MT S K THUT S DNG

BT NG THC CAUCHY V BT NG THC

BUNYAKOVSKI

A. MT S QUY TC CHUNG KHI S DNG BT NG THC

CAUCHY V BT NG THC BUNYAKOVSKI
Quy tc song hnh: a s cc bt ng thc u c tnh i xng nn chng ta c th
s dng nhiu bt ng thc trong chng minh mt bi ton nh hng cch gii nhanh
hn.
Quy tc du bng: Du = trong bt ng thc c vai tr rt quan trng. N gip ta
kim tra tnh ng n ca chng minh, nh hng cho ta cch gii. Chnh v vy khi gii
cc bi ton chng minh bt ng thc hoc cc bi ton cc tr ta cn rn luyn cho mnh
thi quen tm iu kin ca du bng mc d mt s bi khng yu cu trnh by phn ny.
Quy tc v tnh ng thi ca du bng: Chng ta thng mc sai lm v tnh xy ra
ng thi ca du = khi p dng lin tip hoc song hnh nhiu bt ng thc. Khi p
dng lin tip hoc song hnh nhiu bt ng thc th cc du = phi cng c tha mn
vi cng mt iu kin ca bin.
Quy tc bin: i vi cc bi ton cc tr c iu kin rng buc th cc tr thng t
c ti v tr bin.
Quy tc i xng: Cc bt ng thc c tnh i xng th vai tr ca cc bin trong cc
bt ng thc l nh nhau do du = thng xy ra ti v tr cc bin bng nhau. Nu
bi ton c iu kin i xng th chng ta c th ch ra du =xy ra ti khi cc bin
bng nhau v bng mt gi tr c th.
B. MT S K THUT S DNG BT NG THC CAUCHY
I. BT NG THC CAUCHY
Cho n s thc khng m a1 , a2 ,..., an , n Z , n 2 , ta lun c:

a1 a2 ... an n . n a1 .a2 ...an

Du = xy ra khi v ch khi a1 a2 ... an

1
II. MT S K THUT S DNG BT NG THC CAUCHY
1. K thut tch ghp b s
1.1 K thut tch ghp c bn
Bi 1: Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c. Chng minh rng: a bb c c a 8abc

Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy, ta c:
a bb cc a 2 ab .2 bc .2 ac 8abc (pcm)

Bi 2: Cho 4 s thc dng a, b, c, d. Chng minh rng:

ac bd a bc d
Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy, ta c:
ac bd a c b d
. .
a b c d a b c d a b c d
1 a c 1 b d 1ab cd
1
2ab cd 2ab cd 2ab cd

ac bd a bc d (pcm)
a c
Bi 3: Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c tha . Chng minh rng:
b c

ca c cb c ab

Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy, ta c:
ca c cb c c a c c b c
. .
ab b a a b
1c ac 1c bc

2b a 2a b
1c c 1c c
1 1 1
2b a 2a b

ca c cb c ab (pcm)

2
Bi 4: Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c. Chng minh rng:
1 3 abc 3 1 a 1 b1 c

Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy, ta c:
1 3 abc 1 1 1 a b c
3 . . 3 . .
3 1 a 1 b 1 c 1 a 1 b 1 c 1 a 1 b 1 c
1 1 1 1 1 a b c

3 1 a 1 b 1 c 3 1 a 1 b 1 c
1 1 a 1 b 1 c
1
3 1 a 1 b 1 c

1 3 abc 3 1 a 1 b1 c (pcm)

a 1
Bi 5: Cho 2 s thc dng a, b tha . Chng minh rng:
b 1

a b 1 b a 1 ab

Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy, ta c:

a b 1 a ab a
1
a ab a ab (1)
2 2
ab
Tng t: b a 1 (2)
2
Cng theo v (1) v (2), ta c:
a b 1 b a 1 ab (pcm)

Bi 6: Cho 2 s thc dng a, b. Chng minh rng: 16aba b2 a b4

Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy, ta c:

4ab a b 2 a b 2
2 2

16aba b 4.4ab a b 4. 4. a b (pcm)

2 2 4

2 2
Bi 7: Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c. Chng minh rng:

a1 b b1 c c1 a 33 abc 1 3 abc
Gii:
Ta c:
a1 b b1 c c1 a a b c ab bc ca

3
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy, ta c:
a b c 33 abc
ab bc ca 33 abc
2

a b c ab bc ca 33 abc 33 abc 33 abc 1 33 abc
2


a1 b b1 c c1 a 33 abc 1 3 abc (pcm)

a b
Bi 8: Cho 2 s thc dng a, b. Chng minh rng: ab a b 1
b a
Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy, ta c:
a b ab a ab b a b
ab
b a 2 2b 2 2a 2b 2a

ab a ab b a b
2 . 2 . 2 . a b 1 (pcm)
2 2b 2 2a 2b 2a

Bi 9: Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c tha a b c 10 . Tm GTLN ca: A a 2b3c5

Gii:
Ta c:
2 3 5
a a b b b c c c c c a b c
10 a b c 1010 . .
2 2 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 2 3 5
2 3 5 2 3 5
a b c a b c
. . 1 . . 1 a 2b3c5 22 3355 337500
10
2 3 5 2 3 5

a b c a 2
a b c abc
Du = xy ra 2 3 5 1 b 3
a b c 10 2 3 5 10 c 5

Vy GTLN ca A l 337500.
1.2 K thut tch nghch o
a b
Bi 1: Chng minh rng: 2 , a,b 0
b a
Gii:
a b
V a,b 0 nn 0, 0
b a
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:
a b a b
2 . 2 (pcm)
b a b a
4
 1
Bi 2: Chng minh rng: a 3 , a 1
a 1
Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:

1 2 a 1
1 1 1
a a 1 1 2 1 3 (pcm)
a 1 a 1 a 1

a2 2
Bi 3: Chng minh rng: 2 , a R
a2 1

Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:
a2 2 a2 11 1 1
a2 1 2 a2 1 2 (pcm)
a2 1 a2 1 a2 1 a2 1

3a 2 1
Bi 4: Chng minh rng: , a 0
1 9a 4
2
Gii:
Vi a 0 , p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:
3a 2 1 1 1 1
(pcm)
1 9a 4
1 9a 4
1
3a 2 2 1 .3a 2 2
2
2 2
3a 3a 3a 3a 2
2
a2
Bi 5: Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc: A a 1 2 , a 1
2

a 1

Gii:
2
a 2 2a 2
A a 1
2

a 1
a 12 1
2

a 1
2

a 1
2
1
a 1 a 1
2

a 1
Cauchy
2a 1 2 2a 1
1 1
2 22 22
2 2

a 1 2
a 12
24 8
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi 2a 12
1
hay a
a 12 2

Vy GTNN ca A 2 2 2
5
 2
Bi 6: Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc : A a , a 0
a2
Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:
2 a a 1 a a 1 1 3
Aa 3. . . 33 3 4
a2 2 2 a a 3 2 2 a a 2 2
2. . 2. .
2 2 2 2
a 2
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi 2 hay a 3 4
2 a
33
Vy GTNN ca A 4
2

1
Bi 7: Chng minh rng: a 3 , a b 0
b( a b)

Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:

b a b 33 b.a b .
1 1 1
a 3
ba b ba b ba b

4
Bi 8: Chng minh rng: a 3 , a b 0
a bb 12
Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:

a
4
a b
b 1 b 1 1
1
a b b 1 2
2 2
a b b 1 b 1
2 2

4. a b .
b 1 . b 1 . 1
1 3
2 2
a b b 1 b 1
4

2 2
1.3 K thut ghp i xng
Trong k thut ghp i xng ta cn nm mt s thao tc sau:
ab bc ca
a b c
Php cng: 2 2 2
2a b c a b b c c a

abc ab bc ca , a, b, c 0
Php nhn:
a b c ab bc ca
2 2 2

6
 bc ca ab
Bi 1: Cho ba s thc dng a, b, c. CMR: abc
a b c
Gii:
Ta c:
bc ca ab 1 bc ca 1 ca ab 1 ab bc

a b c 2 a b 2 b c 2 c a
bc ca ca ab ab bc
. . . abc
a b b c c a

a2 b2 c2 b c a
Bi 2: Cho ba s thc abc 0 . CMR:
b2 c2 a2 a b c
Gii:
Ta c:
a2 b2 c2 1 a2 b2 1 b2 c2 1 c2 a2
2 2 2 2
b 2 c 2 a 2 2 b 2 c 2 2c a 2a b
a2 b2 b2 c2 c2 a2 b c a b c a
2 2
2
. 2
2
. 2
b c c a a b a b c a b c

