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 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK

SUBJECT: POWER ELECTRONICS & DRIVES LABORATORY II BEKE 4731

TITLE
Four-Quadrant Operation of DC Motor Using DC-DC Chopper

THEORY
Direct-current (dc) motors have variable characteristics and are used extensively in variable-speed
drives. High starting torque and speed control over wide range are the features for dc motors. The
methods of speed control are normally simpler and less expensive than those ac drives. Dc motors play
a significant role in modern industrial drives, but series and separately excited dc motors are normally
used in variable-speed drives, but series motors are traditionally employed for traction applications.

In variable-speed applications, a dc motor may be operating in one or more modes: motoring,

regenerative braking, dynamic braking, plugging and four quadrants.

Motoring:- Refer to Figure 1(a). Back-emf Eg is less than supply voltage Va. Both armature
and field currents are positive. The motor develops torque to meet the load demand.

Regenerative braking:- Refer to Figure 1(b). The motor acts as a generator and develops an
induced voltage Eg. The Eg must be greater than supply voltage Va. The armature current is
negative, but the field current is positive. The kinetic energy of the motor is returned to the
supply. A series motor is usually connected as self-excited generator. For self-excitation, it is
necessary that the field current aids the residual flux. This is normally accomplished by
reversing the armature terminals or the field terminals.
Dynamic braking:- Refer to Figure 1(c). The circuits are similar to Figure 1(b) except the
supply voltage Va is replaced by a braking resistance Rb. The kinetic energy of the motor is
dissipated in Rb.
Plugging:- Refer to Figure 1(d). Plugging is a type of braking. The armature terminals are
reversed while running. The supply voltage Va and the induced voltage Eg act in the same
direction. The armature current is reversed, thereby producing a braking torque. The field
current is positive. For a series motor, either the armature terminals or field terminals should be
reversed, but not both.
Four quadrants:- Refer to Figure 2. The polarities of the supply voltage Va, back-emf Eg, and
armature current Ia for separately-excited motor. In forward motoring (quadrant I), Va, Eg, and
Ia are all positive. The torque and speed are also positive in this quadrant.
During forward braking (quadrant II), the motor runs in the forward direction and the induced
emf Eg will continue to be positive. For the torque to be negative and direction of energy flow
to reverse, the armature current must be negative. The supply voltage Va should be kept less
than Eg.
In reverse motoring (quadrant III), Va, Eg, and Ia are all negative. The torque and speed are also
negative in this quadrant. To keep the torque negative and the energy flow from the source to
the motor, the back-emf Eg must satisfy the condition of Va > E g . The polarity of Eg can be
reversed by changing the direction of field current or by reversing the armature terminals.
During reverse braking (quadrant IV), the motor runs in the reverse direction. Va and Eg will
continue to be negative. For the torque to be positive and the energy flow from the motor to the
source, the armature current must be positive. The induced emf Eg must satisfy the condition
of Va < E g

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 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK

SUBJECT: POWER ELECTRONICS & DRIVES LABORATORY II BEKE 4731

Figure 1: Operating modes

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 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK

SUBJECT: POWER ELECTRONICS & DRIVES LABORATORY II BEKE 4731

Figure 2: Four-Quadrants Operating modes

Chopper Drives
Chopper drives are widely used in traction applications all over the world. A dc chopper is connected
between a fixed-voltage dc source and a dc motor to vary the armature voltage. In addition to armature
voltage control, a dc chopper can provide regenerative braking of motors and can return energy back
to the supply. This energy-saving feature is particularly attractive to transportation systems with
frequent stops such as mass rapid transit (MRT). Chopper drives are also used in battery electric
vehicles (BEVs). A dc motor can be operated in one of the four quadrants by controlling the armature
and/or field voltages (or currents). It is often required to reverse the armature or field terminals in
order to operate the motor in the desired quadrant.
If the supply is non-receptive during the regenerative braking, the line voltage would increase and
regenerative braking may not be possible. In this case, an alternative form of braking is necessary,
such as rheostatic braking.

Two-Quadrant Chopper Drive

The circuit of Two-quadrant operation chopper drive is shown in Figure 3. During power control, a
chopper drive operates in the quadrant I as shown earlier in Figure 2(a), where the armature voltage
and armature current are positive. In a regenerative braking, the chopper drive operates in the second
quadrant, where the armature voltage is positive and the armature current is negative, as shown in
Figure 2(b).
Power control:- Transistor Q1 and Diode D2 operate. When Q1 is turned on, the supply voltage
Vs is connected to the motor terminals. When Q1 is turned off, the armature current flows
through the free-wheeling diode D2 decays.
Regenerative control:- Transistor Q2 and diode D1 operate. When Q2 is turned on, the motor
acts as a generator and the armature current rises. When Q2 is turned off, the motor, acting as a
generator, returns energy to the supply through the regenerative diode D1.

LAB SHEET Experiment PAGE: - 4 -

 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK

SUBJECT: POWER ELECTRONICS & DRIVES LABORATORY II BEKE 4731

Figure 3: Ideal 2-quadrant chopper drive

Four-Quadrant Chopper Drive

In industrial applications, for-quadrant operation, as shown in Figure 4

Forward power control:- Transistors Q1 and Q2 operate. Transistors Q3 and Q4 are off. When
Q1 and Q2 are turned on together, the supply voltage appears acrossthe motor terminals and the
armature current rises. When Q1 is turned off and Q2 is still turned on, the armature current
decays through Q2 and D4. Alternatively, both Q1 and Q2 can be turned off, while the armature
current is forced to decay through D3 and D4.
Forward regeneration:- Transistors Q1, Q2 and Q3 are turned off. When transistor Q4 is turned
on, the armature current, which rises, flows through Q4 and D2. When Q4 is turned off, the
motor, acting as a generator, returns energy to the supply through D1 and D2.
Reverse power control:- Transistors Q3 and Q4 operate. Transistors Q1 and Q2 are off. When Q3
and Q4 are turned on together, the supply armature current rises and flows in the reverse
direction. When Q3 is turned off and Q4 is turned on, the armature current falls through Q4 and
D2. Alternatively, both Q3 and Q4 can be turned off, while forcing the armature current to
decay through D1 and D2.
Forward regeneration:- Transistors Q1, Q3 and Q4 are off. When transistor Q2 is turned on, the
armature current rises through Q2 and D4. When Q2 is turned off, the armature current falls and
the motor returns energy to the supply through D3 and D4.

