1

GOVERNO DO ESTADO DO

AMAZONAS

CURSO DE QUALIFICAO
PROFISSIONAL

INGLS INTERMEDIRIO

ALUNO (A): -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PROFESSOR (A): ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CETAM SEPLAN
Centro de Educao Tecnolgica do Secretaria de Estado de Planejamento e
Amazonas Desenvolvimento Econmico
 2
Why learn English?

Because English is the most important international language in the world.

Some facts prove that: English is the international language of air and sea travels, of
computing, of pop music, of politics, of science and medicine, sports, TV and films.
The world today is a very small place. Communication and travel are
extremely quick: think of jet planes, satellite TV, telephones, telex and fax, for
example.
English is the first language in:

Australia The Bahamas Canada Ireland

United Kingdom Guyana New Zealand

United States

And it is the official second language in many other countries like:

India Israel Nigeria South Africa

English is slowly becoming more than one language, because in every country
it is spoken there are differences in some vocabulary words in some grammatical
structures.

British English and American English: What is different? Lets see some differences:
 3

American English British English

airplane aero plane
apartment flat
automobile car
cab taxi
candy sweet
cookie / cracker biscuit
downtown centre
elevator lift
French fries chips
gas petrol
mail post
elevator lift
rest room public toilet
stove cooker
subway underground
vacation holiday

Exercise

1) Match the words according to vocabulary.

word translation
1 why ( ) mundo
2 to learn ( ) isso
3 because ( ) por que (pergunta)
4 most ( ) por que (resposta)
5 language ( ) provar
6 world ( ) mais, maioria
7 some ( ) aprender
8 fact ( ) fato
9 to prove ( ) algum, alguma
10 that ( ) lngua

2) Substitute English for Portuguese (use the dictionary if necessary).

a) English .......... () ............. (a) .................................... (internacional) language of
................ (areas) ................... (e) ................. (martimas) ..................... (viagens),
 4
.............. (da) ................................. (computao), of pop music, of ..........................
(poltica), of ......................... (cincia) and ........................... (medicina),
......................... (esportes), TV and films.

b) ........... (O) world ................. (hoje) is ........... (um) ................ (muito)

.......................... (pequeno) ........................ (lugar). Communication and ...................
(viagem) ............... (so) ................................... (extremamente) ......................
(rpidas): ........................ (pense) of ............................... (avies a jato), satellite TV,
telephones, telex and fax, ............. (por) ............................ (exemplo).

c) English ............... (est) ......................... (vagarosamente) ............................... (se

tornando) ...................... (mais) .............. (que) ............. (uma) language, because
...........(em) .................. (cada) country ............. (ele) ........... () .....................
(falado). ......................... (H) differences in ................ (algumas) vocabulary
................. (palavras), in some grammatical ............................... (estruturas).

3) Translate and complete:

Portuguese American British English

English
1 carro automobile car
2 .................. .................. taxi
3 doce .................. ...................
4 gasolina .................. ..................
5 correio ................. ..................
6 .................. elevator .................
7 fogo ................. ..................
8 metr ................... .......................
9 ............ vacation ......................
10 apartamento ................... .....................

2 WHATS THIS FOR?

 5

Daniel: Hey! Nice computer! Whats this for?

Telma: Thats a modem. Its used to connect the
computer
to the phone line, so I can send faxes and
access
the Internet.
Daniel: So you can go on-line and all that?
Telma: Yes. And I use the World Wide Web for finding
information on astronomy, movies, UFOs just
about anything.
Daniel: Sports? Cars?
Telma: Uh-huh. And I can exchange information with
people, too. I belong to a chat group on astronomy.
Daniel: Hmm. I just use my computer to write letters and reports.
Telma: Why dont you get on the Internet? Its not really expensive.
Daniel: Maybe I will. It sounds like fun.

2.1 INFINITIVES AND GERUNDS

Infinitives and gerunds can describe a use or a purpose.

Infinitives Gerunds
A modem is used to connect computers to Its used for connecting computers to
phones. phones.
Computers are often used to write letters. Theyre often used for writing letters.
I can use the World Wide Web to find I can use it for finding information.
information.

Some situations require you to use infinitive. Some situations use gerunds is
more appropriate. In other situations you can use both.
An infinitive is formed by:
TO + BASE VERB
Eg: to sing, to drink

A gerund is formed by adding -ING to a base verb:

 6
SING + ING = SINGING
Exercise
1) What do you know about this technology? Complete the phrases in column A with
information from column B. More than one answer is possible.
A B
A) Satellites are used ... ( ) a) study the worlds weather
B) Robots are sometimes used ... ( ) b) perform dangerous tasks
C) You can use a fax machine ... ( ) c) read the latest weather report
D) People use the Internet .... ( ) d) transmit telephone calls
E) DNA fingerprinting is used .... ( ) e) make a photocopy
F) CD-ROM is sometimes used .... ( ) f) identify criminals
g) make travel reservations
h) transmit television programs
i) store an encyclopedia

2.2 COMPUTER

"Hardware or software?" the child of the computer age might ask. His world is
divided into two parts: hardware, the machine that makes up a computer, and
software, the programs of instructions that tell computers what to do.
And while the hardware is visible and tangible, the child knows that software is
the soul of the machine. Without software, a computer is little more than a hunk of
plastic and silicon that might be used as a doorstop. A computer
without software is like a car without gasoline, a camera without
film, a stereo without records. It is software that makes the
machines do their magic.
Until a few years ago, software was used exclusively to
operate the big, impersonal computers, which were isolated in air-
conditioned rooms behind glass partitions. The software for these
giant machines is still in place, but the rapid spread of
personal computers has put software directly into people's hands.
Today, computer buffs are using software in many innovative ways. In addition
to doing mundane tasks as sorting, cataloguing and calculating, a lot of new
programs are helping make people's lives easier.
 7
* Adapted from Time Magazine, April 16th 1984, and also published in the book "Start Reading" Vol.3
- Ed. Saraiva
1) Responda em portugus, de acordo com o texto.
a) O que hardware?
........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
b) O que software?
........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
c) Qual dos dois considerado a alma do computador?
........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
d) Com o que poderia ser comparado um computador sem software?
........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
e) Para que um computador era usado at alguns anos atrs?
........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
f) O que contribuiu para tornar o software mais acessvel?
........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
g) Hoje em dia, para que os softwares so usados, alm de separar, catalogar e
calcular?
........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

2) Write the name of the following objects used with a computer:

monitor keyboard mouse floppy disc

............................ ............................ ............................ ......................................

3 A RSUM
 8

A rsum tells about your education. It also tells about your work experience
and skill.
There are many ways of organizing a rsum; choose the format that best
showcases your skills and experience. It may be helpful to look for examples on the
Internet or in books at your local library or bookstore. Typically, an employer has a
very limited amount of time to review your rsum. It is important to make sure it is
clear and concise, and highlights your skills and experiences effectively through the
use of formatting, ordering, and headings.
Do not omit any requested information and make sure that the information you
provide is correct.

3.1 WHAT USUALLY GOES INTO A RSUM

Name, address, e-mail address, and telephone number.

Employment objective. State the type of work or specific job you are seeking.
Education, including school name and address, dates of attendance, major,
and highest grade completed or degree awarded. Consider including any
courses or areas of focus that might be relevant to the position.
Experience, paid and volunteer. For each job, include the job title, name and
location of employer, and dates of employment. Briefly describe your job
duties.
Special skills, computer skills, proficiency in foreign languages, achievements,
and membership in organizations.
References, only when requested.
Keep it short; only one page for less experienced applicants.
Avoid long paragraphs; use bullets to highlight key skills and
accomplishments.
Have several people review your resume for any spelling or grammatical
errors.
Print it on high quality paper.
 9

Exercise
1) Read about Ruth Cho. Complete her rsum.
Hello. Im Ruth Cho. I live at 34189 Ocean Street, Seattle, Washington. My phone
number is 206-555-1011. Im 20 years old.
I was born May, 7, 1986. My email is r.cho@asia.com. I graduated from Lincoln High
School three years ago. Then I started at Seattle Community College. Im studying
Travel and Tourism. I will graduate next May. I have a part-time job at the Palace
Hotel. Im a front desk clerk.
I can use a computer and am good at word processing (60 wpm words per minute).
I speak two foreign languages: Mandarin Chinese (intermediate) and Spanish
(Elementary).

Ruth Cho
34189 ___________________________________,__________________
Phone: _______________________
Date of Birth: __________________

Employment objective
To work for a travel company

Education
College:
Seattle Community College
Major: Travel and Tourism
September, _________ to present
Will graduate ________________

High School:
____________________________
Graduated, June ____________

Work Experience
1997 to present:
________________, _______________
(job) (company)

Seattle (part time)

Special skills:
________________ skills
Good _____________________ ability (____wpm)

Languages:
Mandarin Chinese (________________)
_______________ (elementary)
 10

2) Now, write your rsum.

3.2 VOCABULARY

School:
Idioms:
Kindergarten school escola de jardim de infncia
British ingls
Primary school (Brit) escola primria
French francs
Elementary school (US) escola primria
Portuguese - portugus
High School (US) escola secundria
Spanish - espanhol
Secondary (Brit) escola secundria
Italian - italiano
Language school escola de lnguas
German alemo
Private school escola particular
Mandarin chins
State school (Brit) escola pblica
Japanese - japons
Public school (US) escola pblica
College faculdade
University - universidade

Career::
Advertising and public relations services publicidade e relaes pblicas
Advocacy - advocacia
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing agricultura, silvicultura e pesca
Air transportation transporte areo
Arts, entertainment, and recreation artes, entretenimento e recreao
Banking operao bancria
Chemical manufacturing indstria qumica
Clothing, accessory, and general merchandise stores lojas de roupas,
acessrios e mercadorias em geral
Electronic product manufacturing Fbrica de produto eletrnico
Computer systems design sistema de computao
Construction - construo
Educational services servios de educao
Federal government governo federal
Food manufacturing fabrica de alimentos
Grocery stores mercearia
Health services servios de sade
Hotels and other accommodations hotis e outras acomodaes
Insurance - seguro
Internet services providers, web search portals, and data processing
 11
3.3 INTRODUCTIONS

How do people introduce themselves in your country? Do you

shake hands? Bow? Do you use first names? Family names?
In U.S.A. and Canada, it is polite to:
Look at the persons eyes. If you dont, it gives a bad impression (feeling).
Shake hands firmly (but not too strongly). A handshake only lasts two or three
seconds.
Call people by their first name if they say Please call me (Jan). If you dont, it
seems unfriendly.

