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Computer Simulation and Modeling
Class :-BEIT(A/B)
Chapter1
Introduction to Simulation
1] Important definitions
1. Define Simulation
Simulation is the imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system over
time.
2. Define model?
A model is defined as a representation of a system for the purpose of studying the system.
3] Subjective Questions
5. Name several entities, attributes, activities, events and state variables for the
following system: (a) A cafeteria (b) A grocery Store (c) A Fast food restaurant
(d) A hospital Emergency room (e) Automobile assembly room
Pg.no. 10
4] Objective Questions
Ans. Dynamic
2. Simulation is used in
A) Manufacturing__
B) Semiconductors_
C) Both A) and B)
these industries.
Ans. Equations
Ans. Breakdown
5] Numerical Problems
None
6] Abbreviations
Chapter 2
Simulation Examples
1] Important definitions
1. Define Event?
An instantaneous occurrence that changes the state of a system. (Such as an
arrival of a new customer).
3] Subjective Questions
1. Explain simulation of single server queuing system for grocery store checkout
Counter.
Pg.no. 27
6
2. What are the different events in queuing system? Explain with flow diagram.
Pg.no. 23
4] Objective Questions
Ans. B
Ans. B
3. For arrival event when server status is busy and queue status non empty what is the out
come
A) Enter queue
B) Impossible
C) Enter service
Ans. A
4. For arrival event when server status is busy and queue status empty what is the out
come
A) Enter queue
B) impossible
7
C) Enter service
Ans. A
5. For arrival event when server status is idle and queue status non empty what is the out
come
A) Enter queue
B) impossible
C) Enter service
Ans. B
6. For arrival event when server status is idle and queue status empty what is the out
come
A) Enter queue
B) impossible
C) Enter service
Ans. C
5] Numerical Problems
1. Baker is trying to determine how many Dozens of bagels to bake each day. The
Probability distribution of the number of bagels customer is as follows:
No. of customers per day: 8 10 12 14
Probability 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.10
Customers order 1, 2, 3 or 4 dozen bagels according to the following probability
Distribution: No. of Dozen ordered/customer: 1 2 3 4
Probability : 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1
6] Abbreviations
Chapter 3
General Principles
1] Important definitions
2. Define Delay.
Duration of time of unspecified indefinite length, which is not known until it ends.
4. Define clock
A variable representing simulated time, called CLOCK.
5. Define activity
Duration of time of specified length, which is known when it begins
6. What is Bootstrapping?
The method of generating an external arrival stream of is called bootstrapping.
3] Subjective Questions
3. What are the components of single channel queue for grocery store example?
Pg.no. 10
4. How would you describe queuing system? Give the event scheduling algorithm
10
along With the snapshot showing clock system state and FEL.
Pg.no. 71
5. Define model. System state, activity event, event list delay, clock for Able,
Baker problem and Dump truck problem.
Pg.no. 81
4] Objective Questions
Ans. B
11
Ans. A
5. Activities or events that is conditional upon certain conditions being true are
A) B activity
B) C activity
C) Phase A
Ans. B
5] Numerical Problems
1. Small grocery store has only one checkout counter. Customers arrive at this
checkout counter at random from 1 to 8 minutes apart. Each possible value of
interarrival time has the same probability of occurrence. The service time
distribution is as follows:
Service time (minutes): 1 2 3 4 5 6
Probability 0.05 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.25 0.10
Perform the simulation for 10 customers. Obtain average writing time in the
Queue and average idle time of the server.
2. A dentist schedules all his patients for 30-minute appointments. Some of the
patients take more or less than 30 minutes depending on the type of dental work
to be done. The following summary shows the various categories of work, their
Probabilities and time actually needed to complete the work:
12
3. Simulate the dentists clinic for four hours and determine the average waiting
time for the Patients as well as the idleness of the doctor. Assume that all
the patients show up at the clinic exactly their scheduled arrival time starting
at 8.00 a.m. Use the following Random numbers for handling the above
problem:
40 82 11 34 25 66 17 79
Observations of past data show the following patterns in respect of interarrival
durations and service durations in a single channel queuing system. Using the
random number table below, simulate the queue behavior for a period of 60
minutes and estimate the probability of the service being idle and the mean time
spent by a customer waiting for service.
