— CHARTER #8 b- “tooo energy Prom one Yotace te Lhe. other wheat troenering any .. f : I: found weve, Leght waves anol waves { : I he Wow Ob A Fiec tromagnetic. Wwayer WAVES » Def:— aA. mechanitm whith matter it Calle .a wove . ey 07... 2 Ebreehed trig. . Waves, hat wr ree. hy Mechanical oeuaves | ry Matter eaves | 4 c . Lid LUECHANIECAL WAVES. gS ae Defi The. waves wtiich PrPapere vA te Ubrafons of maternal particle -are.. Called ... mechanical ewoves. 1 at e:9... Sotinel. waves ,. waves ep . the. sli afer tarlace.. ete. ons > a |r... Eb semmenetunee - Aes WAVES _ Def =F eketre and — smagnetie _ fied are Toh p-nlatomeg net waves i oll ombs 2..Spate.. Lue... fo asuhatiop } 89 A ‘an Lawes, Sate hike peet eee at MALFER— Ph aa : a Defs-.. The “waves associates! wilh - the....Aik g hy Accolerarting _pranticles are Called matter wove, 29. The waves | Zenkecl woth the elmentary farteles. Lue Qs tia waving at a= Speed - 16" ses! are Caeol wantin Uae. a PROGRESSIVE WAVES: | Dep The wases which Cesttfay — energy vn roving away pow be are of. olusturbanc. aré. called pape waves. ar travelling dares wo There are burt typet 3 Propet | eau. \ LD “Transverse. waves Net orgiteclinal or. Comppresiinah sat RANVERSE Naves:- . —.. Tre waves. fr which Particles, all || the rnectiun aye olisplaced yn Q clyectin: nn Perpendicular _ by. the, ol’vection oy Lt Poyeapein oP. waves are Calleo He a || rensverce. LAVEL ». a | we |. Transverse waves. Can be —- —olemonstraftect At. tknoler.prmen . some Jn. over to char ~he Concept _ about transverte waws, Consider a far: 1c} ord leose Spring Coll on a Smooth table - eal one enol Fixed | SL. the jlvce ened. of. Be pig A onovec! upside obiun, @ : ite . fetern ah an ypurerd spin SS, formed a Shown tin %y Transverse Waves af some potnts aye marked on. the Sorin then jb 1s observeol that” the | Pornts omove along vertical dljrecton about | He_ 27€an position. enginal positon of the i pnp) whil. the wave Propagate ‘np Be. Lorward altrection at ight argh & | he. cliveeton o motion of fonlt wnat Ko on... the pring such a. wave 1¢ alleef|. trangverse wave.a ee Consicler two . persons are hofeliing Qa shing at tte enedl's He one Person wee a Stclolen 40 ancl olewn yerk, & hunp C pulse) vs Poreroted and starts i traveling Awards the other Pevion due. | to the olisfurbance of yepe . Ths hamp | tends to move the hanol ay Anal Person y broparting ite momentum anel. energy: The. Patiern of the hump onde parware, as wave or pile. iS an example oF transierre wove. These waves Fravel in | the perm of Oye anol Avyghs. | | Ober examples of transverte wawes Oe. wafer waves , Aigot evaved Ane wales on a sstying -ca piLoONGITUDINAL WAVES A. oe 1 \ | 1 if t -icDefr- The waves tn ewhith particles at Whe meoliins vibrate parallel ty the oltrecth’s | of Prepspaton of waves are Caled Aorgitaclin al er Compresional evades... “ IkEXPLANATION s— > | at ket. est Consvoler a Sputng eth. one.|.... ene Axel on a Pmeoth Aarigortal Cable Y the Pree enol af the Spring it mored o-anoel yoo along the. olkvectim of the pri, . | aevave civ'th a back anol orth biplatement || 76. @eneyafes! ancl omaves pared im the | form of. Com pression anal orare fachins.. |p eek staves are, Called tony tuckinal evasies). of Socal raves « or Compression | (Re Raye friction pre # Periopic Waves# | ni Depi- The Confnucts, regular anal | yA thie olesturbances fy a. menliitm produced | olue blo vrepeatent smoHion oP ets parkieles a Successive, fotervaly of fine aye Called——— Perriacls (b. waves.€-9. waves. procbucee BYPASS Gorteg. system are penodic waves. -1 Teansverse_Feeipic Waves - 1 Def: - The waves Eravelling aloorg the Angh ga sting atlacheol bo a dimple harmante, || sec lat vebhmating about ik epeitibruam positon in the fom of crsts amet bagghs | are Called transverse Percolte waves: — | Explanation when & Aource fasten! Lo a Sshring execufes Annple A@rmonta woke | alg vey heal chveelen about eft epucth A botevon position we PG pe enol onyalitedle. A then ot “se observed hay every Poot alen, the sing wbretes Back anal ford about oh omen power cu Mame phegueny 7 anet ~Aryg lial “l. These. aves Evave/ to The. yarn of Creste Annel Lrought along @] cbvectiin peypenclituler to the obtrectin aye | onotion - ¥ (articles of the tong Were we. mention Some Postares Conterciny Lb. these waves: @REST i- eo The povten of the shing olttpla above. itt mean position (3 Called crestTROUGH 2m a eee anal atenated..BY 7. \ anf... The tection of the , they jola Leber ofe eget brtem prosthan (¢ Calleol Enough « : Ore irube : - = The marimum Value a dhiyplacemegt inte. Crestor trough ts. Callecf Gong tetole _ e? the wave and it olenoted by A ... i FREQUENCY : ~~ The number. ae waves Pasi thaygh Cay talin pete. of & omectite We one... _Aetond 1 Callecl Prepeony, ae whe wave. 2 WAVE LENGTHY... = ! The olitfance between any Co. Condacnfiie cretl or Eveughs it Caled. | -evave.den Anal ts olenotecl oe a Greek. | Breer Lima ( ») = wave length cbr | “Ppeition Ae Wavelength -—__FQUATION _OF WAVE..SPEED—— | it. Fe Snap shots of. Prieta wave afer - out_en exfyeme