Figure 4: Ideal 4-quadrant chopper drive

LAB SHEET Experiment PAGE: - 5 -

 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK

SUBJECT: POWER ELECTRONICS & DRIVES LABORATORY II BEKE 4731

LEARNING OUTCOMES
Demonstrate an operation of MOSFET chopper drive driving a dc motor.
Analyze the voltage and current of the chopper drive in acceleration and deceleration modes.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED FOR EACH MODULE

Mobile work station (8110) Enclosure/power Supply(8840)

DC motor/Generator (8211) Speed Sensor/Tachometer(8931)
Three-phase Sych. Timing Belt(8942)
Motor/Generator(8241) Connection Leads and
Resistive Load(8311) accessories(8951)
Smoothing Inductor(8325-1X) Chopper/inverter control units (9029)
DC Voltmeter/Ammeter(8412-1X) P.I.D. Controller (9034)
Power Supply(8821-2X) Current/Voltage Isolator(9056-1X)
Power Mosfets(8837) Inertia Wheel (9126)

EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE

1. Install the power supply, the enclosure / power supply, the DC Motor/Generator, the Power
MOSFETS, the DC Voltmeter/Ammeter, and the Smoothing Inductors in the Mobile
workstation.

Install the Chopper / Inverter Control Unit and Current/Voltage Isolators in the Enclosure /
Power Supply.

2. Install the Inertia Wheel on the shaft of the DC Motor/Generator. Verify that the Inertia Wheel
is safely secured on the DC Motor Shaft

3. Make sure that the main power switch of the Power Supply is set to the O position (OFF).
Connect the Power Supply to a three-phase wall receptacle.

Set the rocker switch the Enclosure / Power supply to the O (OFF)

4. Connect the modules as shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5: Experimental circuit of 4-quadrant chopper drive

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 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK

SUBJECT: POWER ELECTRONICS & DRIVES LABORATORY II BEKE 4731

5. Set the rocker switch of the Enclosure / Power Supply to the I (ON) position and make the
followings:

On the Power Supply

Voltage Selector.. 7-N

On the POWER MOSFETS

Interconnection switch S1... I

On the Chopper/Inverter Control Unit

DC SOURCE 1.. mid position
DC SOURCE 2.. mid position
MODE.. CHOP.PWM

On the oscilloscope
Channel-1 Sensitivity 5V/DIV. (DC coupled)
Channel-2 Sensitivity 2V/DIV. (DC coupled)
Vertical Mode CHOPped
Time Base... 0.2 ms/DIV
Trigger Source EXTernal
Trigger Slope... positive (+)
Trigger Coupling..... HF REJection

6. On the Power Supply, make sure that the voltage control knob is set to the 0 position, then set
the24-V ac power switch and the main power switch to the I (ON) position. Adjust the voltage
control knob to the 100 position (100% of line voltage).

Set the DC Motor/Generator field current to its nominal value using the field rheostat.

7. On the oscilloscope, make the appropriate settings to position the traces of channels 1 and 2 in
the upper and lower halves of the screen, respectively.

8. Use the DC Source 1(Duty Cycle) knob on the Chopper/Inverter Control Unit to slowly vary
the speed of the dc motor. Observe the voltage and current signals. What happens during
acceleration and deceleration?

Note: An over-current protection circuit built into the Power MOSFETs module will limit the
peak current, during abrupt acceleration or deceleration, to an acceptable value. Without the
protection, the current surge could damage the motor and/or the driver.

LAB SHEET Experiment PAGE: - 7 -

 FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRIK

SUBJECT: POWER ELECTRONICS & DRIVES LABORATORY II BEKE 4731

PRELIMINARY LAB WORK/PREPARATION TASK

Please find and prepare short notes about the following:

Basic information about inverter including the type of inverter (full bridge and half bridge), the
schematic of the inverter, type of electronic switches use, basic operation of inverter including
the sequence of switching state.
Shape of output of inverter in term of its voltage and current with R and RL load.
The parameter used to evaluate the performance of the inverter together with the equation to
represent it.
Method use to improve the quality of output of the inverter including the implementation of
Fourier Series analysis to measure the quality of the inverter output.

Instruction to student
Student should spent not more than two hours on this preparation task
Technical notes can be used during exercising the experimental works.
Student should prepare a comprehensive report for the following experiment.

EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE

1. Each group will be provided with one DC motor panel. Based on the laboratory module and the
given equipment, student should be able to construct DC speed drive system to achieve
following specifications.
Forward and reverse operation.
Constant speed of 1000 rpm.
The overshoot current must not bigger than 3A.

2. Based on observation during the laboratory works, the students need to plot the waveforms of
the armature voltage and current for several speed rating i.e. 500, 750 and 1250 rpm
respectively.

QUESTION

1. Discuss the phenomena observed when the motor decelerates drastically from a high speed to a
relatively low speed condition.

2. Explain the relationship between the energy power flow and the quadrant of operation when the
DC motor is equipped without and with the inertia wheel.

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