SOIL RESISTANCE TO DRIVING (SRD)

API 2000 ; API 1986 ; Semple&Gemeinhardt ; Steven et al

DATA

Pile OD = 20 = 0.508 m
Soft Clay
WT =1 = 0.0254 m
Cu = 2 kPa 1m ID = 18 = 0.4572 m
1 = 11 kN/m3

Sand
= 25 1m
2 = 10 kN/m3

A. API 2000 METHOD

Depth Soil Overburden Unit Skin Friction ( f ), Unit End Bearing ( qp ) ,

Type Pressure
At Soft PoZ = 0 = 1 x h Su qp = 9 Cu
Z=0m Clay = 11 x 0 = = ~ = 9 x 2 = 18 kPa
v '
= 0 kN/m2
= 0.5 -0.5 1.0
Adopt = 1.0
f = Cu
= 2 kPa
At Soft PoZ = 1 = PoZ = 0 + 1. h Su 2 qp = 9 Cu
Z = 1.0 m Clay = = = 0.182 = 9 x 2 = 18 kPa
v ' 11
= 0 + 11 x 1
= 11 kN/m2 = 0.5 -0.5 1.0
= 0.5 x 0.182 -0.5
= 1.172 ,
therefore take = 1.0

f = Cu
= 1.0 x 2
= 2 kPa
At Sand PoZ = 2 = PoZ = 1 + 2 .h f = K v tan (-5) qp = Nq v
Z = 2.0 m = 0.8 x 21 x tan (25-5) = 12 x 21 = 252 kPa <
= 11 + 10 x 1 = 6.115 kPa < 67 kPa 2900 kPa
= 21 kN/m2
[f max corresponding with = [qp max corresponding with
(-5) = 20 is 67 kPa (Table = (-5) = 20 is 2900 kPa
6.4.3-1 API)] (Table 6.4.3-1 API)]

Soil Resistance to Driving (SRD) 1 of 11

Soil Resistance to Driving (SRD) Upper Bound ( Static Capacity )

Pile Section Area Annulus, Aann = 0.25 x (0.5082 0.45722) = 0.0385 m2

Pile Section Area Gross ,Agr = 0.25 x 0.5082 = 0.2027 m2
Pile External Area per meter,As-ext = x 0.508 x 1 meter = 1.596 m2
Pile Internal Area per meter,As-int = x 0.4572 x 1 meter = 1.436 m2

At Soft Qs-ext0 = As-ext . fs0 Qplugged Qunplugged

Z=0 Clay = 0 x 2 = 0 kN = Qs + Qgr = (Qs-ext+Qs-int) + Qann
m = 0 + 3.649 = (2 x 0) + 0.693
Qs-int0 = As-int . fs0 = 3.649 kN = 0.693 kN
= 0 x 2 = 0 kN

Qann = Ann . qp
= 0.0385 x 18
= 0.693 kN

Qgr = Agr . qp
= 0.2027 x 18
= 3.649 kN
At Soft Qs-ext1 = As-ext . fs1 Qplugged Qunplugged
Z= Clay = 1.596 x 2 = 3.192 kN = Qs + Qgr = (Qs-ext+Qs-int) + Qann
1.0 m =( 0 + 3.192)+ 3.649 = (0 + 3.192 + 0 + 2.872)
Qs-int1 = As-int . fs1 = 6.841 kN + 0.693
= 1.436 x 2 = 2.872 kN = 6.757 kN

Qann = Ann . qp
= 0.0385 x 18
= 0.693 kN

Qgr = Agr . qp
= 0.2027 x 18
= 3.649 kN
At Sand Qs-ext2 = As-ext . fs2 Qplugged Qunplugged
Z= = 1.596 x 6.115 = 9.760 kN = Qs + Qgr = (Qs-ext+Qs-int) + Qann
2.0 m = (0 + 3.192 + = (0 + 3.192 + 9.760 + 0
Qs-int2 = As-int . fs2 9.760) + 51.080 + 2.872 + 8.781) + 9.702
= 1.436 x 6.115 = 8.781 kN = 64.032 kN
= 34.307 kN
Qann = Ann . qp
= 0.0385 x 252
= 9.702 kN