Bi 3: Cho ba s thc dng a, b, c tha abc 1. CMR:

bc ca ab
a b c 3
a b c

Gii:
b c c a a b 2 bc 2 ca 2 ab bc ca ab
2

a b c a b c a b c
bc ca ca ab ab bc

b
c

a b c a
bc ca ca ab ab bc
2 2 2
a b b c c a

2 a b c a b c a b c
a b c 33 a b c a b c 3
bc ca ab
Vy a b c 3
a b c

7
 abc
Bi 4: Cho ABC , AB c, BC a, CA b, p . CMR:
2

p a p b p c 1 abc
8
Gii:
Ta c:
p a p b p c p a p b p b p c p c p a

p a p b . p b p c . p c p a
2 2 2
2 p a b 2 p b c 2 p c a 1
. . abc
2 2 2 8
abc
Bi 5: Cho ABC , AB c, BC a, CA b, p . CMR:
2
1 1 1 1 1 1
2
p a p b p c a b c

Gii:
Ta c:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

p a p b p c 2 p a p b 2 p b p c 2 p c p a
1 1 1

p a p b p b p c p c p a
1 1 1

p a p b p b p c p c p a
2 2 2
1 1 1
2
a b c
1.4 K thut ghp cp nghch o
Trong k thut ghp cp nghch o ta ng dng bt ng thc sau
Vi n N v x1 , x2 ,..., xn 0 th

1
x1 x2 ... xn 1
1
.. n 2
x1 x2 xn

Chng minh bt ng thc trn :

Ta c vi x1 , x2 ,..., xn 0 th

1
x1 x2 ... xn 1
1
.. nn x1 x2 ...xn .nn
1
n2
x1 x2 xn x1 x2 ...xn

8
Vi n 3 v x1 , x2 , x3 0 th

1
x1 x2 x3 1
1
9
x1 x 2 x3

bc ca ab
Bi 1: Cho ba s thc dng a, b, c. CMR: 6
a b c
Gii:
Ta c:
bc ca ab bc ca ab
1 1 1 3
a b c a b c
abc bca cab
3
a b c
1 1 1
a b c 3 9 3 6
a b c

a b c 3
Bi 2: Cho ba s thc dng a, b, c. CMR:
bc ca ab 2
(Bt ng thc Nesbit)
Gii:
Ta c:
a b c a b c
1 1 1 3
bc ca ab bc ca ab
abc bca cab
3
bc ca ab
1 1
a b c
1
3
bc ca ab
1 1
b c c a a b
1 1
3
2 bc ca ab
9 3
3
2 2

c2 a2 b2 abc
Bi 3: Cho ba s thc dng a, b, c. CMR:
ab bc ca 2
Gii:
c2 a2 b2 c2 a2 b2
c a b a b c
ab bc ca ab bc c a

c a b
c1 a1 b1 a b c
ab bc ca

9
 abc bca cab
c a b a b c
ab bc ca
c b
a b c a b c
a

ab bc ca
c
a b c
a b
1
ab bc ca
Theo bt ng thc Nesbit chng minh bi 2 th:
a b c 3

bc ca ab 2
Do
c2 a2 b2 3 abc
a b c 1 (pcm)
ab bc ca 2 2

Bi 4: Cho ba s thc dng a, b, c tha a b c 1 . Chng minh bt ng thc

sau:
1 1 1
2 2 9
a 2bc b 2ca c 2ab
2

Gii:
Do a b c 1 ta c:
2
a b c 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
a 2bc b 2ca c 2ab
2
a 2bc b 2ca c 2ab

a 2 b 2 c 2 2ab 2bc 2ac 2 1
2
1
2
1

a 2bc b 2ca c 2ab

a 2 2bc b 2 2ac c 2 2ab 2

1
2
1
2
1
9
a 2bc b 2ca c 2ab

2. K thut i bin s
C nhng bi ton v mt biu thc ton hc tng i cng knh, kh nhn bit
c phng hng gii. Bng cch i bin s, ta c th a bi ton v dng n
gin v d nhn bit hn.
Bi 1: Cho ABC , AB c, BC a, CA b. CMR:
b c ac a ba b c abc (1)
Gii:

10
 yz
a 2
b c a x
zx
t: c a b y b
a b c z 2
x y
c 2

Khi bt ng thc (1) tng ng vi bt ng thc sau:
x y yz zx
x. y.z . .
2 2 2
Do trong tam gic, tng di ca hai cnh lun ln hn di cnh cn li nn :
x, y, z 0

p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:

x y yz zx
. . xy . yz zx xyz
2 2 2
Hay b c ac a ba b c abc (pcm)
Bi 2: Cho ABC , AB c, BC a, CA b. CMR:
a b c
3 (1)
bca c a b a bc
Gii:
t:
yz
a 2
b c a x 0
zx
c a b y 0 b
a b c z 0 2
x y
c 2

Khi v tri ca bt ng thc (1) tr thnh:
yz zx x y

2x 2y 2z
Ta c:
y z z x x y 1 y x 1 z x 1 z y

2x 2y 2z 2 x y 2 x z 2 y z
2 y x 2 z x 2 z y
. . . 3
2 x y 2 x z 2 y z

a b c
Hay 3 (pcm)
bca c a b a bc

11
Bi 3: Cho ABC , AB c, BC a, CA b. CMR:

a2 b2 c2
a b c (1)
bca ca b a bc
Gii:
yz
a 2
b c a x 0
zx
t: c a b y 0 b
a b c z 0 2
x y
c 2

Khi bt ng thc (1) tng ng vi bt ng thc sau:
y z 2 z x 2 x y 2 x yz
4x 4y 4z
Ta c:
y z 2 z x 2 x y 2
yz zx xy 1 yz zx 1 zx xy 1 xy yz

4x 4y 4z x y z 2 x y 2 y z 2 z x
H
yz zx zx xy xy yz
. . . zx y
x y y z z x

a2 b2 c2
ay a b c (pcm)
bca ca b a bc
abc
Bi 4: Cho ABC , AB c, BC a, CA b, p . CMR:
2
1 1 1 p
(1)
p a2
p b 2
p c 2
p a p b p c
Gii:
bca
Ta c: pa 0
2
Tng t:
p b 0
pc 0

p a x 0

t: p b y 0 p x y z
p c z 0

Khi bt ng thc (1) tng ng vi bt ng thc sau:

12
 1 1 1 x yz
2
2 2
x y z xyz

Ta c:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 z x
2
x y z 2 x y 2 y z
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 x yz
. .
x2 y2 y2 z2 2
z x 2
xy yz zx xyz

1 1 1 p
Hay (pcm)
p a 2
p b
2
p c
2
p a p b p c
a b c 3
Bi 5: Cho ba s thc dng a, b, c. CMR: (1)
bc ca ab 2
Gii:
yzx
a 2
b c x
zx y
t: c a y b
a b z 2
x yz
c
2
Khi bt ng thc (1) tr thnh:
yzx zx y x yz 1

2x 2y 2z 2
Ta c:
y zx z x y x yz 1 y x 1 z x 1 z y 3

2x 2y 2z 2 x y 2 x z 2 y z 2
2 y x 2 z x 2 z y 3 3
. . .
2 x y 2 x z 2 y z 2 2

a b c 3
Hay (pcm)
bc ca ab 2

Bi 6: Cho 3 s thc khng m a, b, c tha a c b c 1 . CMR:

1 1 1
4 (1)
a b a c b c 2
2 2

13
Gii:
1
x y

a c x xy 1 1
t: y
b c y a b x y x
a b x y


Khi v tri ca bt ng thc (1) tr thnh:
1 1 1
2 2 4
x y x y
2

Ta c:
1 1 1 1 1
2 2 x2 y 2 2 x2 y2
x y x y x y
2 2
x 2 xy y 2

1
x 2 y
2 2

x2 y2 2 2 2 2
1
x 2 y2

. x2 y 2 2 2 4
1 1 1
Vy 4 (pcm)
a b a c b c 2
2 2

Bi 7: Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng thay i v tha mn iu kin xyz 1 .

