+2 CHEMISTRY A COMPLETE GUIDE (EM) NEW-Mar-2017 PDF

+2 CHEMISTRY way to success
1. ATOMIC STRUCTURE II
Blue print 1 Mark = 2 3 Mark = 1 5 Mark = 1 Total marks = 10
Govt. Examination questions

1 MARK
313.6
1. En = , If the value of Ei = 34.84 to which value n corresponds [June-2008, Mar-2016]
n2
a) 4 b) 3 c) 2 d) 1
2. Dual character of an electron was explained by

[Mar-2006, Sep-2007, Sep-2008, June-2009, June-2010, Mar-2013, Sep-2015]
a) Bohr b) Heisenberg c) de-Broglie d) Pauli
3. de-Broglie quation is [June-2006, Sep-2009, Mar-2012, Sep-2012, Mar-2014, June-2014]

mv hv h
a) = b) = hmv c) = d) =
h m mv
4. Which of the following particle having same kinetic energy, would have the maximum de-Broglie wave
length? [Mar-2007, Sep-2014]
a) -particle b) proton c) -particle d) neutron
h
Note : = ( Mass of -particle is very less and hence it has maximum )
mv
5. If the energy of an electron in the second Bohr orbit of H-atom is E, what is the energy of the electron
in the Bohrs first orbit? [June-2011]
a) 2E b) 4E c) 2E d) 4E
E1 E1
Note: En = E2 = E1 = 4 E2 E1 = 4 ( E ) = 4 E
n2 22
6. The bond order of oxygen molecule is [Sep-2010, Sep-2011]
a) 2.5 b) 1 c) 3 d) 2
7. The hybridisation in SF6 molecule is [Mar-2008, Mar-2010, Sep-2013]

a) sp3 b) sp3d2 c) sp3d d) sp3d3
8. The intramolecular hydrogen bonding is present in

[June-2007, Mar-2009, Mar-2011, June-2010, June-2013, June-2015]
a) o-nitrophenol b) m-nitrophenol c) p-nitrophenol d) None
9. The momentum of a particle which has de-Broglie wave length of 1 is [Mar-2006, Mar-2011]
23 1 24 1 34 1
a) 6.6 10 kg ms b) 6.6 10 kg ms c) 6.6 10 kg ms d) 6.6 1034kg ms1
h h 6.6 10 -34
Note: = p= = = 6.6 10
24
( = 1 = 10 m )
10
p 10 10
way2s100@gmail.com -1- www.waytosuccess.org

10. Which one of the following experiments confirmed the wave nature of electron? [Mar-2010]
a) G.P. Thomsons gold foil experiment b) Black body radiation
c) Photoelectric effect d) Millikens oil drop experiment
Wave character of electron Particle character of electron

1. Davisson and Germers experiment 1. Scintillation
2. J.J Thomson experiment
2. G.P. Thomsons experiment 3. Millikens oil drop experiment
4. Black body radiation
[Diffraction of electrons] 5. Photoelectric effect
11. The circumference of the circular orbit of the electron must be an integral multiple of -----------
[Sep-2006]
a) Frequency b) Momentum c) Mass d) Wavelength
Note: 2a = n
12. Number of spherical nodes in 2s- orbital is [June-2009]

a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
Note: Number of nodes in s-orbital = n 1 ( n = principal quantum number )
13. The bond order of nitrogen molecule is [June-2006, June-2012, June-2013]

a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3
14. In a molecule eight electrons are present in bonding molecular orbitals and four electrons are present in
antibonding molecular orbitals. Its bond order is [Mar-2008]
a) 3 b) 4 c) 2.5 d) 2
15. Energy levels of molecular orbitals have been determined experimentally by [Sep-2007]
a) spectroscopic studies b) x-ray diffraction c) crystallographic studies d) none
16. Molecular orbital with the least energy is ------------- [Sep-2011]

a) 1s b) *1s c) 2py d) *2py
17. The type of hybridization of I in ICl4 is [Sep-2012]

a) sp3 b) sp3d2 c)dsp2 d) sp3d
18. The nature of hybridization in IF7 molecule is [Sep-2006, Sep-2010, Mar-2014]

a) sp3d2 b) sp3d2 c) sp d 3 3
d) sp3d4
19. The hybridization involved in XeF6 is [June-2007, June-2011]

a) sp3d3 b) sp3d2 c) sp d 3
d) sp 3
20. The type of hybridization of S in SO42 is [Mar-2009]

a) sp3 b) sp3d c) sp d) sp2
21. The hybridization in CO32 ion is [Sep-2009]

a) sp2 b) sp3 c) sp d) sp3d

22. The hybridization in PCl5 molecule is [June-2012, Mar-2013]

a) sp3d b) sp3d c) sp 3
d) sp 2
23. The type of hybridization of N in NH 4+ ion is [Mar-2012]

a) sp3 b) sp3d c) sp d) sp2
24. Inter-molecular hydrogen bonding is present in [Mar-2007]

a) HF b) H2O c) ethanol d) all the above
25. Water exists in liquid state. This is due to [June-2008]

a) high boiling point b) low boiling point c) freezing point is zero d) hydrogen bond
26. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding is present in [Sep-2008]
a) orthonitrophenol b)salicylic acid c) orthohydroxybenzaldehyde d) HF
27. The molecular orbitals are fi1led according to [Sep-2013]

a) Pauli's exclusion principle b) Hunds rule c) Aulbau principle d) all the above
28. In amolecule when Nb = 8 and Na = 2, then the bond order is [June-2014]

a) 3 b) 4 c) 2.5 d) 2
29. Shape of p-orbital is [Sep-2014]

a) Spherical b) Clover leaf c) dumb-bell d) doughnut
30. Which molecule is relatively more stable? [Mar-2015]

a) O2 b) H2 c) Li2 d) N2
Note: Stability of molecule Bondorder

Bond order of H2 = 1, Li2 = 1, O2 = 2, N2 = 3
31. The value of Bohr radius for hydrogen atom is [Mar-2015]

a) 0.529 10 cm b) 0.529 10 cm c) 0.529 10 cm d) 0.529 10 cm
8 10 6 12
32. The bond order of hydrogen molecule is [June-2015]

a) 0 b) 1 c) 3 d) 2
33. The bond order of lithium molecule is [Sep-2015]
a) 0 b) 1 c) 3 d) 2
34. The total valence electrons in BeCl2 [Mar-2016]
a) 18 b) 12 c) 16 d) 14
Note: EC of Be (Z = 4) : 2, 2 EC of Cl (Z= 17) : 2, 8, 7

The total valence electrons = 2 + 7 + 7 = 16

3 MARK
1. State Heisenbergs uncertainty principle

[March-2006, Sep-2007, March-2008, Sep-2009, Mar-2011, Sep-2011, June-2012, Mar-2013, June-2015]
It is impossible to measure simultaneously both the position and velocity (or momentum) of a
microscopic particle with absolute accuracy or certainty.
h
x . p
4
where, x = uncertainty in the position of the particle and
p = uncertainty in the momentum of the particle.
h = Plancks constant
2. Give the differences between particle and wave [June-2006, June-2014, Sep-2014]
No Particle Wave
1 Particle is localized in space. Wave is delocalized in space.
i.e. A particle occupies a well-defined i.e. A wave is spread out in space
position in space
2 Particles do not interfere. Waves interfere.
i.e. When a particular space is occupied i.e. Two or more waves can coexist in
by one particle, the same space cannot the same region of space.
be occupied simultaneously by any
other particle.
3 When a number of particles are present When a number of waves are present in
in a given region of space, their total a given region of space, due to
value is equal to their sum interference, the resultant wave can be
larger or smaller than the individual
waves.
3. What is the significance of negative electronic energy?

[June-2008, June-2009, June-2010, Mar-2012, Sep-2012, Mar-2014]
The energy of an electron at infinity is arbitrarily assumed to be zero. This state is called zero-energy
state. When an electron moves and comes under the influence of nucleus, it does some work and spends
its energy in this process. Thus, the energy of the electron decreases and it becomes less than zero ie. it
acquires a negative value.
4. Define hybridisation [Mar-2009, June-2013, Mar-2015]

Hybridization is the concept of intermixing of the orbitals of an atom having nearly the same energy to
give exactly equivalent orbitals with same energy, identical shapes and symmetrical orientations in
space.
5. What is bond order? [June-2007, Mar-2010, Mar-2016]

Bond order is defined as half the difference between the number of electrons in bonding molecular
orbitals (Nb) and the number of electrons in antibonding molecular orbitals (Na).
Nb Na
Bond order =
2
6. Give the conditions for effective hydrogen bonding [Sep-2006, June-2011]
1. High electronegativity of the atom bonded to hydrogen atom so that bond is sufficiently polar.
2. Small size of the atom bonded to hydrogen so that it is able to attract the bonding electron pair
effectively.