Qgr = Agr . qp
= 0.2027 x 252
= 51.080 kN

Soil Resistance to Driving (SRD) 2 of 11

Soil Resistance to Driving (SRD) Lower Bound
(Considering Reduction due to Continuous Driving Fp factor )

Pile Section Area Annulus, Aann = 0.25 x (0.5082 0.45722) = 0.0385 m2

Pile Section Area Gross ,Agr = 0.25 x 0.5082 = 0.2027 m2
Pile External Area per meter,As-ext = x 0.508 x 1 meter = 1.596 m2
Pile Internal Area per meter,As-int = x 0.4572 x 1 meter = 1.436 m2

At Soft Qs-ext0 = As-ext x Fp x fs0 Qplugged Qunplugged

Z=0 Clay = 0 x 2 = 0 kN = Qs + Qgr = (Qs-ext+Qs-int) + Qann
m = 0 + 3.649 = 0 + 0.693
Qs-int0 = As-int x Fp x fs0 = 3.649 kN = 0.693 kN
= 0 x 2 = 0 kN

Qann = Ann . qp
= 0.0385 x 18
= 0.693 kN

Qgr = Agr . qp
= 0.2027 x 18
= 3.649 kN
At Soft Qs-ext1 = As-ext x Fp x fs1 Qplugged Qunplugged
Z= Clay = 1.596 x 0.509 x 2 = 1.625 kN = Qs + Qgr = (Qs-ext+Qs-int) + Qann
1.0 m =( 0 + 1.625) +3.649 = (0 + 1.625 + 0 + 1.462)
Qs-int1 = As-int x Fp x fs1 = 5.274 kN + 0.693
= 1.436 x 0.509 x 2 = 1.462 kN = 3.78 kN

Qann = Ann . qp
= 0.0385 x 18
= 0.693 kN

Qgr = Agr . qp
= 0.2027 x 18
= 3.649 kN
At Sand Qs-ext2 = As-ext . fs2 Qplugged Qunplugged
Z= = 1.596 x 6.115 = 9.760 kN = Qs + Qgr = (Qs-ext+Qs-int) + Qann
2.0 m = (0 + 1.625+9.760) = (0 + 1.625 + 9.760 + 0
Qs-int2 = As-int . fs2 + 51.080 + 1.462 + 8.781) + 9.702
= 1.436 x 6.115 = 8.781 kN = 62.465 kN
= 31.33 kN
Qann = Ann . qp
= 0.0385 x 252
= 9.702 kN

Qgr = Agr . qp
= 0.2027 x 252
= 51.080 kN

Soil Resistance to Driving (SRD) 3 of 11

B. API 1986 METHOD

Depth Soil Overburden Unit Skin Friction ( f ), Unit End Bearing ( qp ),

Type Pressure
At Soft Clay PoZ = 0 = 1 x h For Cu 24 kPa, take = qp = 9 Cu
Z=0m = 11 x 0 1.0 = 9 x 2 = 18 kPa
= 0 kN/m2 f = Cu
At Soft Clay PoZ = 1 = PoZ = 0 + 1. h = 1.0 x 2 qp = 9 Cu
Z = 1.0 = 2 kPa = 9 x 2 = 18 kPa
m = 0 + 11 x 1
= 11 kN/m2
At Sand PoZ = 2 = PoZ = 1 + 2 .h f = K v tan (-5) qp = Nq v
Z = 2.0 = 11 + 10 x 1 = 0.8 x 21 x tan (25-5) = 12 x 21 = 252 kPa < 2900 kPa
m = 21 kN/m2 = 6.115 kPa < 67 kPa
[qp max corresponding with
[f max corresponding with = (-5) = 20 is 2900 kPa (Table
= (-5) = 20 is 67 kPa 6.4.3-1 API)]
(Table 6.4.3-1 API)]

Soil Resistance to Driving (SRD) 4 of 11

Soil Resistance to Driving (SRD) Upper Bound (Static Capacity)

Pile Section Area Annulus, Aann = 0.25 x (0.5082 0.45722) = 0.0385 m2

Pile Section Area Gross ,Agr = 0.25 x 0.5082 = 0.2027 m2
Pile External Area per meter,As-ext = x 0.508 x 1 meter = 1.596 m2
Pile Internal Area per meter,As-int = x 0.4572 x 1 meter = 1.436 m2

