A.

Ngun in cho trm vin thng

I. Tng quan v ngun in vin thng
1. Nhng yu cu trong vic cung cp ngun in trm vin thng
Ngun in (hay nng lng in) ng vai tr ht sc quan trng trong mi
ngnh kinh t cng nh trong i sng con ngi, c bit l trong lnh vc thng tin
lin lc, ngun in gi vai tr cng quan trng hn, v nu mt ngun in th s mt
thng tin, s nh hng n mi ngnh kinh t v an ninh quc gia, v vy vic duy
tr cp ngun in lin tc cho cc h thng thng tin l yu cu v cng quan trng.
Hu ht cc thit b thng tin u s dng nng lng ca dng in mt chiu,
ngun in ny phi m bo yu cu v n nh, nu phm vi n nh cng rng,
n nh cng cao th cht lng thng tin cng tt, thit b lm vic cng ng tin
cy v thi gian lm vic cng ko di.
1.1.1. tin cy.
tin cy trong cung cp in l yu cu quan trng i vi h thng ngun.
tin cy th hin ngun in c cung cp lin tc, khng gin on. m
bo thng tin thng sut, ngoi vic nng cao tin cy ca thit b vin thng, cn
phi nng cao tin cy ca h thng ngun. Thng thng, h thng ngun phi
cung cp in cho nhiu thit b nn khi h thng ngun gp s c s nh hng rt
ln n s lin tc ca thng tin.
Nhng nm gn y, do k thut vi in t v k thut my tnh c ng dng
nhiu trong thit b vin thng nn khi ngun b gin on c th lm mt nhiu
thng tin. V d: mt trung tm d liu m xy ra mt in th nhiu d liu phi cp
nht li, tn rt nhiu thi gian v cng sc.
Dung lng thit b vin thng ang tng rt nhanh, khi ngun b gin on s
gy nh hng rt ln. V d: trm in thoi ca cc thnh ph va v ln c dung
lng ph bin 2 3 vn thu bao tr ln, khi ngun b mt s gy tn tht kinh t to
ln v nh hng n an ninh quc gia.
nng cao tin cy ca h thng cp ngun, phi m bo cung cp in
lin tc, khng gin on. Khi thit k h thng cp ngun, ngi ta p dng cc bin
php c th nh sau:
- i vi ngun xoay chiu, m bo cp in lin tc th ngi ta s dng
b ngun khng gin on (Uninterruptible Power Supply: UPS) v my pht in
d phng. Khi c s c mt in li, UPS cung cp in cho h thng trong mt
thi gian ngn, sau s do my pht in cung cp.

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 - i vi ngun mt chiu, m bo cp ngun lin tc, ngi ta s dng
phng thc cung cp in mc song song h thng chnh lu v cquy. Khi h thng
chnh lu gp s c, cquy s cp ngun mt chiu cho h thng. Ngoi ra, h thng
chnh lu phi m bo cc yu cu sau:
+ Cc b chnh lu phi c kh nng lm vic song song vi nhau v phi c
thit b ng dng gia cc b chnh lu.
+ D phng N+1 i vi cu hnh ca b chnh lu. Nu mt b chnh lu b
hng th n khng c tr thnh ti ca cc b chnh lu cn li v c th thay th
n m khng cn phi tt ngun.
+ B chnh lu phi c b phn hin th dng in v in p, b phn cnh
bo (bng m thanh v hnh nh) hot ng ca n.
Cc thit b ngun mt chiu th cp phi c c ch bo v chng qu p v qu
dng. Trong trng hp c s c ngun hay ngun hot ng khng bnh thng
phi c cnh bo.
1.1.2. n nh.
Cc thit b vin thng u yu cu in p ngun n nh, khng c vt
qu phm vi bin ng cho php. in p ngun qu cao s gy tn hi cho cc linh
kin in t trong thit b vin thng, nu in p ngun qu thp, thit b vin thng
s khng th hot ng bnh thng.
Ngoi ra, nhiu trong in p ngun mt chiu cng phi nm trong phm vi
cho php, nu khng s nh hng nghim trng n cht lng thng tin.
Theo tiu chun ngnh nm 1999, mt s yu cu i vi ngun in thng tin
nh sau:
- Ngun xoay chiu 3 pha hay 1 pha phi p ng cc ch s sau:
+ in p: 380V (220V) 10%
+ Tn s: 50Hz 5%
+ T l mo dng sng: 5%
- i vi b chnh lu, gn sng ca in p cp ra phi nh hn 2mV.
- i vi thit b ngun mt chiu th cp ca tng i phi m bo bin i
trong khong in p t - 44V n - 55V, gn sng ngun mt chiu cung cp phi
nh hn 2mV.

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 Khi ngun in cung cp cho thit b vin thng c s t bin ca in p s
gy nh hng ln n thit b vin thng, v vy cc thit b vin thng ni chung
u do ngun n p cung cp.
1.1.3. gn nh.
Cng vi s pht trin v ng dng ca mch t hp, thit b vin thng ang
pht trin theo hng gim thiu kch thc, tch hp ho. thch hp vi s pht
trin ny, cc b ngun cng cn phi nh gn, tch hp. Ngoi ra, cc thit b thng
tin di ng cng cn cc b ngun c th tch nh, trng lng nh.
gim khi lng v trng lng ca cc b ngun, cc b chuyn i vi
di tn rng c s dng rng ri trong cc n p t hp, cc my bin p.
Ngy nay trong h thng iu khin h thng cp ngun, ngi ta s dng cc
thit b t ng tin tin nh b iu khin lgic kh trnh (PLC) nh gn c th thay
th nhiu rle trung gian, rle thi gian m vn m bo tin cy ca h thng.
1.1.4. Hiu sut cao.
Cng vi vic tng dung lng ca thit b vin thng, ti ca h thng ngun
cng khng ngng tng ln. tit kim in nng, cn phi nng cao hiu sut ca
ngun.
Bin php ch yu l s dng b ngun c hiu sut cao. Trc y, cc thit b
vin thng thng s dng b chnh lu iu khin pha c hiu sut tng i thp
(di 70%), my bin p tn hao ln. Hin nay, hiu sut cc b ngun bin i dao
ng iu ho c th t ti trn 90%.
Dung lng thit b vin thng ngy cng tng, dng in tng cn thit ca
trm vin thng ln l 5000A ~ 6000A, in p suy gim cho php vi dng mt
chiu l 2V, in nng tiu hao hng nm l 10 vn kWh, nu s dng h thng cung
cp in tp trung nn dn n tn hao rt ln, tit kim nng lng cn phi s
dng h thng cung cp in phn tn. Vic s dng h thng cung cp in phn tn
gip gim chiu di dy dn cng lm gim ng k tn hao in nng trn ng
dy.
tit kim in nng, mt s thit b vin thng nh viba s v trm chuyn
tip cp quang t ng cn s dng h thng pht in bng nng lng mt tri v
bng sc gi.
2. S tng hp h thng cung cp ngun trm vin thng
2.1. S h thng ngun in trm vin thng c mt t phi in xoay chiu.

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 H thng ngun in trm vin thng c mt t phi in xoay chiu

Ngun u vo c in li, gm hai my bin p MBA 1, MBA 2 v in d

phng gm 2 t my pht in MP 1 v MP 2. u vo t ATS l ngun t trm
bin p v MP 1, cn MP 2 c u vo t phi in xoay chiu. T bng phi
AC, ngun c cp cho my nn, UPS v cc ph ti xoay chiu. My nn cp
ngun cho ph ti DC l nhng ph ti u tin. UPS cp ngun cho cc ph ti AC,
cng l nhng ph ti u tin.
Bnh thng, trm vin thng c cp in t my bin p (MBA). Khi mt
in li, nh ATS, t my MP 1 c khi ng v in t t my pht in MP
1 c a vo t phi in AC. V l do no , nu t my MP1 khng chy th
t MP2 s c khi ng, ng in cho t phi AC. Trong s , cc t my
MP1 v MP2 lm nhim v d phng, ch chy khi in li mt.
u ra ca cc my nn in u c a ti t phi in DC t y cp
cho cc ph ti u tin, s dng ngun DC.
Khi c ngun AC, cc my nn va np cho cc t cquy, va trc tip cp
ngun cho cc ph ti u tin, s dng in DC. ng thi UPS cng va cp ngun
cho ph ti u tin, dng ngun AC, li va np cho cquy hp b ca chnh n.
Khi mt ngun AC, cc t cquy s cp in cho ph ti DC ( qua mch phn
phi lp ngay trn chnh my nn). ng thi, UPS duy tr lin tc ngun AC cp
ngay cho ph ti s dng ngun AC.