aH. The tame that the's- crest A mare RO . trough a olestanc opuat bo | || the, medium ob Conplele (vs FA) Of etough if it mot Conuinienl to cleteron te Speect gf a2 wave oy fominyy The 4 omoton of a wave. Cret¢ over & rreaserenl | litance . Mewever ed he wave Cam | te Pound prolereetly jr Ca Prepucney. and weuelenglh 2$ Unoker. i oat “ut Gngrbey 2 Deradés wae || is travelling across @ Cerfain wiarotizm | ao a fregutrney #0 ancl fevie period. T at to haf of a Kowrce Predicting, erery firiod " ave, Cheon woe 4 dik et Es0 aN Le Progress of o- Cst ig Started lone_wavelength d it al ty the time reputed Yy the pint V a g _. Laf.one vibration. JE means | > What te cvave Crest travels | Q. olistana: epee “tor mn A atime Pextaol T.. Te. Speed NA - of the wave bs given 4sPEF ee eee VE a Set) ae Here Se Dd when 27 x L Ve are Axe ve ps PH) Speco! B the wave. lt spent to the* forockiele Of. ths Prepuency. anol evave fengih © ooh SEW Ther. are certain prints om the Wate savn of Lingle Harmonie Mahon } whith Are pm thee. same. Sto a? wbration tee Agviyg deme chiplacement anol velocity | ech pont: ar Subp be in Phase. : 2p. Pop &pek are all tn phave | path oli florence bos these pormfr ft ds, [Leds BALA or pategral onahtigle of rd... | CO OT PE FX i =p P B S i ce * I | : i I 7 ~ ! ' 1 aad . a 2 4 . Poo BA On the ober hand, there. are , frome. , . Certain ports. CLD an the Nave Sach that . cahen pont C veaches on..} IL. Zhe tp with. ct maximum upwared. | otsphcement , at. thal rntfant point D Hence the above fen Proves that Be| points 21 Sard & be Out of Phase | Janother. by Me BY > Seve +: - er Oold | fa tegral onubliple of hate wavelength {| |. the wave are Callecf Corgi facta! manumum cewnwasl displacement . Such Clay Loo ents Separated from one | ve. Path olbpjence' = Or)» ay Gre!) , é < : —3¥> ag Here ~ Points Dane! £ are™ out of phase witb respec? te Pome C #LonentapinaL Compressionat Ys WAVES #& Def: The waves In which particles in tbe pets of re waves move back and... Loris along the Line of Prepepatin —s. ewaues a Sand evowe are Longi huclin eaves - EXPLANATION.:- Consioler a Corl of Spring that it Suspenoled _by vertical I —aynraaches.- The. Aatlataogeacthe tbave wiper.threads. So.that..tb..Crnrvibrate. heanigestally, fo ct Compresses a Slretehes The pening a , AS... vesubl of Mat .ablernatir. Compressing _ when... the of! end. of the PY, ib meted) _Ce._Anet. yoo PY Sonttant farce. F - then ps and. varelactons. wtart Evaveling™ along tha ©. Pating Such waves. are..Calleol Compresyanaf) VOUS. las evel as... nthe... we. Aathe ablence of.epplied yore he Thyeads will be. exactly. verhical. The. Lodisturbances Pasting. toreeigh he Greg Causes .oldgalacement s tn. The, elamentt oP The PG verbeal- Ubyesdls 24 thoy. to the. Pig belour: Bite ie. the. cdtvect measuie of. of yplatement 26? eg elements joon oc et | sn0an Lasiten 2k. Sheewn..69. the Pipe — r latement | i Disp!ae —freeel.. ¥- Sovenal . olepenelt “gen the | olentity Sf & jie ae | ate. Bhiedlr. are ware olathe Than gases: . PHtebely the Aounol olittuybancet clue bo... At Me Campreccibrtity of frceets || Aaue. lest eclashe. mactefug. far. the _|eemains. Contfant. cket..on Ge Pastige __ Sound waves. are longituctnal jn natura. : | Compress bility CE) Qnol tmerfia Celensityy) i of the smeotieen... Newton. vas te bensh.|L one...oho . Steggesteol. bat She veloc of Aounel. weer y having Blasts iy E ancl | oo v= fe —_<$@, ...| a 7 The. iezuation rmeaticates that Speco! af ... Sound: well, be greafer force medium cwhih bs more elathre aval’ fess Compress ble.|l there fore dawns! “ravels Paster in soll, Hhan..Jopates because vespondl more. -Aavtng Prackesl.. molecules .. | onore..- Iban Geauiils. andl. holicte hence they Caleusation of efashe omectulus E hr str, || | Alewten Bssemreol Thay chen a Sovenal wx |_trovels. through alr, he temperature af atm }-§-— Com pression , Che Presseere of air. SPEED-_OF_-SOUND— IN—AIR-————)-——.c wis ange foom= Patel). Lome ite “t _. che" from V fo (Vv -=av) - Ben accoreling b fet [aw on |e = P+AP)CV- Av) fe PV =. PMv— Pav+ SPV - AP av. As the Prosluuf APAV ic verry. Gmall hence ef Can be 77.@9 lecteol. | P= ft ~ pays apy i (2 AV =. APY is p= SEY. AR a. sheet av a vel. PAain = Pa & . — |e eohere. EH The lathe moctules af | Gnehant Aemperatre. : a ig the walete. vm Eon optatin @Q. PN KS aZ- where > rt lhe atmogghen. Presser. t | ! | |lamd it gun as” P= Ps 4 | i 7 | | i | ce |peeeee Ue Jags ===. J ; — Here .. . | -> P= olentity wily of omer = B68 so Jae wane G Fe VGh gr ent - ce he hepht of mera Column = Fhe. lm P = oleny ly afar =. 2012-93 Zen 2 | On Subsite fing. Here. Values (nr efeaton @ Jwas Coreted by a French, Seientit | Preuph ar enoley actibate. Coiokthin oe : Compresion anot Yare faction Occur || Bat the heat prooliced oluiin | 0S CmP ned im ch com rvesbn |l-erthin he meoluina vemains Conserved. P Hit. __ [13-6 * 98! x76 / +00 12.93 , st 2gce3CmS - BO mF R was, Phycity C8 This velocity is by tes than the - epenmental value egual Lo B3rm/s cwhich Laplace . =: GApLace’s Correction: Aecoroling to Laplace, Lewnol dréeluals Fras) repel Com Presiion anol i No Hliwe. le flo te ett nedgh boxring Cooler repens: caletole VS Ex “YP =——- @ Ling The Value. ef & faon 43 yo 40 | _ ve (#.. 