Tm GTNN ca biu thc:
x2 y z y 2 z x z 2 x y
A
y y 2z z z z 2x x x x 2y y

thi i hc khi A nm 2007

Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:

x 2 .2 yz y 2 .2 zx z 2 .2 xy
A
y y 2z z z z 2x x x x 2y y
2 x x xyz 2 y y yzx 2 z z zxy

y y 2z z z z 2x x x x 2y y
2x x 2y y 2z z

y y 2z z z z 2x x x x 2y y

14

x x 2a 4b c
1
a y y 2 z z 9


t: b z z 2 x x y y a 2b 4c
1
9
c x x 2 y y
z z 9 4a b 2c
1

Khi
2 2a 4b c a 2b 4c 4a b 2c
A
9 a b c
2 b a c c a b
6 4
9 a c b a b c
2 c a b 2
6 4.3.3 . . 3.3 . . 6 12 3 2
b a c

9 a c b a b c 9

Du = xy ra a b c 1
Vy GTNN ca A l 2
3. K thut chn im ri
im ri trong cc bt ng thc l gi tr t c ca bin khi du = trong bt
ng thc xy ra.
Trong cc bt ng thc du = thng xy ra cc trng hp sau:
Cc bin c gi tr bng nhau. Khi ta gi bi ton c cc tr t c ti tm
Khi cc bin c gi tr ti bin. Khi ta gi bi ton c cc tr t c ti bin
Cn c vo iu kin xy ra ca du = trong bt ng thc ta xt cc k thut chn
im ri trong cc trng hp trn
3.1 K thut chn im ri trong bi ton cc tr xy ra bin
Xt cc bi ton sau:
1
Bi ton 1: Cho s thc a 2 . Tm gi tr nh nht (GTNN) ca A a
a

1 1
Sai lm thng gp l: A a 2 a. 2 . Vy GTNN ca A l 2.
a a
1
Nguyn nhn sai lm: GTNN ca A l 2 a a 1 v l v theo gi thuyt th
a
a 2.

1 a 1 3a a 1 3a 3.2 5
Li gii ng: A a 2 . 1
a 4 a 4 4 a 4 4 2

15
 a 1
Du = xy ra hay a 2
4 a
5
Vy GTNN ca A l .
2
V sao chng ta li bit phn tch c nh li gii trn. y chnh l k thut chn
im ri trong bt ng thc.
Quay li bi ton trn, d thy a cng tng th A cng tng. Ta d on A t GTNN
khi a 2 . Khi ta ni A t GTNN ti im ri a 2 . Ta khng th p dng
1
bt ng thc Cauchy cho hai s a v v khng tha quy tc du =. V vy ta
a
1
phi tch a hoc khi p dng bt ng thc Cauchy th tha quy tc du =.
a
a 1
Gi s ta s dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho cp s , sao cho ti im ri
a
a 1
a 2 th , ta c s sau:
a
a 2
2 1
a2 4
1 1 2
a 2

1 a 3a 1
Khi : A a v ta c li gii nh trn.
a 4 4 a
a 1
Lu : gii bi ton trn, ngoi cch chn cp s , ta c th chn cc cc
a

1 1
cp s sau: a, hoc a, hoc a, .
a a a
1
Bi ton 2: Cho s thc a 2 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca A a
a2
S im ri:
a 2
2 1
a2 8
1 1 4
a 2 4

16
Sai lm thng gp l:
a 1 7a a 1 7a 1 7a 1 7.2 9
A 2 2 . 2 . Du = xy ra
8 a 8 8 a 8 2a 8 2.2 8 4
a 2.
9
Vy GTNN ca A l
4
9
Nguyn nhn sai lm: Mc d GTNN ca A l l p s ng nhng cch gii
4

1 1
trn mc sai lm trong nh gi mu s: a 2 l sai.
2a 2.2

a a 1 6a a a 1 6a 3 6.2 9
Li gii ng: A 2 3.3 . . 2
8 8 a 8 8 8 a 8 4 8 4
Du = xy ra a 2
9
Vy GTNN ca A l
4
1
Bi 1: Cho 2 s thc dng a, b tha a b 1 . Tm GTNN ca A ab
ab
Phn tch:

ab
2
1
Ta c: ab
2 4
S im ri:
ab 1

1 4 1 1
ab 4
4 1 4 4 16
ab

Gii:
Ta c:

ab
2
1
ab
2 4
1
ab
4

1 1 1 17
A 16ab 15ab 2 16ab 15ab 8 15.
ab ab 4 4
1 1
Du = xy ra ab ab
4 2

17
 17
Vy GTNN ca A l
4
18
Bi 2: Cho s thc a 6 . Tm GTNN ca A a 2
a
Phn tch:
Ta c
18 9 9
A a2 a2
a a a
D thy a cng tng th A cng tng. Ta d on A t GTNN khi a 6 . Ta c s
im ri:
a 2 36

a 6 36 3 24
9 9 3 2
a 6 2

Gii:
a 2 9 9 23a 2 a 2 9 9 23a 2
A 33 . .
Ta c: 24 a a 24 24 a a 24
9 23.36
39
2 24

a2 9
Du = xy ra a6
24 a
Vy GTNN ca A l 39
Bi 3: Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c tha a 2b 3c 20 . Tm GTNN ca
3 9 4
A abc
a 2b c
Phn tch:
D on GTNN ca A t c khi a 2b 3c 20 ,ti im ri a 2, b 3, c 4 .
S im ri:
a 2
2 3 4
a2
3 3 2 3
a 2

18
 b 3
3 3
b 3 2
9 3 2
2b 2

c 4
4
c4 1 4
4 1
c

Gii:
3a 3 b 9 c 4 a b 3c
A
4 a 2 2b 4 c 4 2 4
3a 3 b 9 c 4 a 2b 3c
2 . 2 . 2 .
4 a 2 2b 4 c 4
3 3 2 5 13
Du = xy ra a 2, b 3, c 4
Vy GTNN ca A l 13
ab 12
Bi 4: Cho3 s thc dng a, b, c tha . Chng minh rng:
bc 8

a b c 21 1

1

8

121
ab bc ca abc 12

Phn tch:
ab 12
D on GTNN ca A t c khi ,ti im ri a 3, b 4, c 2 .
bc 8
Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:
a b 2 a b 2 1
33 . .
18 24 ab 18 24 ab 2
a c 2 a c 2
33 . . 1
9 6 ca 9 6 ca

b c 2 b c 2 3
33 . .
16 8 bc 16 8 bc 4
a c b 8 a c b 8 4
44 . . .
9 6 12 abc 9 6 12 abc 3

19
 13a 13b 13a 13b 13 13 13
2 . 2 . .12
18 24 18 24 18 24 3
13b 13c 13b 13c 13 13 13
2 . 2 . .8
48 24 48 24 48 24 4
Cng theo v cc bt ng thc trn ta c:

a b c 21 1

1

8

121
(pcm)
ab bc ca abc 12
3.2 K thut chn im ri trong bi ton cc tr t c ti tm
Xt bi ton sau:
Bi ton: Cho 2 s thc dng a, b tha a b 1 .. Tm GTNN ca
1 1
A ab
a b

1 1 1 1
Sai lm thng gp l: A a b 44 a.b. . 4
a b a b
Vy GTNN ca A l 4.
1 1
Nguyn nhn sai lm: GTNN ca A l 4 a b a b 1 . Khi
a b
a b 2 1 tri gi thuyt .
Phn tch:
Do A l biu thc i xng vi a, b nn ta d on GTNN ca A t ti
1
ab
2
S im ri:
a b 1