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 S ny c s dng nhng trung tm vin thng, ni c yu cu cao v
ngun in v khng ch c ph ti s dng ngun DC m cn c c ph ti s dng
ngun AC.
2.2. S h thng ngun in trm vin thng c hai t phi in xoay chiu.

H thng ngun in trm vin thng c hai t phi in xoay chiu

Ngun u vo c in li, gm hai my bin p MBA1, MBA2 v in d
phng gm hai t my pht in MP1, MP2. Trm khng c t ATS. Hai t my
MP1 v MP2 c u vo t chuyn i my n chn ly mt, a ti mt
phn on thanh ci ca t phi in AC s cp. Gia hai phn on l cu dao phn
on CD.
T t, ngun c cp cho ti AC1 dng ngun xoay chiu (AC) v cc my
nn. Ngun mt chiu c a ti t phi in DC cp cho cc b i in (Inv-
1, Inv -2), ti DC v np cc t cquy Acc1, Acc2, Acc3 v Acc4.
Ngun AC ca b i in c a ti t phi in AC th cp, cp cho cc
ti u tin c bit AC2, AC3, AC4 v AC5.
Trong s ny, c hai t phi in AC. Ngun xoay chiu nhn t in li
v cc t my pht in c gi l ngun AC s cp v t thc hin phn phi
ngun in c gi l t phn phi AC s cp. Tng t, ngun in xoay chiu
nhn t cc b i in c gi l ngun AC th cp v t thc hin phn phi
ngun in c gi l t phn phi AC th cp.
T phi in AC s cp cung cp cho ti AC1 l ph ti c mc u tin thp
hn so vi cc ph ti c cp t t AC th cp.

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 S ny c tin cy cao hn v ngun AC c d phng theo hai cp.
Trn thc t, vic chm sc, bo dng, sa cha cc thit b ngun in c lp
(my nn, t cquy, b i in, bng phi in xoay chiu) s thun tin v c mc
an ton, tin cy, tui th cao hn so vi cc b UPS v UPS, h thng mch (nn
in, cquy, mch i in v ngn phi in AC u ra) ca n c tch hp
trong mt khng gian cht hp.
S trn thch hp vi nhng ni yu cu ngun in c tin cy rt cao v
cc ph ti u tin c bit, a dng nh trung tm vin thng u mi, trung tm
in ton v truyn s liu.
II. Nguyn l lm vic, cc yu cu k thut trong khai thc, vn hnh v bo
dng cc trang thit b ngun vin thng.
1. Trm bin p.
a. Vai tr v nhim v ca my bin p.
bin i in p ca dng in xoay chiu t in p
cao thnh in p thp, hoc ngc li t in p thp ln in p
cao ta dng my bin p. My bin p dng tng in p t thp
ln cao gi l my bin p tng p, ngc li my bin p dng
gim in p t cao xung thp gi l my bin p gim p.
Ngy nay, my bin p c s dng rng ri nn c nhiu loi
my bin p khc nhau nhng chng c cng mt nguyn l.
b. Mt s loi my bin p.
- My bin p mt pha:
+Cu to:

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 Cu to my bin p mt pha
B phn ch yu ca my bin p l li thp v dy qun.
Li thp : li thp dng dn t thng ca my, li thp
bao gm nhiu l thp k thut in mng (thp xilium) dy t
0,35 n 0,5 mm c sn cch in ri p li vi nhau to thnh
mch t. Nh cch ghp nh vy nn dng in xoy gim i rt
nhiu, do li thp bt nng, lm gim tn hao v hiu sut ca
my c nng cao. Tit din li thp c th c ghp theo kiu
hnh vung, ch nht hay hnh bc thang.
Dy qun : l cc cun dy ng bc cch in qun
xung quanh trc li thp, thng thng my bin p c 2 dy qun
ni vi ngun in gi l dy qun s cp, dy qun ni vi ph
ti gi l dy qun th cp.
Thng thng, cun dy c in p thp c qun bn trong,
cun dy c in p cao c qun bn ngoi, gia 2 cun dy -
c t mt lp cch in cch in gia 2 cun dy vi nhau,
gia dy qun v li thp cng phi c cch in trnh
khng cho dng in r ra li thp.
i vi my bin p in lc th li thp v dy qun cn c
t trong 1 thng du my bin p bng st lm mt, xung
quanh thng c nhiu ng dn to nhit c tt, trn np thng
du c cc s cch in, trn s c cc bu lng a in vo
cun dy s cp v dn in ra ph ti cun th cp, ngoi ra
trn np thng cn c 1 thng du ph phng vic gin n
du do nhit v b xung du khi thiu.
b. Nguyn l lm vic.
My bin p lm vic ca my bin p da vo hin tng cm
ng in t.
Nu ta t vo dy qun s cp 1 in p xoay chiu U 1
th s c dng in i1 chy qua cun dy, dng in ny sinh ra
t thng chy qua li thp. T thng ny bin thin v mc vng
vi c 2 cun dy s cp v th cp (gi l t thng chnh:
chnh). Theo nh lut cm ng in t, s bin thin ca t
thng lm cm ng vo dy qun s cp sc in ng l:
d
e1 = -w1 dt
v cm ng vo dy qun th cp sc in ng l:

d
e2 = -w2 dt
trong w1, w2 l s vng ca dy qun s cp v th cp.
Khi my bin p c ti, dy qun th cp ni vi ti Z t, di tc
ng ca sc in ng e2, c dng in th cp i2 cung cp
in cho ti. Khi y t thng chnh do ng thi c hai dng s
cp i1 v th cp i2 sinh ra.
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 in p u1 hnh sin bin thin nn t thng cng bin thin ta
c:
= maxsint
d( max sin t)
2
e1 = -w1 dt = E1. sin (t - 2 )
d( max sin t)
2
e2 = -w2 dt = E2. sin (t - 2 )
trong :
E1 = 4,44fw1max
E2 = 4,44fw2max
E1, E2 l tr s hiu dng sc in ng s cp, th cp.
Nu b qua in tr dy qun v t thng tn ra ngoi khng
kh, c th coi gn ng U1 = E1, U2 = E2 ta c :
U1 E1 w1
E =w = k
U2 2 2

tc l t s in p s cp v th cp ng bng t s vng
dy.
i vi my tng p ta c : U2 U1 ; w2 w1
i vi my gim p ta c : U2 U1 ; w2 w1

- My bin p ba pha:
+ Cu to: My bin p ba pha c nguyn l cu to nh hnh
v:

Cu to my bin p ba pha
Li thp ca bin p ba pha gm ba tr bng nhau.
u cc cun dy s cp k hiu A, B, C.

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 Cui cc cun dy s cp k hiu X, Y, Z.
Cc cun th cp tng ng k hiu ax, by, cz. Trn mi tr
cun cc h thng dy s cp v th cp ca mt pha. Dy s
cp v th cp c th ni hnh sao hoc tam gic.
Nu s cp ni hnh tam gic v th cp ni hnh sao th ta
c k hiu /Y.
Nu s cp ni hnh sao, th cp ni hnh sao c dy trung
tnh, ta c k hiu Y/YN.
Cch ni /Y:

Cch ni /Y
Ud1=Up1 ; Ud2= 3 Up2
U d1 1 U p1 W1
= . =
Ud2 3 U p2 3W2

Cch ni /:

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 Cch ni /
Ud1=Up1 ; Ud2=Up2
U d1 U p1 W1
Ud2
=U =W
p2 2

Cch ni Y/Y:

Cch ni Y/Y
U d1 3 U p1 W1
Ud2
= . =W
3 U p2 2

Cch ni Y/:

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 Cch ni Y/
U d1 U p1 W1
Ud2
= 3 .U = 3 .W
p2 2

i vi my bin p ba pha, ngoi cch k hiu u dy s

cp v th cp, ngi ta cn ghi thm ch s ch gc lch pha
gia in p dy bn s cp v in p dy bn th cp.
V d: K hiu / - 12 th gc lch pha gia in p dy s
cp v th cp l 12 x 30 = 360. Nu k hiu / - 11 th gc
lch pha gia in p s cp v th cp l 11 x 30 = 330. Ch
y gc 30 l gc lch nhau gia 2 s lin tip trn mt ng
h ch thi gian.
xc nh cc con s 1 11, 12 ngi ta xc nh nh sau :
dng kim pht ca ng h ch thi gian ch in p dy bn
s cp v lun t vo s 1, cn kim gi ch in p dy
bn th cp, nu khi xc nh in p dy bn th cp lch pha
so vi in p dy bn s cp 330 chng hn th kim gi phi
330 0
ch vo s 11 (v 11 nh v d / - 11).
30 0
2. My pht in xoay chiu ba pha.
2.1. Khi nim :
My pht in ng b 3 pha l my pht in xoay chiu c tc quay ca
rto bng tc quay ca t trng.
My pht in ng b c 2 b phn chnh l stator v rto.
quay rto ngi ta dng ng c s cp. ng c s cp ca my pht in
c th l tuabin nc, tuabin kh v tuabin hi. My pht in loi ny c th t
cng sut 600 MVA. i vi my pht in cng sut nh, ng c s cp c th l
ng c xng hoc ng c izen.
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 Trong h thng cp ngun cho trm vin thng, i vi nhng ngun d phng
th ngi ta hay dng t my pht in l my n v my pht in gi l t my n
pht in.
2.2. Cu to :
2.2.1. Stato.
Stato ca my pht in ng b gm 2 b phn chnh l li thp v dy qun :

Stator my pht in ba pha

- Li thp : gm nhiu l thp k thut in mng, dy t 0,35 mm n 0,5 mm
c dp nh hnh, bn ngoi sn ph mt lp sn cch in ri p li vi nhau
thnh khi tr rng. Pha trong hnh thnh cc rnh t dy qun. Cc l thp c
p gi vi nhau bng nhiu cch. i vi my rt nh, ngi ta c th dng inh tn
tn cht, i vi my nh, va v ln, ngi ta dng nhng thanh thp t trong cc
rnh chy dc theo ng sinh bn ngoi ri hn vi hai vnh p hai u.

Li thp stato
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 - Dy qun: dy qun stato my pht in ng b 3 pha gm 3 cun dy
ging nhau, trc ca cc cun dy t lch nhau trong khng gian mt gc 120 0.
Dy qun stator l nhng dy ng bc cch in bng cch sn may v t trong
cc rnh stato. ng knh dy qun ph thuc vo cng sut, c im k thut ca
my pht in.

Dy qun c lng vo rnh stato

2.2.2. Rto.
Rto ca my pht in ng b l mt nam chm in, gm li thp v dy
qun c dng in mt chiu i qua gi l dy qun kch t. Tu theo hnh dng
ca li thp m ngi ta chia rto lm 2 loi l rto cc li v rto cc n.
- Rto cc li:
+ Li thp: c th l thp nguyn khi hoc gm nhiu l thp k thut in
c dp nh hnh v sn cch in ri p li vi nhau to thnh cc t. Li thp c
cc cc t l ra ngoi r rt, thng dng cc my pht c tc thp (t 600
-1500 vng/ pht) v kh nng chu lc li tm km. Li thp rto cc li thng c
nhiu i cc.
+ Dy qun kch t: c qun xung quanh cc t v ni vi hai vnh
trt u trc.
+ Rto cc li c ng knh ln nhng chiu di ngn. My pht in
trong t my n pht in thng dng rto cc li.

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 Cu to rto cc li

- Rto cc n:
+ Li thp: thng l thp nguyn khi hnh tr, trn b mt phay rnh
t dy qun kch t, phn khng phay rnh hnh thnh mt cc. Nhn b ngoi kh
phn bit u l mm cc nn gi l rto cc n.
+ Dy qun kch t: c t trong cc rnh ca li thp v c nm ming
rnh dy qun khng b vng ra do lc li tm khi quay vi tc ln.
+ Rto cc n thng c ng knh nh v tng chiu di hn ch lc
li tm. Do chu lc li tm ln nn rto cc n thng dng cho my pht in c tc
cao (3000 vng/pht).

Rto cc n

2.3. Nguyn l lm vic ca my pht in ng b 3 pha.

n gin ta xt my pht in ng b 3 pha m rto ch c mt i cc t
( 2p=2 ) v stato ch c 6 rnh t dy qun ba pha, trc ca cc pha lch nhau 1200
trong khng gian.
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 Nguyn l lm vic my pht in ng b ba pha
Dng ng c s cp ko rto c kch t quay vi tc n th t trng
ca rto s qut qua dy qun stato lm xut hin sc in ng cm ng trong cc
cun dy, c cng tn s, bin nhng lch nhau 1/3 chu k.
eA = Em sint
eB = Em sin(t - 1200)
eC = Em sin(t 2400)

th sut in ng xoay chiu ba pha

Nu dy qun stato ni vi ph ti cng tnh cht th s c dng in chy qua
ph ti v cng bin thin theo quy lut ca sc in ng.
iA = Im sint
iB = Im sin(t - 1200)
iC = Im sin(t 2400)
Nh vy, my pht in ng b bin i c nng do ng c s cp a
vo trc rto thnh in nng ca dng in xoay chiu trong dy qun ca stato. Tn
s ca dng in trong dy qun stato l:

15
 p.n
f
60
(Hz)
Trong p l s i cc t ca rto, n l tc quay ca rto (vng/pht).
Tr s hiu dng ca sc in ng ca cc pha bng nhau v s vng dy cc
pha bng nhau, cng nm trn mt t trng quay vi s vng nh nhau.
E = 4,44 fWmK (V)
Trong :
W l s vng dy ca mt pha
m l t thng cc i di mt i cc t
K l h s qun dy stato
3. My nn in.
3.1. Mch chnh lu mt pha na chu k.
- Mch in: mch chnh lu mt pha na chu k c s trong TR l bin
p c nhim v bin in p ca li in vo thnh in p ra theo yu cu, D l
it lm nhim v bin dng in xoay chiu thnh dng in mt chiu. RL l ti ca
b nn.

Mch chnh lu na chu k

- Nguyn l lm vic: gi s na chu k u, in th im A dng (+) v
im B c in th m (-) th it D thng (v c p in thun) nn mch ngoi s
c dng in t A qua D qua R v (B) kn mch. Dng ny gy nn s st p trn ti
ng vi khong thi gian t 0 n T/2 trn hnh v chnh l in p ra (Ur).
ng vi na chu k tip theo, im (B) c in th (+) im A c in th (-) nn
it D kho v b p in ngc nn khng c dng in chy qua ti, v vy in p
ra bng 0 (ng vi khong thi gian t T/2 n T trn hnh v).

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 th in p mch chnh lu na chu k
Nh vy, ng vi 1 chu k ca in p vo th trn ti s c na chu k ca in
p ra( l 1 xung dng).Qua trn ta thy : in p ra ca mch chnh lu na chu
k l nhng xung dng ngt qung, mch c u im l n gin d thc hin song
c nhc im l in p ra l nhng xung dng ngt qung do cht lng km.
3.2. Mch chnh lu mt pha c chu k.
- Mch in: mch chnh lu c chu k c cu to nh hnh v. Bin p TR c
nhim v bin in p li ra in p theo yu cu s dng. Bin p TR phi c u
ra gia 5, cc it D1, D2 lm nhim v chnh lu, RL l ti ca b nn.

Mch chnh lu mt pha c chu k

- Nguyn l hot ng: na chu k u, gi s im 3 c in th dng hn
im 4, it D1 phn cc thun nn D1 dn, cn it D2 c phn cc ngc nn D2
kho. Dng in chy trong mch khp kn theo ng t im 3D1R53.
in p ra trn ti l U r c dng nh hnh v ng vi thi gian t 0 n t 1. ng vi
na chu k sau (t t1 n t2), im 4 c in th dng hn so vi im 3 nn D 1 b

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phn cc ngc v b kho, cn D2 phn cc thun, D2 dn, dng ti s i theo ng
t im 4D2R54 to nn in p ra Ur.
Chu k tip theo th qu trnh lp li nh chu k u. in p ra thu c l
nhng xung dng lin tip.

th in p mch chnh lu c chu k

3.3. Mch chnh lu cu mt pha.
- Mch in: mch chnh lu cu mt pha c cu to nh hnh v.

S mch chnh lu cu mt pha

TR l my bin p khng c im gia, cc it D1, D2, D3 v D4 to thnh cu
it.
- Nguyn l lm vic:
Gi s ng vi na chu k u, in p ti im a dng hn im b nn D1 v
D3 c phn cc thun nn D1 v D3 dn, cn D2 v D4 c phn cc ngc nn
kha. Dng in i qua ti theo ng a D1 R D3 b, gy ra st p trn ti UR.