7. Why He2 is not formed? [March-2007, Sep-2008, Sep-2010, Sep-2013]

2
The electronic configuration of helium (Z = 2) is 1s .
As each helium atom contains two electrons, there will be four electrons in He2 molecule.
2 2
He2 : (1s) (*1s)
He He2 He
*1s
Energy
1s 1s
1s
Atomic orbital Molecular orbitals Atomic orbital
Nb Na 22
Bond order = = =0
2 2
As the bond order for He2 is zero, this molecule does not exist.
8. Define orbital [Sep-2015]

An orbital is the region of space around the nucleus within which the probability of finding an electron
of given energy is maximum
5 MARK
1. Discuss the Davisson and Germer experiment [March-2007, Sep-2015]

1. A beam of electrons obtained from a heated tungsten filament is accelerated by using a high,
positive potential.
2. When this fine beam of accelerated electrons is allowed to fall on a large single crystal of nickel, the
electrons are scattered from the crystal in different directions.
3. The diffraction pattern so obtained is similar to the diffraction pattern of X-rays by Braggs
experiment. Since X-rays have wave character, therefore, the electrons must also have wave
character.
4. The wave length of the electrons as determined by the diffraction experiments were found to be in
agreement with the values calculated from de-Broglie equation.
5. From the above discussion, it is clear that an electron behaves as a wave.
photographic
plate
In
ele cide
ct nt
ro diffracted
ns bea
m electrons
of
Nickel crystal
diffraction pattern

2. Derive de-Broglies equation. What is its significance?

[Sep-2006, June-2007, Mar-2011, Sep-2013, June-2015, Mar-2016]
The wavelength of the wave associated with any material particle can be calculated by analogy with
photons as follows.
If the photon has wave character, its energy is given by
E = h (according to planks quantum theory)
Where, h = Planks constant = frequency of the wave
If the photon has particle character, its energy is given by

E = mc2 ( according to Einstein equation)
Where m = mass of photon c = velocity of light
From the above equations we get,
h = mc2
c
But =

hc
Therefore, = mc2

h
Or =
mc
de Broglie pointed out that the above equation is applicable to any material particle. The mass of the photon
is replaced by the mass of the material particle and the Velocity c of photon is replaced by the velocity v
of the material particle.
Thus for any material particle like electron, we may write.

h h
= or =
mv p
Where, mv = p (the momentum of the particle)
The above equation is called de Broglie equation and is called de Broglie wavelength.
Significance of de Broglie equation

de Broglie equation relates the particle character with the wave character of matter.
3. Briefly explain Molecular Orbital Theory. [or] What are the assumptions (postulates) of
molecular orbital theory? [March-2008, June-2012, Sep-2012, Sep-2014, Mar-2015]
1. In a molecule, electrons are present in new orbitals called molecular orbitals.

2. Molecular orbitals are formed by combination of atomic orbitals of equal energies
3. The number of molecular orbitals formed is equal to the number of atomic orbitals undergoing
combination.
4. Two atomic orbitals can combine to form two molecular orbitals. One of these two molecular
orbitals one has a lower energy and the other has a higher energy. The molecular orbital with lower
energy is called bonding molecular orbital and the other with higher energy is called anti
bonding molecular orbital.
5. The shapes of molecular orbitals depend upon the shapes of combining atomic orbitals.
6. The bonding molecular orbitals are represented by by (sigma), (pi), (delta) and the
antibonding molecular orbitals are represented by *, *, *.
7. The molecular orbitals are filled in the increasing order of their energies, starting with orbital of
least energy. (Aufbau principle)

8. A molecular orbital can accommodate only two electrons and these two electrons must have
opposite spins. (Paulis exclusion principle)
9. While filling molecular orbitals of equal energy, pairing of electrons does not take place until all
such molecular orbitals are singly filled with electrons having parallel spins. (Hunds rule)
4. Explain the formation of N2 molecule by molecular orbital theory

[June-2008, Sep-2008, June-2009, June-2010, Sep-2010, June-2011, Mar-2014]
N(Z=7): 1s2 2s2 2p3

Each nitrogen atom has 7 electrons, hence, in N2 molecule there are 14 electrons.
Electronic configuration of N2 :KK (2s)2 < (*2s)2 < (2px)2 = (2py)2 < (2pz)2
Here (1s)2 < (*1s)2 = KK { K shell of the two atoms}
Molecular orbital energy level diagram of N2
N N2 N
*2p z
*2p *2p y
x
2p
2p
2p z
Energy
2p 2p
x y
*2s
2s 2s
2s
Atomic Molecular Atomic
Orbitals Orbitals Orbitals
Nb Na 82
1. Bond Order = = =3
2 2
2. Nature of bond : Since bond order is 3, triple bond is present in N2 molecule. N N
3. Diamagnetic nature: Since all the electrons in N 2 are paired, it is a diamagnetic molecule.

5. Explain the formation of O2 molecule by molecular orbital theory

[March-2006, June-2006, Sep-2007, Mar-2010, Sep-2011, Mar-2013, June-2014]
O ( Z = 8 ) : 1s 2s 2p4
2 2
Each oxygen atom has 8 electrons, hence, in O2 molecule there are 16 electrons.
Electronic configuration of O2:KK (2s)2<(*2s)2<(2pz)2 < (2px)2 = (2py)2 < (*2px)1 = (*2py)1
Here (1s)2 < (*1s)2 = KK { K shell of the two atoms}
Molecular orbital energy level diagram of O2
O O2 O
*2p z
*2p *2p y
x
2p
2p
2p 2p
x y
Energy
2p z
*2s
2s 2s
2s
Atomic Molecular Atomic
Orbitals Orbitals Orbitals
Nb Na 84
1. Bond Order = = =2
2 2
2. Nature of bond : Since bond order is 2, double bond is present in O 2 molecule O = O
3. Paramagnetic Nature : O2 molecule contains two unpaired electrons (*2px1 and *2py1).
So it is paramagnetic.

6. The uncertainty in the position of a moving bullet of mass 10 g is 10 5 m. Calculate the uncertainty
in its velocity [Mar-2009]
5 3 2
x = 10 m m = 10 g = 10 10 kg = 10 kg h = 6.626 kg m2 s1
Substituting these values in the equation for uncertainty principle
h
x . p =
4
h
x . mv =
4
h 6.626 10 -34
v = = = 5.27 1028 m sec1
4 m x 22
4 10 2 10 5
7
7. The wavelength of a moving body of mass 0.1 mg is 3.310 10 -29m. Calculate its kinetic energy.
(h = 6.626 10-34 J.s) [Sep-2009]
m = 0.1 mg = 0.1 103 g = 0.1 10 6 kg = 107 kg
K.E = mv2 = 107 v2

h h 6.626 10 -34
= or v= = = 200 ms1
m 7 29
mv 10 3.31 10
K.E = 107 (200)2 = 2103 J
8. A moving electron has 4.55 10 25 joules of kinetic energy. Calculate its wavelength.
[ mass = 9.1 10 31 kg and h = 6.626 10 34 kg m2 s 1] [Mar-2012]
25
K.E = 4.55 10
mv2 = 4.55 10 25
9.110 31 v2 = 4.55 10 25
4.55 10 -25 2
2
v = 31
= 10 6 v = 10 3 m s 1
9.1 10
h 6.626 10 -34 7
= = = 7.25 10 m
31
mv 9.1 10 10 3
9. Calculate the uncertainty in the position of an electron if the uncertainty in its velocity is
5.7 105 m/sec (h = 6.626 1034 kg m2 s1, mass of the electron = 9.1 1031 kg) [June-2013]
h
x . mv =
4
h 6.626 10 34
x = = = 1 1010 m
4 m v 22
4 9.1 10 31 5.7 10 5
7

Additional questions
1 MARK
1. The energy of electron in an atom is given by En =

4 2 me 4 2 2 me 2 2 2 me4 2 me 4
a) b) c) d)
n 2h 2 n 2h 2 n 2h 2 n 2h 2
2. Which explains the wave nature of an electron?

a) scintillation b) black body radiation c) interference d) photoelectric effect
3. de-Broglie relationship has no significance for

a) an electron b) a proton c) a neutron d) an iron ball
4. Mathematical expression of Heisenberg uncertainty principle is

h h h h
a) x . p b) x . m c) x . v d) x . y
4 4 4 4
5. Energy of an electron of a hydrogen atom is (in KJ mol 1)

1312 1312 1312 1312
a) En = + b) En = c) En = d) En = +
2 n2
n n n
6. Shape of s-orbital is
a) spherical b) clover c) dumb-bell d) dough nut
7. Shape of dxy-orbital is
a) dough nut b) clover leaf c) dumb-bell with dough nut d) spherical
[ d xy , d yz , d zx , d x 2 y2 = clover leaf shape, d z 2 = dumb-bell with dough nut shape]
8. The probability of finding an electron is same in all directions at a given distance from the nucleus for
a) s-orbital b) p-orbital c) d-orbital d) f-orbital
9. 1s and 2s orbitals do not differ in

a) size b) shape c) energy d) number of nodes
10. 2px , 2py and 2pz orbitals differ in

a) size b) shape c) energy d) orientation
11 The total number of spherical nodes for any s-orbital is equal to

a) l 1 b) n 1 c) m 1 d) 0
12. A node refers to the region of

a) maximum probability of finding an electron b) more electron density
c) zero probability of finding an electron d) none of these
13. Number of spherical nodes in 3s- orbital is

a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4

14 For 2px orbital ------------- plane is the nodal plane

a) yz b) xz c) xy d) x
15. The bond order of H2 molecule is

a) 1 b) 0 c) 2 d) 1.5
Molecule H2 He2 Li2 N2 O2

Bond order 1 0 1 3 2
16 Which of the following is paramagnetic?