1 2 1 1
ab 2
2 1 1 2 2 4
a b

1 1
3a 3b 44 4a..4b. . 3a b 8 3 5
1 1
Li gii ng: A 4a 4b
a b a b
1
Du = xy ra a b
2
Vy GTNN ca A l 5

20
 3
Bi 1: Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c tha a b c . Tm GTNN ca
2
1 1 1
A abc
a b c
Phn tch:
Do A l biu thc i xng vi a, b, c nn ta d on GTNN ca A t ti
1
abc
2
S im ri:
a b c 1

1 2 1 1
abc 2
2 1 1 1 2 2 4
a b c

Gii:
1 1 1
A 4a 4b 4c 3a 3b 3c
a b c

66 4a.4b.4c. . . 3a b c
1 1 1
a b c
9 13
12
2 2
1
Du = xy ra a b c
2
13
Vy GTNN ca A l
2
3
Bi 2: Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c tha a b c . Tm GTNN ca
2
1 1 1
A a2 b2 c2
a b c
Phn tch:
Do A l biu thc i xng vi a, b, c nn ta d on GTNN ca A t ti
1
abc
2
S im ri:

21
 2 1
a b2 c2
1 4 1 2
abc 8
2 1 1 1 2 4
a b c

Gii:
1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3
A a2 b2 c2
8a 8b 8c 8a 8b 8c 4a 4b 4c
1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1
99 a 2 .b 2 .c 2 .
. . . . .
8a 8b 8c 8a 8b 8c 4 a b c
9 1 9 9 1 9 9 27
9. 3 . .2
4 abc 4 4 a b c 4 4 4
3
1
Du = xy ra a b c
2
27
Vy GTNN ca A l
4

ab ab
Bi 3: Cho 2 s thc dng a, b. Tm GTNN ca A
ab ab

Phn tch:
Do A l biu thc i xng vi a, b nn ta d on GTNN ca A t ti
ab
S im ri:
ab 2a 2
ab a
2 1
ab 4
ab a 1 2
a b 2a 2

Gii:
ab ab 3a b ab ab 3.2 ab 3 5
A
2 . 1
4 ab a b 4 ab 4 ab a b 4 ab 2 2

Du = xy ra a b
5
Vy GTNN ca A l
2
Bi 4: Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c. Tm GTNN ca
a b c bc ca ab
A
bc ca ab a b c
Phn tch:
22
Do A l biu thc i xng vi a, b, c nn ta d on GTNN ca A t ti
abc
S im ri:
a b c 1
b c c a a b 2 1 2
abc 4
b c c a a b 2 2
a b c
Gii:
a b c bc ca ab 3bc ca ab
A
bc ca a b 4a 4b 4c 4 a b c
a b c bc ca ab 3b c c a a b
66 . . . . .
b c c a a b 4a 4b 4c 4a a b b c c

3 b c c a a b 9 15
3 .6.6 . . . . . 3
4 a a b b c c 2 2
Du = xy ra a b c
15
Vy GTNN ca A l
2
Bi 5: Cho 2 s thc dng a, b tha a b 1 . Tm GTNN ca :
1 1
A
a b22
2ab
Phn tch:
Do A l biu thc i xng vi a, b nn ta d on GTNN ca A t ti
1
ab
2
S im ri:
1
1 a 2 b 2 2
ab 2 2 1
2
2
2ab

Gii:
1 1 1 1 4
A 2 2. 2 4
a b
2 2
2ab
a b 2ab
2 2
a b 2ab a b 2
2

2
a 2 b 2 2ab 1
Du = xy ra ab
a b 1 2

23
Vy GTNN ca A l 4

Bi 6: Cho 2 s thc dng a, b tha a b 1 . Tm GTNN ca

1 1
A
1 a b 2 2
2ab
Phn tch:
Do A l biu thc i xng vi a, b nn ta d on GTNN ca A t ti
1
ab
2
S im ri:
1 2

1 1 a b
2 2
3 2 2
ab 3
2 1 2 3
2ab

Gii:
1 1 1
A
1 a b
2 2
6ab 3ab
1 1
2
1 a b 6ab 3ab
2 2

1 1 4 1
2.
1 a b 6ab 3ab a b 1 4ab 3ab
2
2 2

Do ab a b
2
4 1

2
a b2 1 4 a b ab
2 2

3
2 2
4 4

2a b 1 3a b
2 2

4 4 8

2.1 1 3.1 3
1 a 2 b 2 6ab
1
Du = xy ra a b ab
a b 1 2

8
Vy GTNN ca A l
3

24
Bi 7: Cho 2 s thc dng a, b tha a b 1 . Tm GTNN ca
1 1
A 4ab
a b
2 2
ab
Phn tch:
Do A l biu thc i xng vi a, b nn ta d on GTNN ca A t ti
1
ab
2
S im ri:
1
1 a 2 b 2 2 4
ab 2 2
2 1 4
ab

4ab 1
1 4
ab 1 4 1 4
2
ab
Gii:
1 1 1 1
A 4ab
a b
2 2
2ab 4ab 4ab
1 1 1
2 2 4ab.
2

a b 2ab
2
4ab 4ab
1 1 4 1
2. 2 2
a b 2ab
2 2
4ab a b 2
4ab
2

Do ab a b
2
4 1
2
a b2
ab
2
2

4
2
5
2
a b 2
5
27
1
a 2 b 2 2ab

4ab 1 1
Du = xy ra 4ab ab
a b 2

a b 1

Vy GTNN ca A l 7
25
Bi 8: Cho 2 s thc dng a, b tha a b 1 . Tm GTNN ca
1 1 1
A 2 2
a b
3 3
a b ab
Phn tch:
Do A l biu thc i xng vi a, b nn ta d on GTNN ca A t ti
1
ab
2
S im ri:
1
1 a 3 b 3 2 4
ab 2 2
2 1 1 4
a 2 b ab 2

Gii:
1 1 1 1 1
A 2 2
a b
3 3
2a b 2ab 2
2a b 2ab 2
1 1 1 1 1
55 3 3 . 2 . . 2 .
a b 2a b 2ab 2a b 2ab 2
2

1
5 3 3
a b 2a b 2ab 2 2a 2b 2ab 2
2

5
25

a b ab(a b)
3

Do ab a b
2
25


a b 3 (a b) 2
3

4
25
20
1
1
4
1 1 1
a 3 b 3 2a 2 b 2ab 2
1
Du = xy ra a b ab
a b 1 2


Vy GTNN ca A l 20

26
 1 1 1
Bi 9: Cho ba s thc dng x, y, z tha 4 . Tm GTLN ca
x y z
1 1 1
P
2x y z x 2 y z x y 2z

thi i hc khi A nm 2005

Gii:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
4 . . .
2 x y z x x y z 44 x.x. y.z 4 x x y z 16 x x y z

Tng t:
1 1 1 1 1 1

x 2 y z 16 x y y z

1 1 1 1 1 1

x y 2 z 16 x y z z

Cng theo v 3 bt ng thc trn, ta c:

1 1 1 1 4 4 4
P 1
2 x y z x 2 y z x y 2 z 16 x y z

1 1 1 4 3
Du = xy ra xyz
x y z 3 4
Vy GTLN ca P l 1
4. K thut nhn thm h s
Bi 1: Tm GTLN ca : A a 2 1-a , a 0,1

Gii:
Do a, 1-a 0 nn p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:

1 a a 2-2a
3

A a 2 2-2a a.a2-2a
1 1 1 8
.
2 2 2 3 2 27
4
A
27
2
Du = xy ra a 2 2a
3
4
Vy GTLN ca A l
27

27
Bi 2: Tm GTLN ca : A a 3 2-a , a 0,2

Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:

1 a a a 6 3a
4

A a.a.a.6 3a
1 27

3 3 4 16
3
Du = xy ra a 6 3a
2
27
Vy GTLN ca A l
16
a 3
Bi 3: Cho cc s thc dng a, b tha . Tm GTLN ca
b 4
A 3 a 4 b2a 3b

Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:

1 6 2a 12 3b 2a 3b
3

A 6 2a 12 3b 2a 3b
1
36
6 6 3
a 0
Du = xy ra 6 2a 12 3b 2a 3b 6
b 2
Vy GTLN ca A l 36
a 2