18
 na chu k sau, in p im b dng hn a nn D2 v D4 thng, cn D1 v
D3 kha (D1 v D3 phn cc ngc, D2 v D4 phn cc ngc) dng in i qua ti
theo ng b D2 R D4 a, gy ra st p trn R l U R. Mch chnh lu kiu cu
c dng in p ra tng t nh mch chnh lu c chu k dng hai it nh phn
tch trn. Mch chnh lu cu mt pha c u im l in p ngc t ln mi it
gim i mt na do dng in mi na chu k u i qua hai it.
3.4. Mch chnh lu ba pha.
3.4.1. Mch chnh lu ba pha hnh tia.
- Mch in: Mch chnh lu ba pha hnh tia c mch in nh hnh v:

Mch chnh lu ba pha hnh tia

Mch in gm mt my bin p ba pha, cc cun dy pha s cp c th u
sao hay tam gic, cc cun dy th cp u sao v c im pha gia v th mch cn
c tn l mch chnh lu ba pha c im gia, cc cun dy th cp c ni vi ba
it D1, D2, D3. RL l ti ca b nn.
- Nguyn l lm vic: ti thi im ta xt, it no ni vi pha c in p
dng nht th it s dn, cn cc it khc s kha. Xt chu k ca dng in
xoay chiu ba pha nh hnh v.
1/3 chu k u (t t1 n t3) ta thy UA dng nht nn D1 dn cho dng in
qua ti gy nn st p trn ti mt in p chnh l Ura nh trn th.
1/3 chu k tip theo (t t3 n t4) pha B c in p dng nht nn D2 dn
to nn in p ra Ura nh trn th.
1/3 chu k cn li, pha C c in p dng nht nn D3 dn cho dng in
qua ti v to nn mt in p ra nh hnh v, in p ny ng vi khong thi gian
t t4 n t5.
Nh vy trong mt chu k ca dng in xoay chiu ba pha, 3 it s thay nhau
dn, mi it s dn 1/3 chu k v kha 2/3 chu k cn li v kt qu ta s thu c
mt in p ra mt chiu tng i bng phng.
19
 th in p ca mch chnh lu ba pha
3.4.2. Mch chnh lu ba pha hnh cu.
- Mch in:

Mch chnh lu ba pha kiu cu.

Trong mch gm mt my bin p ba pha v 6 it u thnh mch cu v chia
thnh 2 t : mt t gm cc it l v mt t gm cc it chn.

20
 - Nguyn l lm vic : mch lm vic tng t nh mch chnh lu ba pha
hnh tia. Cc it l c catt u chung vi nhau, it thuc nhm l s dn in khi
in th ant ca n dng nht (tc l in p pha tng ng vi n l ln nht).
Cc it chn c cc ant u chung vi nhau, it l s dn in khi catt ca n m
nht ( tc l in p pha tng ng vi n l nh nht). Thi gian dn in ca mi
it bt k l 1/3 chu k. Nh vy ti bt k mt thi im no cng c mt it l v
mt it chn dn dng ti.
1/3 chu k u, in p pha a dng nht, pha b m nht trong khong thi
gian t t1 n t2 nn it D1 v D4 dn dng mt chiu qua ti R L. T thi im t2 n
t3, pha c m nht nn D 4 kha, D6 dn dng mt chiu qua ti, thu c in p ra
Ura trn ti ng vi khong thi gian t t1 n t3.
1/3 chu k tip theo, pha b c in p dng nht, pha c m nht trong
khong thi gian t t3 n t4 nn it D3 v D6 dn dng i t pha b - D3 - RL D6 v
pha c. T thi im t 4 n t5, pha a m nht nn D 6 kha, D2 dn. Dng i t pha b
D3 RL D2 v pha a. Kt qu ta thu c dng in p ra U ra trn th ng vi
khong thi gian t t3 n t5.
1/3 chu k cn li, pha c c in p dng nht nn it D 5 dn. Trong
khong thi gian t t5 n t6, pha a c in p m nht nn it D 2 dn. Dng i t
pha c D5 RL D2 v pha a. T thi im t t 6 n t7, pha b c in p m nht nn
D2 kha, D4 dn. Dng i t pha c D5 RL D4 v pha b. Kt qu ta thu c in
p ra Ura trn th ng vi khong thi gian t t5 n t7.
Nh vy sau mt chu k ca dng in xoay chiu ba pha, ta thu c in p
mt chiu ra nh trn th.
Mch chnh lu kiu cu ba pha c u im l in p ra tng i bng
phng, in p ngc trn mi it nh, yu cu cng sut bin p nh nn thng
trong cc my np cquy hoc b ngun mch chnh lu cng sut ln.

21
 th in p mch chnh lu ba pha kiu cu
4. cquy.
4.1. Khi nim :
cquy l ngun in ho hc c tnh thun nghch, va l ngun in, va l
thit b dng in. Lc u cquy c u vo ngun in (np in) bin i
in nng thnh ho nng (qu trnh tch in), sau c quy dng lm ngun in,
cung cp in nng cho ph ti (qu trnh phng in). i vi c qui qu trnh
phng, np c nhiu ln dn n tui th c qui cao.
4.2. Cu to.

Accu ch - axit gm c cc bn cc bng ch v -xt ch ngm trong dung dch

axt Sunfurc. Cc bn cc thng c cu trc phng, dp, dng khung li, lm bng
hp kim Ch - ngtimoan, c nhi cc ht ha cht tch cc. Cc ha cht ny khi
c np y ioxit ch cc dng, v ch nguyn cht cc m.

Cu to bn cc
22
 Cc bn cc c ni vi nhau bng nhng thanh ch pha trn, bn cc
dng ni vi bn cc dng, bn cc m ni vi bn cc m. Chiu di, chiu
ngang, chiu dy v s lng cc bn cc s xc nh dung lng ca bnh Accu.
Thng thng, cc bn cc m c t bn ngoi, do s lng cc bn cc m
nhiu hn bn cc dng. Cc bn cc m ngoi cng thng mng hn, v chng s
dng din tch tip xc t hn.

Phn khi bn cc v tm ngn

Cht lng dng trong bnh accu ny l dung dch axit Snurc. Nng ca dung
dch biu trng bng T trng o c 14%, tu thuc vo loi bnh accu v tnh trng
phng np ca bnh.

Accu ch kn kh cng ngh VRLA l accu ch axit s dng cng ngh VRLA
khng cn bo dng. Cng ngh VRLA (Valve regulated lead acid) l accu ch kn
kh c van iu chnh. Accu VRLA c th dng mt vi k thut nh AGM
(Absorbent glass mat), accu s dng tm m thy tinh thm ht gip ti to nng
lng mt hoc s dng cng ngh GEL.

23
 c quy kn VRLA

Accu Absorbent glass mat (AGM) l mt loi ca c quy cng ngh VRLA c
cht in phn c in phn vo trong mt ming thm ht si thy tinh. Nguyn
tc lm vic ca accu ny l ti hp O 2 thot in cc dng PbO2 thnh H2O tr
li nu O2 khuch tn sang bn cc m Pb v kh ha . Vai tr quyt nh
y l s dng l cch vi si thy tinh, hay cn gi l l cch thy tinh hp th
(absorptive glass mat - AGM). Axit H2SO4 c c nh lun trn l cch v to
thnh "tm" in ly. Tnh cht ca l cch vi si thy tinh, ln u tin do McClelland
v Dewitt pht hin ra, c rt nhiu u im; chng hn nh xp t 90%- 95%
nn rt nh, thm t axit H2SO4 rt mnh, kim sot c s khuch tn ca oxi,
rt bn ha v bn c .v.v... Vi cng ngh ny, ni tr ca accu thp hn loi accu
truyn thng do cc l ch t gn nhau v l hon ton nguyn cht nn do vy c
in tr sut rt b. Chng c th lm vic vi nhit cao hn v c tnh t x
24
cng chm hn rt nhiu. Accu loi ny c van gim p sut hot ng khi accu x
in p cao (thng thng ln 2.3V/cell, chng hn mt c quy 12V th s c 6 cell).
Hot ng ca van cho php thot ra mt lng kh v vy lm gim p ca p sut
ca accu. Np accu thng thng c cc b khuch tn kh gip an ton hn khi c
lng hydrogen sinh ra vt qu mc trong qu trnh np. Chng khng phi l lun
lun c bt kn, nhng t bo dng; ngoi ra accu loi ny c th t c nhiu
hng khc nhau, khng ging nh accu ch thng thng, lun phi gi theo
phng thng ng trnh lm trn axit ra ngoi.
4.3. Nguyn l hot ng:

4.3.1 Accu phng in

Cc dng PbO2 + 4H+ + SO42- +2e- = PbSO4 + 2H2O

Cc m Pb + SO42- - 2e = PbSO4

4.3.2 Accu np in

Cc dng PbSO4 + 2H2O - 2e = PbO2 + 4H+ + SO42-

Cc m PbSO4 + 2e- = PbSO42-

Khi accu np in, do in p accu n th tng v khi in p tng hn 2.3V.

i vi accu, bn cc dng s sinh kh Oxy v bn cc m s sinh kh Hydro. in
cc s b nhng trong dung dch H 2SO4, khi kh Oxy, Hydro s kh khuch tn v
s b bn cc dng, m hp th. Accu kh kn kh do khng c dung dch in gii
lu chuyn t do, dung dch in gii b hp th ht bi tm cch v bn cc. Thit
k vi vt cht hot tnh qu lng bn cc m. Khi cc dng np in m cc
m vn trong trng thi thiu in, lc , cc dng sinh ra kh oxy m cc m
khng sinh ra kh. Kh oxy cc dng sinh ra s d dng khuch tn sang cc m v
b cc m hp th. Sinh ra phn ng sau:

2Pb +O2 = 2PbO

PbO + H2SO4 = PbSO4 + H2O

PbSO4 +2H+ + 2e- = Pb + 2H2SO4
5. B lu in (UPS : Uninterruptible Power Supply)
UPS l thit b bao gm mt b i in DC/AC (Inverter), mt b ngun np
cho cquy v mt b cquy. Thit b ny c tc dng duy tr in p xoay chiu
25
220V/50Hz (1 pha hoc 3 pha) lin tc khng b gin on. Khi c in li 220V/
50Hz thit b s cp in p ny cho u ra, ngoi ra b ngun np cn np cho
cquy. Khi xy ra mt in li, thit b s t ng bin i in p cquy thnh in
p xoay chiu 220V/50Hz a n u ra.
Tu theo cu to v nguyn l lm vic m UPS thng c phn loi thnh :
UPS off line, UPS on line v UPS Line Interactive.
5.1. UPS off line.

S nguyn l UPS Off line

V mt cu to, UPS off line gm mt b chnh lu AC/DC, mt b cquy,
mt b Inverter DC/AC v mt cng tc t tnh. Ngoi ra, cn c th s dng b lc
u ra ca UPS hay b Inverter tng cht lng in p ra.
UPS off line lm vic hai ch : ch thng (Normal Mode) v ch
nng lng d tr (Stored Energy Mode).
ch thng, do c in p li xoay chiu nn ti c cp ngun trc
tip t in li. B chnh lu lm nhim v np cho b cquy.
ch nng lng d tr (khi in p li khng n nh hoc mt), ti
c cp bi b cquy thng qua b Inverter trong mt khong thi gian xc nh
(Backup time) hoc cho n khi ngun xoay chiu c cp tr li.
B chnh lu AC/DC ch lm nhim v np cho cquy nn khng cn thit k
cng sut qu ln, do lm h chi ph sn xut.
u im ca UPS off line l thit k n gin, chi ph thp v kch thc
nh. Tuy nhin, n c nhc im l thi gian chuyn mch ko di, khng c b n
nh in p ra.
5.2. UPS Line Interactive.

26
 S nguyn l UPS Line Interactive
V mt cu to, UPS Line Interactive gm cc thnh phn sau: mt cng tc
t tnh, mt cun cm ni tip, mt b bin i AC/DC hai chiu v t cquy.
UPS loi ny lm vic mt trong hai ch : ch thng (Normal Mode)
v ch nng lng d tr (Energy Stored Mode).
ch thng, ngun in li xoay chiu c cp cho ti. B bin i
AC/DC hai chiu ng vai tr b chnh lu np cho t cquy. Ngoi ra n cn lm
nhim v n nh in p ra.
ch nng lng d tr, b bin i AC/DC hai chiu ng vai tr b
Inverter v cung cp ngun t c quy cho ti. Cng tc t tnh lc ny s ngt ng
in p vo. Thi gian hot ng ch ny tu thuc vo thi gian d phng
(Backup time) hoc cho n khi ngun xoay chiu c tr li.
u im chnh ca UPS Line Interactive l thit k n gin, tin cy cao
v chi ph hp l. Tuy nhin, n cng c mt s nhc im l khng c s cch ly
hiu qu gia ngun xoay chiu v ti (iu ny c th thc hin c bng mt bin
p tuy nhin s lm tng kch thc v gi thnh), vic hiu chnh tn s ch
thng l khng th v ngun xoay chiu cp trc tip cho ti.
3. UPS On Line

27
 UPS On Line
V mt cu to, UPS On- Line gm cc thnh phn: b chnh lu/b np, t
cquy, b bin i DC/AC (Inverter) v mt cng tc t tnh (ng vng: bypass).
B chnh lu phi p ng c yu cu cng sut ca ti cng nh yu cu v dng
np cho cquy. T cquy c s dng thng l loi cquy axit kn (Sealed Lead
Acid Battery).
UPS On Line hot ng mt trong ba ch : ch thng (Normal
Mode), ch nng lng d tr (Stored Energy Mode) v ch ng vng
(bypass mode)
ch thng, ngun cp cho ti c cp lin tc thng qua b chnh lu
v b nghch lu. Nh vy, c hai qu trnh bin i: AC DC v DC AC. B
chnh lu va np cho t cquy va cp ngun cho ti qua b nghch lu.
ch nng lng d tr, khi ngun AC mt hoc khng n nh, t cquy
v b nghch lu duy tr cp ngun cho ti. Thi gian ca ch ny ph thuc vo
thi gian d phng c ci t trc (Backup time) hoc cho n khi in li xoay
chiu c tr li trong phm vi cho php. Khi c in li, mt b kho vng pha
(Phase Locked Loop: PLL) c nhim v gi cho in p ra cng pha in p vo v
UPS quay tr li hot ng ch thng.
ch ng vng (bypass mode), UPS c s c bn trong chng hn nh
qu dng. Ch ny cng c dng x l li v trong mt s trng hp bo
dng.
u im chnh ca UPS On Line l n nh cao khi in p vo bin i
v hiu chnh chnh xc in p ra. Hn na, khng c thi gian chuyn i gia ch
thng sang ch nng lng d tr. Tuy nhin, n c nhc im l hiu sut
thp v h s cng sut thp.
6. Pin mt tri.
6.1. Cu to.
Pin mt tri l phn t bn dn p n c kh nng bin i trc tip nng lng
bc x mt tri thnh in nng nh hiu ng ni quang in. Pin mt tri ngy nay
c ng dng rng ri, c bit trong lnh vc vin thng. Pin mt tri c sn
xut v ng dng ph bin hin nay trn th gii l cc pin mt tri c ch to t
vt liu bn dn Silic (Si). Sau y ta s xt cu to loi pin mt tri ny.
Pin mt tri gm mt mnh bn dn c tip gip p n t tinh th Silic. Trn
mnh bn dn c cc in cc tip xc dn in ra ph ti. Vt liu lm in cc
tip xc phi va c dn in tt, va phi c bm dnh tt vo cht bn dn.
Ngoi ra i vi in cc mt trn cn phi m bo iu ha gia vn che sng
v in tr ca in cc.

28
 Tip xc mt trn c to di dng li che khng qu 10% din tch
pin, tip xc mt di c th n gin l mt lp kim loi. Tip xc kim loi lm in
cc thng c ch to gm 3 lp :
- Lp mng Titan l lp cui cng v Titan bm dnh vi Si rt tt.
- Lp trn cng l bc, c tc dng dn in tt v d hn.
- Lp gia l lp Palai ngn phn ng ha hc gia lp Titan v lp bc.
chng phn x cho pin (v phn x nh sng s lm cho hiu sut pin mt
tri gim i) th lp tip xc p n phi c ph mt hoc hai lp chng phn x
bng SiO2, TiO2.
V in th (sc in ng) ca pin mt tri nh (khong 0,5V) nn khi ch to
ngi ta phi ni tip hng chc pin vi nhau to thnh tm pin mt tri (mun).
bo v cc lp tip xc v dy ni, bo v vt liu cch in lm tng tui th ca pin
mt tri th trn cc tm pin mt tri phi c ph mt lp cht do trong sut
thng l PolyVinyl Butirat (PVB) hoc Etilen Vinyl Axetat (EVA).