7 [E Hence. Ve. JVi4) % 28003 = Bsa! (POP) (I~ Bvt secon aoe As ee ae Jenn Hereoe —twhieh— tery lose tem Wht expentinental Valg——— ence Laplace Correctaan (s Vales C382 mi') « EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON ~ yeLocrry OF SOUND | hn ing Increase tm pressire. “Causes an lncredse. tin the olemsi'ty ¢ ages But as the obnsty | & prpertimas wo the elashesty G te pen g the vated of Lb vemains amchanged 9 | 70 Dyer om the peed ef Aster!» =: EFFECT _OF DENSITY i Ge $7P Abe valie DY Vi Pemre yor at es. (rem the eto Ve [EP | ‘it it clear thak the Velocify bp Aound | “rp erty Pigeer tana! D the Aguare Voot ig oleriselp.. Due to~Thit effect, Be velocity oe as or) dprgen a jour Ames eft sy in onygen ‘hecaute 0: tt be temes ! Ore “ton dye en ae _ |... EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE when & i heatel at Gmsfan€ a Pressure , ott olemsily it olecreatet olue to _ | recreate in settee as a vedubl the velocity of downel |. tn eveated. Since we naw. that the cyan oP peed of Artinga Ve fBR es - ? ef andl Yo be the Gouds ox Sevtnel let Lo amd oO, ancl f and 7 be chy. Tespective entities aft tere empetatires then oS i} Hip: " wus 4 tly can - ae . ; ¥ = A ‘ to 4 - 4 Yy gP [3h oy ee “T i =i ef. ide the tie phen ofa gas, cwhen this. ads tt peated Brough a atl, | Lemnpera tare t then, its frnal volume és. pier. _ as. po as KC BY) . _evhere _ fl Called, the Ca- Sfuent of lea expansion aural eh value pov all Goes #8 ee Zo... BB _ Ye UCle eo oe we “feu at rhe pens Pees [ ; (E | Dew lead mee vac ~ 7) 8) Abs. HGmare > Sy, ling hee Wales. tn afta ~ ¥ Ec [+ fa) oe - Ue os) eetbin é valde o or] in p “7 tee a 7 gete © #@ on = 2735 I o Al [zee 273 q Zz To ss | where T ancl be the absolene Teonyzeratiiies at.te and O.\ Kit evident Som Me able epeation hat the Veloilly ox? Sounel (n a onnectiitrn 48 Proportional to the ¢ Spuarevonl | | ia tt absolufe tempera fue - \ | _ EQUATION OF. VELOCITY OF SouND AT _A_CERTAN TEMPERATURE t 7 Binowial heorem. on Meh é a (l+ Ss Gane l+n - !a a + fE- \ os YY q This 1 eptatin molicates that the velocity ety oh Soceni | We in fon era tele’ ERAMPELE 8.) — Ss |e Preroa age Lf & factor 0.6/0 “sor every 2. Final. Ape Heuapereonr at eohi / | te velocity Of Sound th aN 18 two Limes | te velectty at (oz. Toa Wc +273 = 288k a MBE po. , Gir we. Perce af \ Gun oo Spey Jot Sides. at ae wh Ek. i “Ye . , wey 234 pwo W- so. ype fA MO Saph meth poomeng oe . = 4s ieHowe, P #820 j—=--Paenciere Oz SURERPOSITION ay - | Parte 4 the brie. Rem of thew Crebticlted - 4) Pepeteasrfon - i i : “|| | il - || sehen. The vesutlant Pte well have a. olitplae Dep: — a particle g Q wmedlum Ht acted . “yon Y Loo wavet Yimutlanesusly, then the vesubtant diiplatement of The. | | eyelecemente « Ta ts Called the princyple of Ls EXPLANATION! ~ j Suppose Eve waves are aReegh ing 1 each. other on a Cot/ oe Pop Prom. | posite Olyecton. The over hap anol fps . | Bo bh each other uct ouf any change (7 their Shaye « Bat tt is observe thaf when they | | overlap at a Corteix print claring ther | | oment oped toa the Lem oP he oolty olual | i aksplacements g he waves aeproacks, each otha, Ths foot ts Vail by elf binds off eaves On Can be Llesfrapes 24 Shown tn tbe hy bebe —_. <—— ! OB A oe AtB ae ~— = wy %STS P #2) soos Mien. weubbink..ccau_allern yy Tide wees i having Same japrengy when . Luperpase ux lp ack... other: In phase... oF outoh phase are awn a the a 5 a re (AL PHASE OUT OF puasge i - | aa | Wave} wave J —o__ Wave y Wave ow 2 a Be EN, G Yeo Resultant wave... | FE moto cue. Rerppice tat a Pothole of a | orvecheten Ra Ainaltanesasly Lecfeol “yeen &y- n waves: suck ~that the oltiplacement: tue bo _. [ach ef the sndlividial waves be yy} Then accoroling fo The prince of Superetten The.crestulbant olisplatement Y of the Pavtela | ender the Stmultaneset actin of these -oeauer oe jreen by viel osleasatse. a a pe Yahoo y — r yy. Pyeidy = Com \_ __/NTEREERENCE. nDep i- The Superposition of tea “waves heving Same Poegueny anol aonglitate. \| Gravelling in the Same alevechin vesulls in | 9. Phenomenon Called infer ference. a . OR % | Ahen Ceo (oentical gues onatieg along ai i 2orealea io Same altkecton fn Such a onanney That hey veingoree each other at | Some. (Ponts and Cancel the effee/ of ack, oder at some other points, fuck ypherumegen 3 led Cater ference. P E2PLANATION :— dn arder to explain the Phenomenon of (aTer ference. , lett eet Consiiter| tu, Leitel Gpeakert Sand 8 attached ts a| | | ! | Runol Soiree. trant metting a Signal’ af | Grstant Py eney fo abr. A omtvephone Connected with a CRo (Catheole Rey Chechlowats) ts, uted al a clefectsy for Ayeying the || | vetatdant mfendity af Sounel waves at |) obvgberent Pont (no rool of gpeakers. Qonfirrucus Lines py bitater the Compression || cohile oblted Line vepresentt phe rate facgin Ee of (Sound. Ar fouls f, Bank fe wel tn. phase cb means that the Compression}i pom one Sberce. Cancety the eppecl 9 rare faces aophasleind..cuive orm one steetrre tinea few Compression emttteol Soom Mécend Source ad. pont P » Binelarly var Locfens poon Jo. LBurces Gf AS Stgportls cach other at ging - A anal BA: Ae are subl of wlich a Leetof Seand jt Proctited Qnol a vesebbank ewevel wets Large Amp tiple ls Seen an The Sereen)\ Fee: 7 Gmilarly The wares aypmaching at. - Ponts fh anol f, are oat of hee. Conpresion other Meare Amnol\ a evave cues pu aisplatomént: is otiieplayeal on the Scyeen. 