Bi 4: Cho cc s thc a, b, c tha b 6 . Tm GTLN ca:
c 12

bc a 2 ca 3 b 6 ab4 c 12
A
abc
Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:

bc a 2
bc
a 2.2 bc
.
a 2 2 abc
2 2 2 2 2
ca 3
ca 3 b 6 3 b 6.3.3 3 . b 6 3 3 abc
ca
9 9 3 33 9
ab 4 c 12 4
ab 4
c 12.4.4.4 4 ab . c 12 4 4 4 abc
abc
64 64 4 44 64 8 2
Khi ta c:
28
 bc a 2 ca 3 b 6 ab4 c 12 1 1 1 5 1
A 3 3
abc 2 2 3 9 8 2 8 2 3 9

a 2 2 a 4

Du = xy ra b 6 3 b 9
c 12 4 c 16

5 1
Vy GTLN ca A l
8 2 33 9
Bi 5: Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c tha a b c 1 . Tm GTLN ca:
A ab bc ca

Phn tch:
Do A l biu thc i xng vi a, b, c nn ta d on GTNN ca A t ti
2
a b 3

1 2
a b c b c
3 3
2
c a 3

Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:

a b 2
ab
3
a b . 2
3
. 3 (1)
2 3 2 2

3
b c
2
bc . 3 (2)
2 2

3
c a
2
ca . 3 (3)
2 2
Cng theo v cc bt ng thc (1), (2) v (3) ta c:

2a b c 3.
2
3 3 6
A ab bc ca .
2 2

2
a b 3

2 1
Du = xy ra b c a b c
3 3
2
c a 3

29
 Vy GTLN ca A l 6
Lu : Trong bi ton s dng k thut nhn thm h s, ta s s dng k thut chn
im ri tm h s cho ph hp.

Bi 6: Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c tha a b c 3 . Chng minh rng:

3
a 2b 3 b 2c 3 c 2a 33 3

Phn tch:
Do biu thc cho l biu thc i xng vi a, b, c nn ta d on du = xy ra
khi:
a 2b 3

a b c 1 b 2c 3
c 2a 3

Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:
3
a 2b 3
1 3 a 2b .3.3 3 1 a 2b 3 3 6 a3 2b (1)
9 9 3 3 9
6 b 2c
3
b 2c (2)
33 9
6 c 2a
3
c 2a (3)
33 9
Cng theo v cc bt ng thc (1), (2) v (3) ta c:
18 3a b c
3
a 2b 3 b 2c 3 c 2a 3
33 3 (pcm)
3 9
Bi 7: Cho a, b, c 2;2 tha a b c 3 . Chng minh rng:

4 a2 4 b2 4 c2 3 3

Phn tch:
Do biu thc cho l biu thc i xng vi a, b, c nn ta d on du = xy ra
khi:
4 a 2 3

a b c 1 4 b 2 3
4 c 2 3

Gii:
30
 p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:

4 a2
1
4 a 3
2 1
.
4 a 3 7 a
2 2
(1)
3 3 2 2 3
7 b2
4 b2 (2)
2 3
7 c2
4 c2 (3)
2 3
Cng theo v cc bt ng thc (1), (2) v (3) ta c:

4 a2 4 b2 4 c2

21 a 2 b 2 c 2
2 3
M theo bt ng thc Bunyakovski ta c
a b c 2 1 1 1a 2 b 2 c 2
a2 b2 c2
a b c 2
3

21
a b c 2
nn 4 a2 4 b2 4 c2 3 3 3 (pcm)
2 3
5. K thut h bc
5.1 Bi ton 1
Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c tha mn iu kin a b c 1 (*). Tm gi tr
nh nht ca biu thc A a 2 b2 c2
Phn tch: S chnh lch v s m ca cc biu thc a 2 b2 c 2 v a b c gi
cho ta s dng bt ng thc Cauchy h bc a 2 b2 c 2 . Nhng ta cn p dng
cho bao nhiu s v l nhng s no? Cn c vo bc ca cc bin s a, b, c trong
cc biu thc trn (s bc gim 2 ln) th ta cn p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ln
lt cho a 2 , b 2 v c 2 cng vi 1 hng s dng tng ng khc lm xut hin
a, b v c . Do a, b, c dng v c vai tr nh nhau nn ta d on A t gi tr nh
1
nht khi a b c , t (*) ta c a b c . Mt khc th du = ca bt ng thc
3
Cauchy xy ra khi ch khi cc s tham gia bng nhau. Khi ta c li gii nh sau:
Li gii:
1
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho 2 s: a 2 v ta c:
9

31
 1 1 2 1 1
a2 2 a 2 . a (1) Du = xy ra a 2 a
9 9 3 9 3
Tng t:
1 2 1
b2 b (2) Du = xy ra b
9 3 3
1 2 1
c2 c (3) Du = xy ra c
9 3 3
Cng theo v cc bt ng thc (1), (2) v (3) ta c:

a b c a 2 b 2 c 2 .
1 2 2 1
a2 b2 c2
3 3 3 3
1
Du = xy ra a b c
3
1
Vy GTNN ca A l
3

Bi 1: Cho cc s thc dng a, b tha mn iu kin a 3 b 3 1 (*). Tm gi tr ln

nht ca biu thc A a b
Phn tch: Cn c vo bc ca cc bin s a, b trong cc biu thc trn (s bc
gim 6 ln) th ta cn p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ln lt cho a 3 v b 3 cng vi
5 hng s dng tng ng khc lm xut hin a v b . Do a, b dng v c
vai tr nh nhau nn ta d on A t gi tr ln nht khi a b , t (*) ta c
1
a3 b3 . Mt khc th du = ca bt ng thc Cauchy xy ra khi ch khi cc
2
s tham gia bng nhau. Khi ta c li gii nh sau:
Gii:
1
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho 6 s: a 3 v 5 s ta c:
2
5
1 1 1 1 1
a 5. 6.6 a 3 . 6.
3
. a (1) Du = xy ra a 3 a 3
2 2 6
2 5 2 2

Tng t:
5
1 1 1 1
b 3 5. 6.6 b 3 . 6. . b (2) Du = xy ra b 3
2 2 6
2 5
2

Cng theo v cc bt ng thc (1) v (2) ta c:

a 3 b 3 5 6.
6
1
5

a b 1 5 6.
6
1
5

a b a b 6 25
2 2
32
 1
Du = xy ra a b 3
2

Vy gi tr ln nht ca A l 6
25

Bi 2: Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c tha ab bc ca 3 . CMR: a 3 b 3 c 3 3

Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:

a 3 b 3 1 33 a 3b 3 3ab (1) ; b 3 c 3 1 3bc (2) ; c 3 a 3 1 3ca (3)

Cng theo v cc bt ng thc (1), (2) v (3) ta c:

2 a 3 b 3 c 3 3 3ab bc ca

2 a 3 b 3 c 3 3 3.3

a3 b3 c3 3 (pcm)

Bi3: Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c tha a3 b3 c3 3 . CMR: a 5 b 5 c 5 3

Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho 5 s: 3 s a 5 v 2 s 1, ta c:

3a 5 2 55 a151.1 5a 3 (1)
Tng t:
3b 5 2 5b 3 (2) ; 3c 5 2 5c 3 (3)
Cng theo v cc bt ng thc (1), (2) v (3) ta c:

3 a5 b5 c5 6 5 a3 b3 c3

3 a 5 b 5 c 5 6 5.3

a5 b5 c5 3 (pcm)

Bi 4: Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c tha a 3b 3 b 3 c 3 c 3 a 3 3 . CMR:

a 7 b7 c7 3

Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho 7 s: 3 s a 7 , 3 s b 7 v s 1, ta c:

3a 7 3b 7 1 77 a 21.b 211 7a 3b 3 (1)

Tng t:
3b 7 3c 7 1 7b 3 c 3 (2) ; 3c 7 3a 7 1 7c 3 a 3 (3)
Cng theo v cc bt ng thc (1), (2) v (3) ta c:

6 a 7 b 7 c 7 3 7 a 3b 3 b 3 c 3 c 3 a 3

6 a 7 b 7 c 7 3 7.3
33
 a 7 b 7 c 7 3 (pcm)