Random no (start at North- West corner and proceed along the row)
93 14 72 10
81 87 90 38
13
29 17 11 68
51 40 30 52
6] Abbreviations
Chapter 4
Simulation Software
1] Important definitions
14
None
2. What is GPSS?
General purpose system simulation.
3] Subjective Questions
3. Write short note on: (i) Extend (ii) Automod (iii) Simula (iv) GPSS
(v) Simscript
Pg.no. 124, 123, 127,112
5. With reference to GPSS explain operation of all the blocks used in simulation.
Pg.no. 114
6. Write a program for single server queue using any one of the simulation language
You know. Give comments for each statement.
Pg.no. 115
4] Objective Questions
1. SIMUL8 is introduced by
A) SIMUL8 Corporation
B) Brooks automation
Ans. A
2. SimRunner is developed by
A. PROMODEL
B. flexim software
C. Brooks automation
Ans. A
Ans. A
Ans. B
Ans. True
16
5] Numerical Problems
None
6] Abbreviations
Chapter 5
Statistical Models in Simulation
1] Important definitions
17
1. Define expectation?
The mean (expectation) is a measure of the central tendency of a random variable.
2. Define variance?
The variance is a measure of the spread of variation of the possible values of random
variable around the mean.
3. What is pmf?
Probability mass function
4. What is pdf?
Probability density function
5. What is cdf?
Cumulative distribution function
3] Subjective Questions
1. Explain useful statistical models in inventory, queuing, reliability and maintenance
system.
Pg.no. 157
4] Objective Questions
Ans. A
Ans. B
3. Bernoulli distribution is
A) discrete
B) continuous
Ans. A
Ans. D
19
Ans. D
5] Numerical Problems
1. An industrial chemical that will retard the spread of fire in paint has been
Developed the local sales representative has determined, from past
experience, that 48% of the sales calls will result in an order.
(a) What is the probability that the first order will come on the fourth sales call of the
day?
(b) If eight sales calls are made in a day, what is the probability of receiving exactly
Six orders?
(c) If four sales calls are made before lunch, what is the probability that one or less
results in an order? '
2. The Hawks are currently winning 0.55 of their games. There are 5 games in the next
two weeks. What is the probability that they will win more games than they lose?
3. Arrivals at a bank teller's cage are Poisson distributed at the rate of 1.2 per minute
(a) What is the probability of zero arrivals in the next minute?
(b) What is the probability of zero arrivals in the next 2 minutes?
4. The lifetime, in years of a satellite placed in orbit is given by the following PDF:
F(x) =0.4e-0.4x x>=0
F(x) = 0 otherwise
(a) What is the probability that this satellite is still "alive" after 5 years?
(b) What is the probability that the satellite dies between 3 and 6 years from the
time it is placed in orbit?
20
6] Abbreviations
None
Chapter 6
Queuing Models
21
1] Important definitions
3] Subjective Questions
Pg.no. 235
6. Explain Network of queues.
Pg.no. 239
4] Objective Questions
Ans: B
Ans: D
Ans: A
E) System capacity
Ans. C
Ans. B
5] Numerical Problems
1. Arrivals to an airport are all directed to the same, runway, at a certain time of. the
day, these arrivals form a Poisson process with rate 30 per hour. The time to land
an Aircraft is a constant 90 seconds. Determine LQ, WQ, L and w for this airport. If
a delayed aircraft bums $5000 worth of fuel per hour on the average, determine
the average cost per aircraft of delay waiting to land.
.
6] Abbreviations
None
Chapter 7
Random Number Generation
24
1] Important definitions
1. Define Run.
A run is defined as a succession of similar events, preceded and followed by a different event.
