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You can O R D E R this book Constantin I. Chueshov
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www.acta.com.ua/en/ Maryna B. Khorolska
Chapter 4
The Problem on Nonlinear Oscillations
of a Plate in a Supersonic Gas Flow
Contents
x ( x1 , x2 ) W R2 , t >0
with boundary and initial conditions of the form
u W = Du W = 0 , u t = 0 = u0 ( x ) , t u = u1 ( x ) . (0.4)
t=0
Here D is the Laplace operator in the domain W ; g > 0 , r 0 , and G are con-
stants; and p ( x , t ) , u0 ( x ) , and u1 ( x ) are given functions. Equations (0.3)(0.4)
describe nonlinear oscillations of a plate occupying the domain W on a plane which
is located in a supersonic gas flow moving along the x1 -axis. The aerodynamic pres-
sure on the plate is taken into account according to Ilyushins piston theory (see,
e. g., [3]) and is described by the term r x1 u . The parameter r is determined by
the velocity of the flow. The function u ( x , t ) measures the plate deflection at the
point x and the moment t . The boundary conditions imply that the edges of the
plate are hinged. The function p ( x , t ) describes the transverse load on the plate.
The parameter G is proportional to the value of compressive force acting in the
plane of the plate. The value g takes into account the environment resistance.
Our choice of problem (0.1) and (0.2) as the base example is conditioned by the
following circumstances. First, using this model we can avoid significant technical
difficulties to demonstrate the main steps of reasoning required to construct a solu-
tion and to prove the existence of a global attractor for a nonlinear evolutionary se-
cond order in time partial differential equation. Second, a study of the limit regimes
of system (0.3)(0.4) is of practical interest. The point is that the most important
(from the point of view of applications) type of instability which can be found in the
system under consideration is the flutter, i.e. autooscillations of a plate subjected to
218 The Problem on Nonlinear Oscillations of a Plate in a Supersonic Gas Flow
C
h
aerodynamical loads. The modern look on the flutter instability of a plate is the fol-
a lowing: there arises the Andronov-Hopf bifurcation leading to the appearance of
p
t a stable limit cycle in the system. However, there are experimental and numerical
e
r
data that enable us to conjecture that an increase in flow velocity may result in the
complication of the dynamics and appearance of chaotic fluctuations [4]. Therefore,
4 the study of the existence and properties of the attractor of the given problem
enables us to better understand the mechanism of appearance of a nonlinear flutter.
1 Spaces
As above (see Chapter 2), we use the scale of spaces Fs generated by a positive ope-
rator A with discrete spectrum acting in a separable Hilbert space H . We remind
(see Section 2.1) that the space Fs is defined by the equation
Fs D ( A s ) = v :
k=1
ck ek : c
k=1
2
k lk2 s < ,
where { e k } is the orthonormal basis of the eigenelements of the operator A in H ,
l 1 l2 are the corresponding eigenvalues and s is a real parameter
(for s = 0 we have Fs = H and for s < 0 the space Fs should be treated as a class
of formal series). The norm in Fs is given by the equality
v s2 =
k=1
ck l2k s for v= c e
k=1
k k.
for almost all t [ 0 , T ] , where uN , k are elements of H and cN , k ( t ) are the cha-
racteristic functions of the pairwise disjoint Lebesgue measurable sets AN , k . One
Spaces 219
can prove (see, e.g., the book by K. Yosida [5]) that for separable Hilbert spaces un-
der consideration a function u ( t ) is measurable if and only if the scalar function
( u ( t ) , h ) H is measurable for every h H . Furthermore, a function u ( t ) is said
to be Bochner integrable over [ 0 , T ] if
T
u (t) - u
0
2
N (t) H dt 0 , N ,
u (t) dt =
S
lim
N c (t) u
0
S N (t) dt ,
where c S ( t ) is the characteristic function of the set S and the integral of a simple
function in the right-hand side of the equality is defined in an obvious way.
For the function with the values in Hilbert spaces most facts of the ordinary Le-
besgue integration theory remain true.
u (t) dt
B
u (t) dt
B
for any measurable set B [ 0 , T ] .
B
( u ( t ) , h ) H dt =
B
u ( t ) dt , h
H
for any h H .
C
h
where ck ( t ) are scalar functions that are square-integrable over
a [ 0 , T ] and such that
p
t T
[ c (t) ]
e
r l2k s k
2
dt < . (1.1)
k=1 0
4
Below we also use the space C ( 0 , T ; Fs ) of strongly continuous functions on [ 0 , T ]
with the values in Fs and the norm
v C (0, T ; F ) = max v (t) s .
s t [0, T ]
v (b ) - v (a )
k
k k s < e.
The space
WT = v ( t ) : v ( t ) L 2 ( 0 , T ; F1 ) , v ( t ) L 2 ( 0 , T ; H ) (1.2)
with the norm
1 2
v W = v 22 + v 2
T L (0, T ; F1 ) L2 ( 0 , T ; H )
t
v (t) = h +
v (t) dt
0
almost everywhere for some h H (see Exercises 1.5 and 1.6). Evidently, the space
WT is continuously embedded into C ( 0 , T ; H ) , i.e. every function u ( t ) from WT
lies in C ( 0 , T ; H ) and
max u(t) C u W ,
t [0, T ] T
where C is a constant. This fact is strengthened in the series of exercises given be-
low.
pm v ( t ) 12 2 = pm v ( s ) 12 2 + 2 ( pm v ( t ) , pm v ( t ) ) 1 2 dt (1.3a)
s
and
2
( t - s ) pm v ( t ) 1 2
=
p + 2 ( t - s ) ( pm v ( t ) , pm v ( t ) ) 1 2 dt
2
= m v (t ) 1 2 (1.3b)
s
are valid for any 0 s t T and v ( t ) WT .
and
sup ( pm - pk ) v ( t ) 1 2
CT ( pm - p k ) v W . (1.4b)
t [0, T ] T
C
h
The following three exercises result in a particular case of Dubinskiis theorem
a (see Exercise 1.13).
p
t
e E x e r c i s e 1.11 Let { h k ( t ) } be an orthonormal basis in L2 ( 0 , T ; R ) con-
r k=0
sisting of the trigonometric functions
4
1 , 2pk 2pk
h 0 ( t ) = ------- h2 k - 1 ( t ) = --2- sin ----------- x , h2 k ( t ) = --2- cos ----------- x ,
T T T T T
k = 1 , 2 , . Show that f ( t ) L 2 ( 0 , T ; Fs ) if and only if
f (t) = c
k=0 j=1
kj hk ( t ) ej (1.5)
and
l 2s 2
j ck j < .
k=0 j=1
k, j = 1
k 2 + l2 c 2 < .
j kj
E x e r c i s e 1.13 Use the method of the proof of Theorem 2.1.1 to show that
WT is compactly embedded into the space L 2 ( 0 , T ; Fs ) for any
s < 1.
In this section we study the properties of a solution to the following linear problem:
d2 u du
---------- + g ------- + A 2 u + b ( t ) A u = h ( t ) , (2.1)
d t2 dt
u t = 0 = u0 ,
du
------- = u1 . (2.2)
dt t = 0
Auxiliary Linear Problem 223
holds for any function v ( t ) WT such that v ( T ) = 0 . As above, u stands for the
derivative of u with respect to t .
t t
- ( A u ( t ) + b ( t ) u ( t ) , Aw ) dt +
0 0
( h ( t ) , w ) dt (2.4)
Theorem 2.1
Let u0 F 1 , u1 F 0 , and g 0 . We als
also assume that b ( t ) is a bounded
continuous function on [ 0 , T ] and h ( t ) L ( 0 , T ; F 0 ) , where T is a posi-
tive number. Then problem (2.1) and (2.2) has a unique weak solution
u ( t ) on the segment [ 0 , T ] . This solution possesses the properties
u (t) C (0, T ; F ) , u ( t ) C ( 0 , T ; F )
1 (2.5) 0
and satisfies the energy equation
t t
1
--- u ( t ) 2 + Au ( t ) 2 + g
2 0
u ( t ) 2 dt +
b (t) (A u (t) , u (t) ) dt =
0
t
= --- u 1
1
2
2
+ Au0 2 +
(h (t) , u (t) ) dt .
0
(2.6)
224 The Problem on Nonlinear Oscillations of a Plate in a Supersonic Gas Flow
C
h
Proof.
a
We use the compactness method to prove this theorem. At first we construct ap-
p
t proximate solutions to problem (2.1) and (2.2). The approximate Galerkin solution
(to this problem) of the order m with respect to the basis { e k } is considered to be
e
r
the function
4 m
um ( t ) = g (t) e
k=1
k k (2.7)
( um ( 0 ) , ej ) = ( u 0 , ej ) , ( u m ( 0 ) , e j ) = ( u1 , e j ) , j = 1 , 2 , , m . (2.9)
gk ( 0 ) = ( u 0 , ek ) , g k ( 0 ) = ( u 1 , ek ) , k = 1, 2, , m .
Lemma 2.1
Assume that g > 0 , a 0 , b ( t ) is continuous, and c ( t ) is a measu-
rable bounded function. Then the Cauchy problem
g + g g + a ( a - b ( t ) ) g = c ( t ) , t [ 0, T] ,
(2.10)
g ( 0 ) = g0 , g ( 0 ) = g1
is uniquely solvable on any segment [ 0 , T ] . Its solution possesses the
property
t
g ( t ) 2 + a 2 g ( t ) 2 g 2 + a 2 g 2 + -----
1
0 2g
1-
0
c ( t ) 2
dt e b0 t ,
t [ 0 , T ] , (2.11)
Proof.
Problem (2.10) is solvable at least locally, i.e. there exists t such that a so-
lution exists on the half-interval [ 0 , t ) . Let us prove estimate (2.11) for the in-
terval of existence of solution. To do that, we multiply equation (2.10) by g ( t ) .
As a result, we obtain that
--- ----- ( g 2 + a 2 g 2 ) + g g 2 = a b ( t ) g g + c ( t ) g .
1 d
2 dt
We integrate this equality and use the equations
--- max b ( t ) g 2 + a 2 g 2 ,
a b ( t ) g g 1 c g g g 2 + -----
1- c 2 ,
2 t 4g
to obtain that
t t
g ( t ) 2 + a 2 g ( t ) g12 + a 2 g02 + -----
1-
2g
0
c2 ( t ) dt + b0
(g (t)
0
2
+ a 2 g ( t ) 2 ) dt .
--- g 2 + a 2 g 2 V ( t ) 3
1 --- g 2 + a 2 g 2 (2.15)
4 4
226 The Problem on Nonlinear Oscillations of a Plate in a Supersonic Gas Flow
C
h
holds under the condition
a
p
1
--- a - b ( t ) 0 , a 1
--- a + b ( t ) - g 2 0 .
t 2 2
e
r Further we use (2.10) with c ( t ) 0 to obtain that
4 g
------ = - --- g 2 - 1
dV
--- ( a b + a g ( a - b ) ) g 2 .
dt 2 2
Consequently, with the help of (2.15) we get
dV --g-
------ + V 0
dt 2
under conditions (2.12). This implies that
g
V ( t ) V ( 0 ) exp - --- t .
2
We use (2.15) to obtain estimate (2.13). Thus, Lemma 2.1 is proved.
1-
( h ( t ) , e ) dt
b0 t 2
Dm , l ( t ) e ( u1 , ek ) + l k2 ( u0 , 2
ek ) + ----- 2
2g k
k=m+1 0
for g > 0 . Moreover, in the case g = 0 , the result of Exercise 2.2 gives that
m+l T
( h ( t ) , e ) dt
( b0 + 1 ) t 2
Dm , l ( t ) e ( u1 , ek ) + l k2 ( u0 , 2
ek ) + k
2
.
k=m+1 0
These equations imply that the sequences { u m ( t ) } and { Au m ( t ) } are the Cauchy
sequences in the space C(0 , T ; H ) on any segment [ 0 , T ] . Consequently, there
exists a function u ( t ) such that
u ( t ) C ( 0 , T ; H ) , u ( t ) C ( 0 , T ; F1 ) ,
C
h T T
a
p
t
-
0
( u ( t ) + g u ( t ) , v s ( t ) ) dt +
(A u (t) + b(t) u (t) , A v (t) ) dt = 0 .