Bi 5: Cho 2 s thc dng a, b. CMR: a 2 b 2 4 2a 2b ab

Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy, ta c:

a 2 4 2 a 2 .4 4a (1); b 2 4 4b (2) ; a 2 b 2 2ab (3)

Cng theo v cc bt ng thc (1), (2) v (3) ta c:
2a 2 2b 2 8 4a 4b 2ab
a 2 b 2 4 2a 2b ab (pcm)

Bi 6: Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c. CMR: a 3 b 3 c 3 a 2 bc b 2 ca c 2 ab

Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho 6 s: 4 s a 3 ,1 s b 3 v 1 s c 3 ta c:

4a 3 b 3 c 3 66 a12 .b 3 .c 3 6a 2 bc (1)
Tng t:
4b 3 c 3 a 3 6b 2 ca (2) ; 4c 3 a 3 b 3 6c 2 ab (3)
Cng theo v cc bt ng thc (1), (2) v (3) ta c:

6 a 3 b 3 c 3 6 a 2 bc b 2 ca c 2 ab
a 3 b 3 c 3 a 2 bc b 2 ca c 2 ab (pcm)

Bi 7: Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c, m, n. CMR:

a m n b m n c m n a m b n b m c n c m a n

Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho m+n s: m s a m n v n s b m n ta c:

ma m n nb m n m n.m n a m n b m n.a
m m n n m
b n (1)

Tng t:
mb mn nc mn m n.b m c n (2)

mc mn na mn m n.c m a n (3)

Cng theo v cc bt ng thc (1), (2) v (3) ta c:

m na mn b mn c mn m na mb n b m c n c m a n
a mn b mn c mn a m b n b m c n c m a n (pcm)
Lu : Bt ng thc chng ta va chng minh s c s dng trong chng minh
cc bi ton sau ny.
34
Bi 8: Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c tha abc 1 . Chng minh bt ng thc sau:
1 1 1
3 3 1
a b 1 b c 1 c a3 1
3 3 3

Gii:
T kt qu bi 7 ta c a mn b mn c mn a m b n b m c n c m a n
m 2

Chn n 1 ta c:
c a

a 3 b 3 a 3 a 2b b 2 a a 2 a a 2b b 2 a a 3
a 3 b 3 a 2b b 2 a

3
1
2
1
2
abc

c
do abc 1 (1)
a b 1 a b b a 1 a b b a abc a b c
3 2 2

Tng t:
1 a
(2)
b c 1 a b c
3 3

1 b
(3)
c a 1 a b c
3 3

Cng theo v cc bt ng thc (1), (2) v (3) ta c:

1 1 1 abc
3 3 1 (pcm)
a b 1 b c 1 c a 1 a b c
3 3 3 3

5.2 Bi ton 2
Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c tha mn iu kin ab bc ca 1 . Chng minh
rng: 10a 2 10b 2 c 2 4
Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:

c2 c2
8a 2 2 8a 2 . 4ac
2 2

c2 c2
8b 2 2 8b 2 . 4bc
2 2

2a 2 2b 2 2 2a 2 .2b 2 4ab
Cng theo v 3 bt ng thc trn, ta c:
10a 2 10b 2 c 2 4ab bc ca 4.1 4

35
 2 c2
8a
2 1
ab
c 2
3
Du = xy ra 8b 2
2 c 4
2a 2b
2 2 3


y l mt li gii ngn gn nhng c v hi thiu t nhin. Chng ta s thc mc ti
sao li tch c 10 8 2 . Nu tch cch khc, chng hn 10 6 4 liu c gii
c khng? Tt nhin mi cch tch khc u khng dn n kt qu, v tch
10 8 2 cng khng phi l s may mn. By gi ta s tm l do vic tch 10 8 2
bi ton trn.
Vi 0 10 . p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:

c2 c2
a 2 2 a 2 . 2 ac
2 2
2
c c2
b
2
2 b 2 . 2 bc
2 2

10 a 2 10 b 2 2 10 a 2 10 b 2 20 2 ab
Cng theo v 3 bt ng thc trn, ta c:
10a 2 10b 2 c 2 2 ac bc 20 2 ab

Lc ny ta cn bng iu kin gi thuyt, tc l:

8
2 20 2 2 400 80 4 2 2 2 41 200 0
25 10
2
8
Khi ta c li gii bi ton nh trn.
Bi 1: Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c tha mn iu kin ab bc ca 5 . CMR: :
3a 2 3b 2 c 2 10

Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:

c2 2 c
2
2a
2
2 2a . 2ac
2 2

c2 c2
2b 2 2 2b 2 . 2bc
2 2

36
a 2 b 2 2 a 2 .b 2 2ab
Cng theo v 3 bt ng thc trn, ta c:
3a 2 3b 2 c 2 2ab bc ca 2.5 10

5.3 Bi ton 3
Cho cc s thc dng a, b tha mn iu kin a 3 b 3 1 . Tm gi tr ln nht
ca biu thc A a 4b
Phn tch:
D on A t GTLN khi a 3 b 3 1
a
Gi s A t GTLN khi . Ta c 3 3 1 (1)
b
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho 3 s: a 3 v 2 s 3 ta c:

a 3 2 3 3.3 a 3 . 3
2
3 2 a

Tng t:

b 3 2 3 33 b 3 . 3
2
3 2 b

Cng theo v cc bt ng thc trn ta c:

a 3

b 3 2 3 3 3 2 a 3 2 b

xut hin v phi a 4b ta chn , sao cho

3 2 a : 3 2 b a : 4b
2 1 1
2
2
4 2

3
3
1
3
T (1) v (2) ta c h: 2
3 3 1 2 3
3

3
Khi ta c li gii sau:
Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:
1 1 1 1 1
a3 3.3 a 3 . . 3 a
9 9 9 9 3
8 8 4
b3 3 b
9 9 3
Cng theo v cc bt ng thc trn ta c:
37
a 3

b3 2 3
1
a 4b
3

a 4b 3 3 a 3 b 3 2 33 3
3 1 3
3
a a
9 3
Du = xy ra khi
b 3 8 b 2 3
3

9 3

Vy GTLN ca A l 33 3

Bi 1: Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c tha mn iu kin a b c 3 . Tm GTNN

ca
A 4a 2 6b 2 3c 2

Phn tch:
Vi , , 0 . p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:

4a 2 2 4a 2 . 2 4 a

6b 2 2 6b 2 . 2 6 b

3c 2 2 3c 2 . 2 3 c

Cng theo v 3 bt ng thc trn, ta c:

4a 2 6b 2 3c 2 2 4 a 2 6 b 2 3 c

a b c 3

a b c 3 a
2 4
4 a
Du = xy ra 2 3
6b b 4 6 3
3c 2 6

c
3

Chn , , sao cho 4 6 3

3
Ta c h phng trnh: 4 6 3
4 6 3

38

3
4 6 3
4 4 4 1 1 2
3 3
6 4 6.6 3.3 2 3 3
4
3

8
3
4
16
3
Khi ta c li gii bi ton nh sau
Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:

4a 2 4 2 4a 2 .4 8a

8 6
6b 2 2 8b 2 . 8b
3 3

16 16
3c 2 2 3c 2 . 8c
3 3
Cng theo v 3 bt ng thc trn, ta c:

8a b c 24
8 16
4a 2 6b 2 3c 2 4
3 3
4a 2 6b 2 3c 2 12

a b c 3
2 a 1
4 a 4
2 8 2
Du = xy ra 6b b
3 3
2 16 4
3c c 3
3
Vy GTNN ca A l 12
6. K thut cng thm
Bi 1: Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c. Chng minh bt ng thc sau:
a b c 1 1 1
2
2 2
b c a a b c
Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:

39
 a 1 a 1 2 b 1 2 c 1 2
2
2 2 . (1) ; (2); (3)
b a b a b c2 b c a2 c a
Cng theo v cc bt ng thc (1), (2) v (3) ta c:
a b c 1 1 1 2 2 2
2
2 2
b c a a b c a b c
a b c 1 1 1
2
2 2 (pcm)
b c a a b c
Bi 2: Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c. Chng minh bt ng thc sau:
a2 b2 c2 abc