2 a ONDITION FOR CONSTUCTIVE INTERFERENCE The. path obitference between the Ue wares aratiting at point P (fam Lovo obi fferent |Sources. 8. gtten as. Qnclarly the pal olipreme bly the tas —-—- - Ass, Sof -S\P =. 4h A-8%> 2d Waves. till be. 0 ancl —>. ab petals 2 ane) Fe regpechialy. B it. it char thal wheneep the__ ath ontiference befueen the Ceo waves AS Oper, eed eu OF Mm ral orrectyate Hae wave lng th. %e nd, 2 manimitin Sotnel\ | hecrof. 2 CONSTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE '~ when the Pads hbperente, befveen the tun waves “iS an Pategral qrultyak o, of conebngh Pe. A whey 99290, +15 $2, +--+, Te boo awe Tein berte Bach otter to fre & Pasalbants teue of Larger oktyslacerme nt. This epfbif 1& Catlesl Conthuuctie Srterforen. CONDiTIon FOR DESTRUCTIVE eomeiceed The (ath obifferce Lefucen the tae was | approaching at point PR out of phate is piven 2 AS= SR- SA = 4y- 8hr 2h _ Siasy the path biference aft point AQ ts .-$hfo. DESTRUCTIVE _ INTERFERENCE | blhen the path A feerence hetecen the Coo “ave Calleel beats: when tite Henting gorks of tightly olyyer Periadic. alteration (nthe. tafensity ra Sou; wanes 1s AM rE, nn or calel dategra ondblyge of hale the wate Leng lh ne Gane!) yy, the ol placement. ve Be Cup waves Canctef eack others effect. This efbect tt Calleal elestruchiy interference: . : The eveverformn xbox Carnitructir, Oncl. olestructeve. ton ferdlarencte ar obipabayed on CRO are Lhrwn beleco- Constructive \. Destructive Inter Pevene. / Interference. _ AS # BEATS # Def: Percale. Variation ox? sont between maxtimim anel vntnfrnum sedlnes OR 2eguencies are bounolest topgecser then th Called beats. EXPLANATION “ when tuo tuning forks A 4 &HERG, [seh lame fre, Ftd faa 6 bth: Be -fatencteg) Lo) ether, then if tt. very Oke freute oo me ob fferentiate between Ther notes. But &f ~~ = | taning. fork Bois loaded ants some ware, oy| ~~ || Qlasherne then cts PH reguancy, evel be ~ =. || Lewereol whi htly » fay &t. becomes IS? tHe . a JSP now there funin forks ara: + Lewtreleal lopether, a role of Slightly Varyiy -— || Grtensity 7s heayal. edrhich is Calfedt beats | || ie. cvave fom af te tuo Heming Gos lémétted in the yom OP Conyzrekion an - {| areZachon Rloyg ewtth Ape vetillant oliplatement (2 thocn yp the 4p bei. 1 Ac i “AMMAR RAR ‘ocH ee P 427 Of h..60) c= particular jnthant the les olacecs rent of the Lue | erection : waves Wty the Same Both waves are fo phase. nol thas: Yen force each ater Lo Proclece, Constowetive nter ference as a result of cohith a leuct Senet’ is feayol. OE thrs Postant phe amplitiale of the resultant. waves becomes maximumak X. Nfter Q hme of £5, he. ohiplal onent. of a@ wave eonctted Bf ave Leents fork 7s opposite Lo the adriyalatement of the weve clue to Pnof curing ark. Both phese. wares. well be out oe pebase and hence. Cancel the et pect of each other cbue to. or 20 Sound +s. hearol af YY’. ja. Ofter Sos C4-tt44) the obiplacernenit'e~ are again tn phate anda Quel. sounc? 7s. hearol at z “sl _. JE means that fn one Secandl _ four times . One focecl, Sound anet one faint} Soetnol form one beat: So 4 beats will be. hearel by the listner Gite the frepuency. atpfevence. Befween the tito tuning parks fs. 4 i olestruct ue tater Lerence. Anel a faint Sottnd) . Be. tntensti of ound increases or clecreasas ~-oe WRESULTH. 8 pow tL. From above olfscussion et i's Concluded. phat Sree bee oP eats (rer Secon bs... egual to the otiyference. pefeween the . » 8 - Prepuencies of the taning orks: cet fy -anel % be the Frepuencie op two tuning orks anol..n be he number of beats per Seconel ther vm athem aftcally he hoe + Beate connet be hearst Zearly yo | he jPrepueney of Aferévice Vie more than abeut 0 2. TP APPLICATION. Beats are uted by toning the onusical instruments Lehe plane or Ytolly A cleiies! peguency it achioved by beating a mile againt a mole of Anawn Pregueney| The Length of the thing is aoliusted ty. heetening or Op htentin at antl no vartason tn the Intensity of found +s. abserved GE this slant no beat ie beard ancl’ the instriniernt ts. feid tebe tenet at alestrect jfoapeencp REELECTION. _ OF WAVES Def s- when a wave Eracvelling along one aS oneckium Comes across the bounclary of | Secon! mmeatium . Some Part of if ds Te| the boun dlary of Betond meoliun, the cha | A> its phate. olepends “yon be nafuye of | the botinolary Qs oldscussed bel: ‘ | i ReftecTION From THe Bounvary. |. olet we take a Minky Prig (G Spring hk | has Small tnjftal tergh buf a velatiively | arge: extencledl Length) Vf Heel to a gio nok | Sepa on & Leet) bortznlal table. wher | Pree. ena lo the beundlary.