3] Subjective Questions
1. What is random number? State the properties of random nos. What are the problems or
errors that can occur when generating random no.
Pg.no.251
2. Mention properties of random nos. and give the methods of generating Pseudo
Random nos.
Pg.no. 254
3. Explain are the test used for checking Uniformity of random no.?
Pg.no. 261
4] Objective Questions
Ans. True
C) Runs test
D) None of the above.
Ans. C
Ans. A
4. Which test is used when no. of observations are less than 50?
A) Chi square test
B) K-S test
C) Run length test
Ans. B
Ans. D
5] Numerical Problems
1. Consider the following sequence of random no-show would you test it for
independence.
0.12 0.01 0.23 0.28 0.89 0.31 0.64 0.28 0.33 0.93
0.39 0.15 0.33 0.35 0.91 0.41 0.60 0.25 0.55 0.88
2. Use the chi-square test with a = 0.05, to test whether the data shown below are
uniformly distributed.
0.34 0.90 0.25 0.89 0.87 0.44 0.12 0.21 0.46 0.67
0.83 0.76 0.79 0.64 0.70 0.81 0.94 0.74 0.22 0.74
0.96 0.99 0.77 0.67 0.56 0.41 0.52 0.73 0.99 0.02
0.47 0.30 0.17 0.82 0.56 0.05 0.45 0.31 0.78 0.05
26
0.79 0.71 0.23 0.19 0.82 0.93 0.65 0.37 0.39 0.42
3. Use the linear congruential. method to generate a sequence of three two-digit random
integers. Let Xo = 27, a = 8 ,c =47 and m =100.
5. The sequence of numbers 0.54, 0.73, 0.98, 0.11 and 0.68 has been generated. Use the
Kolmogorov-Smirnov test with = 0.05 to determine if the hypothesis that the
numbers are uniformly distributed on the interval [0, 1] can be rejected.
Generate enough values in each case to complete a cycle.
6. consider the, first 10 two digit .values in Example 5. Based on runs up and runs down,
determine whether the hypothesis of independence can be rejected, where = 0.05.
6] Abbreviations
None
Chapter 8
Random Variate Generation
27
1] Important definitions
None
3] Subjective Questions
1. How would you generate random variates for the exponential distribution?
Pg.no. 273
2 How would you generate random variates from Triangular Distribution?
Pg.no. 278
3. Explain different techniques of generating random variates.
Pg.no. 289
4. What is Poisson process? Explain characteristics of Poison process.
Pg.no. 293
5. State the distributions which can be sampled using "Inverse transform technique, write
the procedure for sampling.
Pg.no. 273
6. Explain Acceptance rejection technique.
Pg.no. 289
4] Objective Questions
28
Ans. B
Ans. B
Ans. C
5] Numerical Problems
1. Develop random variate for exponential distribution and uniform distribution using
inverse transform technique.
2. Develop random variate for Poisson distribution using acceptance rejection technique
6] Abbreviations
Chapter 9
Input Modeling
1] Important definitions
None
1. Name the techniques used for identifying the distribution with data.
A) Histograms
B) Quantile Quantile Plot
2. Name the techniques used for identifying the distribution without data.
A) Engineering data
B) Expert option
C) Physical or conventional limitations
D) The nature of the process
3] Subjective Questions
1. Discuss steps involved in development of a model of input data.
Pg. no. 307
4. Site an example where lead time and demand are not independent random variables
30
5 .How would you collect data which is to be used as input to simulation model.
Pg. no. 308
6. In case there is no data but the distribution is known then, how would you generate
samples to be used as input to simulation model? Generate one set of samples inputs
using each of the method.
Pg. no. 335
7. Discuss the methods by which chosen distribution is evaluated for goodness of fit test.
Pg. no. 327
4] Objective Questions
Ans. C
2. Distribution used to model the number of independent event that occur in a fixed
amount of time is
A) Poisson
B) Normal
C) Binomial
Ans. A
Ans. D
31
Ans. D
Ans. A
5] Numerical Problems
6] Abbreviations
Chapter 10
Verification and Validation of simulation model
1] Important definitions
1. Define verification.
Verification is the process of building the model correctly and implementing it with good
input and structure.
