Threaded Joints
Threaded Joint defined as a separable joints of two or more machine parts
that are held together by means of a threaded fastening such as bolt and a
nut
Threaded joints are detachable
Extensively used in mechanical assemblies over 60 % of parts have
threaded
Advantages
1. Large clamping force due to wedge action of thread
2. Compact constructions
3. Wide variety is available for different operating conditions
4. Self locking in nature i.e. can be placed in horizontal, vertical
or inclined.
5. Simple & Economical in manufacturing
Disadvantages
1. Requires holes in machine parts i.e. results in stress
concentration
2. Loosen when subjected to vibration
3. Assembly is problematic. Sometimes we need washers
Screw fastening or threaded fastening
A bolt or screw
A nut
Washer (if desired)
The same bolt can be called screw when it is threaded into a tapped hole in
one of the parts and not into the nuts
Fundamental difference between screw & bolt is that
in a bolt, torque is applied to the nut to make a threaded joint whereas in a
screw, torque is applied into matching threads in one of the parts
Nut is small symmetrical part usually having hexagonal/square
shape containing matching internal thread
Threaded fastening also classified as
1. Through bolts
2. Tap bolt / screw
3. Stud:- stud is cylindrical
rod threaded at both ends
one end of the stud is screwed into a tapped hole in one of the connecting
parts
Bolt of uniform strength
Normally a bolt has 3 parts
1. Head
2. Shank
3. And threaded part
Normally stress level at shank is less than the threaded parts i.e. stress
concentration
d > dc
dia of shank core dia of threaded part
The shock absorbing capacity of bolts may be increased by
Either reduce the shank dia. to core dia. Of threads
Increase the length of the shank portion of the bolts
The ideal bolt i.e. bolt of uniform strength is subjected to same stress at
different cross-section in the bolt
If increase in the length of shank portion is not possible than drilling a hole
in shank
Material of threaded (fasteners)
Light loaded small bolts, studs and nut are made of free cutting steel.
High strength bolts often fail in fatigue made of plain carbon steels or alloy
steels
Stainless steel is used for threaded fastener where corrosion resistance is
required
Analysis of bolted joints
A bolted joints subjected to tensile force P as shown in figure.
The cross-section at the core dia. dc is the weakest section
max = 2
4
The height of the nut h can be determined by equating the strength of bolt
in tension with the strength in shear
Assumptions
Each turn of the thread in contact with the nut support an equal amount of
load
There is no stress concentration in the thread
Ssy = 0.5Sut
Failure occurs in the threads of the bolt and not in thread of nut
=
2
= ( )
4
The threads of the bolts in contact with the nut are sheared at the core dia. dc.
shear area =
P= (ch)( )
= (ch)( )
2
h= 0.5 dc
Assuming dc=0.8d
h = 0.4d
Therefore , for standard coarse threads, the threads are equally strong in
failure by shear and failure by tension. If the height of the nut is approximately
0.4 times of the nominal diameter.
The height of the standard hexagonal nut is 0.8 d.
Terminology of screw threads
The right hand threads are always used unless there is special reason for
requiring left-hand thread.
Lead, pitch, pitch dia., Nominal dia., minor dia.
Isometric-thread
V thread
Offer high friction
High strength
Convenient to manufacture
Flattened/rounded off the root & crest to reduce the stress concentration
also to avoid damaging
Coarse thread designation
M 4 Nominal diameter
Fine thread designation
M 12 1.25
Nominal Pitch in mm
dia.
sol. = 0.5 = 200/2
= = 40/2
Shear area of two bolts = 2( 2 )
4
2
= 2( )
4
d=8.92 or 9 mm
So standard size of the bolt is M10
Eccentrically loaded bolted joint in Shear
In structural connections, a group of bolt is frequently employed.
Let A1, A2, A3, A4, A5 be the cross sections of bolts & corresponding coordinates
(x1,y1),(x2,y2),(x3,y3)
(x5,y5) with respect to origin.
G is the Centre of gravity of the group of bolts.
Eccentrically loaded bolted connections
Eccentric load perpendicular to axis of bolt
Assumptions
Bracket & steel structure are rigid
The bolts are fitted in reamed and
ground holes
The bolts are not preloaded and
there are no tensile stresses due to
initial tightening
Stress concentration in thread is neglected
The bolt material is usually ductile therefore it is appropriate to use the max.
shear stress theory of failure
Riveted Joints
Riveted Joints Permanent Joints
[can not be disassembled without damaging the
assembled parts]
In most of the applications Riveted joints have replaced the welded joints.
Cylindrical shank (made/ formed by upsetting
Process in machine called automatic header)
A rivet is specified by the shank dia.
The standard sizes of rivets are 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24,
27, 30, 33, 36, 39, 42, and 48 mm.
Riveted Joints' Advantages
1. More reliable than the welded joints (which subjected to vibration and
impact forces)
2. Non metals can be joints.
3. No heating is required.
4. Quality check is easy.
5. During dismantling, the connected components are less damaged.
6. Thin plates can be joints.
Riveted Joints' Disadvantages
1. Material cost is more
2. Needs holes
3. More weight
Types of Riveted Joints
1. Lap joint
Single riveted
Double riveted
Triple riveted
Zigzag riveted
2. Butt joint
Efficiency of Riveted joint
Terminology
Pitch (p) :- the distance between the centre of one
rivet to the centre of adjacent rivet of same row.
Margin (m) :- the distance between the edge of
plate to the centerline of rivets in the nearest row.
Transverse pitch (pt):- back pitch (row pitch), the
distance between two consecutive rows of rivets.
Rivet Material
Usually mild steel
1. Hot rolled steel rivet bar
2. High tensile steel rivet bar
C= 0.23% (max)
S= 0.05% (max)
P= 0.05% (max)
o For connecting softer material and non ferrous metals, rivets made of
copper, brass, bronze and aluminum alloy.
o For corrosive environment stainless steel
Types of failure
1. Shear failure of rivet
2. Tensile failure of the plate between two consecutive rivets.
3. Crushing failure of the plate
4. Shear failure of the plate in the margin area.
5. Tearing of the plate in the margin area
Strength Equation
2
=
4
= shear resistance of the rivet/ pitch length (N)
For double riveted
2
=
4
n =2 (double riveted)
n =3 (Triple riveted)
This is case of single shear.
For double shear
2
= 2
4
(ii)Tensile strength of plate
Width of plate in between two consecutive rivets in a row
=
2 2
=
t = thickness of plate
= ( )
= permissible tensile stress of plate material
(iii)crushing strength of plate
Crushing resistance
=
Efficiency of Rivets
( , , , )
=
Caulking and fullering
For pressure vessels and boilers, the riveted joint should be
leak proof.
caulking and fullering processes are used to obtain such
leak proof riveted joints.
Caulking is applied to edge of plates in lap joints and the
edge of strap plate in butt joints.
These edges are first beveled to approximately 70o-75o and
the caulking tool is hammered on the edges.
Head is also hammered down.
The blows of caulking tool closes the surface asperities and
cracks resulting in leak proof joint.
Can not be applied to the plates less than 6 mm thickness.
In fullering the shape of the tool is different, and width of the
tool is equal to the thickness of the plate being hammered.
It results in simultaneous pressure on the entire edge of
plate
