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14 Shell & Tube Exchanger
14 Shell & Tube Exchanger
Grading Sheet
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
MIME 3470Thermal Science Laboratory
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Laboratory 14
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GRADER d
Last Rev.: 11 JUN 08 SHELL & TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER : MIME 3470 Page 2
MIME 3470Thermal Science Laboratory they make many passes. This experiment employs a shell-and-tube
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ heat exchanger consisting of two tube passes and one shell pass.
Laboratory . 14
THEORY: HEAT EXCHANGER ANALYSIS
SHELL-AND-TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER Thermodynamics and the First Law dictate the overall energy
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ transfer in a heat exchanger. There are two widely used methods
LAB PARTNERS: NAME NAME of heat exchanger analysis, the NTU-Effectiveness method and the
NAME NAME Log-Mean-Temperature-Difference (LMTD) method. These are
NAME NAME briefly discussed below.
SECTION Log-Mean-Temperature-Difference (LMTD) Method
EXPERIMENT TIME/DATE: TIME, DATE For a heat exchanger between two fluids with given inlet and outlet
IMPORTANTWhen using the Heat Exchanger Performance temperatures, there are three equations for the rate of heat transfer, Q,
Test Bench, there are some important items to remember
for your safety and the safety of others. Q = Rate of heat transfer, W
1. Make sure the proper inlet and outlet valves are
open before the heat exchanger is operated. Failure to do = m 1 p
c T1,i T1,o
1
this will pressurize the system and rupture the heat
exchanger seams. As a rule of thumb, do not close any of = c T2,i T2,o
m2 p2
Cmax = max(CC, CH) ture are noted. This is the steady-state conditionuse only the
Larger of the two heat capacity rates (W/K) associated flow rates and temperatures for calculations.
Note that NTU is a function of geometric and material properties, DETAILED COMPUTATIONAL PROCEDURE
and the mass flow rates. It does not include any fluid temperatures. The NTU method will be described using just one tube; but that
Using the calculated NTU, the effectiveness of the heat exchanger, , single tube could represent an entire tube bundle. The NTU method
can be calculated from tables where the effectiveness formulae for calculation procedure for a shell-and-tube heat exchanger follows:
different heat exchanger arrangements can be found. In such tables, 1. a. Determine cold and hot water flow rates, m H and m C (from
another dimensionless term that precipitates from the analyses
appears. This is the heat capacity rate ratio, Cr = Cmin/Cmax. For a rotameter readings), and their specific heats, c p H and c p C
shell-and-tube exchanger with one shell pass and some multiple of (look up values based on the average of the inlet and outlet
two tube passes, the effectiveness is tempe-ratures). The units of mass flow, m , are kg/s and those
1
1/ 2 of specific heat, cp, are J/(kgK). [NOTE: Some tables list
2 1 C r 1 C r2
1/ 2 1 e NTU 1 C r2
. specific heat as kJ/(kgK)so always check units!!]
1 e NTU 1 C
2 1/ 2
r Hot water inlet thermometer
Cold water Cold water
Heat Exchanger Effectivenessis defined as inlet
Qactual
Qmax Maximum possible rate of heat transfer that an
exchanger of infinite heat transfer area
would have if it had the same inlet temps, flow
Distance between Tube Sheets, 16-1/8
(inside face to inside face)
5 Baffles, 1.2 thick. Equally spaced to form 6
chamber. 23 tube penetrations per baffle.
30 Tubes, each 0.25 diameter
thermometer 4.5 ID
The maximum heat transfer occurs in the fluid with the least The width of the
capacity to absorb or give off heat. This is the fluid with the flow course
minimum value of m
C p = Cmin. If this fluid is the cold fluid, varies & thus
the average
its temperature cannot rise above the hot-side, inlet temperature.
velocity
Alternately, if the fluid is the hot fluid, it cannot be cooled below
S
the cold-side, inlet temperature. Thus, T
Q Qactual
actual S = 0.475
Qmax m c p min
Thot ,in Tcold ,in .
S
L
L
S = 0.548
T
S S = 0.548
As the actual heat transfer is the same for both fluidsone D
D
gaining thermal energy and the other loosing an equal amount Figure 2 Experimental apparatus with dimensional data
the actual heat transfer rate is defined by both
Qactual m C
cp
TC ,o TC ,i
b. Calculate a temperature specific energy flow known as the
heat capacity rate, C, for both the cold and hot flows
Qactual m
c p TH ,i TH ,o .
LABORATORY PROCEDURE
1. Verify the dimensions and features of Figure 2. .
2. Calculate the heat transfer coefficients at the inside and outside ST/D
1.25 1.5 2.0 3.0
surfaces of the tubes, hinside and houtside. These are used to compute SL/D C1 m C1 m C1 m C1 m
the overall heat transfer coefficient, U. (See Figure 3) 0.600 0.213 0.636
0.900 0.446 0.571 0.401 0.518
houtside 1.000 0.497 0.558
1.125 0.478 0.565 0.518 0.560
1.250 0.518 0.556 0.505 0.554 0.519 0.556 0.522 0.562
hinside 1.500 0.451 0.568 0.460 0.562 0.452 0.568 0.488 0.568
2.000 0.404 0.572 0.416 0.568 0.482 0.556 0.449 0.570
3.000 0.310 0.592 0.356 0.580 0.440 0.562 0.428 0.574
Table 1Constants of for airflow over a staggered tube bank
a. Flow Inside Tubes: Even though there are many tubes in the D
bundle and there are parallel and counter flows in this two-pass
exchanger, the calculation may be performed by considering the
flow in just one of the tubes WITH THE CAVEAT THAT one must ST
account for the direction of the flow. That is, half of the tubes are
associated with parallel flow and half the tubes are associated Vavg, T
with counterflow. Thus, the mass flow in the equivalent tubes is A2
m
total tube - side flow
A1
m
inside 1 tube
N 2
where, N = total number of tubes.