Cu to pin mt tri
6.2. Nguyn l hot ng.
Xt mt tip gip p n. Khi cho hai cht bn dn tip xc vi nhau th in t
t bn dn n s khuch tn sang bn dn p, cn l trng ca bn dn p s khuch tn
sang bn dn n, kt qu l bn dn n min tip gip tch in dng cn bn dn p
cnh min tip gip tch in m. Trong min tip gip hnh thnh mt in trng
tip gip ETX v do c mt hiu in th tip gip UTX, lc u in trng tip
gip tng nhanh nhng khi ln s ngn cn cc in t v l trng l nhng ht ti

29
in c bn khuch tn sang nhau qua min tip gip trng thi cn bng ng,
dng khuch tn ca cc ht ti in c bn s cn bng vi dng cc ht ti in
khng c bn ( bn dn n l l trng, bn dn p l in t) b in trng tip gip
gia tc.
Do cc ht ti in khuch tn sang cc pha i din nn min tip gip
nng cc ht ti in rt nh hay c th ni in tr ca min tip gip iu kin
bnh thng rt ln. in trng tip gip E TX v hiu in th tip gip ch nh c
trong min tip gip (Ln + Lp), v vy nu ni cc u bn dn n v p vi nhau bng
mt dy dn th trong dy dn khng c dng in chy qua.

Hnh 2.11 : Tip gip p - n

By gi nu ta chiu sng vo b mt lp tip gip th cc in t v l trng t
do c to thnh. Cc in t v l trng ny c gi l cc in t v l trng
quang b in trng tip gip E TX gia tc v cc pha i din (l trng v p v in
t v n) to ra mt sut in ng gi l sut in ng quang in. Nu ni cc u
bn dn n v p vi mt ph ti th s c dng chy qua gi l dng quang in v cho
ta mt cng sut hu ch mch ngoi. Sut in ng quang in ph thuc vo bn
cht ca cc cht bn dn, vo nhit ca min tip gip, vo bc sng v cng
nh sng. Hin tng xut hin sut in ng khi chiu sng lp tip gip p n
gi l hiu ng ni quang in.

30
 Hnh 2.12: Tip gip p n c chiu sng
Nh vy, mt lp tip gip p n khi c chiu sng c th tr thnh mt
my pht cho ta mt cng sut hu ch mch ngoi.
6.3. S tng ng.
Pin mt tri khi c chiu sng c s tng ng nh hnh v :

Hnh 2.13. S tng ng pin mt tri

- Khi chiu sng pin mt tri, n pht ra mt dng quang in, v vy trc ht
pin mt tri c th xem tng ng nh mt ngun dng.
- Lp tip gip p n c tnh chnh lu tng ng nh mt it.
- c trng cho dng d qua lp tip gip p n l in tr RP.
- c trng cho in tr ca cc lp bn dn p n, cc in ccl mt in
tr RS ni tip trong mch (c th coi l in tr trong ca pin mt tri).
6.4. c trng Vn Ampe.

31
 Hnh 2.14. c trng Vn - Ampe
- Dng on mch Isc : l dng in trong mch khi mch ngoi ca pin b chp
li (in tr v hiu in th mch ngoi bng 0).
- Th h mch Voc : l hiu in th o c khi mch ngoi ca pin mt tri
h (R=). Khi dng mch ngoi bng 0.
- im lm vic cng sut cc i PM : l im trn ng c trng Vn
Ampe m c cng sut ln nht. im PM c ta tng ng l (VM, IM).
6.5. u ni pin mt tri.
6.5.1. S khi h thng pin mt tri.

6.5.2. Ghp cc mun pin mt tri.

Thnh phm v pin mt tri l cc mun pin mt tri c cng sut v hiu
in th c thit k sn. c cng sut v hiu in th yu cu cho mt h
thng nng lng no , cn phi ghp ni nhiu mun li vi nhau. C hai cch
ghp c bn l ghp ni tip v ghp song song. c hiu in th ln ngi ta
dng cch ghp song song cc mun.
Khi ghp ni cc mun pin mt tri cn lu n hiu ng im nng (hot
spot). Hiu ng im nng l hin tng phn nng lng in ca mt mun b
mun khc tiu th hon ton, bin thnh nng lng nhit, lm nng v gy h
32
hng mun, cng sut in mch ngoi bng 0. Hiu ng im nng xy ra trn
mun yu nht (tc l mun pin mt tri km cht lng so vi cc mun khc
khi c chiu sng, mc d cht lng tt c cc pin l ng u). Hiu ng im
nng gy ra s h hng hon ton hay gim ng k hiu sut bin i quang in.
trnh hiu ng im nng, ngi sn xut cn phn loi cn thn cc loi
pin mt tri. Ch c cc pin c cng c trng mi c ghp thnh mun. Cn i
vi ngi thit k, lp t h thng pin mt tri cn c nhng bin php nh :
- Dng cc mun cng c trng cho mt tm pin mt tri.
- Trnh cc bng che do cy ci, nh ca, cc vt cn trong ngy c nng.
- Trnh bi bn ph ln mt vng no ca tm pin.
- Dng cc it bo v. Cc it mc song song vi mun nhm bo v
mun khi hiu ng im nng. Cc it ni tip l chng dng in t cquy
phng ngc qua h pin mt tri khi khng c nng hoc ban m.

Hnh2.15. Cc it bo v trong mt tm pin mt tri

6.5.3. Lp t dn pin mt tri.
Vic lp t dn pin mt tri phi m bo cc iu kin sau :
- Chn v tr t dn pin : v tr lp t dn pin phi c b tr cng gn phng
cquy cng tt gim n mc ti thiu st p trn cp dn (cp dn t dn pin n
cquy cng ngn cng tt).
- Chn hng t dn pin : hng ca dn pin mt tri phi quay v pha xch
o, v hng th thi gian chiu nh sng trong ngy l nhiu nht. Nc ta Bc
bn cu nn dn pin phi quay v hng Nam.
33
 - cao ca dn pin c tnh ton sao cho mt dn khng b che khut bt c
gi no c nng trong ngy. Nu pha trc dn pin c cng trnh hoc cy ci th
cao ca dn pin phi m bo iu kin : gc to thnh gia im cao nht ca vt
chn pha trc n cnh thp nht ca dn pin lm thnh vi phng ngang mt gc
khng ln hn 100.
- nghing ca dn pin : l gc nghing ca tm pin so vi mt phng ngang
c tnh theo cng thc :
= L + 110
L l v ca v tr lp t.
Gc nghing ca dn pin phi iu chnh c, thng th 1 nm iu chnh
hai ln vo ma h v ma ng.
+ Dn pin v cu trc gi phi m bo vng chc, chu c gi bo
cp 12.
7. Thit b phn phi in.
Bng hoc t phi in bao gm Ampe k, Vn k, cng t, cu dao, aptmat,
cu ch o lng, gim st, ng ngt, chuyn i mch, bo v, phn phi cho
ngun v cho ph ti. Bng phn phi in thng c gi tt l bng phi in v
thng c ch to theo dng t nn cng c gi l t phi in.

Cu to t phi in
8. Quy trnh vn hnh t my n pht in.
8.1. Gii thiu bng iu khin my pht in Komatsu EG 65.

34
 Bng iu khin my pht in Komatsu EG 65
1. Pilot Lamp: n bo my pht in lm vic bnh thng.
2. Panel Light: n dng khi nh sng khng .
3. Frequency Meter: ng h o tn s.
4. AC Ammeter: Ampe k.
5. AC Voltmeter: Vn k.
6. Ammeter Change-Over Switch: cng tc chuyn pha ca ampe k
7. Voltmeter Change Over Switch: cng tc chuyn pha ca Vn k.
8. Panel Light Switch: cng tc n.
9. Voltage Regulator Control: nm iu chnh in p ra.
10.Main Circuit Breaker: ptmt

Bng iu khin ng c
1. Tachometer: ng h bo tc quay ca ng c.
2. Engine Warning Display Module: n cnh bo cc s c:

35
 Overheat Lamp: n sng khi nhit nc lm mt tng qu cao.

Low Oil Pressure Lamp: n bo p sut du bi trn thp.

Low Fuel Level Lamp: n bo mc nhin liu thp.

Low Battery Fluid Lamp: n bo mc in dch cquy thp.

Clogged Air Filter Lamp: n bo b lc khng kh b tc.