2. Define validation.
It is the process of building the correct model, and accurate representation of the real
system.
3] Subjective Questions
4] Objective Questions
Ans. A
2. The process of comparing the model and its behavior to the real system and its
behavior is known as
A) verification
B) validation
C) calibration
Ans. B
Ans. B
5] Numerical Problems
None
6] Abbreviations
Chapter 11
Output Analysis for a Single Model
1] Important definitions
None
3. What is Quantile?
Quantiles describes the level of performance that can be delivered with a given probability p.
3] Subjective Questions
4] Objective Questions
Ans. B
Ans. D
3. Replication method can be used for Steady- State simulations. True/ False.
Ans. True.
5] Numerical Problems
Q = M-I, if I<L
= 0 , if I>=L
where I is the level of inventory on hand plus on order at the end of a month , M is the maximum
inventory level , and L is the reorder point. Since M and L are under management control, the pair (M, L)
is called the inventory policy. Under certain conditions, the analytical solution of such a model is
possible, but the computational effort may be prohibitive. Use simulation to investigate an (M, L)
inventory system with the following properties. The inventory status is checked at the end of each month.
Backordering is allowed at a cost of $4 per item short per month. When an order arrives, it will first be
used to relieve the backorder. The lead time is given by a uniform distribution on the interval (0.25, 1.25)
months. Let the beginning inventory level stand at 50 units, with no orders outstanding. Let the holding
cost be $1 per unit in inventory per month. Assume that the inventory position is reviewed each month. If
an order is placed, its cost is $60+$5Q, where $60 is the ordering cost and $5 is the cost of each item. The
time between demands is exponentially distributed with a mean of 1/15 month. the sizes of the demands
follow the distribution:
36
Demand Probability
1 1/2
2 1/4
3 1/8
4 1/8
(a) Make four independent replications, each of run length 100 months preceded by a 12-month
initialization period. for the (M, L) = (50, 30) policy. Estimate long run mean monthly cost with a 90%
confidence interval.
(b) Using the results of part (a), estimate the total number of replications needed to estimate mean
monthly cost within $5.
6] Abbreviations
None
37
Chapter 12
Comparison and Evaluation of Alternative System Design
1] Important definitions
1. Define Monotonicity.
The increasing and decreasing nature of the response variables with respect to
the input random variables is known as monotonicity.
3] Subjective Questions
Pg .no. 468
2. What is meta modeling? Explain simple linear regression method.
Pg .no. 476
3. Explain the test of significance of regression .
Pg .no. 481
4. What does optimization via simulation mean?
Pg .no. 485
5. Why is optimization via simulation difficult?
Pg .no. 488
6. Write short note on (a) Verification of simulation model (b) Optimization via simulation
Pg .no. 485
4] Objective Questions
5] Numerical Problems
1.Suppose that demand for a certain product has a Poisson distribution with mean 10 units. Use
optimization via-simulation software(or the random-search algorithm, if you do not have access
to such software ) to determine the order size x that maximizes the probability that demand
equals x units, assuming that 0<= x<= 100, and x is an integer. [Hint : On each replication of
the simulation for a trial value of x, a random demand is generated from the Poisson distribution
with mean 10. if this random demand equals x , then the response is Y(x) =1; otherwise it is
Y(x)=0.]
6] Abbreviations
Chapter 13
Case studies
1] Important definitions
None
3] Subjective Questions
4] Objective Questions
None
5] Numerical Problems
1. Using any simulator or language you like, model some aspect of your local computing-
system environment e.g., the print queue for a network printer. Carefully describe your
workload model.
6] Abbreviations
References
1) Discrete-event system simulation; jerry banks, Carson, john s., fourth edition. ,PHI
2) www.wintersim.org.
3) www.informs-cs.org/wscpapers.html.