0
s
e
r
Due to the structure of the function vs ( t ) we obtain that
4 s
1
--- u ( s ) 2 + Avs ( 0 ) 2 + g
2 u(t)
0
2
dt = Js ( u , v ) , (2.19)
where
s
Js ( u , v ) =
( b ( t ) u ( t ) , A v ( t ) ) dt .
0
s
s s
Js ( u , v ) b0 Avs ( 0 )
0
u ( t ) dt +
0
u ( t ) Avt ( 0 ) dt
s s
u (t) u (t)
b
1
--- Avs ( 0 ) 2 + s b02 2
dt + ----0- 2
+ Avt ( 0 ) 2 dt .
4 2
0 0
If we substitute this estimate into equation (2.19), then it is easy to find that
s
u(s) 2
+ Avs ( 0 ) 2
CT
u (t)
0
2 + Avt ( 0 ) 2 dt ,
In particular, the result of Exercise 2.6 shows that a weak solution satisfies equation
(2.1) in a stronger sense then (2.4).
We also note that the assertions of Theorem 2.1 and Exercises 2.42.6 with the
corresponding changes remain true if the initial condition is given at any other mo-
ment t0 which is not equal to zero.
Now we consider the case h ( t ) 0 and construct the evolutionary operator of prob-
lem (2.1) and (2.2). To do that, let us consider the family of spaces
Hs = F1 + s Fs , s 0.
Every space Hs is a set of pairs y = ( u ; v ) such that u F 1 + s and v Fs .
We define the inner product in Hs by the formula
( y1 , y2 ) = ( u1 , u2 ) 1 + s + ( v1 , v2 ) s .
Hs
C
h
Theorem 2.2
Assume that the function b ( t ) is continuously differentiable in (2.1)
a
p
t and such that
e
r
b0 = sup b ( t ) < , b1 = sup b ( t ) < .
t t
4
Then the evolutionary operator U ( t ; t ) of problem (2.1) and (2.2) for
h ( t ) 0 is a linear bounded operator in each space Hs for s 0 and it
possesses the properties:
a) U ( t ; t ) U ( t ; s ) = U ( t ; s ) , t t s , U ( t ; t ) = I ;
b) for all s 0 the estimate
U(t ; t) y 1
--- b0 ( t - t )
Hs y H s exp 2
(2.22)
is valid;
c) there exists a number N 0 depending on g , b0 , and b1 such that the
equation
g
- --- ( t - t )
( I - PN ) U ( t ; t ) y H
3 ( I - PN ) y H
e 4 , t >t , (2.23)
s s
Proof.
Semigroup property a) follows from the uniqueness of a weak solution.
The boundedness property of the operator U ( t ; t ) follows from (2.22). Let us prove
relations (2.22) and (2.23). It is sufficient to consider the case t = 0 . According
to the definition of the evolutionary operator we have that
U ( t ; 0 ) y = ( u ( t ) ; u ( t ) ) , y = (u ; u ) , 0 1
where u ( t ) is the weak solution to problem (2.1) and (2.2) for h ( t ) 0 . Due to
(2.17) it can be represented as a convergent series of the form
u (t) = g (t) e
k=1
k k.
g k ( t ) 2 + l k2 gk ( t ) 2 ( g k ( 0 ) 2 + lk2 gk ( 0 ) 2 ) e 0 .
b t
(2.24)
Since
U(t ; 0) y 2
Hs = g (t)
k=1
k
2
+ l k2 gk ( t ) 2 l k2 s ,
equation (2.25) gives us (2.23) for all N N0 - 1 , where N 0 is the smallest natural
number such that
4b g2
l N ---------1 + 4 b0 + ----- . (2.26)
0 g b0
Thus, Theorem 2.2 is proved.
E x e r c i s e 2.9 Use the result of Exercise 2.2 to show that Theorem 2.1 and
Theorem 2.2 (a, b) with another constant in (2.22) also remain true
for g < 0 . Use this fact to prove that if the hypotheses of Theorems
2.1 and 2.2 hold on the whole time axis, then problem (2.1) and (2.2)
is solvable in the class of functions
W = C ( R ; F1 ) C 1 ( R ; F0 )
with g 0 .
C
h 3 Theorem on Existence
a
p and Uniqueness of Solutions
t
e
r
4 In this section we use the compactness method (see, e.g., [8]) to prove the theorem
on the existence and uniqueness of weak solutions to problem (0.1) and (0.2) under
the assumption that
u0 F1 , u1 F0 , p ( t ) L ( 0 , T ; F0 ) ; (3.1)
z
M ( z ) C1 ( R+ ) , M (z)
M (x) dx - a z - b ,
0
(3.2)
T T
+
0
( L u ( t ) , v ( t ) ) dt = ( u 1 + g u 0 , v ( 0 ) ) +
( p (t) , v(t) ) dt
0
(3.4)
holds for any function v ( t ) WT such that v ( T ) = 0 . Here the space WT is defined
by equation (1.2).
Theorem 3.1
Assume that conditions (3.1)(3.3) hold. Then on every segment [ 0 , T ]
problem (0.1) and (0.2) has a weak solution u ( t ) . This solution is unique.
It possesses the properties
u (t) C (0, T ; F ) , u ( t ) C ( 0 , T ; F )
1 (3.5) 0
Theorem on Existence and Uniqueness of Solutions 233
where
--- v 2 + Au 2 + M A1 2 u 2 .
E (u, v) = 1 (3.7)
2
+ Aum ( t ) + M A1 2 u 2 um ( t ) , A ej + ( L um ( t ) - p ( t ) , e j ) = 0 (3.8)
for j = 1 , 2 , , m with t ( 0 , T ] and the initial conditions
( um ( 0 ) , e j ) = ( u 0 , ej ) , ( u m ( 0 ) , e j ) = ( u1 , e j ) , j = 1, 2, , m . (3.9)
Simple calculations show that the problem of determining of approximate solutions
can be reduced to solving the following system of ordinary differential equations:
m m
gk + g g k + l k2 gk + l k M
j=1
lj gj ( t ) 2 gk +
j=1
( L ej , ek ) gj = pk ( t ) , (3.10)
gk ( 0 ) = g0 k = ( u0 , ek ) , g k ( 0 ) = g1 k = ( u 1 , ek ) , k = 1 , 2 , , m . (3.11)
The nonlinear terms of this system are continuously differentiable with respect to
gj . Therefore, it is solvable at least locally. The global solvability follows from the
a priori estimate of a solution as in the linear problem. Let us prove this estimate.
We consider an approximate solution u m ( t ) to problem (0.1) and (0.2) on the
solvability interval ( 0 , t ) . It satisfies equations (3.8) and (3.9) on the interval
( 0 , t ) . We multiply equation (3.8) by g j ( t ) and summarize these equations with re-
spect to j from 1 to m . Since
---- M A1 2 u 2 = 2 M A1 2 u 2 ( Au ( t ) , u ( t ) ) ,
d
dt
we obtain
E ( u m ( t ) , u m ( t ) ) = -g u m ( t ) 2 - ( L u m ( t ) - p ( t ) , u m ( t ) )
d
---- (3.12)
dt
234 The Problem on Nonlinear Oscillations of a Plate in a Supersonic Gas Flow
C
h
as a result, where E ( u , u ) is defined by (3.7). Equation (3.3) implies that
a
p
( L u m , u m ) C Au m u m C Au m 2
+ u m 2 .
t
e
r Condition (3.2) gives us the estimate
4 --- Au 2 + u m 2 C1 + C 2 E ( u m , u m )
1 (3.13)
2 m
with the constants independent of m . Therefore, due to Gronwalls lemma equation
(3.12) implies that
C0 + C1 E ( um ( 0 ) , u m ( 0 ) ) e 2 ,
C t
u m ( t ) + Aum ( t )
2 2
(3.14)
with the constants C0 , C1 , and C 2 depending on the problem parameters only.
It is evident that
u m ( 0 ) u 1 and A1 2 um ( 0 ) 1 - Au ( 0 )
--------- 1- u
--------- .
l1 m
l1 0 1
Therefore,
E ( um ( 0 ) , u m ( 0 ) ) 1
--- u 1 2 + u 0 2 + C M ( u0 ) ,
2 1 1
sup u ( t ) 2
+ Aum ( t ) 2 CT (3.15)
t [0, T ]
m
for any T > 0 , where C T does not depend on m . Thus, the set of approximate solu-
tions { um ( t ) } is bounded in WT for any T > 0 . Hence, there exist an element
u ( t ) WT and a sequence { mk } such that umk ( t ) u ( t ) weakly in WT . Let us
show that the weak limit point u ( t ) possesses the property
u ( t ) 2 + Au ( t ) 2 CT (3.16)
for almost all t [ 0 , T ] . Indeed, the weak convergence of the sequence { u m } to
k
the function u in WT means that u mk and Au m weakly (in L 2 ( 0 , T ; H ) ) con-
k
verge to u and Au respectively. Consequently, this convergence will also take
place in L 2 ( a , b ; H ) for any a and b from the segment [ 0 , T ] . Therefore, by
virtue of the known property of the weak convergence we get
b b
a
u ( t )
2
+ Au ( t ) 2 dt
lim
k u
a
mk ( t )
2
+ Au m ( t ) 2 dt .
k
Theorem on Existence and Uniqueness of Solutions 235
u (t)
a
2
+ Au ( t ) 2 dt CT ( b - a ) .
Lemma 3.1
For any function v ( t ) L 2 ( 0 , T ; H )
lim JT ( um , v ) = JT ( u , v ) ,
k k
where
T
JT ( u , v ) =
M A
0
1 2 u ( t ) 2 ( u ( t ) ,
v ( t ) ) dt .
Proof.
Since
M A1 2 u m 2 - M A1 2 u 2
k
1
M x A
1 2 u + ( 1 - x ) A1 2 u dx A1 2 ( um - u ) ,
mk k
0
where M ( z ) = 2 z M' ( z 2 ) C ( R+ ) , due to (3.15) and (3.16) we have
M A1 2 u m 2 - M A1 2 u 2 CT A1 2 ( um ( t ) - u ( t ) ) ,
(1)
k k
( 1)
where the constant CT is the maximum of the function M ( z ) on the sufficient-
ly large segment [ 0 , aT ] , determined by the constant C T from inequalities
(3.15) and (3.16). Hence,
T
dk
M A
0
1 2 u
m(t)
2
- M A1 2 u ( t ) 2 ( um ( t ) , v ( t ) ) dt
k
1 2
T
CT v
L2 ( 0 , T ; H )
A
0
1 2 ( u
mk ( t ) - u ( t )) 2
dt
.
C
h T
a
p
t
JT ( um , v ) - JT ( u , v )
k
dk +
(u
0
mk ( t ) - u ( t ) , v ( t ) ) M A1 2 u ( t ) 2 dt .
e
r
Because of the weak convergence of um to u this gives us the assertion of the
k
4 lemma.
Let us prove that the limit function u ( t ) is a weak solution to problem (0.1) and
(0.2).
Let pl be the orthoprojector onto the span of elements ek , k = 1 , 2 , , l
in the space H . We also assume that
WT = { v WT : v ( T ) = 0 }
and
W Tl p l WT = { p l v : v WT } .
It is clear that an arbitrary element of the space W Tl has the form
l
vl ( x , t ) = h (t) e
k=1
k k,
- ( u m + g um , v l ) dt +
0
0
Au + M A1 2 u 2 u , Av dt +
m m m l (L u
0
m, v l ) dt =
T
= ( u1 + g u0 , vl ( 0 ) ) +
(p, v ) dt
0
l
that the function u ( t ) satisfies equation (3.4) for any function v WTl , where
l = 1 , 2 , . Further we use (cf. Exercise 2.1.11) the formula
T
l
lim
p v (t) - v (t)
0
l
2
+ pl Av ( t ) - Av ( t ) 2 dt = 0
for any function v ( t ) WT in order to turn from the elements v of WTl to the func-
tions v from the space WT .
h ( t ) = - M A1 2 u ( t ) 2 Au ( t ) - L u ( t ) + p ( t ) . (3.17)
It is evident that h ( t ) L ( 0 , T ; F0 ) . Therefore, due to Theorem 2.1 equations
(3.5) are valid for the function u ( t ) .