At Soft Qs-ext0 = As-ext . fs0 Qplugged Qunplugged

Z=0 Clay = 0 x 2 = 0 kN = Qs + Qgr = (Qs-ext+Qs-int) + Qann
m = 0 + 3.649 = (2 x 0) + 0.693
Qs-int0 = As-int . fs0 = 3.649 kN = 0.693 kN
= 0 x 2 = 0 kN

Qann = Ann . qp
= 0.0385 x 18
= 0.693 kN

Qgr = Agr . qp
= 0.2027 x 18
= 3.649 kN
At Soft Qs-ext1 = As-ext . fs1 Qplugged Qunplugged
Z= Clay = 1.596 x 2 = 3.192 kN = Qs + Qgr = (Qs-ext+Qs-int) + Qann
1.0 m =( 0 + 3.192)+ 3.649 = (0 + 3.192 + 0 + 2.872)
Qs-int1 = As-int . fs1 = 6.841 kN + 0.693
= 1.436 x 2 = 2.872 kN = 6.757 kN

Qann = Ann . qp
= 0.0385 x 18
= 0.693 kN

Qgr = Agr . qp
= 0.2027 x 18
= 3.649 kN
At Sand Qs-ext2 = As-ext . fs2 Qplugged Qunplugged
Z= = 1.596 x 6.115 = 9.760 kN = Qs + Qgr = (Qs-ext+Qs-int) + Qann
2.0 m = (0 + 3.192 + = (0 + 3.192 + 9.760 + 0
Qs-int2 = As-int . fs2 9.760) + 51.080 + 2.872 + 8.781) + 9.702
= 1.436 x 6.115 = 8.781 kN = 64.032 kN = 34.307 kN

Qann = Ann . qp
= 0.0385 x 252
= 9.702 kN

Qgr = Agr . qp
= 0.2027 x 252
= 51.080 kN

Soil Resistance to Driving (SRD) 5 of 11

Soil Resistance to Driving (SRD) Lower Bound
(Considering Reduction due to Continuous Driving Fp factor)

Pile Section Area Annulus, Aann = 0.25 x (0.5082 0.45722) = 0.0385 m2

Pile Section Area Gross ,Agr = 0.25 x 0.5082 = 0.2027 m2
Pile External Area per meter,As-ext = x 0.508 x 1 meter = 1.596 m2
Pile Internal Area per meter,As-int = x 0.4572 x 1 meter = 1.436 m2

At Soft Qs-ext0 = As-ext x Fp x fs0 Qplugged Qunplugged

Z=0 Clay = 0 x 0.509 x 2 = 0 kN = Qs + Qgr = (Qs-ext+Qs-int) + Qann
m = 0 + 3.649 = (2 x 0) + 0.693
Qs-int0 = As-int x Fp x fs0 = 3.649 kN = 0.693 kN
= 0 x 0.509 x 2 = 0 kN

Qann = Ann . qp
= 0.0385 x 18
= 0.693 kN

Qgr = Agr . qp
= 0.2027 x 18
= 3.649 kN
At Soft Qs-ext1 = As-ext x Fp x fs1 Qplugged Qunplugged
Z= Clay = 1.596 x 0.509 x 2 = 1.625 kN = Qs + Qgr = (Qs-ext+Qs-int) + Qann
1.0 m =( 0 + 1.625)+ 3.649 = (0 + 1.625 + 0 + 1.462)
Qs-int1 = As-int x Fp x fs1 = 5.274 kN + 0.693
= 1.436 x 0.509 x 2 = 1.462 kN = 3.780 kN

Qann = Ann . qp
= 0.0385 x 18
= 0.693 kN

Qgr = Agr . qp
= 0.2027 x 18
= 3.649 kN
At Sand Qs-ext2 = As-ext . fs2 Qplugged Qunplugged
Z= = 1.596 x 6.115 = 9.760 kN = Qs + Qgr = (Qs-ext+Qs-int) + Qann
2.0 m = (0 + 1.625+ 9.760) = (0 + 1.625 + 9.760 + 0
Qs-int2 = As-int . fs2 + 51.080 +1.462 + 8.781) + 9.702
= 1.436 x 6.115 = 8.781 kN = 62.465 kN
= 31.33 kN
Qann = Ann . qp
= 0.0385 x 252
= 9.702 kN

Qgr = Agr . qp
= 0.2027 x 252
= 51.080 kN

Soil Resistance to Driving (SRD) 6 of 11

C. SEMPLE & GEMEINHARDT

Calculate Pile Capacity Factor (Fp) for clay.