4 WHAT DOES HE LOOK LIKE?

4.1 DESCRIBING SOMEONE

Clerk: Good afternoon. Can I help you?
Jean: Yes, Im looking for someone.
His name is Paul Taylor. Im afraid I missed him.
Clerk: Well, what does he look like?
Jean: Lets see. Hes about 35, I guess. Hes pretty tall, with red hair.
Clerk: Oh, are you Jean Taylor?
Jean: Yes, thats right!
Clerk: He asked for you a few minutes ago. I think hes in the restaurant.
Jean: Thanks. Ill go and look for him.

4.1.1 Appearance
Height

medium
tall
height

Age
short
 12

Looks

handsome pretty good-looking

Hair

straight curly black long brown

black hair hair hair

long brown
hair bald a mustache
and beard

Exercise
1) Choose at least four expressions to describe yourself and your partner. Then
compare. Do you agree? Look an example:

A: You have curly blond hair and a beard.

Youre young and good-looking.
B: I agree! I dont agree. My hair isnt very curly.
4.2 QUESTIONS FOR DESCRIBING PEOPLE
 13
General appearance
What does he look like? Hes pretty tall, with red hair.
Does he wear glasses? Yes, he does.
Does he have a mustache? No, he doesnt.

Hair
What color is her hair? Light brown.
She has dark brown hair.
How long is her hair? Its medium length.

Age
How old is he? Hes about 25.
Hes in his twenties.

Height
How tall is she? Shes fairly short.
Shes 152 cm (five feet)

Exercise

1) Write questions to match these statements. Then compare with a partner.

a) ....................................................................? My brother is 26.
b) .....................................................................? Im 73 cm (five feet eight).
c) .....................................................................? Julia has brown hair.
d) .....................................................................? No, she wears contact lenses.
e) .....................................................................? Hes tall and very handsome.
f) ....................................................................? I have brown eyes.
2) Write five questions about your teachers or a classmates appearance. Then take
turns asking and answering your questions.

4.3 IDENTIFYING PEOPLE

Sarah: Hi, Raoul! Good to see you! Wheres Margaret?
Raoul: Oh, she couldnt make it.
 14
She went to a concert with Alex.
Sarah: Oh! Well, why dont you go and talk to Judy?
She doesnt know anyone here.
Raoul: Judy? Which one is she? Is she the woman wearing glasses over there?
Sarah: No, shes the tall one in jeans. Shes standing near the window.
Raoul: Oh, Id like to meet her.

4.3.1 Modifiers with participles and prepositions

The present perfect is formed with the verb HAVE + THE PAST PARTICIPLE form of a
verb.
Participles
Whos Raoul? Hes the man wearing glasses.
Which one is Raoul? Hes the one talking to Sarah.

Prepositions
Whos Sarah? Shes the woman with the short black hair.
Which one is Judy? Shes the tall one in jeans.
Who are the Smiths? Theyre the people next to the window.
Which ones are the Smiths? Theyre the ones on the couch.

Exercise
1) Rewrite these statements using modifiers with participles or prepositions.
a) Jim is the tall guy. Hes wearing glasses.
Jim is the tall guy wearing glasses.
b) Bob and Louise are the good-looking couple. Theyre talking to Jim.
..............................................................................................................
c) Lynne is the young woman. Shes in a T-shirt and jeans.
..............................................................................................................
d) Maria is the attractive woman. Shes sitting to the left of Carlos.
..............................................................................................................
e) Tom is the serious-looking person. Hes listening to Maria.
..............................................................................................................
4.4 HIP-HOP FASHIONS
 15
What kinds of clothing styles do you like to wear? Do you like to dress up or
dress down?
Teenagers who listen to the same music-often have a common
look. One hot style in music and fashion is hip-hop. Hip-hop is a type of
urban music with a heavy beat. The lyrics are very important in this
music. Hip-hop fashions are large or loose-fitting street clothes.
The style includes baggy jeans, sweatshirts, hiking boots, and
baseball caps (usually worn backward). However, teens add other
clothing items like flannel shirts, jackets with sports logos, and
athletic shoes. In the hip-hop style, boys and girls dress the same.
African American kids in Detroit and Chicago first made
hip-hop fashions popular they wore baggy street clothes to
dance clubs. Then North American and European bands also
began wearing this style. These bands influenced one anothers music and clothing.
This mixture made hip-hop into an international fashion sensation.
Hip-hop is now a teen fashion from Britain to Japan. Melaine Borrow, 17, of
Machester, England, says My pride and joy in life are my Levis jeans. In Japan,
hip-hop is replacing the usual outfit for teenage girls: blouses and skirts with cartoon
characters on them. And in the United States, teens spend a lot of money on hip-hop
fashions. David Bowen, 17, of Evanston, Illinois, has five pairs of hiking boots at
$100 each. Bowen says, Theyre popular because a lot of hip-hop performers wear
them. They even rap about them.

Questions:
1) Do you ever listen to urban or hip-hop music?
........................................................................................................................................

2) Do you ever wear hip-hop fashions? Describe what you wear.

........................................................................................................................................

3) What do you wear when you dress up o dress down?

........................................................................................................................................

4.4.1 Vocabulary of Clothes

 16

coat trousers (UK) hat

pants (US)

casual jacket shorts cap

jacket

sports jacket dress tie

jacket necktie

jumper skirt bow tie

shirt pants socks

panties

tee-shirt bra shoes

brassiere

waistcoat dressing gown trainers

5 GRAMMAR REVIEW I

Look the diagram below. It will be used in the tense description:

Now
 17

past future

THE SIMPLE TENSES

TENSE EXAMPLES MEANING

Simple Present - Mary studies every day In general, the simple

- I always eat a salad for present express situations
lunch that exist usually, always,
xxxxxxxxxxx - It snows in Rio Grande do habitually. These situations
Sul exist now, have existed in
the past and probably will
exist in the future.

Simple Past - Mary studied last night At one particular time in the
- I ate a salad yesterday past, the situation happened.
- It snowed in Rio Grande do In began and ended in the
Sul last morning past. We know when the
x situation happened: last
night, yesterday, last
morning, etc.

Simple Future - Mary will study tomorrow
- I will eat salad next
Saturday
- It is going to snow in Rio
x Grande do Sul tomorrow!
At one particular time in the
future, the situation will
happen.
We use will or TO BE +
going to + VERB

These 3 tenses you have learned in the first level. Do you remember?

DO YOU REMEMBER?

SIMPLE PRESENT

- Verb TO BE

Affirmative Contracted Negative Contracted Interrogative

form form form form form
I am Im I am not Im not - Am I?
You are Youre You are not Youre not You arent Are you?
He is Hes He is not Hes not He isnt Is he?
She is Shes She is not Shes not She isnt Is she?
It is Its It is not Its not It isnt Is it?
We are Were We are not Were not We arent Are we?
 18
You are Youre You are not Youre not You arent Are you?
They are Theyre They are not Theyre not They arent Are they?

- All the regular verbs have the same base form of the infinitive without to to all the
persons in the Simple Present Tense, except the 3rd person of the singular (He, She,
It) which we have to add an S / ES or IES at the end of the verb. Here are the three
forms:
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I watch TV. I dont watch TV. Do I watch TV?
You watch TV. You dont watch TV. Do you watch TV?
He watches TV. He doesnt watch TV. Does he watch TV?
She watches TV. She doesnt watch TV. Does she watch TV?
It watches TV. It doesnt watch TV. Does it watch TV?
We watch TV. We dont watch TV. Do we watch TV?
You watch TV. You dont watch TV. Do you watch TV?
They watch TV. They dont watch TV. Do they watch TV?

SIMPLE PAST

- The past tense of regular verbs end in ed:

to work, worked
If the verb finishes in E: just add D
Learn: learned
If it finishes in "Y" (with a vowel before): add ED
Pray: prayed
If it finishes in Y (with a consonant before): replace Y for I and add ED
Try: tried
If it has just one syllable and finishes in consonant-vowel-consonant: add ED
Stop: stopped

- The past tense of irregular verbs dont end in ED. There are different forms. (read
topic 6.2.1 List of irregular verbs).
to break: broke to come: came

- Interrogative and negative forms we use the auxiliary verb DID.

She arrived late.
Did she arrive late? (Interrogative) She didnt arrive late. (negative)
 19
SIMPLE FUTURE

- We use the auxiliary verb WILL + verbs in infinitive (without to)

I will study (Ill study)

- We also can use: TO BE + going to + the infinitive.

I am going to study

- We can use expressions or words that indicate future

- tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next week, next month, next year
I will study tomorrow
Youll travel next year.

- Negative form of WILL: WILL NOT = WONT

- BE GOING TO x WILL
Use be going to + verb to talk Use will + verb with maybe, probably, I
about plans youve decided on. guess, or I think to talk about possible plans
before youve made a decision.

Where are you going to go?

Im going to go to the beach. Im not sure. Maybe Ill catch up on my
reading.
Im not going to take a vacation. I probably wont take a vacation this year.

What are you going to do?

Im going to do lots of swimming. I guess Ill just stay home.
I dont know. I think Ill go camping.

Exercise
1) Complete the conversation with appropriate forms of be going to or will.
A: Have you made any vacation plans?
B: Well, Ive decided on one thing I........ ................. go camping.
A: Thats great! For how long?
B: I.......... ................. be away for a week.
I only have five days of vacation.
A: So, when are you leaving?
 20
B: Im not sure. I ........... probably leave around the end of May.
A: And where ............ you .......................... go?
B: I havent thought about that yet. I guess I .............. go to one of the national parks.
A: That sounds like fun.
B: Yeah. Maybe I ............... go hiking and do some fishing.
A: ............... you ........................ rent a camper?
B: Im not sure. Actually, I probably .................. rent a camper its too expensive.
A: ................ you ........................ go with anyone?
B: No. I need some time alone. I...... ................ travel by myself.

2) Have you thought about your next vacation? Write answers to these questions. (If
you already have plans, use be going to. If you dont have fixed plans, use will.)
a) How are you going to spend your next vacation? Are you going to go anywhere?
........................................................................................................................................
b) When are you going to take your vacation?
........................................................................................................................................
c) How long are you going to be on vacation?
........................................................................................................................................
d) What are you going to do?
........................................................................................................................................
e) Is anyone going to travel with you?
........................................................................................................................................

3) Writing. Write about the trip you are going to take.

Next summer, Im going to travel to Indonesia with my family. Were
going to visit Borobodur in Central Java. Its one of the biggest temples
in the world. And well probably visit several other temples nearby ...
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE (PRESENT PROGRESSIVE)
In the first level, we studied Present Continues Tense. Do you remember?
PRESENT CONTINUOS
TENSE EXAMPLES MEANING

Present Continuous It is now 11:00. Mary started

to study at 10:00, and she is
- Mary is studying right now still studying at this moment.
X X Her study began in the past,
10:00 11:00 12:00... is in progress at the present
time and probably will
 21
continue.