To prove energy equality (3.6) it is sufficient (due to (2.6)) to verify that for
h ( t ) of form (3.17) the equality
t
(h (t) , u (t) ) dt =
0
t t=t
=
0
--- M A1 2 u ( t ) 2
( - L u ( t ) + p ( t ) , u ( t ) ) dt - 1
2
t=0
(3.18)
u ( t ) 2 + Au ( t ) 2 ( C0 + C1 E ( u 0 , u1 ) ) e 2 ,
C t
t > 0, (3.19)
where C0 , C 1 , C 2 > 0 are constants depending on the parameters
of problem (0.1) and (0.2).
Let us prove the uniqueness of a weak solution to problem (0.1) and (0.2). We as-
sume that u1 ( t ) and u 2 ( t ) are weak solutions to problem (0.1) and (0.2) with the
initial conditions { u01 , u 11 } and { u 02 , u12 } , respectively. Then the function
u ( t ) = u1 ( t ) - u2 ( t )
238 The Problem on Nonlinear Oscillations of a Plate in a Supersonic Gas Flow
C
h
is a weak solution to problem (2.1) and (2.2) with the initial conditions u 0 = u01 -
a - u02 , u1 = u11 - u12 , the function b ( t ) = M ( A1 2 u1 ( t ) 2 ) , and the right-hand
p
t side
e
r
h ( t ) = M A1 2 u2 ( t ) 2 - M A1 2 u1 ( t ) 2 Au2 ( t ) + L ( u 2 ( t ) - u 1 ( t ) ) .
4
We use equation (3.19) to verify that
h (t) G T ( E ( u 01 , u11 ) + E ( u02 , u12 ) ) A ( u1 ( t ) - u2 ( t ) ) , t [ 0, T ] ,
where G T ( x ) is a positive monotonely increasing function of the parameter x .
Therefore, equation (2.20) implies that
u 1 ( t ) - u 2 ( t ) 2 + u 1 ( t ) - u2 ( t ) 12
t
CT u 11 - u1 2
2
+ u01 - u02 12 +
0
u 1 ( t ) - u 2 ( t ) 12 dt ,
where CT > 0 depends on T and the problem parameters and is a function of the
variables E ( u0 j , u1 j ) , j = 1 , 2 . We can assume that C T is the same for all initial
data such that E ( u 0 j , u 1 j ) R , j = 1 , 2 . Using Gronwalls lemma we obtain that
C
h 4 Smoothness of Solutions
a
p
t
e
r In the study of smoothness properties of solutions constructed in Section 3 we use
some ideas presented in paper [9]. The main result of this section is the following as-
4
sertion.
Theorem 4.1
Let the hypotheses of Theorem 3.1 hold. We assume that M ( z )
C l + 1 (R
+ ) and the load p ( t ) lies in C ( 0 , T ; F 0 ) for some l 1 . Then
l
for a weak solution u ( t ) to problem (0.1) and (0.2) to possess the properties
u ( k ) ( t ) C ( 0 , T ; F2 ) , k = 0, 1, 2, , l - 1 ,
(4.1)
u ( l ) ( t ) C ( 0 , T ; F1 ) , u( l + 1 ) ( t ) C ( 0 , T ; F0 ) ,
it is necessary and sufficient that the following compatibility conditions
are fulfilled:
u ( k ) ( 0 ) F2 , k = 0, 1, 2, , l - 1 ; u( l) ( 0 ) F1 . (4.2)
Here u(j) (t )
is a strong derivative of the function u ( t ) with respect to t
of the order j and the values u ( k ) ( 0 ) are recurrently defined by the initial
conditions u0 and u1 with the help of equation (0.1)::
u(0) ( 0 ) = u0 , u( 1 ) ( 0 ) = u1 ,
u ( k ) ( 0 ) = - g u ( k - 1 ) ( 0 ) + A2 u ( k - 2 ) ( 0 ) + Lu ( k - 2 ) ( 0 ) +
k-2
d - M A1 2 u ( t ) 2 Au ( t ) - p ( t )
+ -------------- , (4.3)
dt k - 2
t = 0
where k = 2 , 3 , .
Proof.
It is evident that if a solution u ( t ) possesses properties (4.1) then compatibility
conditions (4.2) are fulfilled. Let us prove that conditions (4.2) are sufficient for
equations (4.1) to be satisfied. We start with the case l = 1 . The compatibility condi-
tions have the form: u0 F2 , u 1 F 1 . As in the proof of Theorem 3.1 we consider
the Galerkin approximation
m
um ( t ) = g (t) e
k=1
k k
of the order m for a solution to problem (0.1) and (0.2). It satisfies the equations
Smoothness of Solutions 241
u m ( t ) + g u m ( t ) + A 2 um ( t ) +
+ M A 1 2 um ( t ) 2 A um ( t ) + pm L u m ( t ) = pm p ( t ) , (4.4)
um ( 0 ) = pm u 0 , u m ( 0 ) = pm u1 ,
vm + g v m + A2 vm + M A1 2 um 2 Avm + pm L vm =
= -2 M A1 2 um 2 ( Au m , u m ) Aum + pm p ( t ) (4.5)
and the initial conditions
vm ( 0 ) = pm u 1 ,
v m ( 0 ) = -pm g u 1 + A2 u 0 + M A1 2 pm u 0 2 Au0 + L pm u0 - p ( 0 ) . (4.6)
It is clear that
v m ( 0 ) = pm u ( 2 ) ( 0 ) + M A1 2 u0 2 - M A1 2 pm u0 2 Apm u0 + L ( u 0 - pm u 0 ) ,
Fm ( t ) = - M A1 2 um 2 Avm - pm L vm -
Fm ( t ) CT 1 + Avm ( t ) , t [ 0, T ] .
242 The Problem on Nonlinear Oscillations of a Plate in a Supersonic Gas Flow
C
h
Thus, equation (4.8) implies that
a
d
p
---- v m ( t ) 2 + Avm ( t ) 2 CT 1 + v m ( t ) 2 + Avm ( t ) 2 , t [ 0, T] .
t dt
e
r Equation (4.7) and the property u 1 F 1 give us that the estimate
4 v ( 0 ) 2 + Av ( 0 ) 2 < C
m m
A2 u m ( t ) u m( t ) + g u m ( t ) + M ( A1 2 um( t ) 2 ) Au m ( t ) + L um( t ) + p ( t ) .
um ( t ) u ( t ) weakly in L 2 ( 0 , T ; D ( A2 ) ) ;
u m ( t ) u ( t ) weakly in L 2 ( 0 , T ; D ( A) ) ; (4.13)
u m ( t ) u ( t ) weakly in L 2 ( 0 , T ; H ) ;
where u ( t ) is a weak solution to problem (0.1) and (0.2). Moreover (see Exer-
cise 1.13),
T
lim
m u
0
m(t) - u ( t ) 2
s
+ um ( t ) - u ( t ) 2
1+ s
dt = 0 (4.14)
for every s < 1 . If we use these equations and arguments similar to the ones given in
Section 3, then it is easy to pass to the limit and to prove that the function w ( t ) = u ( t )
is a weak solution to the problem
w + g w + A2 w + M A1 2 u ( t ) 2 Aw + L w =
= - 2 M A1 2 u ( t ) 2 ( Au , u ) Au + p ( t ) ,
(4.15)
w ( 0 ) = u , w ( 0 ) = u ( 2 ) ( 0 ) ,
1
Smoothness of Solutions 243
Lemma 4.1
Let u ( t ) be a weak solution to the linear problem
u ( t ) + g u ( t ) + A u ( t ) + b ( t ) Au = h ( t ) ,
2
(4.16)
u ( 0 ) = u0 ,
where b ( t ) is a scalar continuously differentiable function, h ( t )
C 1 ( 0 , T ; F0 ) and u 0 F2 , u1 F1 . Then
u ( t ) C ( 0 , T ; F2 ) C1 ( 0 , T ; F1 ) C2 ( 0 , T ; F0 ) (4.17)
and the function v ( t ) = u ( t ) is a weak solution to the problem obtained
by the formal differentiation of (4.16) with respect to t and equiped
with the initial conditions v ( 0 ) = u1 and v ( 0 ) = u ( 0 ) - ( g u1 + A2 u0 +
+ b ( 0 ) Au0 - h ( 0 ) ) .
Proof.
Let u m ( t ) be the Galerkin approximation of the order m of a solution to
problem (4.16) (see (2.7)). It is clear that um ( t ) is thrice differentiable with re-
spect to t and vm ( t ) = u m ( t ) satisfies the equation
vm + g v m + A2 vm + b ( t ) Avm = - b ( t ) Au m + pm h ( t ) , t > 0,
and the initial conditions
vm ( 0 ) = pm u1 , v m ( 0 ) = -pm ( g u 1 + A2 u0 + b ( 0 ) Au 0 - h ( 0 ) ) .
Therefore, as above, it is easy to prove the validity of equations (4.10)(4.14)
for the case under consideration and complete the proof of Lemma 4.1.
+ L u(k - 2) ( 0 ) - h( k - 2) ( 0 )
244 The Problem on Nonlinear Oscillations of a Plate in a Supersonic Gas Flow
C
h
for k = 2 , 3 , , l . Show that the weak solution u ( t ) to problem
a (4.16) possesses properties (4.1) and the function vk ( t ) = u ( k ) ( t ) is
p
t a weak solution to the equation obtained by the formal differentia-
e
r
tion of (4.16) k times with respect to t . Here k = 0 , 1 , , l .
4 In order to complete the proof of Theorem 4.1 we use induction with respect to
l . Assume that the hypotheses of the theorem as well as equations (4.2) for
l = n + 1 hold. Assume that the assertion of the theorem is valid for l = n 1 .
Since equations (4.1) hold for the solution u ( t ) with l = n , we have
d k- M A1 2 u ( t ) 2 Au ( t ) = M A1 2 u ( t ) 2 Au( k ) ( t ) + G ( t ) ,
-------
dt k
k
b ( t ) = M A1 2 u ( t ) 2h ( t ) = - Gn - 1 ( t ) + p ( n - 1 ) ( t ) .
and
Consequently, Lemma 4.1 gives us that w ( t ) = v ( t ) is a weak solution to the problem
which is obtained by the formal differentiation of equation (0.1) n times with re-
spect to t :
2
w + g w + A2 w + M A1 2 u ( t ) Aw = p ( n ) ( t ) - Gn ( t ) ,
w ( 0 ) = u ( n ) ( 0 ) , w ( 0 ) = u ( n + 1 ) ( 0 ) .
However, the hypotheses of Lemma 4.1 hold for this problem. Therefore (see (4.17)),
u ( n ) ( t ) = w ( t ) C ( 0 , T ; F2 ) C 1 ( 0 , T ; F1 ) C 2 ( 0 , T ; F0 ) ,
i.e. equations (4.1) hold for l = n + 1 . Theorem 4.1 is proved.
E x e r c i s e 4.2 Show that if the hypotheses of Theorem 4.1 hold, then the
function v ( t ) = u ( k ) ( t ) is a weak solution to the problem which is
obtained by the formal differentiation of equation (0.1) k times with
respect to t , k = 1 , 2 , , l .
E x e r c i s e 4.7 Assume that the hypotheses of Theorem 3.1 hold and the ope-
rator L (in equation (0.1)) possesses the property
L u s C u 1 + s for some 0 < s < 1 . (4.20)
Let u 0 F1 + s and let u 1 Fs . Show that the estimate
u m ( t ) s2 + um ( t ) 12 + s CT , t [0, T ] , (4.21)
E x e r c i s e 4.8 Show that if the hypotheses of Exercise 4.7 hold, then prob-
lem (0.1) and (0.2) possesses a weak solution u ( t ) such that
u ( t ) C ( 0 , T ; F1 + s ) C1 ( 0 , T ; Fs ) C 2 ( 0 , T ; F- 1 + s ) ,
where s ( 0 , 1 ) is the number from Exercise 4.7.