- TE wrtl! exert. . La. perce vn he frre end - Be the flee | Hence-as a yeactin a jpree a over olor || sharks Grovelting backwarelt owareds end A. rellecbed back. This. houne ing. back op the-wass coe is Called reflection of Q wave. . ~! EXPLANATION = when the wave is vezlee teal erm a Sharp gerk (i gwen at its fre end A Qn upward pulte. or Crest will Evavel Som. end is végtiel.anel. acts as a olensey mealiyn the... Ptr, anel. a_chenwarel ule or Lvouy Sy it Can be Concluclel That “Rurés- . whenever a. transverse wave” Lrauelling [n Q— Yayer medium, encounters. Q.. clenser meckum , if bounces back uch that | | the. bevection of chixplacement de vaven sed. Te.CHS Zhe. ineidlent. Crert.on=-releetion=b 10 =~ Be a Lough ancl Vice Versa - r:EFFECT ON PHASE:~ n> T's type of oatlee Yon cave stindey- ao 2 phase change oe ee = REELECTION From! THE. BounpRy OF dee. RARER MEDIUM: [ho @fttack \gnavend of the slinky spring fo a yt Seotrg ( (Tarer meclium) « Now C4 the. sprin it pe 2. smalf gek at enol Jal Crest Eo'evel along the Soring as shewn In | the Pp - When this Cyest reaches the. pm String houndlary , ct evel! pluck the string | epevard - Oss a rveactin an eared Pile oF, Crest ts fonereted anol travels fackewarel Gwards enol A. % from Above okscussion htt Coneliokel that Rute: when a transverse wave tyavelhin In a clenser medion [s veplected from Y foun clary clary of a vayer meotiun, the oltiection|. op tur olentical waves traveling insole. a Se P #31 pepe alisplaceinent emai the. Same o.e..Credf- 9). |S. refheted a8 crest ancl Ero ‘s veflecteel as. tex : EFEECT ON PHASE: ae a Ffa transverse “wave Lvavelling tn a. olonser | | | rectian 18 Inéiolent- on a rarer méclion, ch If 1S reflected without any chayge in phates... , tans a / # soenany WAVES # - | Def Be waves Proceed by The the inter | reclium In opposite hiection are Called | Stafisnary or standling waves. |BXELANATION!= Generally stationary waves lore. generated by che Superposition opm, fevave. . bvavelling.ofecen a String .eucth fs. repletion comet > (pn ae eet | Let us Consicler. the “euper position of Zoo | | waves moving. along a sing iD oepeste | \2 Leas P #32." Liana Epa, by Shaws the. snapshot safe then Coo..waves at fnstants 2£u & Gy» Th» % -and..7 wher T tt the Aine feria axe th the obsplacement |r Pm 42,3,45556 Br) 7 at these lnstants i leshen. the wave, Vigrerpase . The olcstance ehacer} - | aay taro frotots is Nf, where » is the conte . [Angi “h De wave. By Yel de Prtrciple of Luper positon LES ertatent vem 47 ay the vesutlint oliplacernent of Ponts 387, is epual to zero. ck palnts are Caleol | nooles. . | FOP gant eeregngenne tegen, Genes eee ferry orev rr 135 77 35 7 te Leo tap toZ t= 30 tT Figtc Shows pAat” the Points 2,4 andé | are” oscillating with an annypliteck. which Is} ; epual to the aryplitudes oe the Component | eaves » These Pants are Called! anfrnocesnd I dol [cette tals i o | + Te ~ — bee gia tee tee de MET | + | Such a Pattern of mocles ancl antl medkes | tS Callecl Stationary waves: we Ghee jar.as He energy of Hel. wave. (s concerned, ok & oscillating befedeem i potential “enerpy and Kinefre energy. Os rode} ae. at rest, Le energy Can not pew Pest these | Points and ie Sfanding- inthe eclium pefoed the necks. When anfimocles Ara} that extern _ | Pesthenr, Te energy cforbd tn these freinkt as | eoholy Potertiel and je changeal im to Kinch energy cahen WA frets trowgh thelr i Poston Mereiitlancceasly moe | et Cuarkecreisties OF SraTionary WAVES :—_| i | Qe. onair features oe these waves Qre | @) Sn..Such waves, the String Ws osettlating ml the form of Loops tn éteack of waves traveling : along the rig . | @ The .oltstance fefween The Two Condacufide: nodes or antinooles 1s egual to % where NH the wavelength of transverse. Sfafonary wavesy | Ql The: ottstance befveen a nocle anol & | neigh bouring antinode th egual é My iP34 STaTionary... Waves INA. Sreetcaen, wale STRING Lat |——..:.| Conspler a sbrivy of argih C which is kept —| Streteheal by Clamping. ds_end so that th [| Cention. fn the. String is F- The behaviouy —- ef? the . String ewhen. if ie oscillating tn. Te —| Pron. of olirtberent.. ays is explained Qs Uncler. ~fiRst Move OF Viaration:- [| aa! taie onode..oxb bration , the String is | plucked. at. ct onioldfe. pend. Tivo transverse — | braves. will, orginat. from Tht! Peint. ne of LI them will snore. towayalt ther.te Zt ene oh the. | Stig while the 0 ther, Groves. rewarcls the wahhl J fend When, thece\ waves reach the two clare a ends Colensey engatestror Y, they are ve flecteo! back i i anal tas prep rise b he ttatisnary waves, i ~ a || We. tee €lammpedt enols of the String are. at yest and of ac. necles. clenopedt by N_ while | = ihe Central pent escillahing wth maximum |) t ~— || Qrplifack tehaves as am anteneale clenoted buy} Sn. this mole the Shing Seem: to be oteillaig th one. Loop 8 Shown. jr The Py_lé. Ms which ‘1s alto esual bs Ae Any? vce: agen e. 7? ere re - _— ni String ts nm @e Me TS vested SNe 2k =A | Ct f be the epueny of- the Craniverte.... -| wearesfor thi mock.af. vibration. then amt o a. b- velocity of Lranwerse. wave [6 - Hh oe ML ee S | odet: fF. be. the dentin ed vr be Ube a . Pearl pe tle - $5 po | Pexttratl.Lenrgth of palisg them the epuation a a p——— faeeal ¥ _D the. canves.. og te we ay AL “end iy ng he beg Vf woe | fai PD cere —~ eM Le en a it ato. Called frsduarceial regen eGo} vans _RND_MODE- OF VIBRATION. | | ae the. Lame..Lpyig... és placked freon one. - | gaarter. ofits Ap. » again stehinary wates|—..