a) H2 b) N2 c) O2 d) He2
17. Stability of a molecule is directly proportional to

a) electron density b) number of neutrons c) bond order d) electro negativity
18. If Nb > Na the molecule is

a) stable b) unstable c) explosive d) highly reactive
19. If Nb = Na the molecule is

a) stable b) unstable c) explosive d) highly reactive
20. Which of the following is more stable?

a) N2 b) O2 c) Li2 d) all the above
21. The correct order of stability or bond dissociation energy is

a) N2 < O2 < Li2 b) N2 > O2 > Li2 c) N2 = O2 < Li2 d) N2 < O2 = Li2
22. The correct order of bond length is

a) N2 < O2 < Li2 b) N2 > O2 > Li2 c) N2 = O2 < Li2 d) N2 < O2 = Li2
23. ------------ concept is used in the construction of electron microscope and in the study of surface
structure of solids by electron diffraction
a) de-Broglie b) photoelectric effect c) blackbody radiation d) all the above
24. Hydrogen bonding exists in

a) skin b) blood c) bones d) all the above
25. The strength of hydrogen bond is in the order

a) H-F.H > H-O.H > H-N.H b) H-F.H = H-O.H > H-N.H
c) H-O.H < H-N.H < H-F.H d) H-O.H = H-N.H = H-F.H
26. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding is present in

a) orthonitrophenol b)salicylic acid c) Salicylaldehyde d) All the above

3 MARK.
1. Explain the formation of H2 molecule by molecular orbital theory

It is formed by the combination of two hydrogen atoms. Each hydrogen atom in the ground state has one
electron in 1s orbital. Therefore, in all there are two electrons in hydrogen molecule which are present in
lower most 1s molecular orbital.
The molecular orbital electronic configuration of hydrogen molecule is ( 1s)2
H H2 H
*1s
Energy
1s 1s
1s
Atomic orbital Molecular orbitals Atomic orbital
Nb Na 20
i) Bond order = = =1
2 2
ii) Nature of bond : The two hydrogen atoms in a molecule of hydrogen are bonded by a single
covalent bond. H-H
iii) Diamagnetic character : Since no unpaired electron is present in hydrogen molecule, it is
diamagnetic in nature.
2. Give the Bohrs quantum condition for stationary states

The circumference of the circular orbit of the electron should be an integral multiple of the wavelength
of de Broglie wave, otherwise the wave cannot be smoothly continuous.
2a = n, (n = 1, 2, 3, ....)
This orbit is not allowed
3. What is meant by hydrogen bonding?

Hydrogen bonding comes into existence as a result of dipole-dipole interactions between the molecules
in which hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom.
It is a weak bond because it is merely an electrostatic force and not a chemical bond.
F F F
H H H

4. Give the consequences of intra molecular hydrogen bonding

1. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding decreases the boiling point of the compound.
2. Intramolecular hydrogen bonding decreases the solubility of the compound in water by
restricting the possibility of intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
5 MARK
1. Describe G.P. Thomsons experiment to prove wave character of electrons

A beam of accelerated electrons is allowed to pass through thin foil of gold. A diffraction pattern is
observed on the photographic plate placed perpendicular to the direction of the beam. This confirms the
wave nature of electrons.
diffracted
electrons
incident
beamof electrons
thin foil
of gold photographic diffraction pattern
plate
2. Explain two types of hydrogen bonding with suitable examples
1. Inter molecular hydrogen bonding

Inter molecular hydrogen bond is formed between the two molecules of the same or different
compounds.
a) Hydrogen fluoride, H - F
In the solid state, hydrogen fluoride consists of long zig-zag chains of molecules associated by hydrogen
bonds as shown below:
F F F
H H H
Therefore, hydrogen fluoride is represented as (HF)n
b) Water
In water molecule, the electronegative oxygen atom forms two polar covalent bonds with two hydrogen
atoms. The oxygen atom due to its higher electronegativity acquires partial negative charge and the two
hydrogen atoms acquire partial positive charge.
+ +
HOH
2-
The negatively charged oxygen forms two hydrogen bonds with two positively charged hydrogen atoms
of two neighbouring molecules.

H H
O
H H H H
O O
2. Intra molecular hydrogen bonding

This type of bond is formed between hydrogen atom and N, O or F atom of the same molecule. This
type of hydrogen bonding is commonly called chelation and is more frequently found in organic
compounds. Intra molecular hydrogen bonding is possible when a six or five membered rings can be
formed.
H H H
O O O O O O
N C C
O OH H
O-Nitrophenol Salicylic Acid Salicylaldehyde
Intramolecular hydrogen bonding (chelation) decreases the boiling point of the compound and also its
solubility in water by restricting the possibility of intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
3. Give the importance of hydrogen bonding
1. Life would have been impossible without liquid water which is the result of intermolecular
H bonding in it.
2. Hydrogen bonding increases the rigidity and strength of wood fibres and thus makes it an article of
great utility to meet requirements of housing, furniture etc.
3. The rigidity and tensile strength of cotton and silk is due to the presence of hydrogen bonding.
4. Most of our food materials such as carbohydrates and proteins also consist of hydrogen bonding.
5. H bonding is also present in various tissues, organs, skin, blood and bones

8. SOLID STATE - II

1 MARK
1. The Braggs equation is [Mar-2011, June-2014]
a) = 2d sin b) nd = 2 sin c) 2 = nd sin d) n = 2d sin
2. The crystal structure of CsCl is [ Sep-2006 ]

a) Simple cubic b) face-centred cubic c) Tetragonal d) Body centred cubic
3. An example for Frenkel defect is [June - 2012]

a) NaCl b) AgBr c) CsCl d) FeS
4. An example of metal deficiency defect [Mar-2008, Sep-2008]

a) NaCl b) AgCl c) CsCl d) FeS
Crystal Schottky Frenkel Metal excess Metal deficiency

defect Defect Defect Defect Defect
Example NaCl AgBr NaCl FeO, FeS
5. An ion leaves its regular site and occupies a position in the space between the lattice sites. This defect is
called as [March-2007]
a) Schottky defect b) Frenkel defect c) Impurity defect d) Vacancy defect
6. Semiconductors which exhibit conductivity due to the flow of excess negative electrons are called
[June- 2006, June-2013]
a) Superconductors b) n-type semiconductors c) p-type semiconductors d) Insulators
7. In the Braggs equation for diffraction of X-rays,n represents [June-2008]

a) number of moles b) Avogadro number c) quantum number d) Order of reflection
8. In a simple cubic cell, each point on a corner is shared by [Mar -2006, June-2007, Sep-2010]
a) One unit cell b) Two unit cell c) 8 unit cell d) 4 unit cell
Type of atom Corner Body centred Face centred Edge

atom atom atom atom
Shared by
8 1 2 4
(No.of unit cells)
9. The total number of atoms per unit cell in bcc is [Sep-2007, Sep-2009, June-2010, Sep-2011, Mar-2015]
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
10. The total number of atoms per unit cell in fcc is [Mar-2013]
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
Unit cell Simple Cubic BCC FCC Edge centred

No.of atoms per unit cell 1 2 4 4

11. Rutile is [June 2011, Sep-2014, Mar-2016]

a) TiO2 b) Cu2O c) MoS2 d) Ru
12. The coordination number of ZnS is [Mar-2010]

a) 3 b) 4 c) 6 d) 8
13. The crystal lattice with coordination number four is [Sep-2012]

a) CsCl b) ZnO c) BN d) NaCl
Crystal CsCl NaCl FeS ZnO ZnS BN

Coordination
8 6 6 4 4 3
number
14. The number of close neighbours in a body centred cubic lattice of identical spheres is
[Mar-2009, Mar - 2012]
a) 6 b) 4 c) 12 d) 8
15. Which one of the following crystal has 8 : 8 structure? [Sep-2013]

a) MgF2 b) CsCl c) KCl d) NaCl
16. The size of the anion in Frenkel defect crystal is [June-2009]

a) larger than the cation b) smaller than the cation
c) equal in size with cation d) both are larger in size
17. The smallest repeating unit in space lattice which when repeated over and again results in the crystal of
the given substance is called [Mar-2014]
a) Space lattice b) Crystal lattice c) Unit cell d) Isomorphism
18. The number of chloride ions that surrounds the central Na + ion in NaCl crystal is---------- [June-2015]
a) 12 b) 8 c) 6 d) 4
19. The coordination number of BN is [Sep-2015]
a) 3 b) 4 c) 6 d) 8
3 MARK
1. Sketch the (a) simple cubic (b) face-centred cubic and (c) body centred cubic lattices
[Mar-2009, June-2012, Mar-2016]

2. Write a note on the assignment of atoms per unit cell in fcc [Sep 2011]
Nf
A face atom is shared equally between two unit cells and therefore a face atom contributes only to
2
the unit cell.
Nc Nf 8 6
The total number of atoms per unit cell in fcc = 1 3 4
8 2 8 2
Nf = Number of atoms at the faces.
3. What are superconductors?