246 The Problem on Nonlinear Oscillations of a Plate in a Supersonic Gas Flow
C
h 5 Dissipativity and Asymptotic
a
p Compactness
t
e
r
4 In this section we prove the dissipativity and asymptotic compactness of the dynam-
ical system ( H , St ) generated by weak solutions to problem (0.1) and (0.2) for
g > 0 in the case of a stationary load p ( t ) p H = F0 . The phase space is H =
= F1 F0 . The evolutionary operator is defined by the formula
S y = ( u ( t ) , u ( t ) ) ,
t (5.1)
where u ( t ) is a weak solution to problem (0.1) and (0.2) with the initial condition
y = ( u0 ; u1 ) .
Theorem 5.1
Assume that in addition to (3.2) the following conditions are fulfilled:
fulfilled:
a) there exist numbers aj > 0 such that
z
z M ( z ) - a 1 M ( x ) dx a 2 z 1 + a - a 3 ,
0
z 0 (5.2)
To prove the theorem it is sufficient to verify (see Theorem 1.4.1 and Exercise 1.4.1)
that there exists a functional V ( y ) on H which is bounded on the bounded sets of
the space H , differentiable along the trajectories of system (0.1) and (0.2), and
such that
2
V (y) a y H - D1 , (5.4)
d- (V ( S )) + b (
---- ty V St y ) D 2 , (5.5)
dt
where a , b > 0 and D 1 , D 2 0 are constants. To construct the functional V ( y )
we use the method which is widely-applied for finite-dimensional systems (we used
it in the proof of estimate (2.13)).
Let
V(y) = E (y) + n F(y) ,
where y = ( u0 ; u 1 ) H . Here E ( y ) = E ( u 0 ; u 1 ) is the energy of system (0.1)
and (0.2) defined by the formula (3.7),
Dissipativity and Asymptotic Compactness 247
g 2
F ( y ) = ( u0 ; u1 ) + --- u0 ,
2
and the parameter n > 0 will be chosen below. It is evident that
1- u
- ----- 2 1- u
F ( y ) ----- 2
+ g u0 2
.
2g 1 2g 1
For 0 < n < g this implies estimate (5.4) and the inequality
V ( y ) b1 E ( y ) + b2 (5.6)
with the constants b1 , b2 > 0 independent of n . This inequality guarantees the
boundedness of V ( y ) on the bounded sets of the space H .
Energy equality (3.6) implies that the function E ( y ( t ) ) , where y ( t ) = St y , is
continuously differentiable and
----- E ( y ( t ) ) = - g u ( t ) 2 + ( -L u ( t ) + p , u ( t ) ) .
d
dt
Therefore, due to (5.3) we have that
g
E ( y ( t ) ) - --- u 2 + C1 Aq u 2 + C 2 .
d-
----
dt 2
We use interpolation inequalities (see Exercises 2.1.12 and 2.1.13) to obtain that
Aq u 2 d Au 2 + C d A1 2 u 2 , d > 0.
Thus, the estimate
g
E ( y ( t ) ) - --- u 2 + --e- Au 2 + Ce A1 2 u 2 + C2
d-
---- (5.7)
dt 2 2
holds for any e > 0 .
Lemma 5.1
Let u ( t ) be a weak solution to problem (0.1) and (0.2) and let y ( t ) =
= ( u ( t ) , u ( t ) ) . Then the function F ( y ( t ) ) is continuously differenti-
able and
F ( y ( t ) ) = u ( t ) 2 + ( u ( t ) + g u ( t ) , u ( t ) ) .
d-
---- (5.8)
dt
We note that since u ( t ) C ( R + , F-1 ) (see Exercise 3.6), equation (5.8) is correct-
ly defined.
Proof.
It is sufficient to verify that
t
C
h
Let pl be the orthoprojector onto the span of elements { e k , k = 1 , 2 , , l } in
a F0 . Then it is evident that the vector-function ul ( t ) = pl u ( t ) is twice continu-
p
t ously differentiable with respect to t . Therefore,
e
r t
2
4 ( ul ( t ) , u l ( t ) ) = ( ul ( 0 ) , u l ( 0 ) ) +
(u (t) , u (t) ) + u (t)
0
l l l dt .
The properties of the projector p l (see Exercise 2.1.11) enable us to pass to
the limit l and to obtain (5.9). Lemma 5.1 is proved.
----- F ( y ( t ) ) = u 2 - Au 2 + M A1 2 u A1 2 u 2 + ( Lu - p , u ) .
d 2
dt
Therefore, equation (5.2) and the evident inequality
( Lu - p , u ) 1
--- Au 2
+ C1 u 2
+ p 2
2
give us that
--- Au 2 - a1M A1 2 u 2 - a2 A1 2 u 2 + 2 a + C1 u 2 + C 2 .
u 2 - 1
d
----- F ( y ( t ) )
dt 2
Hence, (5.6) and (5.7) enable us to obtain the estimate
d-
---- V (y (t) ) + d V (y (t) ) -1--- ( g - d b1 - 2 n ) u 2 -
dt 2
db
-1 --- ( n - d b1 - e ) Au 2 - n a1 - --------1- M A1 2 u 2 + R ( u ; n , e , d ) ,
2 2
where d > 0 and
R ( u ; n , e , d ) = - n a2 A1 2 u 2 + 2 a + Ce A1 2 u 2 + n C1 u 2 + Cd .
Therefore, for any 0 < n < g 2 estimate (5.5) holds, provided d and e are chosen
appropriately. Thus, Theorem 5.1 is proved.
E x e r c i s e 5.1 Prove that if the hypotheses of Theorem 5.1 hold, then the as-
sertion on the dissipativity of solutions to problem (0.1) and (0.2)
remains true in the case of a nonstationary load p ( t ) L ( R+ , H ) .
Theorem 5.2
Let the hypotheses of Theorem 5.1 hold and assume that for some s > 0
p Fs , L D ( A) D ( As ) , As L u C Au . (5.10)
Then there exists a positively invariant bounded set Ks in the space Hs =
= F1 + s Fs which is closed in H and such that
Dissipativity and Asymptotic Compactness 249
g
- --- ( t - t B )
sup dist H ( St y , Ks ) : y B C e 4 (5.11)
for any bounded set B in the space H , t > tB .
Due to the compactness of the embedding of Hs in H for s > 0 , this theorem and
Lemma 1.4.1 imply that the dynamical system ( H , St ) is asymptotically compact.
Proof.
Since the system ( H , St ) is dissipative, there exists R > 0 such that for all
y B and t t0 = t0 ( B )
u ( t ) 2 + Au ( t ) 2 R 2 , (5.12)
where u ( t ) is a weak solution to problem (0.1) and (0.2) with the initial conditions
y = ( u0 ; u1 ) B . We consider u ( t ) as a solution to linear problem (2.1) and (2.2)
with b ( t ) = M ( A1 2 u ( t ) 2 ) and h ( t ) = - L u ( t ) + p . It is easy to verify that b ( t ) is a
continuously differentiable function and
b ( t ) + b ( t ) CR , t t0 .
Moreover, equation (2.27) implies that
St y = U ( t , t0 ) y ( t 0 ) + G ( t , t0 ; y ) , (5.13)
where
t
G ( t , t0 ; y ) = - U ( t , t ) ( 0 ; L u ( t ) - p ) dt .
t0
C
h
It is also easy to find that
N 0s St y R N0s ,
a
p PN St y H
t t0 .
t 0 Hs
e
r Consequently, there exists a number Rs depending on the radius of dissipativity R
and the parameters of the problem such that the value
4
St y - ( 1 - PN ) U ( t , t0 ) St y0 = PN St y + ( 1 - PN ) G ( t , t0 ; y ) (5.16)
0 0 0 0
E x e r c i s e 5.4 Prove that the hypotheses of Theorem 5.1 and 5.2 hold for
problem (0.3) and (0.4) for any 0 < s < 1 4 , provided that g > 0
and p ( x , t ) p ( x ) lies in the Sobolev space H 01 ( W ) .
Dissipativity and Asymptotic Compactness 251
Theorem 5.3
Let the hypotheses of Theorem 5.1 hold. Assume that M ( z ) C l + 1 ( R+ )
and the initial conditions y0 = ( u0 ; u1 ) are such that equations (4.1) (and
hence (4.2))) are valid for the solution ( u ( t ) ; u ( t ) ) = St y0 . Then there exists
Rl > 0 such that for any initial data y0 = ( u0 ; u1 ) possessing the property
u ( k + 1 ) ( 0 ) 2 + Au ( k ) ( 0 ) 2 + A2 u ( k - 1 ) ( 0 ) 2 < r 2 , k = 1 , 2 , , l , (5.18)
the solution ( u ( t ) ; u ( t ) ) = St y0 admits the estimate
We use induction to prove the theorem. The proof is based on the following asser-
tion.
Lemma 5.2
Assume that the hypotheses of Theorem 5.3 hold for l = 1 . Then the dy-
namical system ( H1 , St ) generated by problem (0.1) and (0.2) in the
space H1 = F 2 F1 is dissipative.
Proof.
Let ( u ( t ) ; u ( t ) ) = St y 0 be a semitrajectory of the dynamical system
( H1 , St ) and let y0 = ( u0 ; u1 ) H1 = F2 F1 . If the hypotheses of the lem-
ma hold, then the function w ( t ) = u ( t ) is a weak solution to problem (4.15) ob-
tained by formal differentiation of (0.1) with respect to t (as we have shown in
Section 4). By virtue of Theorem 2.1 the energy equality of the form (2.6) holds
for the function w ( t ) . We rewrite it in the differential form:
----- F ( t ; w ( t ) , w ( t ) ) + g w ( t ) 2 = Y ( u ( t ) , w ( t ) ) ,
d
(5.20)
dt
where
--- w 2 + Aw 2 + M A1 2 u ( t ) 2 A1 2 w 2
F ( t ; w , w ) = 1 (5.21)
2
and
Y ( u ( t ) , w ( t ) ) = -( L w ( t ) , w ( t ) ) +
+ M A1 2 u ( t ) 2 ( Au ( t ) , u ( t ) ) A1 2 w ( t ) 2 - 2 ( Au ( t ) , w ( t ) ) .
The dissipativity property of ( H , St ) given by Theorem 5.1 leads to the esti-
mates
252 The Problem on Nonlinear Oscillations of a Plate in a Supersonic Gas Flow
M A1 2 u ( t ) 2 A1 2 w 2 C R Aw ( t ) ,
h
a
p
t
e Y(u (t) , w (t) ) L w w + CR ( Aw ( t ) + w ( t ) )
r
--- w 2 + Aw 2 - a 1 F ( t ; w , w ) a2 w ( t ) 2 + w ( t ) 2 + a3 (5.22)
1
4
and
g
----- F ( t ; w , w ) + --- w 2 b Aq w 2 + a4 Aw + a 5 ,
d
(5.23)
dt 2
where the constants a j > 0 depend on R . Here q < 1 . Similarly, we use Lem-
ma 5.1 to find that
d g 2
----- ( w ( t ) , w ( t ) ) + --- w ( t ) w ( t ) 2 - 1
--- Aw ( t ) 2 + C R
dt 2 2
for t t0 ( r ) . Consequently, the function
g
V ( t ) = F ( t ; w , w ) + n ( w , w ) + --- w 2
2
possesses the properties
d------
V-
+ w V CR , w > 0,
dt
and
--- w 2 + Aw 2 - a1 V a2 w 2 + w 2 + a3
1
4
for t t0 ( r ) and for n > 0 small enough. This implies that
w ( t ) 2 + Aw ( t ) 2 C1 w ( t0 ) 2 + Aw ( t0 ) 2 e -w t + C2 (5.24)
for t t0 = t0 ( r ) , provided that
Au0 2 + u1 2 r 2 . (5.25)
If we use (5.4)(5.6), then it is easy to find that
Au ( t ) 2 + u ( t ) 2 Cr , R , t > 0,
under condition (5.25). Using the energy equality for the weak solutions to
problem (4.15) we conclude that
Dissipativity and Asymptotic Compactness 253
----- Aw ( t ) 2 + w ( t ) 2 C 1 ( r , R ) Aw w + C 2 ( r , R ) .
d
dt
Therefore, standard reasoning in which Gronwalls lemma is used leads to
Aw ( t ) 2 + w ( t ) 2 Aw ( 0 ) 2 + w ( 0 ) 2 + a e b t ,
provided that equation (5.25) is valid. Here a and b are some positive con-
stants depending on r and R . This and equation (5.24) imply that
w ( t ) 2 + Aw ( t ) 2 C1 ( r , R ) ( 1 + w ( 0 ) 2 ) + Aw ( 0 ) 2 e -w t + C 2 , (5.26)
where C2 depends on R only. Since
r 2
w ( 0 ) 2 + Aw ( 0 ) 2 Cr , u1 2 + Au0 2 ------
l 1
provided that
Au 1 2 + A2 u 0 2 r 2 ,
equation (5.26) gives us the estimate
u ( t ) 2 + Au ( t ) 2 bR2 , t t 0 (r) .