We use the Present Continuous to talk about something is happening at or

close to the time of speaking.

Subject + verb to be + main verb with ING + ...

When we add ING to the verb we have to analyze its ending. If it ends in:
E - it loses the E and the ING is added = live - living / make - making
Y - just the ING is added = study - studying / play - playing
IE - it loses the IE and the YING is added = die - dying / lie - lying
When a verb ends in consonant / vowel / consonant and the stressed syllable
is the last one, we double the last consonant and add ING.
begin beginning
Attention:
VERB TO HAVE
The verb To Have doesn't take the ING when it has the meaning of " possess" .
I am having a headache. (wrong) I have a headache. (right)

In expressions like: TO HAVE LUNCH and TO HAVE FUN you can have the
Continuous: Whats he doing? Hes having lunch.

PS: The Interrogative and Negative Forms are made with the verb to be.
Shes learning how to dance: Is she learning how to dance?
She isn't learning how to dance.

In this level we will learn more about other Tenses.

6 HAVE YOU EVER GONE TO A THEATER?

6.1 GOING OUT

Pedro: Are you enjoying your trip to Fortaleza?

Maria: Oh, yes. I really like it here.
Pedro: Would you like to do something tonight?
Maria: Sure. Id love to. THEATER
Pedro: Lets see. Have you been to a jazz club yet?
 22
Maria: Yes. Ive already been to several clubs here.
Pedro: Ok. What about an evening riverboat tour?
Maria: Uh, actually, Ive gone twice this week.
Pedro: So, what do you want to do?
Maria: Well, I havent been to the theater in a long time.
Pedro: Oh, OK. I hear theres a terrific show at Amazonas Opera House.
Maria: Great! Lets make a reservation.

6.2 PRESENT PERFECT

The perfect tenses all give the idea that one thing happens before another
time or event. We have: Present Perfect, Past Perfect and Future Perfect. Lets study
Present Perfect:
PRESENT PERFECT
TENSE EXAMPLES MEANING

X X Mary finished studying

study NOW - Mary has already studied sometime before now. The
(time?) exact moment is not
important.

Have you been to a jazz club? Yes, Ive already been to several.
Have they seen the play? No, they havent seen it yet.
Has she gone on a riverboat tour? Yes, shes gone twice this week.
Has he called his parents lately? No, he hasnt called them.

The Present Perfect expresses the idea that something happened (or never
happened) BEFORE NOW, AT AN UNSPECIFIED TIME IN THE PAST. The exact
time it happened is not important.
If there is a specific mention of time the SIMPLE PAST is used. If there isnt a
specific mention of time, you will use PRESENT PERFECT.

Eg: They moved into a new apartment last month. (simple past)
They have moved into a new apartment. (When? We dont know.)
 23

Use:
Subject + HAVE/HAS + main verb in PAST PARTICIPLE + ...

The Present Perfect also expresses the repetition of an activity before now.
The exact moment of each repetition is not important.

Eg: I have written my mother a letter every other day for the last two weeks.

When we use the Present Perfect, theres a connection with now. The action
in the past has a result now.
Eg: Where is you key? I dont know. I have lost it ( = I dont have it now)

Attention:
Contractions
I have - Ive
Have not - Havent
She has - shes
Has not - hasnt

Regular past participles Irregular past participles

call - called Be - been
like - liked Do - done
stop - stopped Eat - eaten
try - tried Go - gone
play - played Have - had
love - loved Make - made
See - seen

6.2.1 List of irregular verbs

Infinitive Past Past Participle Translation

(Infinitivo) (Passado) (Particpio) (Traduo)

arise arose arisen surgir, erguer-se

awake awoke awoken despertar, acordar
be was, were been ser, estar
bear bore born, borne suportar, dar a luz
 24
beat beat beaten bater, espancar
become became become tornar-se
begin began begun comear, iniciar
behold beheld beheld contemplar
bend bent bent curvar, dobrar
bet bet bet apostar
bid bid bid oferecer, concorrer
bind bound bound unir, encadernar
bite bit bitten morder, engolir a isca
blow blew blown (as)soprar, estourar
break broke broken quebrar, romper
bring brought brought trazer
build built built construir, edificar
buy bought bought comprar
cast cast cast arremessar, lanar
catch caught caught pegar, capturar
choose chose chosen escolher
come came come vir; atingir o orgasmo
cost cost cost custar
cut cut cut cortar; reduzir
deal dealt dealt negociar, tratar
dig dug dug cavar, cavoucar
do did done fazer
draw drew drawn sacar, desenhar
drink drank drunk beber
drive drove driven dirigir, ir de carro
eat ate eaten comer
fall fell fallen cair
feed fed fed alimentar, nutrir
feel felt felt sentir, sentir-se
fight fought fought lutar; batalhar
find found found achar, encontrar
flee fled fled fugir, escapar
fling flung flung arremessar
fly flew flown voar, pilotar
forbid forbade forbidden proibir
forget forgot forgot, forgotten esquecer
forgive forgave forgiven perdoar
freeze froze frozen congelar, paralizar
get got gotten, got obter, conseguir
give gave given dar, conceder
go went gone ir
 25
grow grew grown crescer, cultivar
have had had ter, beber, comer
hear heard heard ouvir, escutar
hide hid hidden, hid esconder
hit hit hit bater, ferir
hold held held segurar
hurt hurt hurt machucar, ferir
keep kept kept guardar, manter
know knew known saber, conhecer
lay laid laid pr (ovos)
lead led led liderar, guiar
leave left left deixar, partir
lend lent lent dar emprestado
let let let deixar, alugar
lie lay lain deitar(se)
lose lost lost perder, extraviar
make made made fazer, fabricar
mean meant meant significar
meet met met encontrar, conhecer
pay paid paid pagar
put put put colocar, pr
quit quit quit abandonar, largar de...
read read read ler
ride rode ridden andar, cavalgar
ring rang rung tocar (campainha)
rise rose risen subir, erguer-se
run ran run correr, concorrer
saw sawed sawn serrar
say said said dizer
see saw seen ver; entender
seek sought sought procurar
sell sold sold vender
send sent sent mandar, enviar
set set set pr, colocar, ajustar
shake shook shaken sacudir, tremer
shine shone shone brilhar, reluzir
shoot shot shot atirar, alvejar
show showed shown mostrar, exibir
shut shut shut fechar, cerrar
sing sang sung cantar
sink sank sunk afundar, submergir
sit sat sat sentar
 26
sleep slept slept dormir
speak spoke spoken falar
spend spent spent gastar, passar (tempo)
spread spread spread espalhar, difundir
spring sprang sprung saltar, pular
stand stood stood ficar de p, agentar
steal stole stolen roubar, furtar
stick stuck stuck cravar, fincar, enfiar
strike struck struck golpear, bater
swear swore sworn jurar, prometer
sweep swept swept varrer
swim swam swum nadar
swing swung swung balanar, alternar
take took taken tomar, pegar, aceitar
teach taught taught ensinar, dar aula
tear tore torn rasgar, despedaar
tell told told contar (uma histria)
think thought thought pensar
throw threw thrown atirar, arremessar
understand understood understood entender, compreender
uphold upheld upheld sustentar, apoiar
wear wore worn vestir, usar, desgastar
win won won vencer, ganhar
wind wound wound enrolar, dar corda
write wrote written escrever, redigir

Exercise

1) How many times have you done these things in the past week?

a) Clean the house. Useful expressions

Ive cleaned the house once this week. - once
- twice
or - three times
I havent cleaned the house this week. - every day
 27
b) Make your bed.
........................................................................................................................................
c) Cook dinner.
........................................................................................................................................
d) Do laundry.
........................................................................................................................................
e) Wash the dishes.
........................................................................................................................................
f) Go grocery shopping.
........................................................................................................................................

2) Read the situations and write sentences. Use the following verbs

arrive break fall go up grow improve lose

a) Mary is looking for her book. She dont know where it is.
She has lost her book
b) Jim cant work and his leg is in plaster.
........................................................................................................................................
c) Lisas English wasnt very good. Now it is better.
........................................................................................................................................
d) John didnt have a dog before. Now he has a dog.
........................................................................................................................................
e) The temperature was 38 degrees. Now it is 28!
........................................................................................................................................

6.3 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF ED ENDINGS

Final ed has three different pronunciations: /t/, /d/ and /d/:

Sound /t/ Final ed is pronounced /t/ after voiceless sounds.

Looked: look/t/ Voiceless sounds are made by pushing air through your mouth. The
Finished: finish/t/ sound doesnt come from your throat.
Watched: watch/t/ Examples of voiceless sounds: k, p, ch, sh, f.
 28

Sound /d/ Final ed is pronounced /d/ after voiced sounds.

Saved: save/d/ Voiced sounds come from your throat. If you touch your neck when
Smelled: smell/d/ you make a voiced sound, you can feel your voice box vibrate.
Played: play/d/ Examples of voiced sounds: l, v, n, b and all vowel sounds.

Sound /d/ Final ed is pronounced /d/ after t and d sounds.

Decided: decide/d/ The sound /d/ adds a whole syllable to a word.
Needed: need/d/
Wanted: want/d/

7 A TIME TO REMEMBER

Frank: Oh, Im really sorry. Are you OK?

Lusa: Im fine. But Im not very good at this.
Frank: Neither am I. Say, are you from South
America?
Lusa: Yes, I am, originally. I was born in Argentina.
Frank: Did you grow up there?
Lusa: Yes, I did, but my family moved here eight years ago, when I was in high
school.
Frank: And where did you learn to Rollerblade?
Lusa: Here in the park. This is only my second time.
Frank: Well, its my first time. Can you give me some lessons?
Lusa: Sure. Just follow me.
Frank: By the way, my name is Frank.
Lusa: And Im Lusa. Nice to meet you.

DO YOU REMEMBER?

7.1 PAST TENSE

We use the past simple to talk about actions or situations in the past.
Where were you born? I was born in South Amrica.
Were you born in Brazil? No, I wasnt born in Argentina.

Where did you grow up? I grew up in Buenos Aires.

When did you move here? I moved here eight years ago, when I was in
 29

7.1.1 To Be (Past Tense)

PRESENT PAST
I am I was
you are you were
he he
she is she was
it it
we we
you are you were
they they

Exercise
1) Complete these conversations. Then practice with a partner.
a)
A: Could you tell me a little about yourself?
Where ............. you born?
B: I ............. born in South Korea.
A: ................. you grow up there?
B: No, I ............... I ................ up in Canada.
b)
A: Where ............... you ........... to high school?
B: I .............. to high school in Ecuador.

c)
A: ............ you study English when you .............. a child?
B: Yes, I ............
 30
A: How old ................ you when you began to study English?
B: I ............. eleven years old.

