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Strength Assessment of Steel Towers: Abstract
Strength Assessment of Steel Towers: Abstract
21
Civil Engineering Research for Industry 2011
Department of Civil Engineering University of Moratuwa
of premature failures observed during full-
scale testing of Transmission line towers at
Tower Testing and Research Station, Structural
Engineering Research Centre (SERC), Chennai
were studied and the reasons for failures were
discussed in detail in Prasad Rao et.al (2009)
and Prasad Rao et.al (2010).
22
Civil Engineering Research for Industry 2011
Department of Civil Engineering University of Moratuwa
Table 1. Summary of analysis of tower collapses
70m high at
Four legged steel Improper erection procedures Collapsed at second
Beliatta lattice structure, adopted. panel
(Mobitel) designed for
Erected without providing any of
See Fig 1 10sqm antenna inner plan bracings.
area The use of temporary guy ropes in
unsymmetrical manner.
70m high at
Four legged steel Due to tornado situation Collapsed at second
Mihintale lattice structure, panel
(Sri Lanka designed for Twisting of the
Telecom) 10sqm antenna structure in its own
See Fig 2 area. axis during the
collapse
70m high at
Four legged steel Overloading of antennas Collapsed at second
Gampaha lattice structure,
Affecting fault of design panel
(Mobitel) designed for
Fabrication detailing error
See Fig 3 10sqm antenna
area.
70m high at
Four legged steel Due to direct hit by a Tornado Twisting around its
Horowpatana (Sri lattice structure,
Overloading due to large cable own axis
Lanka Telecom) designed for tray
See Fig 4 10sqm antenna
area.
23
Civil Engineering Research for Industry 2011
Department of Civil Engineering University of Moratuwa
100x100x10 angle it is 564 kN (depends on ensure the capability of SAP 2000 further, it was
member lengths). From analysis axial decided to construct a simple tower model and
compression forces of 352 kN for lc2, 462.8 kN test it.
for lc10 and lc11 and 486.5 kN for lc12 were
obtained for bottom panel critical leg. Aluminium was chosen as material to make the
model, as it has low strength, so that failure
loads might be quite low and it is easy to work
on it (low hardness). A sample was obtained
from an Aluminium section and tested using
Haunsfield tensometer along with a strain
gauge.
24
Civil Engineering Research for Industry 2011
Department of Civil Engineering University of Moratuwa
Suitable nodes were selected to be loaded and carrying members was generated and analysed.
failure loads and failing members were Results predicted failure of horizontal members
identified (see Fig 7). Two nodes in legs were and leg members, when load on leg node was
selected to apply horizontal force and two arm 3.5 kN. The model without those tension
nodes were selected to apply a nominal members was further analysed to find the loads
quantity of both horizontal and vertical loads. on leg nodes to cause the failure. When loads
From analysis and design check using SAP 2000 on leg nodes were increased to 2.5kN second
a force of 4.1 kN on leg nodes caused failure in panel horizontal members failed due to
second panel compression bracing, as shown in bending.
figure 7.
25
Civil Engineering Research for Industry 2011
Department of Civil Engineering University of Moratuwa
Using above developed method forces of
simple model was calculated and compared Albermani, F., et.al (2003). Upgrading of
with SAP 2000 analysis results. Maximum transmission towers using a diaphragm bracing
variation was 8%, which is acceptable. So system Engineering Structures 26(2004)735
analysing 3D trusses with this method is 744.
acceptable.
Hopkins, R., W., et.al (1994). A simplified
6. Conclusion model for buckling mechanism in lattice
structures Computers and Structures Vol. 57,
Several tower failures occurred in past due to No. 4, pp. 745-750. 1995.
improper practice prevailing in both
telecommunication sector and power Kaminski, J., et.al (2007). Model uncertainty in
transmission sector. Almost all the assessment of transmission line towers
telecommunication companies used to remove subjected to cable rupture Engineering
all debris immediately after a tower failure and Structures 30 (2008) 29352944.
produce a report that does not include detailed
analysis of the failure, just to claim insurance. Kitipornchai, S., et.al (1992). Effect of bolt
So up to now these failures were not deeply slippage on ultimate behaviour of lattice
looked at and remaining a drawback in tower structures Journal of structural Engineering,
designing. Proper analysis of failures may lead Vol. 120. No 8, August 1994.
to improvements in designing practices and
reduce future tower failures. Mostly given Klinger, C., et.al (2011). Failure analysis on
reason for tower failures is tornados. If collapsed towers of overhead electrical lines in
tornados are frequent in Sri Lanka, then the region Mnsterland (Germany) 2005
amendments must be done to standard design Engineering Failure Analysis 18 (2011) 1873
wind speed being used for steel tower design. 1883.
Nowadays most of the firms are overloading
the towers with more antennas without getting Knight, G., M., S., and Santhakumar, A., R.,
approval from tower designer/consultant. This (1993). Joint effects on behaviour of
type of blind actions may lead to huge financial transmission towers Journal of structural
and resource loss due to resulting tower Engineering, Vol. 119. No 3, March, 1993.
failures. So to find out the exact reason for the
failure a complete technical analysis of towers Prasad Rao, N., and Kalyanaraman, V., (2000).
failed is necessary. Non-linear behaviour of lattice panel of angle
towers Journal of Constructional Steel
In power transmission sector, towers are Research 57 (2007) 1337-1357.
designed for transmission lines and a full scale
test is carried out for the most critical tower Prasad Rao, N., et.al (2009). Investigation of
arrangement of transmission line. This practice transmission line tower failures Engineering
is there because of the complicated nature of failure analysis 17 (2010) 1127-1141.
steel towers. But several tower tests resulted in
failure of main members which could have Prasad Rao,N., et.al (2010). Failure analysis of
been avoided with a preliminary structural Transmission line towers journal of
analysis checks. These checks can save much performance of constructed facilities
time, consultation cost and other resources. 10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000161.
Thus more improvements can be made in Sri
Lankan tower designing industry by Shehata, A., Y., et.al (2004). Finite element
considering preliminary analysis methods. By modeling of transmission line under down
making use of available structural analysis burst wind loading Finite Elements in
facilities (specialised programs/common Analysis and Design 42(2005)7189.
programs) an effective design and efficient
design process can be developed.
7. References
26
Civil Engineering Research for Industry 2011
Department of Civil Engineering University of Moratuwa