This easily implies the dissipativity of the dynamical system ( H 1 , St ) . Thus,
Lemma 5.2 is proved.
In order to complete the proof of Theorem 5.3, we should note first that Lemma 5.2
coincides with the assertion of the theorem for l = 1 and second we should use the
fact that the derivatives u ( k ) ( t ) are weak solutions to the problem obtained by dif-
ferentiation of the original equation. The main steps of the reasoning are given in the
following exercises.
C
h E x e r c i s e 5.7 Use the result of Exercise 5.6 and the method given in the
proof of Lemma 5.2 to prove that w ( t ) = u ( n + 1 ) ( t ) can be estima-
a
p
t ted as follows:
e
w ( t ) 2 + Aw ( t ) 2
r
4
C1 w ( 0 ) 2
+ Aw ( 0 ) 2
+ C2 e -w t + C3 , (5.27)
where w > 0 , the numbers C j depend on r and R n , j = 1 , 2 , and
the constant C 3 depends on Rn only.
Theorem 6.1
Assume that conditions (3.2),, (5.2),, (5.3),, and (5.10) are fulfilled. Then
the dynamical system ( H , St ) generated by problem (0.1) and (0.2) pos-
sesses a global attractor A of a finite fractal dimension. This attractor is
a connected compact set in H and is bounded in the space Hs = F 1+ s Fs ,
where s > 0 is defined by condition (5.10)..
Proof.
By virtue of Theorems 5.1, 5.2, and 1.5.1 we should prove only the finite dimen-
sionality of the attractor. The corresponding reasoning is based on Theorem 1.8.1
and the following assertions.
Lemma 6.1.
Assume that conditions (3.2), (5.2), and (5.3) are fulfilled. Let p H .
Then for any pair of semitrajectories { St yj : t 0 } , j = 1 , 2 , posses-
sing the property St yj R for all t 0 the estimate
St y1 - St y2 H
exp ( a0 t ) y1 - y2 H
, t 0 , (6.1)
holds with the constant a0 depending on R .
Global Attractor and Inertial Sets 255
Proof.
If u1 ( t ) and u 2 ( t ) are solutions to problem (0.1) and (0.2) with the initial
conditions y1 = ( u01 ; u 11 ) and y 2 = ( u 02 ; u 12 ) , then the function v ( t ) =
= u1 ( t ) - u2 ( t ) satisfies the equation
v + g v + A2 v = F ( u 1 , u 2 , t ) , (6.2)
where
F ( u 1 , u 2 , t ) = M A1 2 u2 ( t ) 2 Au2 ( t ) - M A1 2 u1 ( t ) 2 Au1 ( t ) - L v ( t ) .
It is evident that the estimate
F ( u1 , u2 , t ) C R A ( u1 ( t ) - u2 ( t ) )
2
holds, provided that yi ( t ) H = u i ( t ) 2 + ui ( t ) 12 R 2 . Therefore, (2.20)
implies that
t
St y1 - St y2 H
2
y1 - y2 2
H
+ a1
S y -S y
0
t 1
2
t 2 H dt .
Lemma 6.2
Assume that the hypotheses of Theorem 6.1 hold. Let Ks be the compact
positively invariant set constructed in Theorem 5.2. Then for any
y1 , y2 Ks the inequality
g
- --- t L s a t
QN ( St y1 - St y2 ) H
a2 e 4
1 + -------------
s - e
3
y1 - y2 H
(6.3)
lN + 1
is valid, where Q N = 1 - PN , N N 0 , the orthoprojector PN and the
number N 0 are defined as in (5.14), L s and ai are positive constants
which depend on the parameters of the problem.
Proof.
It is evident that
Q N St yi = ( qN ui ( t ) ; qN u i ( t ) ) ,
where qN is the orthoprojector onto the closure of the span of elements { e k :
k = N +1 , N + 2 , } in F0 = H . Moreover, the function wN ( t ) = qN ( u1(t) - u2(t))
is a solution to the equation
+ g w + A2 w + M A1 2 u 2 Aw = F ( u , u , t ) ,
w N N N 1 N N 1 2
where
FN ( u 1 , u 2 , t ) = - M A1 2 u 1 2 - M A1 2 u 2 2 qN Au 2 - qN L ( u 1 - u 2 ) .
256 The Problem on Nonlinear Oscillations of a Plate in a Supersonic Gas Flow
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h
Let us estimate the value FN . Since y H R s for y K s (see the proof
s
a of Theorem 5.2), we have
p
QN ( St y1 - St y2 ) H
g t g
- --- t C ( Rs )
--- t
3e 4
y1 - y2 + ---------------- e4 St y1 - St y2 dt . (6.5)
H
lsN + 1
0
We substitute (6.1) in this equation to obtain (6.3). Lemma 6.2 is proved.
Theorem 5.2 and Lemmata 6.1 and 6.2 enable us to use Theorem 1.9.2 to obtain an
assertion on the existence of the inertial set (fractal exponential attractor) for the
dynamical system ( H , St ) generated by problem (0.1) and (0.2).
Theorem 6.2
Assume that the hypotheses of Theorem 6.1 hold. Then there exists
a compact positively invariant set Aexp H of the finite fractal dimen-
sion such that
-n ( t - tB )
sup dist H ( St y , A exp ) : y B C e
for any bounded set B in H and t tB . Here C and n are positive num-
bers. The inertial set A exp is bounded in the space Hs .
To prove the theorem we should only note that relations (5.11), (6.1), and (6.3)
coincide with conditions (9.12)(9.14) of Theorem 1.9.2.
Using (1.8.3) and (1.9.18) we can obtain estimates (involving the parameters of the
problem) for the dimensions of the attractor and the inertial set by an accurate ob-
serving of the constants in the proof of Theorems 5.1 and 5.2 and Lemmata 6.1 and
6.2. However, as far as problem (0.3) and (0.4) is concerned, it is rather difficult
to evaluate these estimates for the values of parameters that are very interesting
from the point of view of applications. Moreover, these estimates appear to be quite
overstated. Therefore, the assertions on the finite dimensionality of an attractor and
inertial set should be considered as qualitative results in this case. In particular, this
assertions mean that the nonlinear flutter of a plate is an essentially finite-dimen-
sional phenomenon. The study of oscillations caused by the flutter can be reduced to
the study of the structure of the global attractor of the system and the properties
of inertial sets.
E x e r c i s e 6.1 Prove that the global attractor of the dynamical system gene-
rated by problem (0.1) and (0.2) is a uniformly asymptotically stable
set (Hint: see Theorem 1.7.1).
We note that theorems analogous to Theorems 6.1 and 6.2 also hold for a class of re-
tarded perturbations of problem (0.1) and (0.2). For example, instead of (0.1) and
(0.2) we can consider (cf. [1113]) the following problem
u + g u + A2 u + M A1/ 2 u 2 Au + L u + q ( ut ) = p ,
u t = 0 = u0 , u t = 0 = u1 , u t ( -r , 0 ) = j ( t ) .
258 The Problem on Nonlinear Oscillations of a Plate in a Supersonic Gas Flow
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h
Here A , M , and L are the same as in Theorems 6.1 and 6.2, the symbol u t denotes
a the function on [ - r , 0 ] which is given by the equality ut ( s ) = u ( t + s ) for s
p
t [ - r , 0 ] , the parameter r is a delay value, and q ( . ) is a linear mapping from
e
r
L 2 ( -r , 0 ; F1 + a ) into H possessing the property
0
4
Aa q ( v ) 2 c0
A
-r
1 + a v (s) 2 ds
for c 0 small enough and for all a [ 0 , a0 ] , where a0 is a positive number. Such
a formulation of the problem corresponds to the case when we use the model of the
linearized potential gas flow (see [1114]) to take into account the aerodynamic
pressure in problem (0.3) and (0.4).
The following assertion gives the time smoothness of trajectories lying in the attrac-
tor of problem (0.1) and (0.2).
Theorem 6.3
Assume that conditions (3.2) and (5.2) are fulfilled and the linear ope-
rator L possesses the property
As L u C As + 1 2 u , u D (A) (6.6)
for all s [ - 1 2 , 1 2 ) . Let p F1 2 . Then the assertions of Theorem 6.1
are valid for any s ( 0 , 1 2 ) . Moreover, if M ( z ) C l + 1 ( R+ ) for some
l 1 , then the trajectories y = ( u ( t ) , u ( t ) ) lying in the global attractor A
of the system ( H , St ) generated by problem (0.1) and (0.2) for g > 0 pos-
sess the property
u ( k + 1 ) ( t ) 2 + Au ( k ) ( t ) 2 + A2 u ( k - 1 ) ( t ) 2 Rl2 (6.7)
for all - < t < , k = 1 , 2 , , l , where Rl is a constant depending on
the problem parameters only.
only.
Proof.
It is evident that conditions (5.3) and (5.10) follow from (6.6). Therefore, we
can apply Theorem 6.1 which guarantees the existence of a global attractor A . Let
us assume that M ( z ) C l + 1 ( R+ ) , l 1 . Let y ( t ) = ( u ( t ) , u ( t ) ) be a trajectory in
A , - < t < . We consider a function u m ( t ) = pm u ( t ) , where pm is the ortho-
projector onto the span of the basis vectors { e 1 , , e m } in F 0 for m large enough.
It is clear that um ( t ) C 2 ( R ; F2 ) and satisfies the equation
u m + g u m + A2 um + M A1 2 u ( t ) Aum + pm L u = pm p .
2
(6.8)
Equation (6.6) for s = - 1 2 implies that pm L u is a continuously differentiable
function. It is also evident that M ( A1 2 u ( t ) 2 ) C1 ( R ) . Therefore, we differenti-
ate equation (6.8) with respect to t to obtain the equation
Global Attractor and Inertial Sets 259
+ g w + A2 w + M A1 2 u ( t ) 2 Aw = - p L u ( t ) + F ( t )
w m m m m m m
Fm ( t ) = -2 M A 1 2 u ( t ) ( A u ( t ) , u ( t ) ) A um ( t ) .
2
Since any trajectory y = ( u ( t ) , u ( t ) ) lying in the attractor possesses the property
b ( t ) = M A1 2 u ( t ) 2 (6.11)
possesses the property
b ( t ) + b ( t ) CR , - < t < .
0
Therefore, as in the proof of Theorem 2.2, we find that there exists N 0 such that
g
- --- ( t - t )
( 1 - PN ) U ( t , t ) y HS
C ( 1 - PN ) y HS
e 4 (6.12)
t g
- --- ( t - t )
+C e 4 pm L u ( t ) + Fm ( t ) -1 2 dt .
t0
260 The Problem on Nonlinear Oscillations of a Plate in a Supersonic Gas Flow
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h
Therefore, we use (6.9), (6.10), and (6.6) for s = - 1 2 to obtain that
a
g t g
p
- --- ( t - t 0 ) - --- ( t - t )
t
( 1 - PN ) zm ( t ) H
CR e 4 + CR e 4 dt .
e
-1 2 01 m 0
r
t0
4 We tend t0 - in this inequality to find that
sup ( 1 - PN ) z m ( t ) H-1 2
C,
t R
where C > 0 does not depend on m . It further follows from (6.9) and equation (0.1)
that
sup PN zm ( t ) H
C,
t R -1 2
sup p m A1 2 u ( t ) + A-1 2 pm u ( t ) C .