2) Interview a classmate you dont know very well. Ask questions like the ones below
and take notes. Start like this:
A: Hi! My names ...............
B: Hello. Im ................. Nice to meet you.
A: Good to meet you, too. Could you tell me a little about yourself?
B: Sure. What do you want to know?
A: Well, where were you born?

Where were you born?

Did you grow up there?
Where did you go to elementary shcool?
Where did you go to high school?
Did you study any foreign languages?
When did you first study English?
How old were you when you moved to ..............?
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
7.2 DESCRIBING EVENTS

Davi: So, how was your weekend?

Sonia: Oh, really good. I went to see
Roberto Carlos.
Davi: The singer?
Sonia: Thats right. Have you ever
 31
seen him?
David: Yes, I have. I saw his show in
Manaus last year. Hes terrific.
Sonia: Yeah. He does some incredible things.
David: Have you ever been to Paris?
Sonia: No, Ive never been there.
David: You should go sometime. Its an interesting city,
and the hotels are wonderful.

7.3 PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST TENSE

Use the present perfect for an indefinite time in the past. Use the past tense
for a specific event in the past.

Have you ever seen a MPB show? Yes, I have. I saw a MPB show last year.
No, I havent. But my sister saw Chico
Buarque.
Have you ever been to Paris? Yes, I have. I went there in September.
No, I havent. Ive never been there.
Note:
The present perfect (something has happened) is a PRESENT tense. It tells
us about the situation NOW.
The past simple (something happened) tell us about the PAST.

Attention:
- Do not use the present perfect if the situation now is different. Compare:
It has stopped raining now, so we dont need the umbrella (it isnt raining now)
It stopped raining for a while, but now its raining again (not It has stopped)

- You can use the present perfect for new or recent happenings.
Have you heard the news? Mary has won the lottery!

- But you must use past simple (not the present perfect) for things that are
not recent or new.
Shakespeare was a writer. He wrote great books

Exercise
 32

1) Complete these conversations. Use the present perfect and the past tense of the
verbs given and short answers. Then practice with a partner.
a) A: ........... you ever ............. skiing? (go)
B: Yes, I ............. I ............skiing once in Colorado.

b) A: ............ you ever ............ something valuable? (lose)

B: No, I ........... But my brother ........... his camera on a trip once.

c) A: ............ you ever .............. a traffic ticket? (get)

B: Yes, I ........... Once I .......... a ticket and had to pay $50.

d) A: ............ you ever .............. a body-building competition?

B: Yes, I ............. I ............ the National Championships this year.

e) A: ............ you ever .............. late for an important appointment? (be)

B: No, I ................ But my sister ............. 30 minutes late for her wedding!

Simple past: completed events at a Present perfect: events with a time

definite time in the past period up to the present
Did you eat snails at the restaurant last Have you ever eaten snails at the
night? restaurant?
No, I didnt. No, I havent.
Did you go out for dinner on Saturday? Have you been to a French restaurant?
Yes, I did. Yes, I have.
I went to a Korean restaurant last week. Ive never been to a Greek restaurant.
Exercise

1) Complete these conversations. Then practice with a partner.

a) A: Have you ever ................. (be) to a picnic at the beach?
B: Yes, I ................ It was fun!
b) A: Did you .................. (have) dinner at home last night?
B: No, I .................... I ................ (go) out for dinner.
c) A: Have you .................. (try) sushi?
B: No, I ......................., but Id like to.
 33
d) A: Did you ............... (have) breakfast this morning?
B: Yes, I ............... I ................... (eat) a huge breakfast.

e) A: Have you ever ................. (eat) at a Mexican restaurant?

B: Yes, I .............. The food .............. (be) delicious!

2) Take turns asking and answering the questions before. Give your own information.

8 MEXICO CITY

Pedro: Can you tell me a little about Mexico City?

Maria: Sure I can. What would you like to know?
Pedro: Well, whats a good time to visit?
Maria: I think you can go anytime. The weather is
always nice.
Pedro: Oh, good! And what should I see there?
Maria: Well, you should visit the National
Museum and go to the Palace of Fine Arts.
Pedro: What else?
Maria: Oh, you shouldnt miss the Pyramid of
the Sun. Its very interesting.
Pedro: It all sounds really exciting!

8.1 MODAL VERBS CAN AND SHOULD

We use can to say that something is possible or that someone has the ability to
do something. We use CAN + INFINITIVE
Can you tell me about Mexico? Yes, I can.
No, I cant. (cannot)
What can you do there? You can see the Palace of Fine Arts.
Can you speak Japanese? Yes, I can do it very well
No, I cant. (cannot)
We often use should when we say what we think is a good thing to do or the
right thing to do.
Should I go to the Palace of Fine Arts? Yes, you should.
 34

Attention:
- Sometimes COULD is the past of can. We use could especially with:
see hear smell taste feel remember understand
I was sitting at the back of the classroom and I couldnt hear very well.
We could see many animals at the Zoo

- You can also use SHOULD to give advices or give opinions:

You look tired. You should go to home
Should we invite Mary to the party? Yes, we should

Exercise
1) Complete these sentences about things to do in France. Use the verbs from the
list.
Should spend
a) You ............................... Paris. Can see
Can go
b) You ............................... the Eiffel Tower. Should visit
c) You ............................... French food. Should try
Shouldnt miss
d) You ............................... shopping at the flea markets.
e) You ............................... a boat ride on the Seine River.
f) You ............................... a morning at the Louvre Museum.
2) Write answers to these questions about your country. Then compare with a
partner.
a) What time of year should you go there?
........................................................................................................................................
b) What are three things you can do there?
........................................................................................................................................
c) Can you buy anything special?
........................................................................................................................................
d) What shouldnt a visitor miss?
 35
........................................................................................................................................
e) What shouldnt people do?
........................................................................................................................................

8.1.1 Should X Must / Have to

Should is not as strong as Must or Have to.
When we use should it means that it would be a good thing to do. But if we
use must or have to, it means that we dont have alternative; its the only thing to do:
You should apologize (= it would be a good thing to do)
You must apologize / You have to apologize (= you have no alternative)
Must and have to both express necessity, but have to is used more
commonly than must. Must is usually stronger than have to and can indicate
urgency or stress importance.

When used in the negative, must and have to have different

meanings:
- DO NOT HAVE TO = lack of necessity
Eg: Tomorrow is Saturday. You dont have to go to class. (Its not
necessary to go to class tomorrow because it is a Saturday)

- MUST NOT (MUSTNT)= prohibition

Eg: You must not look in the closet. Your birthday present is there and you will see it
just tomorrow (You do not look in the closed. It is prohibited, said your mother).

8.2 FAMOUS CITIES

What cities are famous in your country? Why are they famous?
1 2 3
 36

This beautiful city in This American city is the Travelers use many words
northeastern Italy is built main business and cultural to describe this South
on about 120 small center of the Midwest. It is American city: beautiful,
islands. The city has no famous for its music, opera, sunny, glamorous, friendly,
roads. Instead, people use and theater. It also has and exciting. It is the city of
boats to travel along the excellent museums. When the Carnival, when
canals. Flat-bottomed shopping in this city, you everyone dances the
boats called gondolas can visit a long row of samba in the streets.
were once the main fashionable stores on North Tourists also love to visit its
means of transportation, Michigan Avenue. This area fabulous beaches and
but today motorboats are is called the Magnificent mountains. You shouldnt
more popular. You should Mile. One of the worlds miss the National Park of
see St. Marks Square tallest buildings, the John Tijuca one of the largest
the center of activity in this Hancock Center, is also on city parks in the world.
city. It has wonderful this avenue.
Renaissance buildings.

Which city 1: Which city 2: Which city 3:

( ) Paris ( ) New York ( ) Mexico City
( ) Venice ( ) San Francisco ( ) Rio de Janeiro
( ) Rome ( ) Chicago ( ) Havana

8.3 PREFER AND WOULD RATHER

You use PREFER to say what you prefer in general. You can use prefer to
(VERB) or prefer VERB + -ING:
 37
Eg: I dont like cities. I prefer to live in the country.
or
I prefer living in the country.

You will use PREFER just with these structures:

1) I (or other subject) prefer SOMETHING to SOMETHING ELSE

Eg: I prefer sandwich to pizza.

2) I (or other subject) prefer DOING (Verb -ING) something to DOING something
else.
Eg: Sara prefers eating sandwich to eating pizza.

ATTENTION:
3) I (or other subject) prefer TO DO (or other verb) something RATHER THAN (DO,
or other verb) something else.
Eg: I prefer to live in the country RATHER THAN live in a city. or
I prefer to live in the country RATHER THAN in a city.

You use WOULD PREFER (ID PREFER) to say what somebody wants in a
specific situation (not in general):
Eg: Would you prefer tea or coffee?

ATTENTION:
We use: would prefer TO DO (verb in infinitive) something, and not would
prefer DOING something.
Eg: Id prefer to drive (CORRECT)
Id prefer driving (NOT CORRECT)

We also can use WOULD RATHER (ID RATHER) to say what somebody
wants in a specific situation. But in this case we use would rather DO (verb in
infinitive without TO). Compare:
Eg: Shall we go by train? Id prefer TO DRIVE
Id rather DRIVE
Other important structure is:
 38
- Id rather DO (verb in infinitive without TO) something THAN DO something else
Eg: Id rather STAY (verb without TO) at home THAN GO to the cinema.

9 ITS A VERY EXCITING CITY!

9.1 DESCRIBING CITIES

Rafael: Where in Canada are you from,

Celine?
Celine: Im from Toronto.
Rafael: Oh, Ive never been there.
Whats it like?
Celine: Its a fairly big city, but its not too big. The nightlife is good, too.
Rafael: Is it expensive there?
Celine: No, its not too bad.
Rafael: And whats the weather like in Toronto?
Celine: Well, its pretty cold in the winter, and very hot and humid in the summer.
Its nice in the spring and fall, though.

9.2 ADVERBS AND ADJECTIVES; CONJUNCTIONS

Its a very exciting city. Its too expensive, however.

Its not very exciting. Its really beautiful, though.
Its a fairly big city, but its not too big.
Its pretty safe, and its very friendly.

Exercise
1) Match the questions with the answers. Then practice the conversations.
[ ] Whats Hong Kong life? A. Oh, really? Its beautiful, and its very clean.
It has a great harbor and beautiful beaches.
 39
[ ] Do you like hometown? B. Yes, many times. Its a very modern city.
Its too hot in the summer, though.