- | on im. ep— _t =f thyis mo cle — the .stholing Lt tuihvatiing HrLaticley Lt. b6 Fhe ware. th. of |_cthe... Shing ‘hen the enghh €. afb the Oy — Bz NNot No Ng aD aD are we be Be Dee BRE J. --e>. d,- = 2 Bt } ence. the... wave Length of the wove betomes.__ hate to that in the. fret Case. Io £ be the Tihrte fenghh £ of. the of “& pire i Se Dhit snocle the thing it pleked at gh of. i i _{ / ee ee VE BAD yo. ¥ +X wom PB aK ag, J enn VY 2. ;— f= r-£eee The. above Lyn Ynolizates that chen the g aseillates tm tro bops.»ét: Prepeercy SeGrnler “VBRD MoDE OF! VIBRATION = ch Le feng anol ct oA arts ebrating } / “eg QS ..Shown in the ow, DDI ant > dg be te ave lou, am G the tase fay ti ole INN PNG the wave 74 .¢ Pepueney. of Uwbration Then the velocity ‘y FF the - awe ts jin as be rae dg ag Bas DemonS a ne . or. Violin Con be tunneo! &y chang ecber the [ene or length ge shing by dybtenting the Paps hoof Wend Peguengy beGomes thrite thal 2 (thrall : New of the String imate. te Wbyrdh ,.'.n loops then the. @ ations far ih Prague I nol. eave length are 7 7 7 c ) Ans 26 i t From abeve epeatins i dt Conelaclecf Yaad | | i with the. fncrease in. number of Lop, The. ely i | foes. _on jrereating ad revave Lengh Aferts 4 i oleereasing. Jn Stal a toay that thelr Prooluct lyemeatns Contant Arra! ee always Gaol b the Sp i vo oe Ue bane. | - > Tie olticohe Set of Paogeneras Lok, ' | Prpor 23f6 nb ot wolizle stationary | nee Cam ext 21 Called fharmome Lerner. | I Here. 2 aul 2 are Calleo! Ant harmenic and | Aecnol Aermanre respectiely» | ILHNB: HE The mmeestal rnctrement Che ahe| on the meck obthe txtument Gffr being reneol | omusiclan a The Pregueney ney by moving Heol* i it i i i A 2s Shown 26 tmaler i Me “7 of atr Column L és peer at ae! po oes cee eet o> <> = LV tet », anol 4 be the erauelenrg th andl Prepuency forthe grocle of uecbyation then feng th of a'r Column between te Gnsecufive antioilles (6 pr a6... 2A Are MA => Apert. | dezercng ty the epuarion of velbce'ly Ve PA, => A= ts A 30 Aub Mede OF Vi@RATION:— The wave pattern jar Tht moole ofebraten ! : | é 1 os o> AN ey, An my 43 Cc I2 An be the wanelengih yor Prt omocle. = AAat AAs = Dey de ada a Ae eS => dae 2k = @ From eguta tion op ) yeloey - Ve Adz => P= - Ls 2 = 2 - Ae oe —® b. Pepueny tn Me Cate. jt Cetze tan thaf + r aspe “BRD MobDE OF VIBRATION Nate pattern of vibrating air Column or re\\ mode 13 Shown im the Yy a ee eo Alon Ae ay As nw, At | : be rH olet As be the wauelength im this mocle the Hy kenge of Ubrating atr Column IS ger 25 be AAretrAseAady { t = Dba Ma yy NE i > x2 2e | i i ve &S 4 = au .v¥i. i > Aah = ret Bae : = 2 @ | : where # ie the Preguency yor Phi're mole if ~ IL the atr Colionn is Ubrateng | jor nth mecle then its Prepueney s rer as pare or nt, ——@| cuhere m= 192338242 25 0 | Hee .v is the Speed of Aangituolnal wave along the spring ancl L is the Aength of | pen organ PP : _ . WGLOSED_ORGAN PIPE 3. Ln WL DeA- at pp having one enol open anol reflected nel closed $4 Called claseol omgan PA Pata ce cee en oeSTATIONARY — WAVES -IN--CLOSED ope oo. ORaan Pipe | n..clesecl organ ose the closed effected _ |] eel be haves a e Ook because x --. || movement oy “the rmolecules (s restate tee! -. |.at veflecfeel encl. Now we ch'scss the a, | oA rent omocles of uUbzrafion (n Clase — jon ye LP . _ . | tsdsr Mope Of Viaration :- i The. weve pattern Proctucecl ar Ybis | fanclamental mole of vbratep 7s Shown) iin the igure - 5 be. oh et i A, e va _N, : | i . Ap « 4é _ - Ld. | Since the eguation of velocity of the wat =..., BNo Move OF Viaration The wave Pattern Por tht mook is piven ae Nt No He My. 2A et £ be the Popeny anol dp» be the || Wavelen Mb yer Wit . LeCand- mode (CSetancl hari | onte J Be Aaghh g any Colemn aecorelng 4 the . above a “ ae, AN; rN ; Ay se Met 22 Bds GAXWH, + aE aes ae arn ae Mone the Prepeny per tnt tnock. 14 Pb | Pree fis That ap flindlamenfal gnock.- Ls . Dmilarly par Bret rnock. of Uebyation. || can be proveol thaf He Sh and s0.0r. Go." Prom Above. oksCussion tt Can be Conclude) tat 7° claseal organ Pe ong cab Aavmuntee Can 22 Produted.. for 1 %h unl heis_— a nr “| Xy- , ||Can 42 proctuceal.. for nth mocle the Rap Move OF VIBRATION J... The wave Pattern por thi't mook /s fiver 2 A Ni Na, ef £ be the Prepteny Bol p, be The. |; wavelength yer Wit . £ecand- mode (S2tenel har onie) “The 4ayth G Column aecoraling & he . above 4 ype a . E20 AN, © NN> \ Oc Ne Azt2rn dbl ——————— == beta oe aQ- ao I, . ' \Y'v. Zn, > fete a | ~ pe Jk £- 3% Bo. Honee the Prepeny Pr ts omecke i cpa b Uroe feiris That of flincla mental yok. Gmilarly jar Bret enook. of ucbyafon tt Can be Proveol that Be Sh and for: So." Prom above. oliscission ét Can ba Conctdeed at tn clase oman (ype ong ode! harmonize ': ! On the basis of his Conclusions, he fapeal epaahiin of the Prosueney Ls a ae % 2 ne en We. a oo - -F 7 where 7 2 13,5270. 