2 2
t R
We tend m to find that any trajectory y ( t ) = ( u ( t ) , u ( t ) ) lying in the attrac-
tor possesses the property
u ( t ) 1 2 = A1 2 u ( t ) CR , - < t < .
0
Unfortunately, the structure of the global attractor of problem (0.1) and (0.2) can be
described only under additional conditions that guarantee the existence of the Lya-
punov function (see Section 1.6). These conditions require that L 0 and assume
the stationarity of the transverse load p ( t ) . For the Berger system (0.3) and (0.4)
these hypotheses correspond to r = 0 and p ( x , t ) p ( x ) , i.e. to the case of plate
oscillations in a motionless stationary medium.
Thus, let us assume that the operator L is identically equal to zero and
p ( t ) p in (0.1). Assume that the hypotheses of Theorem 3.1 hold. Then energy
equality (3.6) implies that
t2 t2
E ( y ( t2 ) ) - E ( y ( t1 ) ) = - g
u (t)
t1
2
dt +
(p, u (t) )
t1
2
dt , (7.1)
u (t)
0
2
dt = 0 .
Theorem 7.1
Assume that g > 0 , L 0 , and p Fs for some s > 0 . We also assume
that the function M ( z ) satisfies conditions (3.2) and (5.2).. Then the global
attractor A of the dynamical system ( H , St ) generated by problem (0.1)
and (0.2) has the form
A = M+ (N ) , (7.2)
where N is the set of fixed points of the semigroup St , i.e.
N = ( u ; 0 ) : u F1 , A2 u + M A1 2 u Au = p ,
2
(7.3)
and M+ (N ) is the unstable set emanating from N (for definition see Sec-
tion 1.6).
262 The Problem on Nonlinear Oscillations of a Plate in a Supersonic Gas Flow
C
h E x e r c i s e 7.1 Let p 0 . Prove that if the hypotheses of Theorem 7.1 hold,
a
p
then any fixed point z of problem (0.1) and (0.2) either equals to ze-
t ro, z = ( 0 ; 0 ) , or has the form z = ( c ek ; 0 ) , where the constant
e
r c is the solution to the equation M ( c 2 lk ) + l k = 0 .
4 E x e r c i s e 7.2 Assume that p 0 and M ( z ) = - G + z . Then problem (0.1)
and (0.2) has a unique fixed point z0 = ( 0 ; 0 ) for G l1 .
If l n < G l n + 1 , then the number of fixed points is equal to 2 n + 1
and all of them have the form z k = ( wk ; 0 ) , k = 0 , 1 , , n ,
where
G- l
w0 = 0 , wk = --------------k- ek , k = 1, 2, , n .
lk
E x e r c i s e 7.3 Show that if the hypotheses of Exercise 7.2 hold, then the
energy E ( zk ) of each fixed point z k has the form
E ( z0 ) = 0 , E ( z k ) = - 1
--- ( G - l k ) 2 , k = 1, 2, , n ,
4
for l n < G l n + 1 .
E x e r c i s e 7.4 Assume that the hypotheses of Theorem 7.1 hold. Show that
if the set
Dc = y = ( u0 ; u1 ) H : Y ( y ) E ( y ) - ( p , u0 ) c (7.4)
is not empty, then it is a closed positively invariant set of the dyna-
mical system ( H , St ) generated by weak solutions to problem (0.1)
and (0.2).
E x e r c i s e 7.5 Assume that the hypotheses of Theorem 7.1 hold and the set
Dc defined by equality (7.4) is not empty. Show that the dynamical
system ( Dc , St ) possesses a compact global attractor Ac = M+ (Nc ) ,
where Nc is the set of fixed points of St satisfying the condition
Y(z) c .
E x e r c i s e 7.6 Show that if the hypotheses of Theorem 7.1 hold, then the
global minimal attractor Amin (for definition see Section 1.3)
of problem (0.1) and (0.2) coincides with the set N of the fixed
points (see (7.3)).
Further we prove that if the hypotheses of Theorem 7.1 hold, then the attractor A
of problem (0.1) and (0.2) is regular in generic case. As in Section 2.5, the corre-
sponding arguments are based on the results obtained by A. V. Babin and M. I. Vishik
(see also Section 1.6). These results prove that in generic case the number of fixed
points is finite and all of them are hyperbolic.
Conditions of Regularity of Attractor 263
Lemma 7.1.
Assume that conditions (3.2) and (5.2) are fulfilled. Then the problem
L [ u ] A2 u + M A1 2 u 2 Au = p , u D ( A2 + s ) , (7.5)
Proof.
We follow the line of arguments given in the proof of Lemma 2.5.3. Let us
consider the continuous functional
--- ( Au , Au ) + M A1 2 u 2 - ( p , u )
W (u) = 1 (7.6)
2
--- Au 2 - a A1 2 u 2 - b - A-1 p Au
W (u) 1
2
--- 1 - -----
1 a- Au 2
-b a- -1 A-1 p 2 .
--- - 1 - ----- (7.7)
4 l 1 2 l 1
Thus, the functional W ( u ) is bounded below. Let us consider it on the subspace
pm F1 , where p m is the orthoprojector onto Lin { e1 , , em } as before. Since
W ( u ) + as Au , there exists a minimum point um on the subspace
pm F1 . This minimum point evidently satisfies the equation
A2 um + M A1 2 u m 2 Aum = pm p . (7.8)
Equation (7.7) gives us that
2
Au m 2 c1 + c2 inf W ( u ) : u p m F1 + c 3 A- 1 p
with the constants being independent of m . Therefore, it follows from (7.8)
that A2 um C R , provided p R . This estimate enables us to pass to the
limit in (7.8) and to prove that if s = 0 , then equation (7.5) is solvable for any
p Fs . Equation (7.5) implies that
A2 + s um CR for p s R,
i.e. L -1 (B ) is bounded in D ( A2 + s ) if B is bounded. In order to prove that the
mapping L is proper we should reason as in the proof of Lemma 2.5.3. We give
the reader an opportunity to follow these reasonings individually, as an exercise.
Lemma 7.1 is proved.
264 The Problem on Nonlinear Oscillations of a Plate in a Supersonic Gas Flow
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h
Lemma 7.2
Let u F 1 . Then the operator L [ u ] defined by the formula
a
p
t
e
L [ u ] w = A 2 w + 2 M A1 2 u 2 ( Au , w ) Au + M A1 2 u 2 Aw (7.9)
r
4 with the domain D (L [ u ] ) = D ( A2 ) is selfadjoint and dim Ker L [ u ] <
< .
Proof.
It is clear that L [ u ] is a symmetric operator on D ( A2 ) . Moreover, it is
easy to verify that
L [ u ] w - A2 w C ( u ) Aw , w D ( A2 ) , (7.10)
i.e. L [W ] is a relatively compact perturbation of the operator A2 . Therefore,
L [ u ] is selfadjoint. It is further evident that
Ker L [ u ] = Ker I + A -2 L [ u ] - A 2 .
As in Section 2.5, Lemmata 7.1 and 7.2 enable us to use the Sard-Smale theorem
(see, e.g., the book by A. V. Babin and M. I. Vishik [10]) and to state that the set
R s = h Fs : $ [ L [ u ] ] -1 for all u L -1 [ h ]
of regular values of the operator L is an open everywhere dense set in Fs for
s 0.
E x e r c i s e 7.10 Prove that problem (7.11) has a unique weak solution on any
segment [ 0 , T ] if w 0 F 1 , w1 F 0 , and the function M ( z )
C 2 ( R+ ) possesses property (3.2).
Lemma 7.3
Let L 0 . Assume that M ( z ) C 2 ( R + ) possesses property (3.2). Then
the evolutionary operator St of problem (0.1) and (0.2) is Frecht dif-
ferentiable at each fixed point y = ( u ; 0 ) . Moreover, St [ u ] = Tt [ u ] ,
where Tt [ u ] is defined by equality (7.12).
Proof.
Let
z ( t ) = St [ y + h ] - y - Tt [ u ] h ,
where h = ( h0 ; h1 ) H , y = ( u ; 0 ) , and u is a solution to equation (7.5).
It is clear that z ( t ) = ( v ( t ) ; v ( t ) ) , where v ( t ) u ( t ) - u - w ( t ) is a weak so-
lution to problem
v + g v + A2 v = F (u (t ) , u , w (t) ) ,
(7.13)
v t=0 = 0, v t=0 = 0 .
266 The Problem on Nonlinear Oscillations of a Plate in a Supersonic Gas Flow
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h
Here
a
p
F ( u ( t ) , u , w ( t ) ) = M A1 2 u 2 Au - M A1 2 u ( t ) 2 Au ( t ) +
t
e
r
+ M A1 2 u 2 Aw ( t ) + 2 M A1 2 u ( Au , w ( t ) ) Au ,
4
where u ( t ) is a weak solution to problem (0.1) and (0.2) with the initial condi-
tions y0 = y + h ( u + h0 ; h1 ) and w ( t ) is a solution to problem (7.11) with
w0 = h0 and w1 = h1 . It is evident that
F ( u ( t ) , u , w ( t ) ) = -M A1 2 u 2 Av + F1 ( t ) - M A1 2 u 2 F2 ( t ) , (7.14)
where
F1 ( t ) = - M A1 2 u ( t ) 2 - M A1 2 u 2 -
- M A1 2 u 2 A1 2 u(t) 2 - A1 2 u 2 Au ( t ) ,
F2 ( t ) = A1 2 u ( t ) 2 - A1 2 u 2 Au ( t ) - 2 ( Au , w ( t ) ) Au .
It is also evident that the value F1 ( t ) can be estimated in the following way
2
F1 ( t ) c 1 max M ( z ) : z [ 0 , c 2 ] A1 2 u ( t ) 2 - A1 2 u 2
for t [ 0 , T ] and for h H R , where the constants c 1 and c 2 depend on T ,
R , and u . This implies that
2
F1 ( t ) C (T, R, u) A(u(t) - u) . (7.15)
Let us rewrite the value F2 ( t ) in the form
F2 ( t ) = ( u ( t ) + u , A ( u ( t ) - u ) ) A ( u ( t ) - u ) +
+ A1 2 ( u ( t ) - u ) 2
Au + 2 ( u , Av ( t ) ) Au .
Consequently, the estimate
2
F2 ( t ) C1 ( T , R , u ) A ( u ( t ) - u ) + C 2 ( u ) Av ( t ) (7.16)
A(u (t ) - u) CT , R h H, t [ 0, T ] , h H R.
Therefore,
2
F(u (t) , u, w (t) ) C1 Av ( t ) + C2 h H
for t [ 0 , T ] and for h H R . Hence, the energy equality for the solutions
to problem (7.13) gives us that
----- Av ( t ) 2 + v ( t ) 2 a Av ( t ) 2 + v ( t ) 2 + C h 4 .
d
dt
Therefore, Gronwalls lemma implies that
Av ( t ) 2 + v ( t ) 2 C h 4 , t [0, T ] .
This equation can be rewritten in the form
2
St [ y + h ] - y - Tt [ u ] h H
C h .
Thus, Lemma 7.3 is proved.
E x e r c i s e 7.12 Use the arguments given in the proof of Lemma 7.3 to verify
that under condition (3.2) for M ( z ) C 2 ( R+ ) the evolutionary
operator St of problem (0.1) and (0.2) in H belongs to the class C 1
and
St [ y1 ] - St [ y2 ] L ( H, H )
C y1 - y2 H
E x e r c i s e 7.13 Use the results of Exercises 7.7 and 7.11 to prove that for
a regular value p of the mapping L [ u ] the spectrum of the opera-
tor Tt [ u ] does not intersect the unit circumference while the eigen-
subspace E + which corresponds to the spectrum outside the unit
disk does not depend on t and is finite-dimensional.