[ ] Whats Sydney like? C. Yes, it is. Its very exciting.

Ive never been there. Its really crowded, however.

[ ] Have you ever been to D. No, I hate it. Its not too small, but its
So Paulo? pretty boring. Thats why I moved away.

2) What do you think of these cities?

a) Rio de Janeiro
........................................................................................................................................
b) Belm
........................................................................................................................................
c) Manaus
........................................................................................................................................
d) Fortaleza
........................................................................................................................................

3) Pair work. Ask one student about this or her hometown. Then ask follow-up
questions to get more information.
Whats your city like?
Is it an interesting place?
Is it very big?
Is it safe?
Is it clean?
Is it very expensive?
Whats the nightlife like? Whats the weather like? Do you like it there?

4) Writing. Think of an interesting city in your country. Write a short composition

about it.
9.3 THE ORDER OF ADJECTIVES

Sometimes we use more than one adjective together to describe something.

Look:
Eg: My mother lives in a nice new house.
 40

How to decide which adjective go before? Opinion adjectives usually go

before fact adjective.
Opinion adjective tell us what somebody thinks of something or somebody.
Eg: nice, beautiful, delicious
Fact adjective give us factual information about age, size, color etc. Eg: young,
large, green
The correct order is: OPINION ADJECTIVE + FACT ADJECTIVE
Eg: a NICE SMALL city
Presidente Figueiredo is a BEAUTIFUL SMALL city
In Rio de Janeiro we have GREAT HOT summer time.

Sometimes we use two or more fact adjectives together. In this case, usually
(but not always) we put fact adjectives in this order:
1st: HOW BIG? 2nd: HOW OLD? 3rd: WHAT COLOR?
4th: WHERE FROM? 5th: WHAT IS IT MADE OF?

Eg: a tall (1) young (2) man.

an old (2) black book.
big (1) green (3) eyes.

Attention:
- Adjectives of size and length (big, small, short, long etc.) usually go before adjective
of shape and width (round, fat, thin, slim, wide etc)
Eg: a tall thin girl

- When we use more than one COLOR, we use and:

Eg: a black and white dress

9.4 READING: TO TIP OR NOT TO TIP?

Do you tip for services in your country? When?

Canadians and Americans

usually tip in places like restaurants,
 41
airports, hotels, and hair salons because many people who work in these places get
low salaries. A tip shows that the customer is pleased with the service.
At airports, porters usually get a dollar tip for each bag. Hotel bellhops usually
get a dollar for carrying one or two suitcases. A hotel door attendant or parking valet
also gets about a dollar for getting a taxi or for parking a car. Many people also tip
hotel room attendants, especially when they stay in a hotel for several days. They
usually leave a dollar for each day.
The usual tip for other kinds of services for example, for taxi drivers, barbers,
hairdressers, waiters, and waitresses is between 10 and 20 percent of the bill. The
size of the tip depends on how pleased the customer is. In most restaurants, the
check does not include a service charge. If the group is large, however, there may be
an added service charge. There is no tipping in cafeterias or fast-food restaurants.

Questions

1) How much should you tip someone in North America who:

a- Takes your bag at an airport?
........................................................................................................................................
b- Parks your car at a hotel or restaurant?
........................................................................................................................................
c- Serves you in a fast-food restaurant?
........................................................................................................................................

2) Do you think tipping is a good or bad custom? Why?

........................................................................................................................................

10 MAY I TAKE YOUR ORDER, PLEASE?

10.1 GOING OUT FOR DINNER

Susan: Say, do you want to go out to dinner toninght?

Paulo: Sure. Where would you like to go?
Susan: Well, what do you think of Indian food?
Paulo: I love it, but Im not really in the mood for it today.
 42
Susan: Yeah. Im not either, I guess. Its a big spicy.
Paulo: Hmm. How do you like Japanese food?
Susan: Oh, I like it a lot.
Paulo: I do, too. And I know a nice Japanese restaurant near here its called Iroha.
Susan: Oh, Ive always wanted to go there.
Paulo: Terrific! Lets go!

10.2 SO, TOO, NEITHER, EITHER

Read:
I like Japanese food a lot. I dont like Japanese food a lot.
So do I. / I do, too. Neither do I. / I dont either.
Really? I dont like it very much. Oh, I like it a lot.

Im crazy about dessert. Im not in the mood for Indian food.

So am I / I am, too. Neither am I / I am not either.
Oh, Im not at all. Really? I am.

I can eat really spicy food. I cant stand fast food.

So can I. / I can, too. Neither can I. / I cant either.
Oh, I cant. Oh, I love it!

Exercise

1) Write responses to show agreement with these statements.

a) Im not crazy about French food. ..............................................................................
b) I can eat any kind of food. ................................................................................
c) I think Mexican food is delicious. ...............................................................................
d) I cant stand greasy food. .................................................................................
e) I dont like salty food. ................................................................................
f) Im in the mood for something spicy............................................................................
g) Im crazy about Korean food......................................................................................
h) I dont enjoy rich food very much................................................................................
i) I always eat healthy food.............................................................................................
j) I cant eat bland food...................................................................................
 43
2) Answer the following statements:
a) Two kinds of food you like.
........................................................................................................................
b) Two kinds of food you cant stand.
.........................................................................................................................
c) Two kinds of food you are in the mood for.
.........................................................................................................................
3) Complete the chart with words from the list.

Apple pie cold pasta salad chicken broth coffee

Cole slaw hamburger & fries grilled salmon ice cream
Iced tea mixed greens roast turkey clam chowder
Milk Onion soup chocolate cake

Soups Salads Main dishes Desserts Beverages

....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... .......................
....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... .......................
....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... .......................
....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... .......................
....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... .......................
....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... .......................
....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... .......................
....................... ....................... ....................... ....................... .......................

11 ORDERING A MEAL

11.1 IN A RESTAURANT

Waiter: May I take your order?

Customer: Yes. Id like a hamburger and a large
order of French fries, please.
Waiter: All right. And would you like a salad?
Customer: Yes, Ill have a mixed green salad.
Waiter: OK. What kind of dressing would you like?
We have vinaigrette, Italian, and French.
 44
Customer: Italian, please.
Waiter: And would you like anything to drink?
Customer: Yes, Id like a large soda, please.

11.2 MODAL VERBS WOULD AND WILL FOR REQUESTS

Contractions
I will = Ill I will not = I wont
I would = Id I would not = I wouldnt

What would you like to eat? Id like a hamburger.

Ill have a small salad.

What kind of dressing would you like? Id like Italian, please.

Ill have French.

What would you like to drink? Id like a large soda.

Ill have coffee.

Would you like anything else? Yes, please. Id like some water.
No, thank you. That will be all.

People uses Id like... as a polite way of saying what they want.

Exercise
1) Complete the conversation:
Waitress: What ............... you like to order?
Customer: I............ have the fried chicken.
Waitress: ............... you like rice or potatoes?
Customer: Potatoes, please.
Waitress: What kind of potatoes would you ............? Mashed, baked, or French
fries?
Customer: I........... like French fries.
Waitress: OK. And what will you ............ to drink?
Customer: I guess I............ have a cup of coffee.
 45
Waitress: Would you ............ anything else?
Customer: No, that ........... be all for now, thanks.
Waitress: Would you ............. dessert?
Customer: Yes, I........ like ice cream.
Waitress: What flavor ............. you like?
Customer: Hmm. I........ have chocolate, please.
Waitress: OK. Ill bring it right away.

2) Make the following dialogue in a coffee shop.

Student A: You are a customer in a coffee shop.
This is what you want to order for lunch:
Tomato and cucumber salad garlic bread
Spaghetti and meatballs iced tea with lemon
Student B: You are the waiter or waitress.
Take your customers order.

3) Writing. Have you eaten out at a restaurant recently? How was it? Write a review
of the restaurant and the meal you had there.

The Surf and Turf Restaurant

I had lunch at the Surf and Turf Restaurant last week. Its a steak and
seafood restaurant. I ordered a steak and a Caesar salad. For dessert,
I had chocolate cake and coffee. My meal cost about $24 with the tip.
The waiter was helpful. The coffee wasnt very good, but the
salad and steak were delicious. Id go back to the Surf and Turf.
12 WHEN I WAS A CHILD

Tom: Hey! Are these pictures of you when you were a kid?
Kim: Yeah. Thats me in front of my uncles beach house. When
I was a child, we used to spend two weeks there every summer.
Tom: Wow, I bet that was fun!
Kim: Yeah. We always had a great time. Every day we used to get
up early and walk along the beach. I had a great shell
collection. In fact, I think its still up in the attic!
Tom: Hey, I used to collect shells, too, when I was a kid. But
 46
my parents threw them out!

12.1 USED TO

Used to refers to something that you regularly did in the past but dont do any
more.
We also use used to for things that were true, but are not true any more.

When I was a kid, we used to stay at my uncles beach house.

Did you use to have a hobby?
Yes, I used to collect shells.
What games did you use to play?
I used to play chess.

I used to do something is past. Theres no present form. You cant say I use
to do. If you want to talk about the present, use the present simple (I do).

Eg: We used to live in a small village, but now we live in So Paulo.

Attention:
- The normal question form is:
DID Subject USE TO.?
Eg: Did you use to live in So Paulo when you were a child?

- The negative form is:

DIDNT USE TO or USED NOT TO..
Eg: I didnt use to like her or I used not to like her

Exercise
1) Complete these sentences. Then compare with a partner.
a) In elementary school, I used to ...............................................................................
b) I used to be .............................., but Im not anymore.
 47
c) When I was a kid, I used to play .............................................................................
d) After school, my best friend and I used to ..............................................................

2) Write five more sentences about yourself using used to. Do you and your partner
have anything in common?

3) Write about the things you used to do as a child.

For example: When I was four years old, my family move to

Oregon. We had an old two-story house and a big
yard to play in. My older brother and I used to
play lots of games together. In the summer, my
favorite outdoor game was hide-and-seek. It was
both fun and scary because we ...

12.2 PAST CONTINUOS (PAST PROGRESSIVE)

Look:

I started doing I was doing I finished doing

PAST PAST NOW

EXAMPLES MEANING
I started to study at 10:00 last night. Mary
arrived at 11:00. I was still studying when
She arrived.
- I was studying when Mary I started before and was in progress at a
arrived particular time in the past. It continued
after Mary arrived.
When I say that I was doing something I want to say I was in the middle of
doing something at a certain time. The action or situation had already started before
this time, but had not finished.