2 om _. From ier te Amal egeation < ef Ll -clar that epen organ pyr ut vither fn Aetwioning at Compared ts Closeol ot a. : Christan Johann Doppler observes! Hap _ |i | there. tt a &lybt change fn the Pexllency of " gapat ems 7” aw” PF 7A | My emi tteol jon a olittan® tar as ; | Coomparent Lo 2 Bimilay force on the Cart — Doppreg*s EFFECT | | . Bot t "A STATEMENT 2 4 ‘ The. apparent change (a the || pe ency oe the Aight evaves clue to ; S gelafive motion between the Luyce of wases, LQnol the observer (8 Calleal Dnppler's Effect. | This effect és ako applicable jor Biel esas THEXPLANATION | — | when an .obserier is ctanclios . on a railway Platefarm , the piteh of the i | whistle of an approaching Locomotive (8 |, hearol to be hipher But when the Same | Aomere moves. away from te observeri} if 4 he abseyver “A ie omovies Bevarads the|| | Dearee. eh.» velocity 4+ Be velatwe veloc CASE Tix: Wren Tue OBserver Is Maving! , Socree. ancl the Gttfener aren at vest then — BLEED L2 freguency = Can— be ofeter nos easily . oy fakig the. relative moton betoeen | He reerce. omel observer abng a Straight ne. i The effect Cam be Wustya te! unoler the Polaving our Cases 4 rf t mae TOWARDS A STATIONARY SOURCE :-| oe det, a Source is emetting Sound wales medium heving veleey v. Initially op the | he vam ber of waves Crt Heol oe he Louree ; Per Second bs pe - , Pos Cl ve fA) ; g the foure. wrt. He aberver és KCK) i = V+¢ : | The, apparent Preueny expeninced & i Be... ebserver 1m his Conckfun &s jer 2 pe Vee (A v » SARE an he CA Io. SPresuency $ ancl wavelengh \ inside a HOG? 7 | As the ferm Vth »)“|| easly. by faking the. velative moton between i ———————— : / det. Q Source is emetting Sound waves ! 2 Vale Joan Be | - wee Pe V+ Us “A Ve his change..in__freguency .Can._be...oledermintel the. Searce. amet observer along a Strarght Ane. \ Te“ ebpet Cam be bustyated tmoler the h folowing four Cases. CASE Tix Wren Tue Oaserver Is Moving _ TOWARDS A STATIONARY SOURCE lof frequency Y anol eaveleng th A wei, 2 | medium havin veleesty Ve Lnipaly pe H 5 Source.aned the Sifener are Cat vest. then |\ the number of wwates Cnditecl & Yhe Lource i | | Per second is give - - | ook Cr ve Pal ¥ the obseyver 4 le omoving Bevards tel Source wha velocity U, Be velatve telciy g Be Soure. wrt. he aberver 6 Cus) = Ved, | The, Sqparent- re espeninced & | he... observer te Gomis, fs pier % Ne nen wats, Qe g As the form eles; .ee Se =: fords 2 ee -Hente. the apparent Papuency be heard” by The. finer “ Inevea ged! Fig a. (ecient win w* ‘Sitorary cour’ Sia ‘Sorento be TCAsE Rs NueN. Ossenvee JS RECEDING | i . FROM. A STATIONARY (SOURCE | Since. we rou, that cahen\Sdurce. anol te | observer ase at vest then the number A | cones - vecetveo! |b The cbsety Ler KeConol are, oe i a > NF a h In now e observer B iS moun away |, | L e 2, Shilionary Source wits vebeity UL i | A Use yelatie velocity of waves anol the | observer etl! become (V—- LL) - Thus the observer Jecetves waves at Q veokueo! vane. | A | Hence. the re: Gf ates yecetved i one Second, | Be V= Ue . | f are. a : > , US the value 2 | Ly wg oe | ls i Be Vie _ | Bo eePEA ae Mae eb | > BOF |) Hence the “apparent Prpueny cul? be 2. | yeokuceet. |__| CASE 5:-_AWEN _SouRCE APPROACHES A__STATIONARY _ OBSERVER : howd. let a. Source kk emi ttry num ber oH |. || waves fm one Second with a velocity V | Aaving a. warelingth \. when the Source. | ane. Yhe Observer are at rest then he ij cvave ln, bd of the wes yecetyec! y & | AListner (observer) will be . - dae tee _dlistance Gceupleet by the chovet . yre- 2, Waves 1 Now ip te Source. k& mmoving ‘with velocity ~ | Uy hewarole the Sfationary observer then I ome seconcl The Same mo. a0 waves are w | Comp re sds ti Comparative Shorter Space ; |S te SBULE im wave a ge ad /s jen as i AA= 4 Hees the new re chiveteal evauelongi *| | He obderver 78 Acs A= Ad v Us _ Ves | at Po FT There fare the apparent C mip ) pregueny pr The observer fs gen as ey. cee & PHA wee te A a [: _. As an 4 . col. | Henee he apparent Preguency wel be fnerehted.. _. CASE 4x4 SOURCE 1S. RECEDING L — ERonm THE LISTENER x ' an {| FL.. now the source és meving aw! ag Prom the ee | Airener with a velocity Uy fen a Space... [occupied Y the waves yecetvel bY the _.. observer /¢ tmeveaseot. The change ar Shy oft | im. -cvave beg a? as I. , i] he, eolihtcof ropan ds eoavelbrg hh cutll appear. to increadeand 75 per 2 i »y co kt AN | . -- Us, \ =~ vet? m= Ra veli/p : mi - Gate) ? 1 Se I as Vile e | 2 %¢F | Hence the Preguency oP socornf | Fececiien! 