3. Pre Heat Lamp: n bo bugi sy nng.
4. Emergency Stop Button: nt dng khn cp.
5. Oil Pressure Gauge: ng h bo p sut du bi trn. Trong iu kin my
chy bnh thng, kim ch th phi nm vng mu xanh trn mt ng h.
6. Water Temprature Gauge: ng h bo nhit nc lm mt. Trong iu
kin my chy bnh thng, kim ch th phi nm vng mu xanh trn mt
ng h.
7. Charging Ammeter Gauge: ng h bo dng np cho cquy.
8. Fuel Level Gauge: ng h bo mc nhin liu
9. Battery Switch: Cu dao cquy.
10. Ignition Switch: Cha kho khi ng ng c gm 4 v tr: Pre heat (sy
nng), Stop (dng), Run (chy) v Start (khi ng).
8.2. Quy trnh khi ng v vn hnh t my n pht in.
8.2.1. Kim tra trc khi khi ng:
a. Kim tra du bi trn:
Hng ngy phi kim tra mc du bi trn khi khi ng, mc du nht phi
nm gia hai vch trn que thm du. Nu mc du nm di vch thp th phi b
sung, cao hn trn vch phi x bt du ra.
36
 Thc thm du
- Khi kim tra mc nht th phi kim tra xem c sch v nht khng?
Nu khng nht hoc khng sch th phi thay du nht mi.
b. Kim tra cquy:
- i vi nhng ng c khi ng in phi ch kim tra cquy trc khi
vn hnh, phi duy tr mc in dch ca cquy trn du mc thp, nu mc in dch
thp phi b sung ngay nc ct cho cquy.
- Khng c b sung nc ct qu mc vch du trn, phi vn cht nt sau
khi b sung.

B sung nc ct cho cquy.

u ni cquy
c. Kim tra nhin liu :

37
 - Kim tra nhin liu bng cch nhn vo b ch bo mc nhin liu, nu mc
nhin liu thp phi b sung.
- i vi nhng ng c khng c b ch bo mc nhin liu, phi kim tra
trc tip thng cha nhin liu nu thiu phi b sung.

B sung nhin liu vo thng nhin liu

- Khi b sung nhin liu cn ch lm sch bi bn xung quanh ch rt nhin
liu, khng cho bi bn xm nhp vo trong bnh cha.
d. Kim tra nc lm mt:
- i vi nhng ng c khng c b phn ch bo mc nc lm mt, phi
tho np kt nc kim tra.
i vi nhng ng c c bnh nc d tr (bnh ph) phi kim tra xem nc
c nm ngay gia ng k cao (High) v thp (Low) hay khng, nu mc thp
phi b sung ngay.

Mc nc lm mt trn bnh ph.

- Khi b sung nc lm mt tt nht l b sung nc ct (khng tp cht),
khng c s dng nc sng hoc nc ma.

38
e. Kim tra dy cu-roa qut gi :
- Vic kim tra chng dy curoa qut gi l rt cn thit.
- Nu b chng phi iu chnh li. Nu dy c biu hin hng hc khc thng
th phi thay ngay.

Kim tra dy curoa qut gi

Kim tra a ptmat v v tr OFF.

Aptmat v tr OFF
8.2.2 Khi ng ng c:
- ng chuyn mch cquy v v tr ON.

Chuyn mch cquy

- Khi tri lnh, a cha kho khi ng v v tr Pre heat

39
 - Quan st n Pre heat Lamp, nu n sng th xoay cha kho khi ng
ng c sang v tr Start

v lng nghe ng c khi ng. Sau khi ng c khi ng th th tay cha kho
t xoay v v tr Run.
- Quan st ng h bo tn s. Tn s phi t 50Hz.

- Quan st Vn k, c gi tr in p.

Nu in p khng t, xoay chnh nm iu chnh in p c in p nh

mc.

Nm iu chnh in p
- Quan st ng h bo p sut du bi trn. Kim ch phi nm trong vng mu
xanh trn mt ng h.

40
 - Quan st ng h bo nhit nc lm mt. Trong iu kin ng c lm
vic bnh thng, nhit nc lm mt nm trong khong mu xanh trn mt ng
h

- Quan st ng h bo tc quay ca ng c. Trong iu kin lm vic

bnh thng, tc ng c xp x 1500 vng/pht.

8.2.3 ng ti, vn hnh khi my ang hot ng:

- Sau khi iu chnh tn s, in p ca my pht, nu my hot ng bnh
thng th ng ptmt v v tr bt my (ON).

- Quan st ng h o dng (nu c) i vi nhng t my pht in ba

pha cn o c dng v in p ba pha, nu c s c bng gia cc pha
phi iu chnh ti cho ph hp.

- Trong qu trnh chy my, cng nhn vn hnh khng c i qu xa v

tr t my, phi thng xuyn kim tra my thng qua h thng ng

41
 h, n bo, phi nghe pht hin ting ku l trong trng hp cn thit
phi dng my kim tra v khc phc.
- i vi nhng my c h thng dng t ng, p t mt t ngt d
t khi dng my phi kim tra v khc phc ngay.
8.2.4. Dng ng c
Khi mun dng ng c phi lm tun t cc thao tc sau :
- Chuyn p t mt, cu dao, cng tc v v tr tt (OFF).

- Gim dn tc ca ng c, vn nm (cn gt) v v tr tc thp dn

trong thi gian 5 pht cho ng c mt dn.
- Vn cha kho ng c v v tr tt (STOP).

- Kho ng nhin liu vo ng c. Ngt kho mt (t cquy vo my

nu c).
- Lau chi bo qun, che y my, ghi li tnh trng hot ng ca ng
c vo s giao ca.

42
B. Chng st.
1. Hin tng st.
Vo nhng ngy ma dng trn bu tri xut hin nhiu tia chp sng, km theo
nhng ting n ko di hoc ting n ln inh tai nhc c. chnh l hin tng
st.
St l s phng in trong kh quyn gia cc m my v t hoc gia cc
m my mang in tri du. Do tc ng ca lung khng kh nng thi hng ln
v hi nc ngng t thnh nhng m my, trn cc m my thng mang mt
lng in tch ln. Cc m my mang in l do kt qu ca s phn tch c gii
cc in tch khc du v tp trung chng trong nhng phn khc nhau ca m my.
Thng thng phn di ca m my tch in m, phn trn ca m my tch in
dng. Theo hiu ng tch in tri du th t s tch in dng, gia my v t
hnh thnh mt ci t in. Cng in trng gia my v t s tng theo
tch lu ca cc in tch m trn cc m my. Nu ch no tng ti cng
in trng ti hn Eth=25-30 kV/cm th khng kh s b in ho, tr nn dn in v
bt u c s phng in. Tc phng in ca dng st c th tng ln rt cao ti
hng trm km/s (Vph=6.104105 km/s), to thnh dng phng trung ho in tch gia
my v t, gi l dng st. S lo sng mnh lit ca dng in phng lm nhit
ca khng kh tng, khng kh c nung nng ti nhit t0=10.0000C v gin n
rt nhanh chng to ra sng m thanh c tn s ln thnh ting n anh, chi tai.

Phn b in tch khi c m my dng

S phng in bt u gn m my s c truyn vi tc khong 5.10 4
km/s theo hng mt t. Nhng s phng in ny khng ti c mt t m s
tm dng chuyn ng cch m my mt khong cch t 5060 m.
S phng in mi bt u pht trin c cng tc v cng con ng vi s
phng in th nht sau mt khong thi gian ngn gn 10 s cng hng xung t
43
v dng li cch m my mt khong cch t 100120 m. Sau khi kt thc s
phng in ln th hai, bt u s phng in ln th ba cng theo cng ng v
dng li cch xa m my thm mt khong cch l 5060 m.
Cc phng in mi li xut hin cho n khi s phng in cui cng ti mt
t.

Qu trnh phng in ca m my
2. Tc hi ca st.
Hin tng st do in p kh quyn tng cao, to ra dng st gy khng t nguy
hi n con ngi, cng trnh nh ca v trang thit b my mc.
St c th nh trc tip vo cng trnh nh ca, trang thit b my mc, c th
nh trc tip hoc gin tip vo ng dy ti in gy qu p cho thit b dng in
v ph hng thit b, c bit l thit b vin thng.
Khi c st th in t trng ti khu vc tng cao, ngi trong khu vc c
th b ngt (hin tng say st), nu st nh trc tip vo ngi c th gy chn
thng hoc cht ngi. Do vy vic chng st cho cng trnh nh ca, trang thit b
my mc v ng dy ti in l mt vic lm cn thit. c bit i vi nc ta
kh hu nhit i, nng lm ma nhiu, v ma ma rt d hnh thnh st bt c ni
no, nht l nhng ni vng cao a tng phc tp nn vic chng st cho cng
trnh, nh ca, trang thit b li cng cn thit.
3. Bin php chng st.
Hin nay c rt nhiu bin php chng st cho cng trnh nh ca, cho ng
dy ti in v cho trang thit b my mc.