12.2.1 Past Continuous x Past Simple

Comparing the Past continuous (I was doing) and Past Simple (I did) we have:

PAST CONTINUOS PAST SIMPLE

(in the middle of an action) (complete action)
 48
- I was walking home when I met Suzy - I walked home after the class last morning
(I was doing an action walking when I did (I completed an action: walk)
another action: met Suzy)

We often use the past simple and the past continuous together to say that
something happened in the middle of something else:
- Mary was raining when I arrived.
- I saw you in your job yesterday. You were reading a book.

We use past simple to say that one thing happened after another:
- We were having dinner, when Suzy arrived.

Compare:
- When Suzy arrived, we were having dinner - When Suzy arrived, we had dinner
(we had already started before she arrived) (Suzy arrived and then we had dinner)

12.2.2 Past Continuous x USED TO

Compare:
- I used to watch TV when I was a child. (I watched TV regularly in the past, but I no
longer do this).
- I was watching TV when my brother called. (I was in the middle of watching TV
when my brother called).

12.3 REPORTED SPEECH (HE/SHE SAID THAT) Im not feeling

well...

Look this example:

You want to tell somebody what Mary said.

There are two ways of doing this: using the direct speech or using the
REPORTED SPEECH.

Compare:
DIRECT: Mary said, I am not feeling well.
REPORTED: Mary said THAT SHE WAS NOT FEELING WELL.
 49
You can repeat Marys words (DIRECT) or you can use REPORTED
SPEECH.
When we use reported speech, the main verb of the sentence is usually past.
The rest of the sentence is usually past too:
Mary said that she was not feeling well

You can leave out THAT:

Mary said that she was not feeling well or Mary said she was not feeling well

In general, the PRESENT form in direct speech changes to the PAST for in
reported speech. Look these examples:

Paula and her friend Sara are talking on Saturday night

- Hi Sara. Im fine.
- My mother is very well.
- I have a new job!
- Sorry! I cant go to your party tomorrow because I have to
work in the next day.
(Paula)

Now, Sara tell your friend Mike what Paula said

- Paula said that her mother was very well
- She said she had a new job
- She said that she couldnt come to the party because
she has to work tomorrow

(Mike and Sara)

The PAST SIMPLE can usually stay the same in reported speech. But you can
change it to the PAST PERFECT

Example:
DIRECT: Mary said: I woke up feeling ill
REPORTED: Mary said (that) she woke up feeling ill
or
Mary said (that) she had woken up feeling ill.
 50

Exercise

1. Yesterday you met Lucy. Here are some of the things Lucy tell you:

- Im living in So Paulo (a)

- Im enjoying my job very much (b)
- My mother is not very well (c)
- My cell phone was stolen a few days ago (d)
- I want to buy a car (e)
- Im going to travel to London (f)

Today you will tell your friend what Lucy said:

a) Lucy said that she was living in So Paulo.
b) She said that..
c) ..
d) ..
e) ..
f) ..

2. Ask some information about a friend. Report the information to the class using
REPORTED SPEECH.

ATTENTION
1) Its not always necessary to change the verb in reported speech. If you report
something and the situation has not changed, you dont need to change the verb.

Example:

DIRECT: John said my school is very nice

REPORTED: John said that his school is very nice

Why? Because his school is still nice! But you can also change the verb to
the past:
John said that his school was very nice.
 51

If the situation change you use past. But if the situation is still the same, you
dont need change it.

2) SAY and TELL

a) If you say who somebody is talking to, use TELL:

- Paula told ME that you were living in Manaus. (not: Paula said me that)
- Did you tell YOUR MOTHER that you will stay here? (not: Did you said you
mother)

b) Otherwise use SAY:

- Paula said that you were living in Manaus. (not: Paula told that you were living)
- Did you said (that) you will stay here? (not: Did you told (that) you will stay here?)

c) BUT you can use SAY something TO somebody:

- Paula SAID goodbye (something) TO me (somebody). (not: Paula said me
goodbye. In this situation, the correct is case b: Paula told me goodbye)

13 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

Slvio: Why is there never a bus when you want one?

Leila: Good question. There arent enough
buses on this route.
Slvio: Sometimes I feel like writing a letter to
the paper.
Leila: Good idea. You should say that we need
more subway lines, too.
 52
Salvo: Yeah. There should be more public transportation
in general.
Leila: And fewer cars! Theres too much traffic.
Slvio: Say, is that our bus coming?
Leila: Yes, it is. But look. Its full.
Slvio: Oh, no! Lets go and get a cup of coffee.
We can talk about this letter Im going to write.

13.1 VOCABULARY OF TRANSPORT

bicycle, van submarine

bike

motorbike, lorry (UK), balloon

motorcycle truck (US)

car (UK), train plane,

auto, automobile (US) airplane

bus ship helicopter

13.2 ADVERBS OF QUANTITY

With countable nouns With uncountable nouns
There are too many cars. There is too much traffic.
There arent enough buses. There isnt enough parking.
We need more subway lines. We need more public transportation.
There should be fewer cars. There should be less pollution.
Exercise
1) Complete these statements about transportation problems. Then compare with a
partner. (More than one answer may be possible).
a) There are ................................ police officers.
 53
b) There should be ....................... cars in the city.
c) There is ......................... public transportation.
d) The government needs to build ................ highways.
e) There should be .................. noise.
f) We should have .................. public parking garage.
g) There is ......................... air pollution in the city.
h) There are ....................... cars parked on the streets.

2) Complete these statements about the city you are living in. Then compare with
others.
a) The city needs to provide more ................................................................................
b) We have too many ...................................................................................................
c) Theres too much .....................................................................................................
d) There should be fewer .............................................................................................
e) We dont have enough .............................................................................................
f) There should be less ................................................................................................

3) How would you rate the transportation services in your city? Complete the chart.
Give each item a rating from 1 to 5.
1 = terrific 2 = good 3 = average (OK) 4 = needs improvement 5 = terrible
..................... the ships system
..................... taxi service
..................... the bus system
..................... facilities for pedestrians
..................... parking
4) Write a paragraph about transportation in your city.

Public transportation is good in my city. We have an

excellent bus system. The traffic moves quickly,
except at rush hour. However, we need more public
parking. There arent enough parking spaces
downtown, so it always takes too much time to find a
space.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
 54
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................

14 WHERE THE BANK IS?

14.1 LOOKING FOR INFORMATION

Erica: Excuse me. Could you tell me where the

bank is?
Man: Theres one upstairs, across from the
duty-free shop.
Erica: Oh, thanks. Do you know what time it
opens?
Man: It should be open now. It opens at 8:00
A.M.
Erica: Good. And can you tell me how often the buses leave for the city?
Man: You need to check at the transportation counter. Its right down the hall.
Erica: OK. And just one more thing. Do you know where the nearest restroom is?
Man: Right behind you, maam. See that sign?
Erica: Oh. Thanks a lot.

14.2 INDIRECT QUESTIONS FROM WH-QUESTIONS?

Wh-questions with be Indirect questions

Where is the bank? Could you tell me where the bank is?
Where is the taxi stand? Do you know where the taxi stand is?

Wh-questions with do or did Indirect questions

How often do the buses leave for the city? Can you tell me how often the buses
leave for the city?

When did Flight 566 arrive? Do yo know when Flight 566 arrived?
What time does the duty-free shop open? Do yo know what time the duty-free
shop opens?
 55

Exercise
1) Write indirect questions using these Wh-questions:
a) How much does a newspaper cost?
........................................................................................................................................
b) Where the nearest cash machine?
........................................................................................................................................
c) What time do the banks open?
........................................................................................................................................
d) How often do the buses come?
........................................................................................................................................
e) Where can you get a good hamburger?
........................................................................................................................................
f) Do you know what time the duty-free shop opens?
........................................................................................................................................
2) Take turns asking the questions you wrote in part 1. Give your own information
when answering.
A: Do you know how often the buses come?
B: Every half hour.

14.3 QUESTION TAGS

Look these examples:

Your cat doesnt look
well today, does he?
No, he is
sick, I guess

You are tired, arent you?

 56

No teacher, we are OK.

Does he? And arent you? are QUESTION TAGS. Question Tags are mini-
questions that we often put on the end of a sentence in SPOKEN English. We use an
auxiliary verb in question tags.

ATTENTION
1)
Normally we use a NEGATIVE question tag
after a POSITIVE sentence
- Paul will travel tomorrow, wont he?
- Anne should pass the exam, shouldnt she?
And a POSITIVE question tag after
a NEGATIVE sentence
- Paul wont buy a car, will he?
- Anne doesnt like Paul, does she?

In the sentence: Helen plays the piano, the question tag that we can use
is doesnt she? Why? Dont forget: in this case the auxiliary verb is DO.

Helen plays the piano, doesnt she?

ATTENTION
2) Notice the meaning of YES and NO in answer to a negative sentence!
When you ask, for example:

You are NOT going to the party, are you?

- YES (= yes, I am going to the party)
- NO (=no, I am not going to the party)

3) There are some specific cases:

- After LETS the question tag is SHALL WE:
Lets go London, shall we?
 57

- After DONT the question tag is WILL YOU:

Dont be late, will you?

- After IM the NEGATIVE question tag is ARENT I? (=AM I NOT?)

Im wrong, arent I? Yes, you are

4) The question tag can have different meanings. It depends on how you say it. If
your voice goes DOWN, you are not really asking a question. In this case, you are
only inviting the listener to AGREE with you.

Example:
- Its a nice day, isnt it?
- Yes, beautiful.

But if your voice goes UP, its a real question:

- You havent seen Paul today, have you?
- No.

15 MY LAST VACATIONS

15.1 WHAT PEOPLE LIKE TO DO ON VACATION?

a) Discover something new
( ) take language, cooking, or sailing lessons.
( ) join sailing an archaeological dig.

b) Enjoy nature
( ) go camping, hiking, or fishing.
( ) relax at the beach.

c) Take an exciting trip

( ) visit a foreign country.
( ) travel through their own country by car or bus.

d) Stay home
 58
( ) Catch up on reading.
( ) fix up or redecorate the house.

2) Which of the activities above do you like to do on vacation?

3) Make a list of other activities you like to do on vacation.
4)
15.2 PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

Study this example:

Sarah went to Fox Company last week. Julia went to the

company too, but they didnt see each other. Julia left the
Company at 11:30 and Sarah arrived at 12 oclock.
So when Sarah arrived at the company, Julia wasnt
there. She HAD GONE home.

HAD GONE is the Past Perfect Simple.

You use:

SUBJECT + HAD + Verb in Past Participle (gone/finished/eaten)

Sometimes we talk about something that happened in the past. We use

Simple Past:
- Sarah arrived at 12 oclock

This is the starting point of the story. Then, if we want to talk about things that
happened before this time, we use the Past Perfect:
- When Sarah arrived at the company, Julia had already gone home.