[Mar-2006, June-2006, Sep-2008, June-2009, Mar-2010, Mar-2013, June-2015]
The ability of certain ultra cold substances to conduct electricity without resistance is called super
conductivity. This superconductivity state is a state in which a material has virtually zero electrical
resistance. Substances having this property are called super conductors.
4. What is meant by superconducting transition temperature? [June-2007, Sep-2014]

The super conducting transition temperature Tc of a material is defined as a critical temperature at
which the resistivity of the material is suddenly changed to zero. Thus at that temperature a material is
changed from normal material to superconductor.
5. Determine the number of CsCl units per unit cell. [Mar-2007]

CsCl is body centered cubic system. The chloride ions are at the corners of a cube where as Cs + ion is at
the centre of the cube or vice versa. Each Cs+ ion is connected with eight Cl ions and each Cl is
connected with eight Cs+ ions.
+
Cs
-
Cl
Nc 8
Number of chloride ions per unit cell 1
8 8
N 1
Number of cesium ion per unit cell b 1
1 1
Thus number of CsCl units per unit cell is one.

6. State Braggs law [June-2011, Sep-2013]

The fundamental equation which gives a simple relation between the wavelength of the X-rays, the
interplanar distance in the crystal and the angle of reflection, is known as Braggs equation.
n = 2d sin
where n = order of reflection

= wavelength of X-ray
d = interplanar distance in the crystal
= angle of reflection
7. Give three uses of super conductors [June-2010, Sep- 2010, June-2014]

Refer 5 mark Q - 4
8. What is a vitreous state? [Sep-2006, Sep-2007, Mar-2012, Mar-2014]

Vitreous state is a condition in which certain substance can exist, lying between the solid and liquid
states. Eg: Glass
9. What is molecular crystal? Give an example [Mar-2008, Mar-2011]

1. The lattice points in molecular crystals consist of molecules which do not carry any charge.
2. The forces binding the molecules together are of two types
i) Dipole-dipole interaction and ii) Vanderwaals forces.
3. Dipole-dipole forces occur in solids which consists of polar molecules e.g., ice.
4. The Vanderwaals forces are more general and occur in all kinds of molecular solids.
10. Write note on Frenkel defect [ June-2008 ]

Refer 5 mark Q - 2
11. How are glasses formed? [Sep-2009, Sep-2012, June-2013, Mar-2015]

When certain liquids are cooled rapidly there is no formation of crystals at a definite temperature, such
as occurring on slow cooling. The viscosity of the liquid increases steadily and finally a glassy
substance is formed.
12. Write a note on Metal excess defect [ Sep-2015]

If a crystal of NaCl is heated in sodium vapour, it acquires a yellow colour. This yellow colour is due to
the formation of a non-stoichiometric compound of NaCl in which there is a slight excess of sodium
ions. This defect is called the metal excess defect.
5 MARK
1. Write the properties of ionic crystals [June-2007, Mar-2011, Sep-2011, June-2014, Mar-2015]
1. The melting and boiling points of ionic crystals are very high.
2. Ionic crystals are hard and brittle.
3. Ionic crystals are insulators in the solid state.
4. Ionic solids are good conductors when dissolved in water.
5. Ionic crystals are soluble in water and also in other polar solvents.

2. Write a note on Schottky defect and Frenkel defect (Or)

Write about the most common point defects
[Mar-2006, Sep-2008, Mar-2009, June-2010, Sep-2010, Mar-2012, Sep-2012, Mar-2013, Sep-2013,
Sep-2014, June-2015, Sep-2015, Mar-2016]
Schottky defect
1. Schottky defect is caused if some of the lattice points are unoccupied. The points which are
unoccupied are called lattice vacancies.
2. The number of missing positive and negative ions is the same and thus, the crystal remains neutral.
3. Schottky defect appears generally in ionic crystals in which the positive and negative ions do not
differ much in size.
4. Example: NaCl
Na+ is missing Cl is missing

Frenkel defect
1. Frenkel defect arises when an ion occupies an interstitial position between the lattice points.
2. This defect occurs generally in ionic crystals in which the anion is much larger in size than the
cation.
3. The crystal remains neutral since the number of positive ions is the same as the number of negative
ions.
4. Example: AgBr
+ - + - + - + - +
Ag Br Ag Br Ag Br Ag Br Ag
- + - + - + - + -
Br Ag Br Ag Br Ag Br Ag Br
+
+ -
Ag + - + - +
Ag -
Br Br Ag Br Ag Br Ag
- + - + - + - + -
Br Ag Br Ag Br Ag Br Ag Br

3. Explain the nature of glass [March-2007, June-2013]

1. Glasses are optically isotropic
2. On heating without any sharp transition, glass passes into a mobile liquid.
3. They do not have definite geometrical forms.
4. Glasses are regarded as amorphous solids or super cooled liquids
5. Thus, glassy or vitreous state is a condition in which certain substance can exist, lying between the
solid and liquid states.
4. What is super conductivity? Give its uses [June-2008, June-2011, June-2012]

The ability of certain ultra cold substances to conduct electricity without resistance is called super
conductivity. This superconductivity state is a state in which a material has virtually zero electrical
resistance. Substances having this property are called super conductors.
Normal
metal
Resistivity
Super conductor
Tc
Temperature
The super conducting transition temperature Tc of a material is defined as a critical temperature at
which the resistivity of the material is suddenly changed to zero. Thus at that temperature a material is
changed from normal material to superconductor.
At the extremely low temperatures, vibration of the nuclei of certain atoms slows down so much and
they synchronise with the passing waves of electrons in a flow of electric current. When this happens,
resistance to electric current disappears.
Applications of superconductors
1. It is a basis of new generation of energy saving power systems. Super conducting generators are
smaller in size and weight when we compare with conventional generators.
These generators consume very low energy and so we can save more energy.
2. High efficiency ore separating machines may be built using superconducting magnets.
3. Superconducting solenoids are used in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging equipment which is a
whole body scan equipment.

5. Explain Braggs spectrometer method

[June-2006, Sep-2006, Sep-2007, March-2008, June-2009, Sep-2009, Mar-2010, Mar-2014]
This method is used for studying crystals using X-rays.

The apparatus consists of a X-ray tube from which a narrow beam of X-rays is allowed to fall on the
crystal mounted on a rotating table.
The rotating table is provided with scale and vernier, from which the angle of incidence, can be
measured.
An arm which is rotating about the same axis as the crystal table carries an ionisation chamber. The
rays reflected from the crystal enter into the ionization chamber and ionise the gas present inside.
Due to the ionisation, current is produced which is measured by electrometer.
The current of ionisation is a direct measure of intensity of reflected beam from the crystal.
For different angles of incidence, the corresponding ionisation current is measured from the
electrometer. These values are plotted in the form of graph.
Path of
X-ray tube Recorder
Slit
Diffracted X-rays
incident ionisation
X-rays chamber

Turn table
Crystal
Scale to measure
rotation of crystal
For sodium chloride, the maximum reflection or peaks for 100 plane occurred at,
5.9 11.85 18.15.

Sin 0.103 0.205 0.312
Ratio 1 2 3
These peaks represent the first, second and third order reflections.
The ratio confirms the correctness of Braggs equation.

1 MARK
1. A regular three dimensional arrangement of identical points in space is called

a) Unit cell b) Space lattice c) Primitive d) Crystallography
2. The crystals which are good conductors of electricity and heat are
a) Ionic crystals b) Molecular crystals c) Metallic crystals d) Covalent crystals
3. The ability of certain ultra cold substances to conduct electricity without resistance is called
a) Semiconductor b) Conductor c) Superconductor d) Insulator
4. Semiconductors are used as

a) rectifiers b) transistors c) solar cells d) all the above
5. Wave length of X-rays is in the order of

a) 108 m b) 108 cm c) 108 m d) 108 cm
6. Laue carried out X-ray diffraction experiment using ---------- crystal

a) zinc sulphide b) nickel c) sodium chloride d) copper
7. Molecular crystal is
a) diamond b) ice c) sodium chloride d) graphite
8. Covalent crystal is
a) ice b) diamond c) nickel d) NaCl
9. Number of CsCl units per unit cell is

a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
10. Which is body centred cubic?

a) TiO2 b) CsCl c) NaCl d) CO2
11. Number of corners in a cubic unit cell is

a) 1 b) 2 c) 4 d) 8
No.of corners No.of faces No.of body centre No. of edges

8 6 1 12
3 MARK
1. Define the terms: space lattice and unit cell
A regular three dimensional arrangement of points (atoms, ions or molecules) in space is called space
lattice
Unit cell is the smallest fundamental repeating portion of a crystal lattice from which the crystal is built
by repetition in three dimension.

