TUGAS

BIOKIMIA
Dosen Pengampu : Dra. M Dwi Wiwik Ernawati, M.Kes.

Disusun oleh :

DEWI MUTIARANI

A1C109035

FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN

JURUSAN PENDIDIKAN MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM

PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN KIMIA

UNIVERSITAS JAMBI

2010 / 2011
 NUCLEIC ACID

Nucleic acids are biological molecules essential for life, and include DNA (deoxyribonucleic
acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid). Together with proteins, nucleic acids make up the most
important macromolecules; each is found in abundance in all living things, where they function
in encoding, transmitting and expressing genetic information. Nucleic acids were first discovered
by Friedrich Miescher in 1871. Experimental studies of nucleic acids constitute a major part of
modern biological and medical research, and form a foundation for genome and forensic science,
as well as the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries.

History

Deep understanding that eventually found the nucleic acids by Friedrich Miescher (1844-
1895). He can be said to be the first to build knowledge about the chemistry of the cell nucleus.
Subsequently in 1868, in Hoppe-Syler laboratory in Tubingen, he dapay isolate nucleic acids
obtained from the effluent of an operation and show the existence of phosphorus compounds are
then named nuclein now known as the neme nucleoprotein. Further indicated that the nucleic
acid is one of the compound-forming cells or normal tissue. This research was continued by
Altman, who in 1889 describes a method to isolate protein-free nucleic acid from animal tissue
and yeast.

Hydrolysis of nucleic acids in thymus tissue, resulting purine bases (adenine and guanine),
pyrimidine bases (thymine and cytosine), deoksipentosa and phosphoric acid. Nucleic acid from
yeast is slightly different, containing thymine and uracil as a substitute in place of deoxy pentose
pentose. This makes the allegation may deoksipentosa characteristics of nucleic acids to an
animal while the characteristics of pentose nucleic acids to plants. Although these allegations do
not last long because it proved wrong, it turns out that the ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic
acid is a compound that both in animals and plants. The evidence is obtained from observations
Casperrson of spectrophotometry analysis, histochemical analysis of Brachet and chemical
analysis Davidson.

Detailed elucidation of the structure of nucleosides and nucleotides have been donated by
Todd and his friends, who first discovered glucoside bond between the sugar residue and
pyrimidine bases or purine and fosfodieter bond. From the results of these studies together with
the results of studies of Cohn finally obtained information that the bonds between the nucleotides
occur in the sugar carbon atoms number 3 and 5. From these results has finally made the
concepts of the primary structure of both types of nucleic acids as we know it today.

These discoveries have developed the concepts of biology of nucleic acids on a new
foundation.
 In early 1950 Chargaff warned of some rules in the composition of DNA, especially in the
number of purine and pyrimidine. The number of amino bases (adenine and cytosine) is equal to
the amount of keto bases (guanidine and thymine): the sum of the bases adenine and thymine
bases together with the same guanidine cytosine bases. This observation is an important key in
the interpretation ray crystallographic analysis of X - made by Astbury, Pauling and Corey, and
Franklin and Goshig. The combination of the two sets of data on a brilliantly interpreted by
Watson and Crick in the form of a double structure helik

Occurrence

The term nucleic acid is the overall name for DNA and RNA, members of a family of
biopolymers, and is synonymous with polynucleotide. Nucleic acids were named for their initial
discovery within the nucleus, and for the presence of phosphate groups (related to phosphoric
acid). Although first discovered within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, nucleic acids are now
known to be found in all life forms, including within bacteria, archaea, mitochondria,
chloroplasts, viruses and viroids. All living cells and organelles contain both DNA and RNA,
while viruses contain either DNA or RNA, but usually not both. The basic component of
biological nucleic acids is the nucleotide, each of which contains a pentose sugar (ribose or
deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nucleobase. Nucleic acids are also generated within the
laboratory, through the use of enzymes (DNA and RNA polymerases) and by solid-phase
chemical synthesis. The chemical methods also enable the generation of altered nucleic acids that
are not found in nature for example peptide nucleic acids.

Various kinds of nucleic acids

Nucleic acid consists of two words that describe identity. Because it is acidic acid, and
nucleic suggests it lies at the core (nucleus). However, in reality than in the nucleus, nucleic
acids are also found in the cytoplasm (for being prokaryotes).

Nucleic acid are made by joining nucleotid in a repetitive way into long, chainlike
polymer. Nucleoyides are made of three componenents: phosphate, sugar and nitrogenous base.
When incorporated into a nucleic acid, a nucleutide contains one of each of the three
componenents. But, when free in the cell pool, nucleotides usually occur as triphosphate. The
energy held in the extra phosphate is used, among purpose, to synthesis the polymer. A
nucleoside is sugar-base compound. Nucleotides are therefore nucleoside phosphate.

Nucleotide components have 3: phosphate, sugar, and bases of DNA / RNA

 The tip of the nucleotide phosphate is to be (-) so that it is acidic. While these bases are
divided into groups pyrimidines and purines.

Primidin: Cytosin (C), Thymine (T), in RNA rather than thymine, but uracil (U)

Purine: Adenine (A), Guanine (G)

Type of Nucleic Acid

1. DNA

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or deoxyribose nucleic acid (AND) is a repository of genetic

information.