44
 i vi cng trnh nh ca, thit b my mc thng thng vn dng phng
php truyn thng l ct thu li. i vi cc thit b thu pht v tuyn trong vin
thng th dng thm chng st cho phi.
i vi ng dy, thit b dng in th dng thm khe h phng in, van
chng st v cc thit b chng st m hin nay ch to ti Vit Nam nh thit b
chng st Proline. Sau y ta tm hiu cc phng php chng st v mt s trang
thit b chng st thng thng.
a. Dng ct thu li.
Dng ct thu li l phng php truyn thng bo v chng st nh trc tip
cho cc thit b in v nhng vt khc. Ct thu li bao gm kim thu st bng kim
loi c dng cao hn so vi vt cn bo v thu st, dy dn st xung t v
trang b ni t.
Khong khng gian gn ct thu li m nu vt cn bo v nm trong khong y
th rt t kh nng b st nh, gi l phm vi bo v ca ct thu li.
Dng ct thu li trong mt din hp th ch cn dng mt ct nhng trn mt
din rng c th dng hai hay nhiu ct.
Phm vi bo v ca mt ct thu li l mt hnh nn trn xoay vi ng sinh r x
c tnh theo cng thc:
1,6(h hx )
r x p
h hx

Trong cng thc trn:

+ h: cao ca ct thu li (m)
+ hx: cao cng trnh cn bo v (m)
+ rx: bn knh phm vi bo v cao hx
+ p l h s hiu chnh: p=1 khi h 30m
5,5
p= khi h 30m
h

45
 Phm vi bo v ca ct thu li

Phm vi bo v ca ct thu li vi cch v n gin ho

bo v chng st cho cc vt di, chim din tch ln, c th dng hai, ba ct
hoc nhiu hn na. Phm vi bo v ca hai ct thu li cho trn hnh v

46
 Phm vi bo v ca hai ct thu li.
Tnh ton phm vi bo v rx vn nh mt ct cn bx xc nh theo cng thc gn
ng:
7 hhd a
bx= 4rx 14h a
hd

Trang b ni t ca ct thu li dng dn dng in st xung t. in tr

ni t cng b th th ch ni t cng nh.
Trang b ni t l nhng thanh thp c kch thc v hnh dng khc nhau c
chn su trong lng t nh thp gc, cc ng, thanh, tr thpin tr ni t ph
thuc vo bin , dc u sng ca dng in st, in tr sut ca t, kch
thc, hnh dng, s lng v v tr tng h ca cc in cc trong t. Vic tnh
ton trang b ni t cho thit b rt phc tp do vy khng cp trong khun kh
chng trnh ny.
b. Khe h phng in.
Khe h phng in l ci thu li n gin nht gm hai in cc, trong mt
cc c ni t. Trong iu kin trang thit b in lm vic bnh thng, khe h
phng in cch ly vi nhng phn mang in i vi t. Khi sng qu in p trn
ng dy c tr s nht nh th khe h b chc thng v dy dn c ni t qua
tia la tc l th ca dy dn bng khng v sng in p b ct.
Khong cch gia cc in cc ca khe h phng in c chn sao cho qu
in p nguy him c ct bng khe h phng in do bo v an ton cho vt cn
bo v.
c. Van chng st.
Van chng st gm hai phn t chnh: khe h phng in v in tr lm vic,
khe h phng in cng c vai tr nh xt trn, cn in tr lm vic dng
hn ch tr s dng in k tc. Cn phi hn ch dng in k tc dp tt h
quang trong khe h phng in sau khi chng st lm vic, chnh v vy mi phc hi
c cch in ca dy dn i vi t. Nu tng in tr lm vic th dng in k
47
tc gim xung v dp tt h quang trong khe h phng in c d dng. Nhng
khi sng qu p in xung kch tc dng ln chng st v khe h phng in ca n
b chc thng th dng in xung kch s tng cao ln ti hng ngn ampe, to trn
in tr lm vic mt st p ln (in p d). gim in p d th cn phi gim
tr s in tr lm vic.
tho mn nhu cu tri ngc nhau in tr lm vic c cu to c bit gi l
in tr Vilit. Vilit lm bng cc ht cacbonrum k thut in c gn bng s. Bn
thn ccbonrum c in tr sut nh, trn b mt ca ht c mt lp mng xit silic.
Khi in p nh th in tr sut ca lp mng mng ln, khi in p tng cao th
in tr ca lp gim xung nhanh. V in tr Vilit lm vic c tnh cht nh mt
ci van nn gi l van chng st.
Van chng st c lp ghp theo tiu chun, ph thuc vo iu kin lm vic.
B tr cc chi tit trong phn t tiu chun ca van chng st PBC-10 cho trn hnh
v

1: L xo 2: Khe h phng in 3: in tr u song song vi khe h

4: Cc a vilit 5: V bng s 6: Np y
Van chng st PBC-10

K hiu van chng st

48
d. Thit b chng st Proline.
* Gii thiu chung.

Thit b chng st Proline c th m bo an ton cho cc thit b in t vin

thng, khng b ph hng do nh hng ca st ln ng dy cn ngun xoay chiu,
trong mng in ba pha bn dy (dy trung tnh ni t). to ra thit b chng st
Proline, ngi ta s dng cng ngh MOV (Metal xit Varistor) kt hp vi b
lc c bit, thit b chng st ny s m bo an ton cho thit b in t, vin thng
s dng li in mt pha hoc ba pha, vi dng ti 15-100A hoc ln hn na (tu
theo yu cu s dng), n c kh nng ct lc st cm ng vo ng dy cp ngun,
lm suy gim hon ton sng st trn u ra cp ngun cho thit b.
Thit b chng st ngun in gm c:

- Mch bo v s cp: gm cc linh kin chng qu p MOV, c tc dng trit

tiu xung st trn u vo ca ngun in, a cc xung st xung t.

- Mch lc thng thp: gm c hai phn t lc l cun cm lc L v t lc C

to thnh b lc thng thp, c tc dng ngn chn cc nhiu do st nh hng ln
ng dy cp ngun.

- Mch bo v th cp: gm c cc linh kin chng qu p MOV, c tc dng

trit tiu in p cm ng ln u ra cp ngun cho thit b v nhiu do ti sinh ra.

Cn ch rng khi s dng thit b chng st Proline phi thc hin ng quy
trnh lp t, s dng ng li in ba pha bn dy c dy trung tnh ni t. Khng
c s dng trong li in ba pha ba dy u kiu sao hoc u kiu tam gic.

* S u ni.

Thit b ct st phi c ni t v lp t theo ng tiu chun an ton in

ang c ban hnh, c lp t sau cu dao chnh cung cp ngun cho cc thit b
cn c bo v, cc thit b khng cn i hi cao v cht lng nh: n chiu
sng, ng c, cc thit b sinh nhiu th phi lp trc b ct st.

S khi:

49
 S dng thit b chng st Proline cho thit b vin thng

m bo thng tin c lin tc th cc thit b in t vin thng thng

dng thm h thng ngun d phng nh my pht in xoay chiu. Do my pht
in xoay chiu sinh ra sng hi c bin ln, vt qu gii hn bo v ca linh
kin chng qu p nn h thng my pht in phi c cp in cho thit b theo
mt ng ring qua cu dao chuyn i.
*S p dng c bn:
- S mch chng st ngun mt pha:

Hnh III.16: S mch chng st ngun mt pha

M1,M3: bo v s cp M2: bo v th cp
L1,C1: b lc thng thp
- S u dy cho thit b chng st mt pha:
50
 S u dy cho thit b chng st Proline
- S chng st ba pha:

S u dy chng st ba pha

51
 Thit b chng st ngun in Proline khi hot ng lun gim st cht lng
ca ht ct st MOV. Khi ht cn tt th c nm n LED sng, ch th 100%. Trong
qu trnh ct st, dung lng ca ht gim xung, khi cc LED s ln lt tt, cht
lng ca ht gim t 100%20%. Khi dung lng ca ht MOV gim nh hn 80%
th cc tip im B, C s ng mch bo ng cho ta bit phi thay th ht MOV.
Mch bo ng s dng dng in c hiu in th 220V, c th dng n, ci
hoc chung bo ng. S mch bo ng nh hnh v:

S ni mch bo ng

52