2. Write a note on the assignment of atoms per unit cell in sc
In a simple cubic unit cell, atoms are present only at the corners. Each atom at the corner is shared
1
equally by eight other unit cells. Hence the contribution of each atom to the unit cell is
8
Nc 8
The total number of atoms per unit cell 1
8 8
3. Write a note on the assignment of atoms per unit cell in bcc
In a bcc lattice, the body centred atom belongs exclusively to the unit cell.
N N 8 1
The total number of atoms per unit cell in bcc c b 1 1 2
8 1 8 1
4. Write a note on the assignment of atoms per unit cell in Edge centred cubic lattice
An edge atom and edge centred is common to four unit cells and there are twelve edges of the unit cell.
1
The contribution from each edge atom is therefore
4
N c N e 8 12
The total number of atoms per unit cell in edge centre 1 3 4
8 4 8 4

5. What is rutile? Draw its structure

Rutile is TiO2
Ti
Oxygen
6. Write a note on semiconductors

Elements like silicon and germanium are non conductors at ordinary temperature. However, they exhibit
appreciable conductivity upon addition of impurities as Arsenic and Boron. The resulting materials are
called semiconductors.
Semiconductors which exhibit conductivity due to the flow of excess negative electrons are called n-
type semiconductors.
Semiconductors which exhibit conductivity due to the positive holes are called p-type semiconductors.
Uses of semi conductors:
Semiconductors find application in modern devices as rectifiers, transistors and solar cells.
7. Write a note on metal deficiency defect

In certain cases, one of the positive ions is missing from its lattice site and the extra negative charge is
balanced by some nearby metal ion acquiring additional charges instead of original charge. This type of
defect is generally found in compounds of transition metals which can exhibit variable valency. FeO and
FeS show this type of defects.
5 MARK
1. Explain the different types of crystals
i) Molecular Crystals
The lattice points in molecular crystals consist of molecules which do not carry any charge.
The forces binding the molecules together are of two types
i) Dipole-dipole interaction and ii) Vanderwaals forces.
Dipole-dipole forces occur in solids which consists of polar molecules e.g., ice.
The Vanderwaals forces are more general and occur in all kinds of molecular solids.
ii) Covalent Crystals

The lattice in covalent crystals consists of atoms linked together by a continuous system of covalent
bonds. e.g Diamond.
iii) Metallic Crystals
Metallic crystal consists of an assemblage of positive ions immersed in a sea of mobile electrons. Thus,
each electron belongs to a number of positive ions and each positive ion belong to a number of
electrons. The force that binds a metal ion to a number of electrons within its sphere of influence is
known as metallic bond. This force of attraction is strong and is thus responsible for a compact solid
structure of metals.
iv) Ionic Crystals

In ionic crystals, the units occupying lattice points are positive and negative ions. Each ion of a given
sign is held by coulombic forces of attraction to all ions of opposite sign. The forces are very strong.

15. ISOMERIM IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

3 MARK
1. Identify Cis-Trans isomer from the following [Sep-2008]
CH 3 Br CH 3 Br
C C
a) b)
C C
CH 3 Br Br CH 3
Ans:
CH 3 Br CH 3 Br
C C
a) b)
C C
CH 3 Br Br CH 3
Cis Trans
2. Label the following as E, Z isomers [June-2007]
CH 3 CH 2 OH Cl H
C C
a) b)
C C
HOH2C H Br F
Ans:
2 1 1 2
CH3 CH2 OH Cl H
C C
a) b)
C C
HOH2C H Br F
1 2 1 2
E Z

3. What are the conditions (or criteria) for a compound to be optically active?
Or Write the conditions for optical activity [Sep-2007, Mar-2009]
An organic compound will be optically active if it satisfies the following conditions:
1. It should contain atleast one chiral carbon atom ( or asymmetric carbon atom )
[ carbon atom attached to 4 different groups is called chiral carbon atom ]
COOH
*
H C* OH C = Chiral carbon
CH3
2. Its configuration is non superimposable on its mirror image.
3. Chirality is the essential and the sufficient condition for a molecule to be optically active.
4. What are enantiomers? [June-2008]

Enantiomers are stereo isomers which have object-mirror image relationship and they are
non-superimposable. Enantiomers possess identical properties and same magnitude of optical rotation
but they differ only in the sign of (or direction of) optical rotation.
Eg:
CH3 CH3
H OH HO H
COOH COOH
d-Lactic acid l-Lactic acid
5. What is a racemic mixture? Explain with suitable example

[March-2008, June-2009, Sep-2009, Mar-2014]
When equal amounts of d-isomer and l-isomer are mixed, we get a racemic mixture and this process is
called racemisation.
Racemisati on
d-tartaric acid (50%) + l-tartaric acid (50% ) dl-tartaric acid
(racemic mixture)
Racemic mixture is optically inactive due to external compensation.
6. Trans isomer is more stable than cis isomer. Why? [June-2011]

In cis isomer, similar groups lie on the same side and hence it experiences more Vanderwaals
repulsion and steric hindrance. So, cis isomer is less stable.
In trans isomer, similar groups lie on the opposite sides and hence it does not experience steric
interaction. So, trans isomer is more stable than cis isomer.

7. Give the structure of Cis-Trans isomers of 2-pentene [Sep-2011]

H CH2CH3 H CH2CH3
C C
C C
H CH3 H3C H
Cis Trans
2-pentene
8. Mesotartaric acid is an optically inactive compound with chiral carbon atoms. Justify
[March-2006, Sep-2006, March-2010, Mar-2013, Sep-2014, Sep-2015]
1. Meso tartaric acid contains two chiral carbon atoms but it is optically inactive. One chiral atom is
dextro rotatory and the other chiral atom is laevo rotatory. Both chiral carbons rotate the plane
polarized light to the same extent in opposite directions. The net result is that the meso tartaric acid
is optically inactive.
COOH
H OH
symmetric plane
OH
H
COOH
2. Meso tartaric acid has symmetric plane, which divides the molecule into two equal halves. One half
of the molecule looks like the mirror image of the other half. The rotation of plane polarized light
towards clockwise direction by one half of the molecule is exactly cancelled by equal rotation
towards anticlockwise direction by the other half. So, meso tartaric acid is optically inactive due to
internal compensation.
3. Meso tartaric acid has configuration which is super-imposable on its mirror image and hence the
molecule becomes achiral (optically inactive)
9. Give the structure of Z and E forms of cinnamic acid [Mar-2015]
2 2 2 1
H H COOH
H
C C C C
C6H5 COOH C6H5 H
1 1 1 2
Z E

10. Distinguish racemic form from Mesoform

[Mar-2007, June-2010, Sep-2010, Mar-2011, Sep-2012, June-2013, June-2014, June-2015]
No. Racemic form Meso form

1 It is a mixture that can be separated into It is a single compound and hence
two optically active forms cannot be separated
2 Optically inactive due to external Optically inactive due to internal
compensation compensation
3 The individual molecules of racemic Molecule is achiral
mixture are chiral
Eg d-tartaric acid + l-tartaric acid Meso tartaric acid
11. Distinguish enantiomers and diasteromers [June-2006, Mar-2012, June-2012, Sep-2013]
No. Enantiomers Diastereomers

1 Optical isomers having the same Differ in the magnitude of optical
magnitude but different sign of rotation rotation
2 Enantiomers have object-mirror image Diastereomers are not mirror images of
relationship. each other
They are non-superimposable
3 Enantiomers are identical in all Diastereomers differ in all physical
properties except the sign of optical properties
rotation
4 Separation of enantiomers is a tedious Separation of diastereomers is easy
process
Eg d-tartaric acid & l-tartaric acid dtartaric acid & meso tartaric acid
12. Draw the structure of S-cis and S-trans form of 1,3-butadiene. [Mar-2016]
CH2= CH CH2= CH
CH2= CH CH = CH2
S-cis S-trans
S-cis S-trans

5 MARK
1. Distinguish racemic form from Mesoform [Sep-2006]

Refer 3 mark Q - 10
2. Distinguish enantiomers and diasteromers [Mar-2006, Mar-2008, Mar-2014, Mar-2015]

Refer 3 mark Q - 11
3. Explain geometrical isomerism or cis-trans isomerism in organic compounds with examples

[Sep-2007, June-2009, Sep-2009, Mar-2011, Sep-2012, Mar-2013, June-2013, Mar-2016]
1. Isomerism that arises due to the difference in the spatial arrangement of atoms or groups about
the doubly bonded carbon atoms is called geometrical isomerism or cis-trans isomerism.
2. This isomerism arises due to the restricted rotation about C = C bond.
3. Eg: 2 - butene
H CH3 H CH3
C C
C C
H CH3 H
CH3
Cis form Trans form
4. Cis isomer
Similar groups lie on the same side
Since similar groups are nearer to each other, cis isomer experiences more Vanderwaals
repulsion and steric hindrance. So, cis isomer is less stable.
5. Trans isomer
Similar groups lie on the opposite sides
Since similar groups are diagonally opposite to each other, trans isomer does not
experience steric interaction. So, trans isomer is more stable.
6. Cis and trans isomers do not differ much in chemical properties. They differ in physical
properties like boiling point, melting point, crystal structure and solubility.
7. At high temperature, trans isomer can be converted into cis isomer and vice-versa. Breaking of
carbon-carbon - bond and its reformation is responsible for this interconversion.
Trans isomer Cis isomer