From simple flow relations, it is known that the velocity
inside a single tube is Figure 4Staggered tube arrangement
inside
m Re D ,max Vmax D / is defined for the maximum
Vinside
A velocity occurring within the tube bank, Vmax, which occurs
where, A = cross sectional area of one tube. at one of two locationseither in way of A1 or A2 (see
Given this velocity, a Reynolds number ( Figure 4). The maximum velocity will occur at A2 if
Re Vinside D ) can be computed to indicate whether 2 S D D S T D . The factor of 2 results from the
the inside flow is laminar or turbulent. This will most likely bifurcation experienced by the fluid moving form the A1 to
be fully-developed, laminar flow. For such with constant the A2 planes. In this case,
surface temperature, Ts, and Pr ~ 0.6 : Vmax S T 2 S D D Vavg , otherwise it occurs at
Nu D 3.66
where fluid properties are based on the mean (or bulk) A1 and Vmax S T ST D Vavg .
temperature across a cross section, Tm.
Note: The average velocity of flow over the tube is not
If the flow is fully developed, turbulent (Re 10,000), constant as the shell is not wall-sided but circular. Thus,
n 0.4, Ts Tm
one needs to use some average value of area. To use the
relations for staggered tube arrangements, a free-stream, shell-
NuD 0.023Re4D/ 5 Pr n .
side, fluid velocity must be determined. As the sides of the shell
are circular, this free-stream velocity varies. Thus, an average
n 0.3, Ts Tm
free-stream velocity must be determined based on an average
width of the shell, wavg. This can be obtained from simple
integration as
Tube-side fluid properties should be evaluated at the r
1
r 1
Tm,i Tm,o
r2 x2 2 dx
average of the mean temperatures, Tm . 2
2 wavg
0
r
1dx
0
b. Shell Flow Outside of Tubes: For the staggered tube At this point, wavg is determined and an answer could be listed aswavg 1.571
arrangement of the experiment shown in Figure 4, use the Allternately, the expression above could be selected and then
following expression for the average Nusselt number choose SY MBOLICS: EVALUATE : SYMBOLICALLY
1
from the menu to yield wavg r
Nu D 1.13C1 Re m
D ,max Pr
1/ 3
. 2
1
U
1 t 1
hinner k tubes houter
0
Assume tubes
are thin - walled
& very conductive
where, t = the tubing thickness
Then NTU is
This value
UAtube surface
NTU should be
Cmin
dimensionless
Now, the heat exchanger effectiveness, , can be determined.
For one shell pass and two tube passes the effectiveness is
1
2 1/ 2
2 1 C r 1 C r2
1/ 2 1 e NTU 1 C r
.
1 e NTU 1 C
2 1/ 2
r
PHYSICAL PROPERTIESAs the liquid (water) is moving, it
must be under a slight pressure. This experiment is interested in the
properties of liquid water density and specific heat which are both
functions of temperature and pressure. However, at low pressures,
one may assume that density and internal energy are approximately
equal to their saturated liquid values at the same temperature; i.e.,
(T, p) f(T) and u(T, p) uf(T). Thus, density can be defined.
Enthalpy is, h(T, p) hf(T) + [p psat(T)]/f(T). At a room temperature
of, say, 70F (~21C), psat = 0.02487bar. Compared to atmospheric
pressure of 1.01325bar, this is small and negligible. Thus,
h(T, p) hf(T) + p/f(T). At the temperature assumed, the density of
water is 998kg/m3. At small pressures, say 2atm = 2.02bar,
p/f(T) = 0.202 kJ/kg while hf(T) = 88.14 kJ/kg. Thus, a fair approxi-
mation of enthalpy is h(T, p) hf(T). Finally, the definition of specific
heat is h = c(T) T; thus, C (T, p) C f(T).
Last Rev.: 11 JUN 08 SHELL & TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER : MIME 3470 Page 6
FOR THE REPORT 2. Indicate sources of error in equations as they apply to the shell-
1. Be sure to clearly state/show the calculations along with any and-tube heat exchanger in the lab, as well as sources of error in
assumptions made on the Mathcad worksheet in the order the measurements.
appearing on the grading sheet. Of course, you may have other 3. Discuss how good is the NTU method.
intermediate calculations.
Last Rev.: 11 JUN 08 SHELL & TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER : MIME 3470 Page 7
ORDERED DATA, CALCULATIONS, and RESULTS The object below is reduced to 70% of full size.
MAT HCAD OBJECT--DOUBLE CLICK TO OPEN
DATA
Look Up (& Interpolate) Physical Properties For The 2 Mean Temperatures C alculated At The Right
1b. C alculate Heat Capacity Rates, The MAX & MIN Heat Capacity Rates,
& The Heat Capacity Rate Ratio
APPENDICES
APPENDIX ADATA SHEET FOR SHELL-AND-TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER LAB
Time/Date: ___________________________
___________________________ ___________________________
Cold Hot
Volumetric Volumetric Hot Outlet Hot Inlet Cold Outlet Cold Inlet
Flow Rate, Flow Rate, Temperature, Temperature, Temperature, Temperature,
Run
V C V H T H ,o T H ,i TC ,o TC ,i
( % of max ( % of max (C) (C) (C) (C)
rotameter rating) rotameter rating)
1