ACTIVATED CARBON

1. PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

Powder,
Form
Pellets

Granules
Liquid phase or de-colouring carbon.
Grade
Gas phase or vapour absorbent carbon.

Liquid phase or decolouring carbon

Form Light fluffy powder

Characteristics Large percentage of transitional or

macropores

Gas phase or vapour absorbent carbon.

Form Granules or pellet

Characteristics Large percentage of micropores

Pore size

Porosity and the pore structure are the most important characteristics of Activated carbon. Size of
the micropores is the deciding factor in selective absorption.

Atleast two systems of pores of distinctly different sizes exist in every carbon particle.

Macropores (1000 to 2600 Deg A) acts as large access ways for diffusion of particles.

Micropores (10 to 100 deg A) contributes towards large surface area which are responsible for
absorption action.

Surface area

From 200 to 2000 m2/g, depending upon the method and manner of preparation.

Adsorption behaviour
Depending on the process of activation, i.e. steam, as or chemically activated, the Activated
Carbon differ in their adsorption behaviour.

Product specifications

Chemical parameters Acid washed Unwashed

Moisture(%) max. 10 10

Methylene value(min) 270 280

KmnO4(min) 60 60

Iodine value 1100 1100

Ash(%) max. 3 NA

Fe ppm 200 1000

pH 6.5 to 7.2 Adjustable

Chlorine(%) max 0.4 NA

Sulphate(%) max 0.4 NA

Phosphate Nil Nil

Acid soluble matter(%) 1.5 5

Water soluble(%) 0.5 4

Bulk density 4 to 6 gm/cc 4-6 gm/cc

2. PRODUCT APPLICATIONS

Activated carbon is a unique and effective agent for purification and for isolation and recovery of
trace materials.

During the last two to three decades, treatment with active carbon has become an important unit
process for separations and purifications in the food, pharmaceuticals, sugar, chemical and other
processing industries.

Nature of applications

For the removal of colour or odour, oxidising chemicals, compounds responsible for foaming,
metallic ions which constitute impurity and invisible impurities, to improve product stability and to
provide better cystallisation.
For recovery of valuable materials, to enhance purity, to improve the appearance of product and
to act as barrier to prevent migration of colour bodies.

Gradewise application

Grade Sector

Powdered Activated carbon Vegetable oils, fats, sugar, water

treatment, pharmaceuticals, fine
chemicals and food products.

Granular Activated carbon Automotive canisters, air purification,

chemical and pharmaceutical industry.

Pelletised Activated carbon Solvent recovery, catalyst application etc

3. IMPORTS Around 1000 tonnes per annum

4. EXPORTS Around 2500 tonnes per annum

5. INDIAN MANUFACTURERS

There are around 50 producers of Activated Carbon in the country, mostly in Medium and SSI
sector.

The Indian producers of Activated Carbon include the following.