4. Explain optical isomerism (or optical activity) in tartaric acid.

[June-2006, June-2008, Sep-2008, Mar-2009, June-2010, June-2011, Mar-2012, June-2012, June-2013,
Sep-2013, June-2014]
1. Tartaric acid contains two chiral carbon atoms or asymmetric carbon atoms.
COOH
*
H C OH
* C * chiral carbon
HO C H
COOH
2. d-tartaric acid and l-tartaric acid are related as object and mirror image and they are non
superimposable. They are enantiomers.
COOH COOH
H OH HO H
HO H H OH
COOH COOH
d -tartaric acid l -tartaric acid
3. In d-tartaric acid, each of the two asymmetric carbon atoms rotate the plane of the polarized light
towards right (clocwise) leading to overall dextro rotation. So, d-tartaric acid is optically active.
4. In l-tartaric acid, each of the two asymmetric carbon atoms rotate the plane of the polarized light
towards left (anticlockwise) leading to overall laevo rotation. So, l-tartaric acid is optically active.
5. d and l tartaric acids have the same magnitude of optical rotation but they differ only in the sign of
optical rotation.
6. Meso tartaric acid contains two chiral carbon atoms but it is optically inactive. One chiral atom is
dextro rotatory and the other chiral atom is laevo rotatory. Both chiral carbons rotate the plane
polarized light to the same extent in opposite directions. The net result is that the meso tartaric acid is
optically inactive.

COOH
H OH
symmetric plane
OH
H
COOH
Meso tartaric acid has symmetric plane, which divides the molecule into two equal halves. One half
of the molecule looks like the mirror image of the other half. The rotation of plane polarized light
towards clockwise direction by one half of the molecule is exactly cancelled by equal rotation
towards anticlockwise direction by the other half. So, meso tartaric acid is optically inactive due to
internal compensation.
Meso tartaric acid has configuration which is superimposable on its mirror image and hence the
molecule becomed achiral
7. When equal amounts of d-tartaric acid and l-tartaric acid are mixed one gets a racemic mixture and
this process is called racemisation. A racemic mixture becomes optically inactive. Because, in this
mixture rotation towards clockwise direction by the dextro isomers is compensated by the rotation
towards the anticlockwise direction by the laevo isomers. The optical inactivity of a racemic mixture
is said to be due to external compensation
5. Explain internal and external compensation with suitable examples [June-2007]

Refer-Q-4 ( points 6 & 7 )

6. Describe the conformations of cyclo hexanol. Comment on their stability

[Mar-2007, Mar-2010, Sep-2010, Sep-2011, Sep-2014, June-2015]
Cyclo hexanol exists in two chair forms. These two forms are interconvertible and exist in equilibrium
OH
OH
Axial cyclo hexanol ( 10% ) Equatorial cyclo hexanol ( 90% )
OH - group : axial OH - group : equatorial
experience 1:3 diaxial interaction no 1:3 diaxial interaction
more energy less energy
. less stable more stable

In axial cyclo hexanol, the axial OH group experiences steric interaction with the axial H-atoms
present at the third carbon atoms. This increases the energy and decreases the stability of axial cyclo
hexanol. This is called 1:3-diaxial interaction.
2
3
2
1
3 H
H OH
1:3-Diaxial interaction
This interaction is absent in equatorial cyclo hexanol. So, equatorial cyclo hexanol is more stable than
axial cyclo hexanol.
In the equilibrium mixture the more stable conformer, equatorial cyclo hexanol is present to an extent of
90% and the less stable conformer, axial cyclo hexanol is present only to 10%.
Energy level diagram
boat form
11
E K cal
0.7 axial
K cal
cyclo hexanol
equatorial
cyclo hexanol
progress of reaction

7. Write a note different types of hydrogen in cyclohexane [Sep-2015]

Cyclo hexane can exist in two non-planar forms.
a) Chair form
H axial
H
H H equatorial
H
H
H
H H
H
H H
Types of C-H bonds
Axial Equatorial
(six C-H bonds parallel to the (six C-H bonds subtending an angle of
o o
axis of the molecule) about 70 and 110 with the axis)
-axial -axial -equatorial -equatorial

(three axial bonds (three axial bonds (three equatorial bonds (three equatorial bonds
facing upward) facing downward) facing upward) facing down ward)
b) Boat form
H H
( f) ( f) H H
H (s) (f) : flag pole hydrogens
(s)
H (S) : bowspirit hydrogens
H (x) : eclipsing hydrogens

H H
(x) (x)

3 MARK
1. Boat form of cyclo hexane is less stable than chair form. Why?
Boat form of cyclo hexane has two pairs of carbon atoms with eclipsing bonds. This eclipsing
interaction destabilizes boat form. So, boat form is less stable than chair form
2. What is ring flipping?

Chair form of cyclo hexane is sufficiently flexible to turn upside down called ring flipping so that all
bonds which are axial originally become equatorial and viceversa.
R R
H
H
Chair form Boat form Chair form
3. What is meant by resolution of racemic mixture?

The process of separation of optically inactive racemic mixture into two optically active forms is called
resolution of racemic mixture.
Re solution
Racemic mixture
d-isomer & l-isomer
4. Write the position isomers of dichloro benzene and comment on their DPM
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
ortho dichlorobenzene meta dichlorobenzene para dichlorobenzene
These three compounds have the same molecular formula but differ in the position of chlorine atom. So,
they are called position isomers.
DPM is the best method of distinguishing the three isomers of disubstituted benzenes.
ortho meta para

angle =60o =120o = 180o
Their DPM is in the order, ortho isomer > meta isomer > para isomer
For para dichlorobenzene DPM = 0

5 MARK
1. Explain geometrical isomerism in 1,3-butadiene.
CH2=CH-CH=CH2 1,3-butadiene
This molecule can exist in two forms.
CH2= CH CH2= CH
CH2= CH CH = CH2
S-cis S-trans
These two forms do not arise due to the hindrance to rotation about C=C nstead the restricted rotation
about C-C (since bulky groups are attached to ingle bonded carbon atoms C-C rotation is restricted).
These isomers can also be represented as,
S-cis S-trans
S-trans form is also called transoid form

S-cis form is also called cisoid form.
S = indicates the restricted rotation about C-C single bond.
the energy of S-trans form is 3 K cal less than S-cis form.
S-trans form is more stable than S-cis form
these two forms differ in chemical reactivity.
they give different products in reactions.
These are easily interconvertible and exist in equilibrium.

(Q-70) HYDROXY DERIVATIVES
Hints:
1. General formula of aliphatic monohydric alcohols: CnH2n+2O
2. Alcohols liberate hydrogen gas with metallic sodium
3. Primary alcohols
No turbidity with Lucas reagent at room temperature
Give red colour in Victor Meyers test
Give aldehydes on oxidation and then carboxylic acid (same number of carbons)
Give aldehydes with Cu at 573 K (dehydrogenation)
4. Secondary alcohols
Give turbidity with Lucas reagent at room temperature after 5 10 minutes
Give blue colour in Victor Meyers test
Give ketones on oxidation and then carboxylic acid
(Carboxylic acid contains one carbon less than alcohol)
Give ketones with Cu at 573 K (dehydrogenation)
5. Tertiary alcohols
Give turbidity with Lucas reagent at room temperature immediately
Give no colour in Victor Meyers test
Give ketones on oxidation and then carboxylic acid
(Ketone contains one carbon less than alcohol & Carboxylic acid contains two carbons less than
alcohol)
Give alkene with Cu at 573 K (dehydration)
6. Alcohols containing CH3CHOH- group answer haloform test

(form iodoform with I2 / NaOH)
OH OH
CH3 CH2 OH CH3 CH CH3 CH3 CH2 CH CH3
Ethyl alcohol iso propyl alcohol sec.butyl alcohol
7. Benzyl alcohol (C6H5CH2OH) is a colourless pleasant smelling liquid.
8. Benzyl acetate (CH3COO CH2C6H5) has fragrance of jasmine and it is used in perfumery
9. Phenol (C6H5OH) gives violet colour with neutral ferric chloride
10. Phenol decolourises Br2 / H2O and gives white precipitate
11. Phenol gives red orange dye with benzene diazonium chloride (Dye test)
12. Salicylic acid gives violet colour with neutral ferric chloride and gives brisk effervescence with
NaHCO3

