(2007), ( )


-

() [117]



CO2,
,


,

,



/


CO2,



,


.
: [118] & [106]
 : [4]

: [119]
 (i)
[1] http://www.thebluedotpost.com/what-is-geothermal-energy-and-its-potential/
[2] http://geothermaleducation.org/GEOpresentation/sld090.htm
[3] https://www.haikudeck.com/geothermal-science-and-technology-presentation-ehHidM35VS
[4] http://lifefreeenergy.com/h/how-do-we-harness-geothermal-energy.html
[5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power#/media/File:Puhagan_geothermal_plant.jpg
[6] https://greenearthgizmos.wordpress.com/
[7] https://www.cityofsouthfield.com/Residents/SouthfieldGoesGreen/BeaGreenIndividualorFamily/tabid/933/Default.aspx
[8] Geothermal Education Office (2004), Geothermal Energy Uses, Poster, http://www.geothermal.marin.org (:
www.geothermaleducation.org),
[9] http://www.thecontinentmag.com/671/
[10] Joo Carlos Nunes (2015), Geothermal Resources Development and Renewable Energy Strategy in the Azores
Islands (Portugal), Presentation, Workshop on Geothermal Resources and Technologies, Martinique, June 2015,
http://slideplayer.com/slide/5762851/
[11] Rui Kaneya (2015), Suit Alleging Massive Fraud Includes Hawaii Geothermal Plant, Civil Beat, April 20, 2015,
http://www.civilbeat.org/2015/04/suit-alleging-massive-fraud-includes-hawaii-geothermal-plant/
[12] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wairakei_Power_Station
[13] ENEL S.p.A. (2011) Larderello, Geothermal Power Plants in Italy, Power Plants Around the World Photo Gallery,
September 30, 2011, http://www.industcards.com/geo-italy.htm
[14] http://www.mhi-global.com/discover/graph/feature/no166.html
[15] Gudmundsson J.S.(1988), The elements of direct uses, Geothermics, 17,119-136
(: https://www.geothermal-energy.org/what_is_geothermal_energy.html)
[16] Geothermal Education Office (2000), District Heating, Introduction to Geothermal Energy Slide Show, Slide 90,
http://www.geothermaleducation.org/GEOpresentation/sld090.htm
[17] GeoDH (2014), Developing Geothermal District Heating in Europe, EGEC, 60 p.
(http://geodh.eu/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/GeoDH-Report-2014_web.pdf)
[18] Brown B. (2007), Klamath Falls Geothermal District Heating System at 25 Years, Geo-Heat Center Quarterly
Bulletin, Vol. 28, No. 2., p.10-15.
[19] Lund J. (2015), Geothermal District Heating (: https://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2015/07/f24/10-District-Heating---
J-Lund_0.pdf)
[20] http://www.fcann.com/oregon-klamath.php
 (ii)
[21] Geothermal Education Office (2000), Sidewalk Warming, Introduction to Geothermal Energy Slide Show, Slide 88,
http://www.geothermaleducation.org/GEOpresentation/sld088.htm
[22] http://www.nea.is/geothermal/direct-utilization/snow-melting/
[23] Eugster W. J. (2007), Road and Bridge Heating Using Geothermal Energy. Overview and Examples, Proceedings
European Geothermal Congress 2007 (Unterhaching, Germany, 30 May-1 June 2007), Paper number 147, 5 p.
[24] http://engineering-ru.livejournal.com/34270.html
[25] Yu X. & Zhang N. (2015), Use of Geothermal Energy for De-icing Approach Pavement Slabs and Bridge Decks,
University of Texas, Arlington, www.arlingtontech.org/geothermal_deicing.pptx
[26] Olgun G. & Bowers A. (2016), Use of Geothermal Energy in Snow Melting and Deicing of Transportation
Infrastructures, http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/webinars/160721.pdf
[27] Brown B. (1995), Klamath Falls Downtown Redevelopment Geothermal Sidewalk Snowmelt, Geo-Heat Center
Quarterly Bulletin, Vol. 16, No. 4., p.23-26.
[28] Gunnarsson G. I. (2011), Geothermal experience, district heating and snow melting system in Reykjavk, Verks,
www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/uk/files/11_verkis.pdf
[29] Cociancig B. (2015), Altheim in Upper Austria - an example of cascaded geothermal energy use, Petroprom d.o.o,
International School on Geothermal Development, Trieste 11 Dec. 2015,
indico.ictp.it/event/a14273/session/24/contribution/129/material/slides/0.pdf