The results presented above enable us to prove the following assertion (see Chap-
ter V of the book by A. V. Babin and M. I. Vishik [10]).
Theorem 7.2
Assume that the hypotheses of Theorem 7.1 hold. Then there exists an
open dense set Rs in Fs such that the dynamical system ( H , St ) possesses
a regular global attractor A for every p Rs , i. e.
N
A= M (z ) ,
j=1
+ j
C
h
In the case of a zero transverse load ( p 0 ) Theorem 7.2 is not applicable in gene-
a ral. However, this case can be studied by using the structure of the problem. For exam-
p
t ple, we can guarantee finiteness of the set of fixed points if we assume (see Exer-
e
r
cise 7.1) that the equation M ( c 2 l k ) + lk = 0 , first, is solvable with respect to c
only for a finite number of the eigenvalues l k and, second, possesses not more than
4 a finite number of solutions for every k . The solutions to equation (7.5) are either
u 0 , or u = c 0 e k0 , where c 0 and k0 satisfy M ( c02 lk ) + lk = 0 . The eigen-
0 0
values of the operator L [ u ] have the form
m k = lk2 + M ( 0 ) l k if u 0
and
m k = l k lk - l k + 2 dk k l k c 02 M ( c02 l k ) if u = c0 ek .
0 0 0 0 0
Therefore, the result of Exercise 7.11 implies that the fixed points are hyperbolic
if all the numbers mk are nonzero, i.e. if
M ( 0 ) -lk , k = 1, 2, ; lk lk , k k0 ; M ( c02 lk ) 0
0 0
In this section we consider problem (0.1) and (0.2) in the following form:
m u + g u + A2 u + M A1 2 u 2 Au + L u = p , t > 0 , (8.1)
u t=0
= u , u 0 =u .
t=0 1 (8.2)
Equation (8.1) differs from equation (0.1) in that the parameter m > 0 is intro-
duced. It stands for the mass density of the plate material. The introduction of a new
time t = t m transforms equation (8.1) into (0.1) with the medium resistance pa-
rameter g = g m instead of g . Therefore, all the above results mentioned above
remain true for problem (8.1) and (8.2) as well.
On Singular Limit in the Problem of Oscillations of a Plate 269
The main question discussed in this section is the asymptotic behaviour of the
solution to problem (8.1) and (8.2) for the case when the inertial forces are small
with respect to the medium resistance forces m g . Formally, this assumption
leads to a quasistatic statement of problem (8.1) and (8.2):
g u + A2 u + M A1 2 u 2 Au + L u = p , t > 0 , (8.3)
u t = 0 = u0 . (8.4)
Here we prove that the global attractor of problem (8.1) and (8.2) is close to the glo-
bal attractor of the dynamical system generated by equations (8.3) and (8.4)
in some sense.
Without loss of generality we further assume that g = 1 . We also note that
problem (8.3) and (8.4) belongs to the class of equations considered in Chapter 2.
E x e r c i s e 8.1 Assume that conditions (3.2) and (3.3) are fulfilled and
p F0 = H . Show that problem (8.3) and (8.4) has a unique mild
(in F 1 = D ( A ) ) solution on any segment [ 0 , T ] , i.e. there exists
a unique function u ( t ) C ( 0 , T ; F1 ) such that
u ( t ) = e -A t u0 -
2
t
1 2
-
e
0
-A2 ( t - t ) 2
M A u ( t ) Au ( t ) + L u ( t ) - p dt .
(Hint: see Theorem 2.2.4 and Exercise 2.2.10).
u m ( t ) + A2 u m ( t ) + M A1 2 u m ( t ) 2 Aum + pm L um ( t ) = pm p , (8.5)
um ( 0 ) = pm u0 , (8.6)
where pm is the orthoprojector onto the first m eigenvectors of the operator A and
um ( t ) Lin { e1 , , em } .
E x e r c i s e 8.2 Assume that conditions (3.2) and (3.3) are fulfilled and
p F0 = H . Then problem (8.5) and (8.6) is solvable on any seg-
ment [ 0 , T ] and
max A ( u ( t ) - um ( t ) ) 0 , m . (8.7)
[0, T ]
Theorem 8.1
Let p H and assume that conditions (3.2),, (5.2),, and (5.3) are ful-
filled. Then the dynamical system ( F 1 , St ) generated by weak solutions to
problem (8.3) and (8.4) possesses a compact connected global attractor A .
This attractor is a bounded set in F 1 + b for 0 b < 1 and has a finite frac-
tal dimension.
dimension.
270 The Problem on Nonlinear Oscillations of a Plate in a Supersonic Gas Flow
C
h
Proof.
a
First we prove that the system ( F1 , St ) is dissipative. To do that we consider
p
t the Galerkin approximations (8.5) and (8.6). We multiply (8.5) by um ( t ) scalarwise
e
r and find that
+ ( L um ( t ) , um ( t ) ) = ( p , um ( t ) ) .
--- ----- um ( t ) 2 + Au m ( t ) 2 + a1 M A1 2 um ( t ) 2
1 d
2 dt
2+2a
a3 - a2 A1 2 u m ( t ) - ( L um ( t ) , um ( t ) ) + ( p , um ( t ) ) .
We use equation (5.3) and reason in the same way as in the proof of Theorem 5.1 to
find that
--- ----- um 2 + b0 Au m 2 + M A1 2 um 2 + b1 A1 2 u m 2 + 2 a b2
1 d
(8.8)
2 dt
with some positive constants bj , j = 0 , 1 , 2 . Multiplying equation (8.5) by u m ( t )
we obtain that
P ( um ( t ) ) + u m ( t ) 2 + ( L um ( t ) , u m ( t ) ) = ( p , u m ( t ) ) ,
1 d-
--- ----
2 dt
where
P ( u ) = Au 2
+ M A1 2 u 2 .
It follows that
----- P ( um ( t ) ) + u m ( t ) 2 2 p 2 + C Aq u m ( t ) 2 .
d
(8.9)
dt
If we summarize (8.8) and (8.9), then it is easy to find that
d-
---- u 2 + P ( u m ) + b0 um 2 + P ( um ) C .
d t m
This implies that
-b t
um ( t ) 2 + P ( um ( t ) ) pm u0 2 + P ( pm u0 ) e 0 + C .
We use (8.7) to pass to the limit as m and to obtain that
-b t
u ( t ) 2 + P ( u ( t ) ) u0 2 + P ( u0 ) e 0 + C .
This implies the dissipativity of the dynamical system ( F1 , St ) generated by prob-
lem (8.3) and (8.4). In order to complete the proof of the theorem we use Theorem
2.4.1.
On Singular Limit in the Problem of Oscillations of a Plate 271
We note that the dissipativity also implies that the dynamical system ( F1 , St ) pos-
sesses a fractal exponential attractor (see Theorem 2.4.2).
We assume that M ( z ) C 2 ( R + ) and conditions (3.2), (5.2), (5.3), and (5.10) are
m
fulfilled. Let us consider the dynamical system ( H1 , St ) generated by problem
(8.1) and (8.2) in the space H1 = F 2 F 1 D ( A2 ) D ( A ) . Lemma 5.2 and Exer-
cise 5.5 imply that ( H1 , Stm) possesses a compact global attractor A m for any
m > 0.
The main result of this section is the following assertion on the closeness of
attractors of problem (8.1) and (8.2) and problem (8.3) and (8.4) for small m > 0 .
Theorem 8.2
Assume that M ( z ) C 2 ( R + ) and conditions (3.2),, (5.2),, (5.3),, and
(5.10) concerning M ( z ) , L , and p are fulfilled. Then the equation
lim sup { dist H ( y , A * ) : y A m } = 0 (8.10)
m0
m
is valid, where A m is a global attractor of the dynamical system ( H1 , St )
generated by problem (8.1) and (8.2),,
A* = ( z0 ; z1 ) : z0 A , z1 = - A 2 z0 - M A1 2 z0 2 Az0 - L z0 + p .
Here A is a global attractor of problem (8.3) and (8.4) in F 1 and
dist H ( y , A ) is the distance between the element y and the set A in the
space H = F1 F 0 . We remind that g = 1 in equations (8.1) and (8.3)..
Lemma 8.1
m
The dynamical system ( H1 , St ) is uniformly dissipative in H with
respect to m ( 0 , m 0 ] for some m 0 > 0 , i.e. there exists m 0 > 0 and
R > 0 such that for any set B H1 which is bounded in H we have
m
St B y = ( u0 ; u1 ) : m u1 2 + Au0 2 R 2 (8.11)
for all t t ( B , m ) , m ( 0 , m 0 ] .
272 The Problem on Nonlinear Oscillations of a Plate in a Supersonic Gas Flow
C
h
Proof.
a
We use the arguments from the proof of Theorem 5.1 slightly modifying
p
t them. Let
e
r V (y) = E (y) + n F(y) , y = ( u0 ; u1 ) ,
4 where
--- m u1 2 + Au0 2 + M A1 2 u0 2
E (y) = 1
2
and
F ( y ) = m ( u0 , u1 ) + 1
--- u0 2 .
2
As in the proof of Theorem 5.1 it is easy to find that the inequalities
--- u 2 + --e- Au 2 + Ce A1 2 u 2 + C1
d
----- E ( y ( t ) ) - 1 (8.12)
dt 2 2
and
d-
---- --- Au 2 - a1 M A1 2 u 2 -
F ( y ( t ) ) m u 2 - 1
dt 2
2+ 2a
- a2 A1 2 u + C2 u 2
+ C3 (8.13)
m
are valid for y ( t ) = ( u ( t ) ; u ( t ) ) = St y0 . Here e > 0 is an arbitrary number,
the constants aj and cj do not depend on m . Moreover, it is also evident that
--- b 0 m u1 2 + Au0 2 + M A1 2 u0 2 + b1
V (y) 1 (8.14)
2
for m ( 0 , m 0 ] and for any m 0 . Here b0 and b 1 do not depend on m
( 0 , m 0 ] and n 1 . Equations (8.12)(8.14) lead us to the inequality
d
--- ( 1 - ( d b 0 + n ) m ) u 2 -
----- V ( y ( t ) ) + d V ( y ( t ) ) - 1
dt 2
db
-1
--- ( n - d b0 - e ) Au 2
- n a1 - ---------0- M A1 2 u 2 + D ,
2 2
where the constant D does not depend on m ( 0 , m 0 ] . If we choose m 0 small
enough, then we can take d > 0 and n > 0 independent of m ( 0 , m 0 ] and
such that
d
----- V ( y ( t ) ) + d V ( y ( t ) ) D 1 , (8.15)
dt
where D 1 > 0 does not depend on m ( 0 , m 0 ] . Moreover, we can assume
(due to the choice of m 0 ) that
V ( y ( t ) ) b 3 m u ( t ) 2 + Au ( t ) 2 - C , (8.16)
Lemma 8.2
Let u ( t ) be a solution to problem (8.1) and (8.2) such that Au ( t ) R
for all t 0 . Then the estimate
t
1
---
2 u (t)
0
2 -b ( t - t )
e dt m u ( 0 ) 2 + Au ( 0 ) 2 e -b t + C ( R , b )
Proof.
It is evident that the estimate
M A1 2 u ( t ) 2 Au ( t ) + L u ( t ) - p CR
Lemma 8.3
Let u ( t ) be a solution to problem (8.1) and (8.2) with the initial condi-
tions ( u 0 ; u1 ) H1 = F 2 F 1 and such that Au ( t ) R for t 0 . Then
the estimate
-b t
m w ( t ) 2
C1 1 + w ( 0 ) 2 + Aw ( 0 ) 2 e 0 + C 2
+ Aw ( t ) 2
(8.17)
is valid for the function w ( t ) = u ( t ) . Here m ( 0 , m 0 ] , m 0 is small
enough, b0 > 0 , and the numbers C1 and C 2 do not depend on
m ( 0 , m0 ] .
Proof.