1. An organic compound (A) C3H8O with Lucas reagent gives turbidity after 5 10 minutes. (A) with
P / I2 gives (B). Compound (B) on treatment with silver nitrite gives (C) which gives blue colour
with nitrous acid. Identify (A),(B) and (C) and explain the reactions. [Sep-2013]
Lucas reagent
i) (A) turbidity after 5-10 minutes
C3H8O 2o alcohol iso propyl alcohol
P / I2 AgNO2 HNO2
ii) (A) (B) (C) blue colour
P/I2 AgNO2
CH3 CH CH3 CH3 CH CH3 CH3 CH CH3
OH I NO2
iso propyl alcohol iso propyl iodide 2-nitropropane
(A) (B) (C)
HO-N=O
N=O
CH3 C CH3
NO2
Pseudo nitrol
Blue colour
CH3 CH CH3
A Isopropyl alcohol
OH
CH3 CH CH3
B Isopropyl iodide
I
CH3 CH CH3
C 2-nitro propane
NO2

2. An organic compound (A) of molecular formula C 3H8O gives turbidity within 5-10 minutes on
reaction with anhydrous ZnCl2/HCl. Compound (A) on treatment with sodium hypochlorite gives
a carbonyl compound (B) which on further chlorination gives compound (C) of molecular formula
C3H3OCl3. Identify (A), (B) and (C) and explain the reactions. [Mar-2006]
anhydrous ZnCl2 / HCl

i) (A) Turbidity within 5 - 10 minutes
C3H8O
(A) secondary alcohol isopropyl alcohol
sodium hypochlorite
ii) (A) (B)
C3H8O carbonyl compound
H
Sodium hypochlorite
CH3 C OH + (O) CH3 C O + H2O
CH3 CH3
isopropyl alcohol acetone
(A) (B)
chlorination
iii) (B) (C)
C3H3OCl3
CH3-CO-CH3 + 3Cl2 CCl3-CO-CH3 + 3HCl

Acetone Trichloro acetone
(B) (C)
H
A CH3 C OH Isopropyl alcohol
CH3
B CH3COCH3 Acetone
C CCl3COCH3 Trichloro acetone

3. An organic compound (A) of molecular formula C2 H6O on treatment with PCl5 gives compound
(B). Compound (B) reacts with KCN to give a compound (C) of molecular formula C3H5N which
undergoes acid hydrolysis to give compound (D) which on treatment with sodalime gives a hydro
carbon. Identify (A), (B),(C) and (D) and explain the reactions. [June-2006]
i) (A) CnH2n+2O aliphatic alcohol Ethyl alcohol

C2H6O
PCl5
ii) (A) (B)
C2H6O
CH3CH2OH + PCl5 CH3CH2Cl + POCl3 + HCl

Ethyl alcohol Ethyl chloride
(A) (B)
KCN
iii) (B) (C)
C3H5N
CH3CH2Cl + KCN CH3CH2CN + KCl

Ethyl chloride Ethyl cyanide
(B) (C)
hydrolysis sodalime
iv) (C) (D) hydrocarbon { (D) carboxylic acid }
H2O / H+ NaOH / CaO

CH3CH2CN CH3CH2COOH CH3CH3
Ethyl cyanide Propanoic acid Ethane

(C) (D)
A CH3-CH2-OH Ethyl alcohol

B CH3-CH2-Cl Ethyl chloride
C CH3-CH2-CN Ethyl cyanide
D CH3-CH2-COOH Propanoic acid

4. An organic compound of molecular formula C6 H5ONa is heated with CO2 at 400 K gives
compound (A) of molecular formula C7H5O3Na. Compound (A) on treating with HCl gives (B).
(B) on further reaction with NaOH / CaO gives (C) of molecular formula C 6H6O which on
treatment eith nitrous acid at 200 K gives (D). What are (A), (B),(C) and (D)? Explain the
reactions [Sep-2015]
ONa OH OH
H COONa COOH
CO2 dil. HCl
i) + NaCl
400 K , 4-7 atm
sodium phenoxide sodium salicylate salicylic acid

(A) (B)
OH OH
COONa
NaOH/CaO + Na2CO3
ii)
(Sodalime)
salicylic acid phenol
(B) (C)
OH OH
HNO2
iii)
200 K
NO
phenol paranitrso phenol
(C) (D)

(Q-70) d-BLOCK ELEMENTS
Hints:
Element Group Period Colour
Cr 6 4 Silvery white metal
Cu 11 4 Reddish brown metal
Ag 11 5 White lustrous metal
Au 11 6 Lustrous yellow metal
Zn 12 4 Bluish white metal
Metallic compound Colour

Potassium dichromate K2Cr2O7 Orange red crystal
Potassium chromate K 2CrO4 Yellow
Coppersulphate pentahydrate CuSO4.5H2O
Blue
(Blue Vitriol)
Silver nitrate AgNO3
White
(Lunar Caustic)
Zinc carbonate ZnCO3
White powder
(Calamine)
Zinc oxide ZnO
White cloud
(Philosophers wool)
1. An element (A) belongs to group number 11 and period number 4. (A) is a reddish brown metal.
(A) reacts with HCl in the presence of air and gives compound (B). (A) also reacts with conc.
HNO3 to give compound (C) with the liberation of NO2. Identify (A),(B) and (C). Explain the
reactions. [Mar-2006, June-2011]
a) Element (A) is copper: Group = 11 and period = 4. It is a reddish brown metal.
b) 2Cu + 4HCl + O2 2CuCl2 + 2H2O

Compound (B) is CuCl2
c) Cu + 4HNO3 (con)
Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
Compound (C) is Cu(NO3)2
A Cu copper
B CuCl2 Cupric chloride
C Cu(NO3)2 Cupric nitrate

2. An element A occupies group number 11 and period number 4. This metal is extracted from its
mixed sulphide ore B. A reacts with dil. H2SO4 in the presence of air and forms C which is
colourless. With water C gives a blue compound D. Identify A,B,C and D and explain the
reactions. [Mar-2007]
a) Element (A) is copper : Group = 11 and period = 4.

b) Copper is extracted from its mixed sulphide ore CuFeS 2. Compound (B) is CuFeS2
c) 2Cu + 2H2SO4 + O2 2CuSO4 + 2H2O
Compound (C) is anhydrous CuSO4 which is colourless.
d) CuSO4 + 5 H2O CuSO4.5H2O
Compound (D) is CuSO4.5H2O which is blue in colour.
A Cu copper
B CuFeS2 Copper pyrite
C CuSO4 Anhydrous copper sulphate
D CuSO4.5H2O Copper sulphate pentahydrate
3. An element A belonging to group No. 11 and period No.4 is extracted from the pyrite ore. A reacts
with oxygen at different temperatures forming compounds B and C. A also reacts with conc.
HNO3 to give D with the evolution of NO2. Identify A,B,C and D and explain the reactions.
[Sep-2007]
a) Element (A) is copper: Group=11 and period=4. It is extracted from the pyrite ore
CuFeS2
Below1370K
b) 2 Cu + O2 2 CuO [black cupric oxide]
Compound (B) is CuO
Above1370K
c) 4 Cu + O2 2 Cu2O [red cuprous oxide]
Compound (C) is Cu2O
d) Cu + 4HNO3 (con) Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 +2H2O
Compound (D) is Cu(NO3)2
A Cu Copper
B CuO Cupric oxide
C Cu2O Cuprous oxide
D Cu(NO3)2 Cupric nitrate

4. Compound (A) is a sulphate compound of group 11 element. This compound is also called as blue
vitriol. The compound undergoes decomposition at various temperatures.
o o o
100 C 230 C 720 C
A B C D
Identify the compounds A, B, C and D and give equations. [June-2009, June-2014]
a) Compound (A) is CuSO4.5H2O : It is a sulphate compound of group 11 element (Cu). This

compound is also called as blue vitriol.
b) Decomposition of CuSO4.5H2O at various temperatures
100oC 230oC 720oC

CuSO4.5H2O CuSO4.H2O CuSO4 CuO + SO3
- 4H2O - H2O
Blue White
Compound (B) is CuSO4.H2O, Compound (C) is CuSO4 and (D) is CuO
A CuSO4.5H2O Copper sulphate pentahydrate

B CuSO4.H2O Copper sulphate monohydrate
C CuSO4 Anhydrous Copper sulphate
D CuO Cupric oxide
5. [A] is a reddish brown metal. It belongs to group 11 and period 4 of the periodic table. When
heated below 1370 K, [A] gives a black compound [B]. When heated above 1370 K, [A] gives a red
compound [C]. With concentrated nitric acid. [A] liberates NO 2 gas and gives compound [D].
Identify [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Explain the reactions. [Mar-2010, Mar-2013]
a) Metal (A) is copper : Group = 11 and period = 4. It is a reddish brown metal.