[30] http://www.bine.info/en/publications/publikation/geothermische-stromerzeugung-in-neustadt-glewe/
[31] http://www.bine.info/en/topics/publikation/geothermische-stromerzeugung-im-verbund-mit-waermenetz/
[32] http://www.bine.info/fileadmin/content/Publikationen/Projekt-Infos/2007/Projekt-Info_14-
2007/projekt_1407_06_engl.jpg
[33] http://acunitsdirect.com/central-air-conditioning/water_source_heat_pumps.html
[34] https://www.homegas.gr/i-geothermikes-antlies-thermotitas-apodotikoteres-apo-ton-simvatiko-klimatismo/
[35] , - , http://www.amkat.gr/photo_gallery.php?group=1&subcategory=16
[36] http://www.acgeothermaltn.com/radiant-snow-melt/
[37] Sparacino M., Camussi M., Colombo M., Carella R. & Sommaruga C. (2007), The World's Largest Geothermal District
Heating Using Ground Water Under Construction in Milan (Italy): AEM Unified Heat Pump Project, Proceedings
European Geothermal Congress 2007 (Unterhaching, Germany, 30 May-1 June 2007), Paper number 143, 10 p
[38] Enertime (2014), High temperature heat pumps for district heating,
http://www.enertime.com/sites/default/files/documentation/enertime-heat-pump-en-sept2014-web.pdf
 (iii)
[39] Gavriliuc R. (2016), Geothermal energy integration into smart cities, 3rd UNI-SET Energy Clustering Event
Universities in the Energy Transition: Focus on Smart Energy Systems and Communities, November 21-23, 2016 -
University Politechnica Bucharest, http://www.eua.be/Libraries/default-document-library/robert-gavriliuc-geothermal-
energy-for-smart-cities.pdf
[40] http://www.ubeg.de/EN/Projects/Bonner-Bogen/bonner-bogen.html
[41] BSU Photo Services, http://blog.nwf.org/2014/02/ball-state-university-to-host-its-second-geothermal-conference/
[42] http://earthtechling.com/2013/07/big-geothermal-getting-bigger-at-ball-state/
[43] http://www.districtenergy.org/blog/2014/03/31/ball-state-university-goodbye-coal-hello-geothermal/
[44] http://cms.bsu.edu/about/geothermal.aspx
[45] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NesjavellirPowerPlant_edit2.jpg
[46] https://dailycement.com/energy/portugal-burned-700-million-tons-of-fossil-fuels-in-125-years/
[47] . & . (2004), , , , 416 .
[48] http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Geothermal_energy
[49] http://www.definicionabc.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Refineria2.jpg
[50] http://www.porteconomics.eu/2013/04/16/co2-emissions-reduction-european-speed-limit-vs-international-bunker-levy/
[51] Holm ., Jennejohn D. & Blodgett L. (2012), Geothermal Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Geothermal
Energy Association, http://geo-energy.org/reports/GeothermalGreenhouseEmissionsNov2012GEA_web.pdf
[52] Rybach L. (2010), CO2 Emission Mitigation by Geothermal Development - Especially with Geothermal Heat Pumps,
Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2010, Bali, Indonesia, 25-29 April 2010, Paper Number 0209, 4 p.
[53] . (2008), , ...., , 27 .,
http://www.ypeka.gr/rescampaign2008/downloads/mythoi-geothermia.pdf
[54] Geothermal Energy Association (2012), Geothermal Basics: Q & A, 72 p.,
http://geo-energy.org/reports/Gea-GeothermalBasicsQandA-Sept2012_final.pdf
[55] Kagel A, Bates D. & Gawel K. (2007), A Guide to Geothermal Energy and the Environment, Geothermal Energy
Association, 75 p., http://www.charleswmoore.org/pdf/Environmental Guide.pdf
[56] https://www.nrel.gov/workingwithus/re-geo-elec-production.html
[57] Geothermal Education Office (2000), Geothermal Power Plant, Introduction to Geothermal Energy Slide Show, Slide
37, http://www.geothermaleducation.org/GEOpresentation/sld037.htm
[58] https://dddusmma.wordpress.com/2015/10/20/hot-rocks-and-fracking/
[59] http://geo-energy.org/Basics.aspx
 (iv)
[60] Geothermal Education Office (2000), Reykjavik Using Fossil Fuels, Introduction to Geothermal Energy Slide Show,
Slide 94, http://www.geothermaleducation.org/GEOpresentation/sld094.htm
[61] Geothermal Education Office (2000), Reykjavik Using Geothermal, Introduction to Geothermal Energy Slide Show,