DNA Structure

In 1953, Frances Crick and James Watson discovered the molecular model of DNA as a
double-stranded helical structure, or better known as the double helix Watson-polinukleotida
Crick.DNA are macromolecules composed of nucleotide polymer that repeatedly, made copies,
forming DNA haliks double and spiral into kanan.Setiap nucleotide molecule consisting of three
groups, namely:

- Sugar 5 carbons (2-deoxyribose)

 - Nitrogen base group consisting of adenine purine (Adenine = A) and guanine (guanini =
G), and functional pyrimidine, which is cytosine (cytosine = C) and thymine (thymine = T)

- A phosphate group

Following the order of the composition of the chemical structure of DNA:

Neither purine nor pyrimidine associated with deoxyribose to form a molecule called
nucleoside or deoksiribonukleosida which is a precursor for the synthesis of elementary
DNA.Prekursor is an element of the early formation of compounds related deoksiribonukleosida
fosfat.DNA group composed of four kinds of nucleotide monomers.

The four nitrogenous bases in DNA nucleotides are not the same number rata.Akan but, in
every molecule of DNA, the amount of adenine (A) always equal to the amount of thymine (T).
Similarly the number of guanine (G) with sitisin (C) always sama.Fenomena This is called the
provisions Chargaff.Adenin (A) always pairs with thymine (T) and forming two hydrogen bonds
(A = T), sedagkan cytosine (C) always pairs with guanine (G) and form 3 hirogen bond (C = G).

The stability of the DNA double helix is determined by the composition of base and
hydrogen bonds that form along the chain tersebut.karean these changes in the amount of
hydrogen, not mengehrankan that the bond C = G requires more power to separate them.

DNA is the primary structure of macromolecules is polinukleotida berpilin.Sturktur double

chain is described as a tangga.Anak the ladder is the arrangement of nitrogen bases, with AT and
GC.Kedua bond "the backbone of the ladder" is a sugar ribosa.Antara mononukleotida relate to
each other in chemical through a phosphodiester bond.

DNA double helix whose length also has a double helix polaritas.Polaritas opposite
orientation to each lain.Kedua polinukleotida chains that form the DNA double helix in a row in
antipararel.Jika described as follows:

DNA Replication

Replication is the event DNA.Saat synthesis of a cell to divide by mitosis, each cell
contains the DNA cleavage hasila full and identical like induknya.Dengan Thus, the DNA must
be accurately replicated before dimulai.Replikasi DNA cleavage can occur in the presence of a
new synthesis of nucleotide chains nucleotide chains lama.Proses complementation base pairs to
produce a new DNA molecule is the same as long as the DNA molecule can
cetakan.Kemungkinan replication through three models.

The first model is a conservative model, namely two long DNA chain remain unchanged,
serves as a template for two new two DNA chains.

The second model is called semiconservative model, ie two separate long DNA chain and
new chain synthesized with the principle of complementation in each of the long DNA chain is
the third tersebut.Model dispersive model, ie some part of the long DNA chain sebgai mold used
for the synthesis of new DNA chains .

Here is a picture of DNA replication that occurs:

Of these three models of replication, semiconservative model is the right model for the
process of semiconservative DNA replication DNA.Replikasi is true for prokaryotic organisms
and eukariot.Perbedaan replication between prokaryotes to eukaryotes are organisms in terms of
type and amount of enzyme involved, and the speed and complexity replkasi DNA.Pada
eukaryotic organisms, replication events occur prior to mitotic division, precisely on sintsis
phase in the cell division cycle.

2. RNA

Ribonucleic acid (English: ribonucleic acid, RNA), a compound that is the genetic material
and plays a major role in genetic expression. The principal dogma (central dogma) of molecular
genetics, RNA mediates between the information carried DNA and phenotypic expression in the
form of the protein.

RNA Structure...

The basic structure of RNA similar to DNA. RNA is a polymer composed of a number of
nucleotides. Each nucleotide has a phosphate group, a pentose group, and one group of nitrogen
bases (base N). Polymer composed of alternating bond between the phosphate group of one
nucleotide by nucleotide group of other pentoses.

The difference lies in the RNA with the DNA of one pentose sugar ring hydroxyl groups,
so called ribose, whereas the pentose in DNA group called deoxyribose. [1] A base nitrogen in
the same RNA with DNA, except for thymine bases in DNA is replaced by uracil in RNA. So
still there are four choices: adenine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil to the nucleotide.

In addition, the conformation of double helical RNA does not form as DNA, but varied
according to the type and function.

Types of RNA

RNA is present in nature in many kinds / types. As the genetic material, RNA tangible pair
ribbon (UK double-stranded RNA, dsRNA). Teaches classical molecular genetics, in eukaryotes
there are three types of RNA are involved in the process of protein synthesis [2]

-Messenger RNA (English: messenger-RNA, mRNA), which is synthesized by RNA

polymerase I.
 RNA-ribosome (English: ribosomal-RNA, rRNA), which is synthesized by RNA
polymerase II

RNA-transfer (English: the transfer-RNA, tRNA), which is synthesized by RNA

polymerase III

At the end of the 20th century and early 21st century is known that RNA is present in
various forms and are involved in the process pascatranslasi. In regulating the genetic expression
of people are now familiar with the micro-RNA (Mirna) involved in the "reduction of genes" or
gene silencing and small-interfering RNA (siRNA) that are involved in defense against viral
attack.

RNA (ribonucleic acid) or ribonucleic acid is a macromolecule that serves as a storage and
distribution of information genetik.RNA as a store of genetic information for example on viral
genetic material, especially as the dealer group retrovirus.RNA such genetic information in the
translation process for the synthesis can also protein.RNA function as enzymes (ribozymes) that
can mengkalis formation of its own RNA or other RNA molecules.

SOURCE:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid

http://www.chem4kids.com/files/bio_nucleicacids.html

Enger, Eldon D. dan Frederick C. Ross. 2000. Concepts In Biology. United States of
Amerika: Mc Graw Hill

Lehninger Albert L,1994,Dasar-. biochemistry. USA: University Of Massachusetts

Lowel

Mathews, Christopher K. Mathews dan K. E. Van Holde. Biochemistry. . England: Mc Graw

Hill