Indian Manufacturers

* Active Carbon India Ltd , Hyderabad

* Bleachaid Minerals Mehdipatnam

* Unichar International, Goa

* Anil Starch Products Ltd.,Gujarat

* Amar Carbon , Rajpipla

* Baroda Carbons Limited,Baroda

* J.C.Chemical Industries, Surat

* Mahavir Industrial Corporation,Ahmedabad

* Nikhil Intermediates Pvt. Ltd , Gujarat

* Raj Carbons Pvt.Ltd.,Gujarat

* Shri Rajpipla Amar Carbon & Chemical Industries,Dist.Bharuch

* Unique Carbon and Chemicals, Gujarat

* Industrial Carbons Pvt. Ltd.,Ankleshwar

* Shreema Chemicals P.Ltd.,Himachal Pradesh

* **Indo German Carbons Ltd., Alwaye, Kerala

* Balaji Chemicals,Karnataka

* Gowrishankar Chemicals,Karnataka

* Key-Sun Enterprises,Mumbai

* Kemie Industries, Mumbai

* Advance Agro-Tech, Mumbai

* Chandra Chemical Industries,Thane

* Daisy Industries,Thane

* Eurofine Chemicals, Mumbai

* Kan-Carbon (P) Ltd.,Delhi

* United Active Chars (P) Ltd.,Delhi

* Amar Indl. & Fine Chemicals, Punjab

* Brilex Chemicals,Amritsar

* Century Absorbents, Punjab

* Hindustan Indl.Carbon Products,Punjab

* Hosch Industrial Absorbents,Punjab

* Shriram Carbon Sales P.Ltd.,Dist.Hoshiarpur

* Barium International, Rajasthan

* Beta Gama Chemicals (P) Ltd.,Jaipur

* Rajeshwari Industries, Rajasthan

* Coco Shell Carbon (P) Ltd., Coimbatore

* Core Carbons P. Ltd., Coimbatore

* Fermi Chemicals, Chennai

* Metroblue Industries, Madurai

* Southern Agro Chemicals (P) Ltd.,Chennai

* Shell Carb, Vellore

* VVD Crops and Chems Ltd, Tuticorin

* Sri Balaji & Co.,Tamilnadu

* Dass Rasayanik Carbo Udyog, Uttar Pradesh

* Jains Carbons (P) Ltd.,U.P

* Unicarbons & Chemicals, Ghaziabad

* Arunodaya Industrial Corpn.,Calcutta

* Global Enterprises, Calcutta

* International Chemical Agenices, Calcutta

* The Smitaja Chemicals P.Ltd., West Bengal

** Indo German Carbon Ltd., has put up a joint venture with Kerala State Industrial
Development Corporation Ltd., (KSIDC), for 2500 tonnes per annum Activated carbon plant with
technology from Carbo Consult, Germany at a project cost of around Rs.15 crores at Kochi in
Kerala. The company is promoted by Galfar India Group and KSIDC.

6. DEMAND SUPPLY TRENDS

Sectorwise demand

Sector Demand in tonnes per

annum

Pharmaceutical 2630

Plasticisers 1750

Glucose/Dextrose Monohydrate/Sorbitol 1550

Vegetable Oil 32500

 Miscellaneous sector 6100

Export Sector 400

Total 44930

Indian demand is partly met by imports.

Likely growth rate in demand : 9 to 10% per annum

7. MANUFACTURING PROCESS AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

Activated carbon can be produced from any carbonaceous material, which on activation attain
porous structure and consequently a large surface area.

Raw materials such as wool, lignite, woods, coconut-shells, agricultural waste like bagasse, rice
husk are generally used for the manufacture of Activated carbons.

Raw materials having high carbon and low ash content are preferred. Coconut shell has been
found to be most suitable raw material for making gas adsorption grade Activated carbon.

>Activated carbon from Coconut shells

Carbon Resources LLC, Oceanside, California, USA, is to market coconut shell Activated Carbon
products throughout North America on behalf of Sri Lankan company, JB Carbon Activators.

Under the agreement, JB Carbon Activators will manufacture coconut shell granular and powder
Activated Carbons under Carbon Resource's quality control standards.

According to Carbon Resources, the demand for coconut shell carbon in water purification will
grow because of proposed stricter limits on the levels of Arsenic and Methyl tertiary butyl ether
(MTBE) in water.

Earlier, Carbon Resources signed an agreement to distribute natural char Activated Carbon to the
water filteration market in the USA on behalf of Tate and Lyle Process Technology, which is based
in Greenock, UK.

8. GLOBAL SCENARIO

Demand for Activated Carbon:
Raw material
Major Producing Countries
Global growth rate in demand
Around 0.50 million tonnes per annum
The wood based Activated Carbon accounts
for around 40% of the total world
production.
The Philippines and Sri Lanka are
the major producers and exporters
of Activated Carbon.
Sri Lanka has increased its export
volume of Activated Carbon to
around 10,000 tonnes per annum.
2 to 3% per annum
9. RECOMMENDATIONS

Activated Carbon manufacturers are increasingly looking to securing production bases in Asia,
where cost advantages can be obtained for both coconut shell and coal-based Activated Carbon.

Tamil Nadu is an ideal location for the project in view of the abundant availability of coconut
farms.

Recommended capacity 600 tonnes per annum

Estimated project cost Rs.500 lakh