Below 1370 K
b) 2Cu + O2 2CuO [black cupric oxide]
Compound (B) is CuO
Above1370 K
c) 4Cu + O2 2Cu2O [red cuprous oxide]
Compound (C) is Cu2O
d) Cu + 4HNO3 (con)
Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
Compound (D) is Cu(NO3)2
A Cu Copper
B CuO Cupric oxide
C Cu2O Cuprous oxide
D Cu(NO3)2 Cupric nitrate

(Q-70) CARBONYL COMPOUNDS
1. An organic compound (A) of molecular formula C 2H4O reduces Tollens reagent. A reacts with
HCN followed by hydrolysis in acid medium gives B (C3H6O3) which is optically active.
Compound B on oxidation by Fentons reagent gives the compound C (C 3H4O3). This answers
iodoform reaction and gives effervescence with NaHCO3. Find A, B and C. Explain the reactions.
[June-2008, Sep-2008, Mar-2010, Sep-2015]
i) (A) Reduces Tollen's reagent Acetaldehyde
C2H4O
H-CN H2O/H+
ii) (A) (B) { (B) is optically active Lactic acid }
C2H4O C3H6O3
O OH OH
+
H2O/H
CH3 C + H-CN CH3 C CN CH3 C COOH
H H H
Acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde cyanohydrin Lactic acid
(A) (B)
Fenton's reagent
iii) (B) (C)
(O)
C3H6O3 C3H4O3
O
{ (C) answers iodoform reaction Presence of CH 3 C group
(C) gives effervescence with NaHCO3 Presence of -COOH group }
OH O
H2O2/Fe2+
CH3 C COOH + (O) CH3 C COOH + H2O
H
Lactic acid Pyruvic acid
(B) (C)
A CH3-CHO Acetaldehyde
B CH3CH (OH)COOH Lactic acid
O
Pyruvic acid
C CH3 C COOH

2. An organic compound (A) C2H3OCl on treatment with Pd and BaSO4 gives (B) C2H4O which
answers iodoform test. (B) when treated with con.H 2SO4 undergoes polymerisation to give (C) a
cyclic compound. Identify (A), (B), and (C) and explain the reactions. [Sep-2009]
Pd / BaSO4
i) (A) (B) answers iodoform test (B) is acetaldehyde
C2H3OCl C2H4O
O O
Pd/BaSO4
CH3 C Cl + H2 CH3 C H + H Cl
Acetyl chloride Acetaldehyde
(A) (B)
conc. H2SO4
ii) (B) (C) cyclic compound
polymerisation
CH3
CH
con.H2SO4
3 CH3-CHO O O
CH3-CH CH-CH3
Acetaldehyde
(B) O
Paraldehyde
(C)
O
A acetyl chloride
CH3 C Cl
O
B acetaldehyde
CH3 C H
CH3
CH
C O O paraldehyde
CH3-CH CH-CH3
O

3. An organic compound (A) C2H6O liberates hydrogen on treatment with metallic sodium. (A) on
mild oxidation gives (B) C2H4O which answers iodoform test. (B) when treated with conc. H2SO4
undergoes polymerization to give (C), a cyclic compound. Identify (A), (B) and (C) and explain the
reactions. [June-2006]
Na (A) Alcohol Ethyl alcohol
i) (A) H2
C2H6O
mild oxidation (B) answers iodoform test

ii) (A) (B)
C2H6O C2H4O O
contains CH3 C group
K2Cr2O7 / H+
CH3CH2OH + (O) CH 3CHO + H2O
Ethyl alcohol Acetaldehyde
(A) (B)
conc.H2SO4
iii) (B) (C)
C2H4O polymerisation cyclic compound
CH3
CH
con.H2SO4 O
3 CH3CHO O
Acetaldehyde CH3 CH CH CH3

(B) O
Paraldehyde
(C)
A C2H5OH Ethyl alcohol
B CH3CHO
Acetaldehyde
CH3
CH
C O O Paraldehyde
CH3 CH CH CH3

4. Compound (A) of molecular formula C3H6O does not reduce Tollens reagent and Fehlings
solution. Compound (A) undergoes Clemmenson reduction to give compound (B) of molecular
formula C3H8. Compound (A) in the presence of conc. H 2SO4 condences to give an aromatic
compound (C) of molecular formula C9H12. Identify (A), (B), (C) and explain the reactions.
[Mar-2012, Mar-2016]
i) (A) does not reduce Tollen's reagent & Fehling's solution
C3H6O So, (A) is a ketone Acetone
Clemmenson reduction
ii) (A) (B)
C3H6O C3H8
O
Zn / Hg
CH3 C CH3 CH3 CH2 CH3
Con. HCl
Acetone Propane
(A) (B)
con. H2SO4
iii) (A) (C)
C3H6O C9H12
aromatic compound
CH3
Con. H2SO4
3 CH3-CO-CH3 + 3 H2O
CH3 CH3
Mesitylene
A CH3COCH3 Acetone
B CH3CH2CH3 Propane
CH3
C Mesitylene
CH3 CH3

(Q-70) ELECTRO CHEMISTRY-I
1. What is the pH of a solution containing 0.5 M propionic acid and 0.5 M sodium
propionate? The Ka of propionic acid is 1.34 105. [Mar-2006, June-2010, Mar-2014]
[salt]
pH = pKa + log
[acid]
[salt]
= log Ka + log
[acid]
0.5
= log (1.34 105) + log
0.5
= 5 log 1.34 + log 1
= 5 0.1271 + 0
= 4.8729
.
2. Find the pH of a buffer solution containing 0.20 mole per litre sodium acetate and 0.15 mole per
litre acetic acid. Ka for acetic acid is 1.8 105.
[June-2006, Sep-2006, Sep-2007, June-2011, Sep-2011]
[salt]
pH = pKa + log
[acid]
[salt]
= log Ka + log
[acid]
0.20
= log 1.8 105 + log
0.15
= 5 log 1.8 + log 20 log 15
= 5 0.2553 + 1.3010 1.1761
= 4.8696
3. Find the pH of a buffer solution containing 0.30 mole per litre of CH 3COONa and 0.15 mole per
litre of CH3COOH. Ka for acetic acid is 1.8 105. [Sep-2008]
[salt]
pH = pKa + log
[acid]
[salt]
= log Ka + log
[acid]
0.30
= log (1.8 105) + log
0.15
= 5 log 1.8 + log 2
= 5 0.2553 + 0.3010
= 5.0457

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Blue print 1 Mark = 2 3 Mark = 1 5 Mark = 1 Total marks = 10

Govt. Examination questions

2. Dual character of an electron was explained by

3. de-Broglie quation is [June-2006, Sep-2009, Mar-2012, Sep-2012, Mar-2014, June-2014]

7. The hybridisation in SF6 molecule is [Mar-2008, Mar-2010, Sep-2013]

8. The intramolecular hydrogen bonding is present in

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Wave character of electron Particle character of electron

12. Number of spherical nodes in 2s- orbital is [June-2009]

Note: Number of nodes in s-orbital = n 1 ( n = principal quantum number )

13. The bond order of nitrogen molecule is [June-2006, June-2012, June-2013]

16. Molecular orbital with the least energy is ------------- [Sep-2011]

17. The type of hybridization of I in ICl4 is [Sep-2012]

18. The nature of hybridization in IF7 molecule is [Sep-2006, Sep-2010, Mar-2014]

19. The hybridization involved in XeF6 is [June-2007, June-2011]

20. The type of hybridization of S in SO42 is [Mar-2009]

21. The hybridization in CO32 ion is [Sep-2009]

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22. The hybridization in PCl5 molecule is [June-2012, Mar-2013]

23. The type of hybridization of N in NH 4+ ion is [Mar-2012]

24. Inter-molecular hydrogen bonding is present in [Mar-2007]

25. Water exists in liquid state. This is due to [June-2008]

27. The molecular orbitals are fi1led according to [Sep-2013]

28. In amolecule when Nb = 8 and Na = 2, then the bond order is [June-2014]

29. Shape of p-orbital is [Sep-2014]

30. Which molecule is relatively more stable? [Mar-2015]

Note: Stability of molecule Bondorder

31. The value of Bohr radius for hydrogen atom is [Mar-2015]

32. The bond order of hydrogen molecule is [June-2015]

Note: EC of Be (Z = 4) : 2, 2 EC of Cl (Z= 17) : 2, 8, 7

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1. State Heisenbergs uncertainty principle

3. What is the significance of negative electronic energy?

4. Define hybridisation [Mar-2009, June-2013, Mar-2015]

5. What is bond order? [June-2007, Mar-2010, Mar-2016]

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7. Why He2 is not formed? [March-2007, Sep-2008, Sep-2010, Sep-2013]

Atomic orbital Molecular orbitals Atomic orbital

8. Define orbital [Sep-2015]

1. Discuss the Davisson and Germer experiment [March-2007, Sep-2015]

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2. Derive de-Broglies equation. What is its significance?

If the photon has particle character, its energy is given by

Thus for any material particle like electron, we may write.

Significance of de Broglie equation

1. In a molecule, electrons are present in new orbitals called molecular orbitals.

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4. Explain the formation of N2 molecule by molecular orbital theory

N(Z=7): 1s2 2s2 2p3

Molecular orbital energy level diagram of N2

2. Nature of bond : Since bond order is 3, triple bond is present in N2 molecule. N N

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5. Explain the formation of O2 molecule by molecular orbital theory

Molecular orbital energy level diagram of O2

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m = 0.1 mg = 0.1 103 g = 0.1 10 6 kg = 107 kg

K.E = mv2 = 107 v2

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1. The energy of electron in an atom is given by En =

2. Which explains the wave nature of an electron?

3. de-Broglie relationship has no significance for

4. Mathematical expression of Heisenberg uncertainty principle is