Slide 95, http://www.geothermaleducation.org/GEOpresentation/sld095.htm
[62] US EPA (www.epa.gov) . (2014),
, , -
, , 41 ., :
http://dione.lib.unipi.gr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/unipi/7798/Ziomas_Alexandros.pdf
[63] . (2013),
, , ...,
, 104 ., : http://ikee.lib.auth.gr/record/132095/files/diplomatiki bekiaris 4260.pdf
[64] Orkustofnun (2010), Geothermal Development and Research in Iceland, 39 p., :
www.nea.is/media/utgafa/GD_loka.pdf
[65] https://www.slideshare.net/thinkgeoenergy/euiceland-geothermal-roundtable-events-brusse
[66] Petursson . (2014), Financing of Geothermal District Heating in Iceland, Orkustofnun - National Energy Authority,
https://www.mos.gov.pl/g2/big/2014_10/3c0e118708254243d111c18a4eeb7f2d.pdf
[67] Geothermal Communities (GEOCOM) project , Environmental Impacts of Geothermal Energy, :
http://www.geothermalcommunities.eu/assets/elearning/8.1.GE%20vs%20Environment.pdf
[68] Gunnlaugsson ., varsson G. & Fririksson J. S. (2015), 85 Years of Successful District Heating in Reykjavk,
Iceland, Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2015 (Melbourne, Australia, 19-25 April 2015), Paper Number
28023, 9 p.
[69] Hals . (2015), Geothermal District Heating Systems in Slovakia - Current Status and Plans, Proceedings World
Geothermal Congress 2015 (Melbourne, Australia, 19-25 April 2015), Paper Number 35009, 5 p.
[70] Galantaterm,Environmental Report for the Year 2015, 11 p.,
http://www.galantaterm.sk/Environmental_Report_2015_EN.pdf
[71] Ndor ., Kujbus . & Tth . (2016), Geothermal Energy Use, Country Update for Hungary, European Geothermal
Congress 2016, Strasbourg, France, 1924 Sept 2016, 10 p.
[72] Medgyes ., Kbor B. & Szanyi J.(2015), Geothermal district heating projects in the South Great Plain, Budapest 8 October
2015, geothermalcommunities.eu/downloads/30
[73] Medgyes ., Kbor B. & Szanyi J.(2015), Geothermal district heating projects in the South Great Plain II. The Szeged
systems, Budapest 8 October 2015, geothermalcommunities.eu/downloads/44
 (v)
[74] Freelance control system for remote monitoring of Szeged district heating network in Hungary,
http://new.abb.com/control-systems/industry-specific-solutions/power-energy-utilities/freelance-dcs-for-szeged-district-
heating-network-hungary
[75] https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szeged
[76] Lund J. W. & Boyd T. L. (2015), Direct Utilization of Geothermal Energy 2015 Worldwide Review, Proceedings World
Geothermal Congress 2015, Melbourne, Australia, 19-25 April 2015, Paper Number 01000, 31 p.
[77] Eckehard B. (2015), Green District Heating - Actual Developments of Deep Geothermal Energy in Germany,
Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2015, Melbourne, Australia, 19-25 April 2015, Paper Number 35000, 6 p.
[78] http://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/heating-with-geothermal-the-ambitious-plans-of-munich-germany/
[79] Planet Energy (2017), Drilling successfully completed for geothermal district heating project in Paris, France,
http://planetenergynews.com/2017/01/02/drilling-succesfully-completed-for-geothermal-district-heating-project-in-paris-
france/
[80] Antics M. (2010), Geothermal District Heating in the Paris Basin, Miskolc, Hungary, :
http://geotermia.lapunk.hu/tarhely/geotermia/dokumentumok/miskolc_paris_basin_20100218.pdf
[81] http://www.location-gardemeuble.fr/blog/prix-self-stockage-garde-meuble-essonne-91-evry-viry-chatillon-grigny-ris-
orangis/
[82] https://www.behance.net/gallery/1776208/geothermal-energy-diagram
[83] Bont D., Van Wees J.-D., Guillou-Frottier L., Bouchot V. & Serrano O. (2013), Deep temperatures in the Paris Basin
using tectonic-heat flow modelling, European Geothermal Congress EGC 2013, Jun 2013, Pisa, Italy, 10 p.
[84] http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/video/fuel-storage-tanks-stock-footage/500345703
[85] http://www.windbellgauge.com/petrol_depot/oil-depot-tank-gauge.html
[86] http://www.logistics-management.gr/news/868