Fp = 0.5 (OCR)0.3 (1)

OCR can be taken as per formula below :

Cu
= OCR0.85 ...... (2)
Cunc
Where : Cu = Undrained Shear Strength of the soil
Cunc = Undrained Shear Strength of the same soil in Normally Consolidated
OCR = Over Consolidation Ratio

Cunc may be computed from Skempton,

Cu
= 0.11 + 0.0037 PI . (3)
v '
Where PI = Plasticity Index

When Plasticity data is not available, the following approach can be adopted :

1.2
Cu
OCR = 0.45 . (4)
Z
Substitute formula (4) to (1) , yield :

0.35
Su
Fp = 0.4 (5)
Z

Therefore,

0.35
2
Fp = 0.4 = 0.509
1

Soil Resistance to Driving (SRD) 7 of 11

D. STEVEN et al

Depth Soil Overburden Unit Skin Friction ( f ), Unit End Bearing ( qp ),

Type Pressure
At Soft PoZ = 0 = 1 x h For Cu 24 kPa, take = 1.0 qp = 9 Cu
Z=0m Clay = 11 x 0 f API 1986 = Cu = 9 x 2 = 18 kPa
= 0 kN/m2 = 1.0 x 2
= 2 kPa

At Soft PoZ = 1 = PoZ = 0 + 1. h For Cu 24 kPa, take = 1.0 qp = 9 Cu

Z = 1.0 m Clay = 0 + 11 x 1 f API 1986 = Cu = 9 x 2 = 18 kPa
= 11 kN/m2 = 1.0 x 2
= 2 kPa

At Sand PoZ = 2 = PoZ = 1 + 2 .h f = K v tan (-5) qp = Nq v

Z = 2.0 m = 11 + 10 x 1 = 0.7 x 21 x tan (25-5) = 12 x 21 = 252 kPa <
= 21 kN/m2 = 5.350 kPa < 67 kPa 2900 kPa

[f max corresponding with [qp max corresponding with

= (-5) = 20 is 67 kPa = (-5) = 20 is 2900 kPa
(Table 6.4.3-1 API)] (Table 6.4.3-1 API)]

Soil Resistance to Driving (SRD) 8 of 11

Soil Resistance to Driving (SRD),

Depth Soil Core Lower Bound Core Upper Bound

(m) Type
0 Soft Qsext = As-ext x Fp x fs0 Q = (Qs-ext + Qsint) + Qann Qsext = As-ext x fs0 Q = (Qs-ext + Qs-int) + Qann
Clay = 0x 2 = 0 kN = 0 + 0.693 = 0x 2 = 0 kN = 0 + 0.693
= 0.693 kN = 0.693 kN
Qsint = 0.5 x As-int x Fp x fs0 Qsint = As-int x fs0
= 0x 2 = 0 kN = 0x 2 = 0 kN

Qann = Ann . qp Qann = Ann . qp

= 0.0385 x 18 = 0.0385 x 18
= 0.693 kN = 0.693 kN
1 Soft Qsext = As-ext x Fp x fs1 Q = (Qs-ext + Qsint) + Qann Qsext = As-ext x fs1 Q = (Qs-ext + Qs-int) + Qann
Clay = 1.596 x 0.509 x 2 =1.625 kN = 0 +1.625 + 0.731 + 0.693 = 1.596 x 2 = 3.192 kN = 0 +3.192 + 2.872 + 0.693
= 3.049 kN = 6.757 kN
Qsint = 0.5 x As-int x Fp x fs1 Qsint = As-int x fs1
= 0.5 x 1.436 x 0.509 x 2 = 1.436 x 2 = 2.872 kN
= 0.731 kN
Qann = Ann . qp
Qann = Ann . qp = 0.0385 x 18
= 0.0385 x 18 = 0.693 kN
= 0.693 kN
2 Sand Qsext = As-ext x fs2 Q = (Qs-ext + Qsint) + Qann Qsext = As-ext x fs2 Q = (Qs-ext + Qs-int) + Qann
= 1.596 x 5.350 =8.539 kN = 0 +1.625 + 0.731 + 8.539 = 1.596 x 5.350 = 8.539 kN = 0 +3.192 + 2.872 + 8.539 +
+ 3.841 + 9.70 7.683 + 9.70
Qsint = 0.5 x As-int x fs2 = 24.436 kN Qsint = As-int x fs2 = 31.986 kN
= 0.5 x 1.436 x 5.350 = 1.436 x 5.350 = 7.683 kN
= 3.841 kN
Qann = Ann . qp
Qann = Ann . qp = 0.0385 x 252
= 0.0385 x 252 = 9.70 kN
= 9.70 kN