Exercise

1) Read the situations and write sentences from the words in brackets.
a) You went to Marys house, but she wasnt there.
 59
(she / go / out) She had gone out
b) You went back to your grandmothers house after some years. It wasnt the same
as before.
(it / change / a lot) .

c) I invited Paul to the English Class, but he couldnt come.

(he / arrange / to do something else).

d) You went to the cinema last weekend. You got to the cinema late.
(the film / already / begin)

e) I offered Lucy something to eat, but she wasnt hungry.

(she / just / have / breakfast)

16 TRAVEL ABROAD

16.1 TRAVEL TO EUROPE

Lucy: Hey, Mom. I want to

travel around Europe
this Summer. What do
you think?
Mom: Travel around Europe?
That sounds dangerous!
You shouldnt go by yourself.
You ought to go with someone.
Lucy: Yes, Ive thought of that.
Mom: And youd better talk to your father first.
Lucy: I already did. He thinks its a great idea.
He wants to come with me!

16.2 MODALS FOR NECESSITY AND SUGGESTION

Giving suggestions
Youd better talk to your father.
You ought to go with someone.
You should take warm clothes.
You shouldnt go by yourself.
 60

Describing necessity
You have to get a passport.
You must get a visa for some countries.
You need to take money.
For some countries, you dont have to get any vaccinations.

Exercise

1) Give advice to someone who is thinking of taking a vacation abroad.

You must get a passport.
You shouldnt pack too many clothes.

a) ......................................... get a passport.

b) ......................................... pack too many clothes.
c) ......................................... buy a round-trip plane ticket.
d) ......................................... make hotel reservations.
e) ......................................... get a vaccination.
f) ......................................... check the weather.
g) ......................................... carry lots of cash.
h) ......................................... get travelers checks.
i) .......................................... take a lot of luggage.
j) .......................................... check on visas.
l) ......................................... carry your wallet in your back pocket.
m) ......................................... take identification with you.

2) Dream vacation
You won some money in a lottery. Plan an interesting trip around the world. Discuss
these questions and others of your own. Make notes.

Where are we going to start from?

What time of the year should we travel?
 61
How are we going to travel?
What countries and cities should we visit?
How long should we spend in each place?
Where are we going to stay?
What are we planning to do and see there?
How much money do we have to take?
What do we need to take with us?
17 BRAZILIAN AMAZON ANIMALS

Spectacularly there are an estimated 15,000 different kinds of Brazilian

Amazon animals that you can see and so if you wanted to see each one of them
you'd need to spend several months in the Amazon or read a very big book! The
following, however, are some of the more colorful Brazilian Amazon Animals you
might come across as you explore an area that covers 40% of Brazil's landmass:

17.1 THE ANACONDA SNAKE

Made famous around the world by the film of the same
name, the anaconda snake is also known as the water boa.
The word "anaconda" is derived from the Tamil word
"anaikolra" meaning "elephant killer". The snake lives in water
and swamps surrounding the Amazon and is nocturnal. Be
careful though, boas are the largest type of snake there is and
anaconda are the largest type of boa there is!
Two types of anaconda can be seen in the Amazon: yellow and green, with
the yellow being smaller than the green.

17.2 THE JAGUAR

The largest and most powerful member of the
Amazon cats, the jaguar is revered locally as being a
matchless hunter: leanly built and stealth in action.
The jaguar is the King of the Amazonian food chain -
and when you bear in mind some of its competition, that's some claim to fame! You're
best chances of seeing a jaguar are if you are in a forest area, near a stream, close
to nightfall - but be very careful as this is also the time the jaguar is looking for prey.
 62
17.3 THE MANATEE
The manatee is also known as the water ox -
and is the Amazon's largest marine mammal. A fully
grown adult manatee will weigh over a thousand
pounds and measure over nine feet long! Now
considered an endangered species, the manatee's closest living relative is the
elephant.

17.4 THE PIRANHA

Moves such as James Bond made in the 1970s and
1980s have made the piranha a worldwide phenomenon. But,
did you know that there are 20 different species of the
piranha in the Amazon and nearly all of them are vegetarian?
In fact, the only species of piranha that can strip flesh of an
animal in double quick time are the red-bellied piranha.

17.5 THE TAPIR

One of the oldest Brazilian Amazon animals,
the tapir is the world's most primitive large mammal.
Also the region's largest land herbivore, the tapir is
easily recognized by its unusual proboscis, which
functions like an elephant trunk.

17.6 THE TUCUXI AND THE BOTO DOLPHIN (THE RIVER DOLPHIN)
Surely one of the Amazon's most amazing
sights is the sight of the river dolphin. However, did
you know that historically river dolphins also used to
live in the River Ganges? Sadly no more; and if you
want to take in the special sight of seeing a fresh
water river dolphin you'll need to visit the Amazon,
as this is the only place left where you can find them.

17.7 THE VAMPIRE BAT

 63
Get this - there are 950 different species of bats in the
Amazon, so you'd best like them! The Amazonian vampire
bats are the only true vampire bat in the world, i.e. the eat
blood! In order to do this, the vampire bat has had to adapt its
body so that it can move about silently without being detected.
Carefully though, it is not unheard of for vampire bats to sneak
up on humans and use their razor sharp teeth to scoop out small amounts of human
skin; thereby letting your blood flow, which it then laps up (in much the same way as
your cat at home does with the milk!).

Exercise
1 Translate:
a) the anaconda snake ........................................................................
b) the jaguar ........................................................................
c) manatee ........................................................................
d) the piranha ........................................................................
e) the tapir ........................................................................
f) the vampire bat ........................................................................
g) monkey ........................................................................
h) bird ........................................................................
i) fish ........................................................................
j) alligator ........................................................................

17.8 OBJECT PRONOUN

PERSONAL OBJECT
PRONOUN PRONOUN
I me
you you
he him
she her
it it
we us
you you
they them

We use object pronoun as direct or indirect objects or as objects of prepositions.

I know him well. He gives her many presents. I live near them.
 64
Exercise
1 Choose the correct form:
a) I often see (they, them) on the bus.
......................................................................................................................................
b) She lives near (we, us)
......................................................................................................................................
c) (We, us) always walk to school together.
......................................................................................................................................
d) He teaches (we, us) English.
......................................................................................................................................
e) She sits near (I, me) during the lesson.
......................................................................................................................................
f) I know both of (they, them) well.
......................................................................................................................................
g) I always speak to (he, him) in French.
......................................................................................................................................
h) What is the matter with (she, her) today?
......................................................................................................................................
i) There are some letters here for you and (I, me)
......................................................................................................................................
j) He looks at (she, her) all during the lesson.
......................................................................................................................................

2) Substitute the correct object pronoun for the word or words in bold:
a) I see Mr. Smith on the bus every morning.
......................................................................................................................................
b) I sit near Grace and Frances during the lesson.
......................................................................................................................................
c) All the boys like Helen very much.
......................................................................................................................................
d) I often see you and your sister in the school cafeteria.
......................................................................................................................................
e) He always goes to the movies with his parents.
......................................................................................................................................
f) This book belongs to William.
 65
......................................................................................................................................
g) I know the bus driver very well.
......................................................................................................................................
h) He sees the girls in the school.
......................................................................................................................................
i) Frank always waits for John and me after the class.
......................................................................................................................................
j) He speaks to his students in Spanish.
......................................................................................................................................

17.9 NAMES WITH AND WITHOUT THE

Do you know when you can/cant use THE?

a) We do NOT use the with names of people.
The best teacher I have is Helen (not: is the Helen)

b) We do NOT NORMALLY use the with names of places.

CONTINENTS: Africa, Europe, South America
I live in South America
COUNTRIES, STATES: Japan, Brazil, France, Canada
He is form Japan
ISLANDS: Bermuda, Sicily, Tasmania
Id love to know Bermuda Island
CITIES, TOWNS: New York, So Paulo, Paris
My mother loves Paris
MOUNTAINS: Everest, Etna
Everest is a big mountain!

ATTENTION: We use the in names with REPUBLIC, KINGDOM, STATES etc.

Bush is the president of the United States
He knows The Czech Republic
Have you been to The United Kingdom?

c) When we use MR/MRS/CAPTAIN/DOCTOR etc + a name, we do not use THE.

Mr Jones / Doctor Paul / Captain Johnson
 66

d) We use THE with the names of oceans, seas, rivers, canals and deserts:
The Amazon (River) / The Atlantic (Ocean)
The Mediterranean (Sea) / The Saara (Desert)

e) We use THE with plural names of people and places:

PEOPLE: The Flinstones (family)
COUNTRIES: The United States, The Philippines
GROUP OF ISLANDS: The Canary Islands, The Bahamas
MOUNTAIN RANGES: The Rocky Mountains, The Andes
f) We use:
The north of Brazil but Northern Brazil

But we also can use NORTH/SOUTH without THE in the names of some regions and
countries:
NORTH AMERICA, SOUTH AFRICA

g) We do not use THE with names of most city streets/roads/squares/parks etc.

Wall Street / Times Square / Broadway

h) We do not use THE with names of important public buildings and institutions
(airports, stations, universities etc)
Eduardo Gomes Airport / Harvard University

i) Most other buildings have names with THE:

HOTELS, RESTAURANTS: The Holiday Inn (Hotel)
THEATRES, CINEMAS: The Odeon (cinema)
MUSEUMS, GALLERIES: The British Museum
OTHER BUILDINGS: The Eiffel Tower

j) Most Newspapers and many organisations have names with THE:

NEWSPAPERS: The Washington Post
ORGANISATIONS: The Eurpean Union, The BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation)

k) Names of companies, airlines etc are usually without THE:

 67
Fiat
Kodak
Sony
IBM

18 THE EURO

The euro was first adopted on 1 January 1999. Euro notes and coins came
into circulation on 1 January 2002. One euro is divided into 100 cents. The official
abbreviation/code for the euro is EUR. The following countries use Euro:

Austria Germany Luxembourg

Belgium Greece Netherkands
Finland Ireland Portugal
France Italy Spain

18.1 EURO CONVERSION RATES

From the beginning, the value of each participating currency was officially
fixed against the euro as follows:

Official Fixed Euro Rates

to convert to euro to convert from euro
Country Original Currency divide by: multiply by:
Austria schilling (ATS) 13.7603 13.7603
Belgium franc (BEF) 40.3399 40.3399
Finland markka (FIM) 5.94573 5.94573
France franc (FRF) 6.55957 6.55957
Germany mark (DEM) 1.95583 1.95583
Ireland punt (IEP) 0.787564 0.787564
Italy lira (ITL) 1936.27 1936.27
Luxembourg franc (LUF) 40.3399 40.3399
Netherlands guilder (NLG) 2.20371 2.20371
Portugal escudo (PTE) 200.482 200.482
Spain peseta (ESP) 166.386 166.386
Example:
to convert 100 French francs to Euros, divide by 6.55957:
100 FRF = 100/6.55957 = 15.24 EUR
to convert 100 Euros to French francs, multiply by 6.55957:
100 EUR = 100 x 6.55957 = 655.96 FRF
 68

18.2 COINS

Each euro coin has the European Union flag on one side, and on the reverse a
national symbol of one of the participating countries, such as the King of Spain on
Spanish Euros and the Queen of the Netherlands on Dutch coins. Any coin can be
used in any of the participating countries, regardless of the national symbol. There
are eight euro coins in the following denominations:
2 euros
1 euro
50 cents
20 cents
10 cents
5 cents
2 cents
1 cent

Euro notes feature images of gateways and bridges to symbolize Europe's

architectural heritage and the idea of union. Euro notes are exactly the same in all
participating countries. There are seven euro notes in the following denominations:

500 euros
200 euros
100 euros
50 euros
20 euros
10 euros

The symbol for the euro is like a round E with two

horizontal parallel lines. The inspiration for this symbol was the
Greek letter epsilon (a reference to Greece as the foundation
of European civilization). The parallel lines are intended to
represent the euro's stability.
 69

19 GRAMMAR REVIEW II

19.1 POSITIVE CONTRACTIONS

Some contractions can have two or three meanings. For example, he'd can be
he had or he would. It depends on the rest of the sentence. Look at these examples:
He'd like to go. (He would like to go.)
He'd finished when I arrived. (He had finished when I arrived.)

The contraction 's (= is or has) is not used only with pronouns. It can also be
used with nouns, names, question words and words like "here" and "there", for
example:
The train's late.
John's arrived.
Where's the phone?
Here's your change.
There's a policeman.

Short form Long form

I'm I am

I've I have

I'll I will/I shall

I'd I would/I should/I had

you're you are

you've you have

you'll you will

you'd you had/you would

he's he has/he is

he'll he will

he'd he had/he would

she's she has/she is

 70

she'll she will

she'd she had/she would

it's it has/it is

it'll it will

we're we are

we've we have

we'll we will

we'd we had/we would

they're they are

they've they have

they'll they will

they'd they had/they would

19.2 NEGATIVE CONTRACTIONS

With the verb "to be", two negative forms are possible - we aren't or we're not
etc. In questions, am not is contracted to aren't, for example: I'm late, aren't I?

Short form Long form

aren't are not

can't cannot, can not

couldn't could not

daren't dare not

didn't did not

doesn't does not

don't do not

hasn't has not

haven't have not

hadn't had not

isn't is not

mayn't may not

mightn't might not

 71

mustn't must not

needn't need not

oughtn't ought not

shan't shall not

shouldn't should not

wasn't was not

weren't were not

won't will not

wouldn't would not

19.3 BRITISH/NORTH AMERICAN VOCABULARY

Here are some of the main differences in vocabulary between British and
North American English.

British Canadian American

anywhere anywhere anyplace

autumn autumn/fall fall

barrister lawyer attorney

beeper, pager pager beeper

bill (restaurant) bill check

biscuit cookie cookie

block of flats apartment block apartment building

bonnet hood hood

boot (of car) trunk (of car) trunk (of automobile)

car car automobile

caravan trailer trailer

chemist drugstore drugstore

chest of drawers dresser bureau

chips French fries/chips French fries

chocolate bar chocolate bar candy bar

the cinema movies the movies

clothes peg clothes peg clothespin

 72

coffin coffin casket

condom condom rubber

crisps potato chips potato chips

crossroads intersection intersection

cupboard cupboard closet

cutlery cutlery silverware

diversion diversion, detour detour

drawing-pin thumbtack thumbtack

driving licence driver's licence driver's license

dummy (for babies) soother pacifier

dustbin garbage can, trash can ashcan, garbage can, trashcan

dustman garbageman garbage collector

engine engine motor

estate agent real estate agent realtor

film movie movie

flat apartment apartment

flat tyre flat tire flat

flyover overpass overpass

galoshes galoshes toe rubbers

gear-lever gearshift gearshift

Girl Guide Girl Guide Girl Scout

ground floor ground floor, main floor first floor

handbag handbag purse

holiday holiday vacation

jam jam jelly

jeans jeans blue jeans

jug jug pitcher

lift elevator elevator

lorry truck truck

luggage luggage baggage

mad crazy crazy

 73

main road main road, main thoroughfare highway

maize corn corn

maths math math

mobile (phone) cellular phone cellular

motorbike motorbike, motorcycle motorcycle

motorway highway, thoroughfare freeway, expressway

motorway freeway freeway

napkin serviette, table napkin napkin

nappy diaper diaper

naughts and crosses tick-tack-toe tic-tack-toe

pants shorts shorts

pavement sidewalk, pavement sidewalk

petrol gas, gasoline gas, gasoline

The Plough Big Dipper Big Dipper

pocket money pocket money allowance

post mail, post mail

postbox mailbox, post-box mailbox

postcode postal code zip code

postman mailman, letter carrier mailman

pub bar, pub bar

public toilet bathroom rest room

puncture flat flat

railway railway railroad

return (ticket) return round-trip

reverse charge collect call, reverse the charges call collect

ring road ring road beltway

road surface road surface, asphalt pavement

roundabout roundabout traffic circle

rubber eraser eraser

rubbish garbage, trash, refuse garbage, trash

rubbish-bin garbage can, trashcan garbage can, trashcan

 74

saloon (car) sedan (car) sedan (automobile)

shop shop, store store

single (ticket) one-way (ticket) one-way

solicitor lawyer attorney

somewhere somewhere someplace

spanner wrench wrench

spirits spirits hard liquor

sweets candy, sweets candy

tap (indoors) tap (indoors) faucet

tap (outdoors) tap (outdoors) spigot

taxi taxi cab

tea-towel dish-towel dish-towel

telly, TV TV TV

third-party insurance third-party insurance liability insurance

timetable schedule schedule

tin tin can can

toll motorway toll highway turnpike

torch flashlight flashlight

trousers pants pants

tube (train) subway, metro subway

underground (train) subway, metro subway

underpants shorts shorts

van truck truck

vest undershirt undershirt

waistcoat vest vest

wallet wallet billfold

wellington boots rubber boots rubbers

whisky whisky, scotch whiskey, scotch

windscreen windshield windshield

zip zipper zipper

19.4 THE GENDER OF NOUNS
 75

19.4.1 As formas simples do feminino

Regra geral: acrescentar ESS forma do masculino.

masculino feminino traduo
poet poetess poeta
author authoress autor
heir heiress herdeiro
host hostess anfitrio
Jew Jewess judeu
priest priestess padre
Count Countess conde

Em alguns substantivos masculinos, o acrscimo de ESS acarreta algumas

mudanas grficas.
actor actress ator
waiter waitress garom
tiger tigress tigre
negro merges negro
Duke Duchess duque
Marchis Marchioness marqus

19.4.2 As formas irregulares do feminino

Regra: As formas irregulares devem ser decoradas pois no apresentam regra geral.
masculino feminino traduo
boy girl menino
man women homem
Sir Madam cavalheiro
Earl(=Count) Countess conde
father mother pai
husband wife marido
bachelor spinster solteiro
horse mare cavalo
bull cow touro
 76
cock hen galo
brother sister irmo
gentleman lady cavalheiro
lord / lover mistress/lady lorde
son daughter filho
uncle aunt tio
nephew niece sobrinho
monk, friar nun monge, frei
tutor governess tutor
wizard witch feticeiro
drake duck pato
gander goose ganso
dog bitch co
fox vixen raposa
bridegroom bride noivo

19.4.3 Outras formas do feminino

Regra: Algumas formas so divergentes da regra geral.

masculino feminino traduo

landlord landlady senhor de terras
man-teacher woman-teacher professor
man-servant maid-servant servente
he-bear she-bear urso he/Tom she/nanny
he-goat she-goat bode
Tom-cat nanny-cat gato
executor executrix executor
testador testatrix testamenteiro
prosecutor prosecutrix promotor
beau belle namorado
Czar Czarina czar
Tzar Tzarina tzar
 77
1- Substantivo do tipo student, cousin, friend, child e baby pertencem ao common
gender (em portugus, o gnero comum-de-dois);
2- Substantivos do tipo book, house, pencil, table (inanimados) pertencem ao neuter
gender (gnero neutro);
3-Alguns nomes de animais, por questes de afetividade, podem mudar de forma:
dog puppy (cachorrinho)
cat kitten (gatinho)

Exerccios
1) D o feminino de:
a) Prince _________________ f) father_____________
b) steward ________________ g) man ______________
c) husband ________________ h) brother ____________
d) son ____________________ i) student ____________
e) wizard _________________ j) baby _____________

2) Se o substantivo for masculino, d o feminino e vice-versa:

a) widow _________________
b) bride __________________
c) monk __________________
d) executor _______________
e) vixen __________________
f) cock ___________________
g) Tom-cat ________________
h) bitch ___________________
i) Earl ____________________
j) beau __________________
k) child __________________
l) lover __________________
m) husband ______________
n) lord ___________________
o) friar ___________________
p) Duchess ____________
q) heir ________________
r) heiress ______________
s) poet ________________
t) landlord ______________
u) mother ______________
v) waiter _______________
x) jew _________________
y) host ________________
w) bridegroom __________
z) son ________________
aa) bull ________________
ab) bachelor ____________
ac) gander ______________
ad) brother ______________
 78

REFERNCIAS

COLLINS. Minidicionrio Collins Ingls Portugus - Portugus Ingls. So

Paulo: 2001.

DIXSON, Robert J. Graded exercises in English. Rio de Janeiro, Ao livro tcnico,

1997.

GUIA DE CONVERSAO EM INGLS. Expresses para viagens. So Paulo:

FolhaOnline, 2000.

GUIA DE CONVERSAO LANGENSCHEIDT. Frases e Expresses Prticas

para Viagens. Martins Fontes. So Paulo: 1995.

HARTLEY, Bernard, VINEY, Peter. New American Streamline. Oxford University

Press. New York: 1995.

MARQUES, Amadeu. Password: English 2. 8 ed. So Paulo: tica, 1998.

RICHARDS, Jack C. New interchange English for international communication.

Cambridge: Cambridge University, 2003.

SCHIMIDT, M. A; HAINFELDER, H. F. Dicionrio de locues e expresses

idiomticas. So Paulo, Casa editorial Schimidt, 1992.