[87] http://www.fmvoice.gr/index.php/oikonomia/forologia/item/137729-ilektronikos-kloios-sto-lathremporio-naftiliakon-
kafsimon
[88] http://www.huismanequipment.com/afbeeldingen/products/drilling/_resized/ff48469_large__w720_h453.jpg
[89] Sanner . (2009), Market for Geothermal Energy in the EU and the Legal Aspects, Conference Innovative Solutions
in Energy Sector: Geothermal Energy, Tallin, Estonia, 17 April 2009, :
https://www.slideshare.net/gerdtarand/market-for-geothermal-energy-in-the-eu-and-the-legal-aspects-by-dr-burkhard-sanner
[90] http://www.thorndoncook.com/projects/wayang-windu-geothermal-assets-due-diligence
 (vi)
[91] Beutin P. & Laplaige P. (2006), Successful example of geothermal energy development in Volcanic Caribbean Islands
- Bouillante Plant presentation and lessons learnt (in Guadeloupe), Eastern Caribbean Geothermal Energy Project -
Roseau, Dominica, March 15-17, 2006,
https://www.oas.org/dsd/reia/Documents/geocaraibes/bouillante_presentation.pdf
[92] Jaudin F. (2006), Geothermal fields of Guadeloupe, Martinique and La Runion, Kick-off meeting of the Low-Bin
Project, 2006, http://www.lowbin.eu/public/BRGM-GTH fields-France.pdf
[93] SOGEO-Sociedade Geotrmica dos Aores S.A. (2011), Use of geothermal resources in the Azores Islands: A
contribution to the Energy Self-Sufficiency of a Remote and Isolated Region, Seminrio, Redes Energticas do
Futuro: desafios para a Macaronsia, Ribeira Grande, December 13, 2011,
http://www.azores.gov.pt/NR/rdonlyres/99831956-B850-4E43-9FAF-
95232A719C8B/0/UtilizationofgeothermalresourcesforelectricitygenerationintheAzoresislands.pdf
[94] http://www.elomatic.com/en/elomatic/expert-articles/corrosion-in-district-cooling-systems.html
[95] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Puhagan_geothermal_plant.jpg
[96] Li . (2013), Comparison of Geothermal with Solar and Wind Power Generation Systems, Proceedings, Thirty-Eighth
Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford University, Stanford, California, February 11-13, 2013, SGP-
TR-198, 10 p., https://www.geothermal-energy.org/pdf/IGAstandard/SGW/2013/Li.pdf
[97] http://www.weastra.com/portfolio/market-studies/renewable-energy-sources/
[98] http://www.goyalgroupnepal.com/product/hydropower/
[99] (2008), , , 16 .
http://www.ypeka.gr/rescampaign2008/downloads/GEOTHERMIA.pdf
[100] Geothermal Education Office (2000), Imperial Valley CA, Introduction to Geothermal Energy Slide Show, Slide 57,
http://www.geothermaleducation.org/GEOpresentation/sld057.htm
[101] University of Utah, Nevada Geothermal Power Inc.,
https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1177440/000117625612000125/ngp20fa110630.htm
[102] http://www.bgs.ac.uk/research/energy/geothermal/
[103] http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/namerica/caribb/gp.htm
[104] http://www.thinkgeoenergy.com/ormat-to-buy-majority-stake-in-la-bouillante-geothermal-plant-in-guadeloupe/
[105] http://unt.unice.fr/uved/bouillante/images/contexte-geologique-05-jpg/image_view_fullscreen.html
[106] http://housepro.gr/fthinotero-klimatismos-kai-thermansi-me-gewthermikes-antlies-thermotitas/
[107] http://www.dtolis.gr/44/---/
 (vii)
[108] http://www.amkat.gr/photo.php?id=116
[109] http://www.ergon.com.gr/download/4/20110412150105.pdf
[110] http://www.iene.gr/energyB2B/articlefiles/geothermia/benou.pdf
[111] http://www.geothermalgenius.org/benefits-of-geothermal/environment.html
[112] http://rabehardware.com/the-impact-geothermal-has-on-the-environment/
[113] http://www.allgreensites.com/news/how-to-be-green-at-home/
[114] http://www.energyhomes.org/renewable technology/geoefficiency.html
[115] https://www.slideshare.net/steadystateco/steady-state-asset-partners-investing-in-geothermal-energy-projects
[116] http://www.carneyphc.com/geothermal/geothermal-environmental-benefits
[117] . (2013), , ,
ThermoMap, , 7-3-2013
[118] http://www.atlanticcityelectric.com/Understanding-the-Infrastructure.aspx
[119] http://english.hi.is/frettir/research_roots_geothermal_energy