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  • Mutations: Carcinogens & Chemical Carcinogens

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    Abby Rosales
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    Mutations in critical genes can cause normal cells to become cancerous. This is often due to damage to DNA from imperfect replication/repair, oxidative damage, or carcinogens. There are two main types of carcinogens - DNA-damaging agents which can directly or indirectly cause mutations by interacting with DNA, and epigenetic agents which do not cause mutations but can alter gene expression. Direct acting carcinogens are intrinsically reactive and do not require metabolic activation, allowing them to directly form DNA adducts.

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    Biochemistry lecture slides

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    Mutations

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    Mutations in critical genes can cause normal cells to become cancerous. This is often due to damage to DNA from imperfect replication/repair, oxidative damage, or carcinogens. There are two main types of carcinogens - DNA-damaging agents which can directly or indirectly cause mutations by interacting with DNA, and epigenetic agents which do not cause mutations but can alter gene expression. Direct acting carcinogens are intrinsically reactive and do not require metabolic activation, allowing them to directly form DNA adducts.

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    13 views2 pages

    Mutations: Carcinogens & Chemical Carcinogens

    Uploaded by

    Abby Rosales
    Mutations in critical genes can cause normal cells to become cancerous. This is often due to damage to DNA from imperfect replication/repair, oxidative damage, or carcinogens. There are two main types of carcinogens - DNA-damaging agents which can directly or indirectly cause mutations by interacting with DNA, and epigenetic agents which do not cause mutations but can alter gene expression. Direct acting carcinogens are intrinsically reactive and do not require metabolic activation, allowing them to directly form DNA adducts.

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    of 2

    Mutations

    Carcinogens & Chemical carcinogens


    - a normal cell is transformed into a malignant cell and repeatedly divides to become
    cancer
    - due to damaged DNA expression (imperfect DNA replication/repair, oxidative DNA
    damage, and/or
    damage caused by carcinogens)
    Ultimate cause: mutation on critical genes
    Oncogenes: genes having the potential to cause normal cells to become cancerous
    (Merriam-Webster)
    : normal growth of cell, growth promoting

    *DNA-Damaging Agents
    mutagenic in vitro mutagenicity assays
    can cause mutation

    *Epigenetic Agents
    not mutagenic (but can cause damage)
    can alter how the genes are expressed
    modify the signals passed on cells
    overexpressed the genes
    repressed the genes

    *DNA-Damaging Agents
    4 Types:
    Direct Acting Carcinogens
    Indirect Acting Carcinogens need metabolic action/modification
    Radiation & Oxidative Damage radiation: UV light can fragment DNA
    oxidation: radicals tend to be reactive
    Inorganic Agents

    Direct Acting Carcinogens


    - intrinsically reactive compounds that do not require metabolic activation by
    cellular
    enzymes to covalently interact with DNA
    - examples: N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, alkyl alkanesulfonates like methyl
    methane sulfonate,
    lactones such as -propiolactone
    - forms DNA adducts
    Where DNA covalently bonds on

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