4 He. observer 1S olecrensed| chen Source. moves purer, fron the 4istener- So. the apparent frepeeney “a v . ~ fv.Poppter Lyit, the Spee of the Sele /s a dLenelr evater. ay cats The Doppler shit Apetications OF Dopprer Errecr Th me Aegiltalins od Degas fie are obiseusseel Of toler. Raclar ~s a ofaute Yar banwmittrng and yecelling rads erases (chetroriagnerie waves) | and it usel to clefermire the peed ana! Ae elevation of an, aersplane. when a. plane és! approaching 2 gadiys he evaselangth of af i waties becomes Lorber . oa the pene S yecootin uh meawlongly become. Larger . Py obsaving the |_ekto obefereortined . Boar 2 olen vee prom ound vavigetina Good ranging - we bw dechnisue wluch bt eseol to. clefecf ane! focate. the oGjects Ske / Submarine, anigsubmarine eweapons enol oonteaes) 179. the Letinol Signal » He Sped Qnoal Locafer G Labmavines anol che oncleyar; . deagons Can be eshrmafecf.CHES PH Ag == @)—Glithomemers: the ths,.eppect to ole fermines = the Speeol ¥ Sfars anal Galextee y - Com peerin the Spechyer of Spat yom Lfars a ewe th apne fron a Laboratory Gere. when a Star ft approaching the earth, a rpey .- |e Aight 0s tneveaseel estush, (s evcdlent Srgrn as man, || be ~thifting of petram Zewarol the blue. ase] nel of hor fey wavelongih. when a Sar ts ; coe moving aujay from 02th, the poschram of meme lf BB. Light is chifpel prusatelt the VA ariel aff --- | Lnger veavelergly which Shouts au plecrease in wn | Aepteney clue to the veceling sniln op thar. - -@y An = radar Speco! trap niche wawes (elecbomeg- | metre wanes) ernctted” Lom a. tranvmitter ||... _.. | tn. Short, bursts are veplected prom a we nee [mevinag Cor Whe. ve flecteaf Seam Lim any — _. |lmovtng Car Is vecetveel by the transmitter: __ dacith the measurement of Deppkr shige in | |e. 22 Plecteel beam, The. Speeal of a moving Car fs Calculates! Computer Propramine- @|-A bet. clefermine The ateire anol hocatin of objects 4 deneling bye Sonic By. Ave Pokely fo Possess an ability to Stnol the. Goeeel of Surrouncling objects oy Sen sing Depgeer shigeER AMR LE Pe ee | cxeh B24 Me be the ortpnal Preguengy a a temmog fork A | Prookuces 4 beats per Second weth another tuning yok B.Z.. fs foanel that yy Lacing B weth Gme wan, the beat prgueny Up evenies wé Leah | er second » IP the Pregueny of A 7s 320 Hs olbteronme the jPreguency of B when toacledl. | es SouuTion Date . A = Belle j cone Before Looting it i Beat Prpuen nS A Agler tii . feat frepuen wre & % = ? % Before. ALoadtng — v ¥o-4 = 2” : | 4, xd Btn = Sto tt = 324 da > 316 He of tuning pork &. when ct it: Loacled, ott jf uemey A olecventeo! th B23, RU verre lus fo whieh The no- op beaft or beat sweep bt clecreatect Hence if cai! nof Aatiey the nesy béat Pragueny p26. So Tt | Pye it nok, Correct. ence. the, acta]| EXAMPLE 83 aequensr Benn Blb He «eben Lpys Lafatniag. fork ts Loaokel , cts Prepreney Ut, olecreatee! . dep deal fr weny (s olecyenseot wea anol if beayne| B42 » then the no Q beats Proclutt Yo Ahr tie tumnin forks wl beamme ep G6 aw the Prepuency obibperence bby Tes] clos . fening forks is ho Six. Hence the Pepeese of tong York 8 ete cig ark ve A sheelwrie hangs verficolly om a fey front » Lypporting a wag ht often of its Lower end . The ottronefer ae the.eenve ls -Somy anol cts fengh from the freed point to - the wecght US fm » Calewlate the finelahe taf. Pepe ency enietteat ¥y the. arke when a 7 rs a Density of Steel wie = 78x wks nel le: SOLUTION: - = Data Density o of Steel etre =.0f = 7 ek Diameler of wire = D = +Se mrs. = 5% om -4 i = Selo 7 _. nya oltes ov De wt, 2 B= 2Sulo Wayht - Load = Fe BON __ Length of wire = te (Om . Punolamtn) af freguency = pe P we eeSS SOLULION 2 firamthe ne gatin axp - P Hos 0 enaty op aie - a= AF => om = ofxv volume =, Arex Length ™ = LSBx 10, Rg nt! At the on of tum olantenfal ~ Pepeny be \ “| Ec i = Rpm - pf Be tae 5 Y Reh SVES3 HEP = 22 HR a are He EXAMPLE ff tao harmonies . (Q) oe the Ppe is open at both ends - ch) &f the. ppe.is closet at one end |- . ve Axe ~ om =e ay Ard : ms Bae ole A 2 ole RY = oi = 7820 “eigen ol. pipe fas aw feng ts oe tm. Deberrige . | the. Pre guency of Pundlamental anol. Art _ SOLUTION (ay veloctly of Mounel in atbe Bie ga me ho? BP he? when whe Pipe tb open af both end rt mo — the. general efuation jar sPrepeoneyPHS lb pte. BS... Bane = ae . <> # = Ix xe - te Be. i pa lone Lopparent Prepuency hearol 4 the Same. Ato Ba 22 2 24170 = Bt0He f= 34, = 3xlm =Slo Ae. |. & . i when one enol ae the jolpe is closeol | hen Be mF n m= t DE LBASI + oe | = i - = nie | f-1¥ ‘84° _. ese Gi 46 reel fon 3 A\P Brees 5 255 He - Pe CSF, =. Se aS = 42S He! # £5 pe ove, cell harmonies wo srele a dbeeot organ pape: 7 EXAMPLE 8S 3 A train Fe approaching a station af Ty km! Soumaling a whistle of Pregueney . (000.4 » What wd be the. Yyparent tong of the whittle a hearol ye Askener, Sthing on the platerlanim> Whad- will be. the Aittener i the Crain moves away from De Satin wlth the Lame goeed ' (od a? Banel = 340m§'Po #eS4 SOLUTION = DATA tm a repens) of Source = pe! Joco He —... . veloc; Sounel = V= B4oms' ~oe Speeol og tvain CSeuree) 2 Us= Folem nw! = fowioce 22 Smit! , Séc0 ee cA) pr! 2 —— bb fre 2 )euhen a cvain is approaching Lowayols a Gatonay Atlener then the apparent Pregeeny “ PAS. Gtuen as - ~e ¢ ony? = (Bea) oe te, = 2320 « loco = SIS (e736 He 7 =) 1079.44 db) when the Evan i& movin away from Th _Spationary Disteney yen thhing the. ‘wad a ? = Ge V+ Us yu)? ~@400e0 = 80. » 00 = “BFS 340425 36s" = F31 Sole