Pile Section Area Annulus, Aann = 0.25 x (0.5082 0.45722) = 0.0385 m2

Pile Section Area Gross ,Agr = 0.25 x 0.5082 = 0.2027 m2
Pile External Area per meter,As-ext = x 0.508 x 1 meter = 1.596 m2
Pile Internal Area per meter,As-int = x 0.4572 x 1 meter = 1.436 m2

Soil Resistance to Driving (SRD) 9 of 11

Depth Soil Plugged Lower Bound Plugged Upper Bound
(m) Type
0 Soft Qsext = As-ext x Fp x fs0 Q = Qsext + Qgr Qsext = As-ext x fs0 Q = Qs0 + Qgr
Clay = 0 x 0.509 x 2 = 0 kN = 0 + 3.649 = 0 x 2 = 0 kN = 0 + 6.093
= 3.649 kN = 6.093 kN
Qgr = Agr . qp Qgr = 1.67 .Agr . qp
= 0.2027 x 18 = 1.67 x 0.2027 x 18
= 3.649 kN = 6.093 kN
1 Soft Qsext = As-ext x Fp x fs1 Q = Qsext + Qgr Qsext = As-ext x fs1 Q = Qs0 + Qs11 + Qgr
Clay = 1.596 x 0.509 x 2 = 1.625kN = 0 +1.625 + 3.649 = 1.596 x 2 = 3.192 kN = 0 +3.192 + 6.093
= 5.274 kN = 9.285 kN
Qgr = Agr . qp Qgr = 1.67 .Agr . qp
= 0.2027 x 18 = 1.67 x 0.2027 x 18
= 3.649 kN = 6.093 kN
2 Sand Qsext = As-ext x fs2 Q = Qsext + Qgr Qsext = 1.30 x As-ext x fs2 Q = Qs0 + Qs11 + Qs2 + Qgr
= 1.596 x 5..350 = 8.539 kN = 0 +1.625 + 8.539 + = 1.30 x 1.596 x 5.350 = 0 +3.192 + 11.10 + 76.621
51.080 = 11.10 kN = 90.913 kN
Qgr = Agr . qp = 61.244 kN
= 0.2027 x 252 Qgr = 1.50 .Agr . qp
= 51.080 kN = 1.50 x 0.2027 x 252
= 76.621 kN

Pile Section Area Annulus, Aann = 0.25 x (0.5082 0.45722) = 0.0385 m2

Pile Section Area Gross ,Agr = 0.25 x 0.5082 = 0.2027 m2
Pile External Area per meter,As-ext = x 0.508 x 1 meter = 1.596 m2
Pile Internal Area per meter,As-int = x 0.4572 x 1 meter = 1.436 m2

Soil Resistance to Driving (SRD) 10 of 11

Graphic Plot

Depth API 2000 API 1986

Steven
Upper Bound Upper Bound
Core- Core- Plugged- Plugged-
Plugged Unplugged Plugged Unplugged
LB UB LB UB
(m) kN kN kN kN kN kN kN kN
0 3,649 0,693 3,649 0,693 0,693 0,693 3,649 6,093
1 6,841 6,757 6,841 6,757 3,049 6,757 5,274 9,285
2 64,032 34,307 64,032 34,307 24,436 31,986 61,244 90,913

SRD by API

SRD (kN)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
0

0,5
Depth (m)

1,5

2,5

API2000-Plugged API2000-Unplugged
API1986-Plugged API1986-Unplugged

SRD by Steven

SRD (kN)
0 20 40 60 80 100
0

0,5
Depth (m)

1,5

2,5

Core-LB Core-UB Plugged-LB Plugged-UB

Soil Resistance to Driving (SRD) 11 of 11