Let us consider the function
--- m w ( t ) 2 + Aw ( t ) 2 + n m ( w , w ) + 1
W (t) = 1 --- w 2
2 2
for n > 0 . It is clear that
274 The Problem on Nonlinear Oscillations of a Plate in a Supersonic Gas Flow
--- m ( 1 - n m ) w 2 + 1
1 --- Aw 2 W ( t )
h
a
p
2 2
--- m ( 1 + n m ) w + 1
--- + n l-12 Aw
t
1 2 2
. (8.18)
e
r 2 2
4 Since the function w ( t ) is a weak solution to the equation obtained by the dif-
ferentiation of (8.1) with respect to t (cf. (4.15)):
( t ) + w ( t ) + A2 w ( t ) + M A1 2 u ( t ) 2 Aw ( t ) + L w ( t ) = F ( t ) ,
mw
where
F( t ) = -2 M A1 2 u ( t ) 2 ( Au ( t ) , w ( t ) ) Au ( t ) ,
----- W ( t ) = - ( 1 - n m ) w 2 - M ( A 1 2 u ( t ) 2 ) ( A w , w ) - ( L w , w ) + ( F , w ) -
d
dt
- n A2 w 2 + M ( A1 2 u ( t) 2 ) A1 2 w 2 + (L w, w) - (F, w) .
It follows that
(1) ( 2)
----- W ( t ) - 1
--- - n m w 2 - 1
d
--- ( n - C R ) Aw 2 + n CR w 2 .
dt 2 2
(1)
We take n = CR + 2 and choose m 0 small enough to obtain with the help
of (8.18) that
d-
---- W ( t ) + b0 W ( t ) C w ( t ) 2 , t 0, m ( 0 , m0 ] ,
dt
where the constants b 0 > 0 and C do not depend on m . Consequently,
t
u (t)
-b0 t 2 -b0 ( t - t )
W(t) W(0) e +C e dt .
0
Therefore, estimate (8.17) follows from equation (8.18) and Lemma 8.2. Thus,
Lemma 8.3 is proved.
Lemma 8.3 and equations (8.11) imply the existence of a constant R1 such that for
any bounded set B in H1 there exists t0 = t0 ( B , m ) such that
m u ( t ) 2
+ Au ( t ) 2
R12 , m ( 0 , m0 ) , (8.19)
where u ( t ) is a solution to problem (8.1) and (8.2) with the initial conditions from
B . However, due to (8.1) equations (8.11) and (8.19) imply that A2 u ( t ) C for
t t0 ( B , m ) . Thus, there exists R 2 > 0 such that
On Singular Limit in the Problem of Oscillations of a Plate 275
m u ( t ) 2
+ Au ( t ) 2
+ A2 u ( t ) 2
R22 , t t0 ( B , m ) , (8.20)
where u ( t ) is a solution to system (8.1) and (8.2) with the initial conditions from the
bounded set B in H1 , R2 does not depend on m ( 0 , m0 ) , and m 0 is small
enough. Equation (8.20) and the invariance property of the attractor A m imply the
estimate
m u m ( t ) 2
+ Au m ( t ) 2
+ A2 um ( t ) 2
R 22 (8.21)
y0 = u ( 0 ) ; - Au ( 0 ) - M A1 2 u ( 0 ) 2 Au 0 - L u0 + p A * .
Thus, Theorem 8.2 is proved.
276 The Problem on Nonlinear Oscillations of a Plate in a Supersonic Gas Flow
C
h 9 On Inertial and Approximate
a
p Inertial Manifolds
t
e
r
The considerations of this section are based on the results presented in Sections 3.7,
4 3.8, and 3.9. For the sake of simplicity we further assume that p ( t ) g H .
Theorem 9.1
Assume that conditions (3.2),, (5.2),, and (5.3) are fulfilled. We also as-
sume that eigenvalues of the operator A possess the properties
lN
- >0
inf ------------- and lN ( k ) + 1 = c0 k r ( 1 + o ( 1 ) ) , r > 0, k , (9.1)
N lN +1
for some sequence { N ( k ) } . Then there exist numbers g0 > 0 and k0 > 0
such that the conditions
2 2
g > g0 and lN ( k ) + 1 - lN ( k ) k0 lN ( k ) + 1 (9.2)
Proof.
Conditions (3.2), (5.2), and (5.3) imply (see Theorem 5.1) that the dynamical
system ( H , St ) is dissipative, i.e. there exists R > 0 such that
St y H
R, y B,
t t0 ( B ) (9.5)
for any bounded set B H . This enables us to use the dynamical system ( H , St )
generated by an equation of the type
u + g u + A u = BR ( u ) ,
2
(9.6)
u = u , u
t=0
=u , 0 t=0 1
to describe the asymptotic behaviour of solutions to problem (0.1) and (0.2). Here
-1
BR ( u ) = c ( 2 R ) Au g - M A1 2 u 2 Au - L u
On Inertial and Approximate Inertial Manifolds 277
E x e r c i s e 9.1 Show that the hypotheses of Theorem 9.1 hold for the prob-
lem on oscillations of an infinite panel in a supersonic flow of gas:
t x
2 u + g u + 4 u + G - u ( x , t ) 2 dx 2 u + r u = g ( x ) , x ( 0 , p ) , t > 0 ,
t
0
x x
x
u = x2 u x = 0 , x = p = 0 , u t = 0 = u0(x) , t u = u1(x) .
x = 0, x = p t=0
It is evident that the most essential assumption of Theorem 9.1 that restricts its ap-
plication is condition (9.2). In this connection the following assertion concerning the
case when problem (0.1) and (0.2) possesses a regular attractor is of some interest.
Theorem 9.2
Assume that in equation (0.1) we have L 0 and p ( t ) g
Lin { e 1 , , eN } for some N 0 . We also assume that conditions (3.2) and
0
(5.2) are fulfilled. Then there exists N1 N0 such that for all N N1 the
subspace
HN = Lin { ( ek ; 0 ) , ( 0 ; e k ) : k = 1 , 2 , , N } (9.7)
is an invariant and exponentially attracting set of the dynamical system
( H , St ) generated by problem (0.1) and (0.2)::
g
- --- ( t - t 0 ( B ) )
dist ( St y , HN ) CB ( 1 - PN ) y H
e 4 , y B (9.8)
C
h
Proof.
a
Since pN g = g for N N0 , where pN is the orthoprojector onto the span of
p
t { e1 , , eN } , the uniqueness theorem implies the invariance of HN . Let us prove
attraction property (9.8). It is sufficient to consider a trajectory ( u ( t ) , u ( t ) ) lying in
e 0
r
the ball of dissipativity { y : y H R } . Evidently the function v ( t ) = ( 1 - p N ) u ( t )
4 satisfies the equation
1 2 2
v + g v + A v + M A u ( t ) Av = 0 ,
2
(9.9)
v = ( 1 - pN ) u0 , v t = 0 = ( 1 - pN ) u1 .
t=0
It is also clear that the conditions
M A1 2 u ( t ) 2 ----- M A1 2 u ( t ) 2
d
b0 ( R ) and b1 ( R )
dt
hold in the ball of dissipativity. This fact enables us to use Theorem 2.2 with b ( t ) =
= M ( A1 2 u ( t ) 2 ) . In particular, equation (2.23) guarantees the existence of a num-
ber N1 N0 which depends on g , b0 ( R ) , and b1 ( R ) and such that
g
- --- t
y(t) H = ( 1 - PN ) y ( t ) H
3 ( 1 - PN ) y ( 0 ) e 4 , t > 0,
E x e r c i s e 9.2 Assume that the hypotheses of Theorem 9.2 hold. Show that
for any semitrajectory St y there exists an induced trajectory in
HN , i.e. there exists y HN such that
g
- --- ( t - t0 )
St y - St y H
CR e 4
E x e r c i s e 9.3 Write down an inertial form of problem (0.1) and (0.2) in the
subspace HN , provided the hypotheses of Theorem 9.2 hold. Prove
that the inertial form coincides with the Galerkin approximation of
the order N of problem (0.1) and (0.2).
E x e r c i s e 9.4 Show that if the hypotheses of Theorem 9.2 hold, then the
global attractor of problem (0.1) and (0.2) coincides with the global
attractor of its Galerkin approximation of a sufficiently large order.
Let us now turn to the question on the construction of approximate inertial mani-
folds for problem (0.1) and (0.2). In this case we can use the results of Section 3.8
and the theorems on the regularity proved in Sections 4 and 5.
On Inertial and Approximate Inertial Manifolds 279
B ( u ) = p - M A1 2 u 2 Au - L u ,
where p H and u D ( A) = F 1 . Show that the mapping B ( . )
has the Frecht derivatives B ( k ) up to the order l inclusive. Moreo-
ver, the estimates
k
B ( k ) [ u ] ; w 1 , , w k CR
Aw
j=1
j (9.10)
and
B ( k ) [ u ] - B ( k ) [ u* ] ; w1 , , wk
k
CR A ( u - u* ) Aw
j=1
j (9.11)
We consider equations (9.10) and (9.11) as well as Theorem 5.3 which guarantees
nonemptiness of the classes L m , R corresponding to the problem considered when
R > 0 is large enough. They enable us to apply the results of Section 3.8.
Let P be the orthoprojector onto the span of elements { e 1 , , eN } in H and
let Q = 1 - P . We define the sequences { hn ( p , p ) }n= 0 and { ln ( p , p ) }n= 0 of map-
pings from PH PH into Q H by the formulae
h ( p , p ) = l ( p , p ) = 0 ,
0 0 (9.12)
A2 hk ( p , p ) = a0 - Mk - 1 ( p , p ) Ahk - 1 - QL ( p + hk - 1 ) - g ln ( k ) -
- dp lk - 1 ; p + dp lk - 1 ; g p + A2 p - b0 + Mk - 1 ( p , p ) Ap + PL ( p + hk - 1 ) , (9.13)
lk ( p , p ) = d p h k - 1 ; p -
- dp hk - 1 ; g p + A2 p - b0 + M k - 1 ( p , p ) Ap + PL ( p + hk - 1 ) . (9.14)
C
h
Theorem 3.8.2 implies the following assertion.
a
p
t Theorem 9.3
Assume that p ( t ) g H , M ( z ) C m + 1 ( R+ ) , m 2 , and conditions
e
r
(3.2),, (5.2),, and (5.3) are fulfilled. Then for all k = 1 , , m the collection of
4
mappings ( hn , ln ) given by equalities (9.12) (9.14) possesses the properties
1) there exist constants M j = Mj ( n , r ) and L j ( n , r ) , j = 1 , 2 such that
A2 hn ( p0 , p 0 ) M1 , Aln ( p0 , p 0 ) M2 ,
A2 ( hn ( p1 , p 1 ) - hn ( p 2 , p 2 ) ) L1 ( A2 ( p1 - p2 ) + A ( p 1 - p 2 ) ) ,
A ( ln ( p1 , p 1 ) - ln ( p2 , p 2 ) ) L2 ( A2 ( p1 - p2 ) + A ( p 1 - p 2 ) ) ,
for all pj and p j from PH and such that
A2 pj 2 + Ap j 2 r , j = 0, 1, 2 , r > 0 ;
2) for any solution u ( t ) to problem (0.1) and (0.2) which satisfies com-
patibility conditions (4.3) with l = m the estimate
1 2
2
A ( u ( t ) - un ( t ) )
2
+ A ( u ( t ) - un ( t ) ) 2 Cn l-Nn+ 1
is valid for n m - 1 and for t large enough. Here
u ( t ) = p ( t ) + h ( p ( t ) , p ( t ) ) ,
n n
u n ( t ) = p ( t ) + ln ( p ( t ) , p ( t ) ) ,
lN is the N -th eigenvalue of the operator A and the constant Cn de-
pends on the radius of dissipativity.
E x e r c i s e 9.7 Assume that the hypotheses of Theorem 6.3 hold (this theo-
rem guarantees the existence of the global attractor A consisting of
smooth trajectories of problem (0.1) and (0.2)). Prove that
sup { dist ( y , Mn ) : y A } Cn l-Nn+ 1