2b c 2c a 2a b 3
Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:

a2 2b c a 2 2b c 2a
2 . (1) ;
2b c 9 2b c 9 3

b2 2c a 2b c2 2a b 2c
(2) ; (3)
2c a 9 3 2a b 9 3
Cng theo v cc bt ng thc (1), (2) v (3) ta c:
a2 b2 c2 3a b c 2a b c

2b c 2c a 2a b 9 3
a2 b2 c2 abc
(pcm)
2b c 2c a 2a b 3
Lu : Trong bi ton s dng k thut cng thm h s, ta s s dng k thut chn
im ri v k thut h bc tm hng t cho ph hp.
V d:
i vi bi 1 bt ng thc cho c tnh i xng vi a, b, c nn ta d on
a a 1 1
du = xy ra khi a b c . Khi 2
2 , ta chn .
b a a a
i vi bi 2 bt ng thc cho c tnh i xng vi a, b, c nn ta d on
a2 a2 a
du = xy ra khi a b c . Khi , mun s dng bt ng
2b c 2a a 3
2b c
thc Cauchy lm mt mu th ta cng thm . Chn mu l s 9 v
9
2b c 2a a a
.
9 9 3

40
Bi 3: Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c. Chng minh bt ng thc sau:
a 3 b3 b3 c 3 c 3 a 3
2a b c
ab bc ca
Gii:
Ta c:
a 3 b3 b3 c3 c3 a 3 a 2 b 2 b 2 c 2 c 2 a 2

ab bc ca b a c b a c
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:

a2 a2 b2 b2
b 2 .b 2a (1); a 2b (2) ; c 2b (3) ;
b b a c

c2 c2 a2
b 2c (4) ; a 2c (5) ; c 2a (6)
b a c
Cng theo v cc bt ng thc t (1) n (6) ta c:
a2 b2 b2 c2 c2 a2
2a b c 4a b c
b a c b a c
a2 b2 b2 c2 c2 a2
2a b c
b a c b a c
a 3 b3 b3 c3 c3 a3
2a b c (pcm)
ab bc ca
Bi 4: Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c. Chng minh bt ng thc sau:
a2 b2 c2 1 1 1

b3 c3 a 3 a b c
Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:

a2 1 1 a2 1 1 3 b2 1 1 3 c2 1 1 3
33 . . (1) ; (2); (3)
b3 a a b3 a a b c3 b b c a3 c c a
Cng theo v cc bt ng thc (1), (2) v (3) ta c:
a2 b2 c2 1 1 1 1 1 1
3 3 2 3
a b c a b c
3
b c a

a2 b2 c2 1 1 1
(pcm)
b3 c3 a3 a b c

41
Bi 5: Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c. Chng minh bt ng thc sau:
a3 b3 c3
a2 b2 c2
b c a
Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:

a3 a3 a3 a3 2
b 3
2 3 . .b 3a 2 (1) ;
b b b b

b3 b3 c3 c3
c 2 3b 2 (2) ; a 2 3c 2 (3)
c c a a
Cng theo v cc bt ng thc t (1), (2) v (3) ta c:
a3 b3 c3
2
a 2 b 2 c 2 3 a 2 b 2 c 2
b c a

a3 b3 c3
a 2 b 2 c 2 (pcm)
b c a
Bi 6: Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c tha abc 1 . Chng minh bt ng thc sau:
a3 b3 c3 3

1 b1 c 1 c 1 a 1 a 1 b 4
Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:

a3 1 b 1 c a3 1 b 1 c 3
33 . . a (1) ;
1 b1 c 8 8 1 b1 c 8 8 4
b3 1 c 1 a 3
b (2) ;
1 c 1 a 8 8 4

c3 1 a 1 b 3
c (3)
1 a 1 b 8 8 4
Cng theo v cc bt ng thc (1), (2) v (3) ta c:
a3 b3 c3
a b c a b c
1 3 3

1 b 1 c 1 c 1 a 1 a 1 b 4 4 4
a3 b3 c3
a b c 3 abc
1 3 3 3 3

1 b 1 c 1 c 1 a 1 a 1 b 2 4 2 4 4

(pcm)

42
Bi 7: Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c. Chng minh bt ng thc sau:
a4 b4 c4
abc
bc 2 ca 2 ab 2
Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:

a4 a4
bcc 4 4 .b.c.c 4a (1)
bc 2 bc 2

b4
c a a 4b (2)
ca 2
c4
a b b 4c (3)
ab 2
Cng theo v cc bt ng thc (1), (2) v (3) ta c:
a4 b4 c4
3a b c 4a b c
bc 2 ca 2 ab 2
a4 b4 c4
a b c (pcm)
bc 2 ca 2 ab 2
Bi 8: Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c. Chng minh bt ng thc sau:
ab bc ca 1 1 1 1
2 2
c a b a b c b c a 2 a b c
2

Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:
ab ab ab ab 1
2 2 . (1)
c a b 4ab
2
c a b 4ab c

bc bc 1 ca ca 1
(2) ; (3)
a b c 4bc a
2
b c a 4ca b
2

Cng theo v cc bt ng thc (1), (2) v (3) ta c:

ab bc ca ab bc ca 1 1 1
2 2
c a b a b c b c a 4ab
2
4bc 4ca a b c
ab bc ca 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2
c a b a b c b c a 4b 4a 4c 4b 4a 4c a b c
ab bc ca 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 (pcm)
c a b a b c b c a 2 a b c

43
Bi 9: Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c tha a 2 b2 c 2 3 . Chng minh rng:
a3 b3 c3 3

bc ca ab 2
Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:

a3 ab c a 3 ab c
2 . a 2 (1) ;
bc 4 bc 4

b3 bc a c3 c a b 2
b2 (2) ; c (3)
ca 4 a b 4
Cng theo v cc bt ng thc (1), (2) v (3) ta c:
a3 b3 c3 ab bc ca
a 2 b 2 c 2 (1' )
bc ca ab 2
Mt khc ta c: a mn b mn c mn a m b n b m c n c m a n
m 1
Chn ta c:
n 1
a 2 b 2 c 2 ab bc ca
a 2 b 2 c 2 ab bc ca
(2' )
2 2
Cng theo v cc bt ng thc (1)v (2) ta c:
a3 b3 c3 ab bc ca a 2 b 2 c 2 ab bc ca
a2 b2 c2
bc ca ab 2 2 2
a3 b3 c3 a 2 b2 c2 3
(pcm)
bc ca ab 2 2
Bi 10: Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c. Chng minh bt ng thc sau:
a5 b5 c5
2
2 2 a3 b3 c3
b c a
Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:

a5 a5
ab 2
2 .ab 2 2a 3 (1) ;
b2 b2

b5 c5
2
bc 2 2b 3 (2) ; 2
ca 2 2c 3 (3)
c a
Cng theo v cc bt ng thc (1), (2) v (3) ta c:
44
 ab 2 bc 2 ca 2 2a 3 b 3 c 3 (1' )
a 5 b5 c5

b2 c2 a2
Mt khc ta c: a mn b mn c mn a m b n b m c n c m a n
m 1
Chn ta c:
n 2
a 3 b 3 c 3 ab 2 bc 2 ca 2 (2' )

Cng theo v cc bt ng thc (1)v (2) ta c:

2 2 ab 2 bc 2 ca 2 a 3 b 3 c 3 2a 3 b 3 c 3 ab 2 bc 2 ca 2
a 5 b5 c5
2
b c a
a 5 b5 c5
a 3 b 3 c 3 (pcm)
b2 c2 a2
Bi 11: Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c. Chng minh bt ng thc sau:

a 2 b 2 c 2
a3 b3 c3 1

a 2b b 2c c 2a 3
Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:

a3 aa 2b a 3 aa 2b 2 2
2 . a (1) ;
a 2b 9 a 2b 9 3

b3 bb 2c 2 2 c3 cc 2b 2 2
b (2) ; c (3)
b 2c 9 3 c 2b 9 3
Cng theo v cc bt ng thc (1), (2) v (3) ta c:
a3

b3

c3
a 2b b 2c c 2a 9
1
2
9

a 2 b 2 c 2 ab bc ca a 2 b 2 c 2
2
3


3 3 3
ab bc ca a 2 b 2 c 2 (1' )
a b c 2 5

a 2b b 2c c 2a 9 9
Mt khc ta c: a mn b mn c mn a m b n b m c n c m a n
m 1
Chn ta c:
n 1
a 2 b 2 c 2 ab bc ca
2
9

a 2 b 2 c 2 ab bc ca (2' )
2
9
Cng theo v cc bt ng thc (1)v (2) ta c:

ab bc ca a 2 b 2 c 2 a 2 b 2 c 2 ab bc ca
a3 b3 c3 2 2 5 2

a 2b b 2c c 2a 9 9 9 9

45
 a 2 b 2 c 2 (pcm)
a3 b3 c3 1

a 2b b 2c c 2a 3
Bi 12: Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c. Chng minh bt ng thc sau:
bc ca ab 2 2 2
2 2
a2 b c a b c
Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:
bc 4 bc 4 4
2 . (1) ;
a 2
bc a bc a
2

ca 4 4 ab 4 4
(2) ; (3)
b 2
ca b c 2
ab c
Cng theo v cc bt ng thc (1), (2) v (3) ta c:
bc ca ab 4 4 4 4 4 4
2 2 (1' )
a 2
b c ab bc ca a b c
M ta c:
1 1 1 1 4 4
2 . (2' ) ;
a b a b 2 ab a b
1 1 4 1 1 4
(3' ) ; (4' )
b c bc c a ca
Cng theo v cc bt ng thc (1), (2), (3) v (4) ta c:
bc ca ab 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4
2 2
a 2
b c ab bc ca a b c a b c ab bc ca
bc ca ab 2 2 2
2 2 2 (pcm)
a b c a b c

Bi 13: Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c. Chng minh bt ng thc sau:

a 2 b 2 4c 2
a 3b
b c a

Du = ca bt ng thc xy ra khi a b 2c
Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:

a2 a2 b2 4c 2
b 2 .b 2a (1); 4c 4b (2) ; a 4c (3)
b b c a
Cng theo v cc bt ng thc t (1), (2) v (3) ta c:
46
 a 2 b 2 4c 2
a b 4c 2a 4b 4c
b c a
a 2 b 2 4c 2
a 3b (pcm)
b c a
Bi 14: Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c. Chng minh bt ng thc sau:
a2 b2 16c 2 1
64c a b
bc ca ab 9

Du = ca bt ng thc xy ra khi a b 2c
Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c:
a2 4b c 4a b2 4c a 4b 16c 2
(1); (2) ; a b 8c (3)
bc 9 3 ca 9 3 ab
Cng theo v cc bt ng thc t (1), (2) v (3) ta c:
a2 b2 16c 2 13
a b c a b 8c
8 4

bc ca ab 9 9 3
a2 b2 16c 2 1
64c a b (pcm)
bc ca ab 9
7. K thut Cauchy ngc du
Xt bi ton sau:
Bi ton: Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c c tng tha iu kin : a b c 3 . Chng
minh bt ng thc sau:
1 1 1 3
2 2
a 1 b 1 c 1 2
2

Phn tch v gii:

Ta khng th dng trc tip bt ng thc Cauchy vi mu v bt ng thc sau s
i chiu:
1 1 1 1 1 1 3
2 2
a 1 b 1 c 1 2a 2b 2c 2
2

1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 3
Do 33 . .
2a 2b 2c 2a 2b 2c 2 3 abc 2 a b c 2

3
n y chng ta s b lng tng trong cch gii. y ta s s dng li bt ng
thc Cauchy theo cch khc:
47
 1 a2 a2 a
1 1 1 (1)
a 1
2
a 1
2
2a 2
1 b 1 c
Tng t ta c: 1 (2) ; 1 (3)
b 1
2
2 c 12
2
Cng theo v (1), (2), (3) ta c:
1 1 1 abc 3
2 2 3 (pcm)
a 1 b 1 c 1
2
2 2
Nhn xt: K thut Cauchy ngc du c th hiu l ta ly nghch o hai v ca
bt ng thc Cauchy sau nhn hai v vi -1. Khi du ca bt ng thc ban
u s khng i chiu.
Bi 1: Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c c tng tha iu kin : a b c 3 .
Chng minh bt ng thc sau:
1 1 1 3

1 ab 1 bc 1 ca 2
Gii:
Ta c:
1 ab ab ab
1 1 1 (1)
1 ab 1 ab 2 ab 2

1 bc 1 ca
Tng t ta c: 1 (2) ; 1 (3)
1 bc 2 1 ca 2
Cng theo v (1), (2), (3) ta c:
1

1

1
1 ab 1 bc 1 ca
3
1
2
ab bc ca
1ab bc ca abc 3 3
3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(pcm)

Bi 2: Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c c tng tha iu kin : a b c 3 .

Chng minh bt ng thc sau:
a b c 3
2 2
b 1 c 1 a 1 2
2

Gii:
Ta c:
a ab 2 ab 2 ab
a a a (1)
b 1
2
b 1
2
2b 2
48
 b bc c ca
Tng t ta c: b (2) ; c (3)
c 1
2
2 a 12
2
Cng theo v (1), (2), (3) ta c:
a b d ab bc ca
2 2 abc (1' )
b 1 c 1 d 1
2
2
Mt khc ta c:
a2 b2 b2 c2 c2 a2
ab bc ca a 2 b 2 c 2 a b c - 2ab bc ca
2

2 2 2

ab bc ca
a b c 3
2
(2' )
3
T (1) v (2) ta c:
a b c 3 3
2 2 3 (pcm)
b 1 c 1 a 1
2
2 2

Lu : Ta s s dng kt qu ab bc ca
a b c
2
3 trong chng minh cc
3
bi ton khc.
Bi 3: Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c c tng tha iu kin : a b c 3 .
Chng minh bt ng thc sau:
a 1 b 1 c 1
2 2 3
b 1 c 1 a 1
2

Gii:
Ta c:
a 1
a 1
a 1b 2 a 1 a 1b 2 a 1 ab b (1)
b2 1 b2 1 2b 2
b 1 bc c c 1 ca a
Tng t ta c: b 1 (2) ; c 1 (3)
c 1
2
2 a 1
2
2
Cng theo v (1), (2), (3) ta c:
a 1 b 1 c 1 a b c ab bc ca
2 2 a b c 3
b 1 c 1 a 1
2
2
abc ab bc ca
3
2 2
a b c 2

3 3 3 3
3- 3- 3
2 2 2 2
Vy

49
 a 1 b 1 c 1
2 2 3
b 1 c 1 a 1
2

Bi 4: Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c . Chng minh bt ng thc sau:

a3 b3 c3 abc

a b
2 2
b c
2 2
c a
2 2
2
Gii:
Ta c:
a3 ab 2 ab 2 b
a a a (1)
a b
2 2
a b
2 2
2ab 2
b3 c c3 a
Tng t ta c: b (2) ; c (3)
b c
2 2
2 c a
2 2
2
Cng theo v (1), (2), (3) ta c:
a3 b3 c3 abc abc
2 2 abc
a b
2 2
b c 2
c a 2
2 2
(pcm)
Bi 5: Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c c tng tha iu kin : a b c 3 .
Chng minh bt ng thc sau:
a b c
2 2 2
b c 1 c a 1 a b 1
2

Gii:
Ta c:

a ab 2 c ab 2 c ab c b aac ba ac
a 2 a a a a
b c 1
2
b c 1 2b c 2 2 4

a ab abc
a 1
2 (1)
b c 1 4
Tng t ta c:

b bc abc (2) ; c ca abc

b 1 c 1
(3)
c a 1
2
4 a b 1
2
4
Cng theo v (1), (2), (3) ta c:
a b c ab bc ca abc ab bc ca abc
2 2 abc - 3 - (1)
b c 1 c a 1 a b 1
2
4 4 4 4
Mt khc ta c:

3
a b c
2
ab bc ca
3 ab bc ca
(2)
3 4 4
50
 1 abc
3 a b c 33 abc (3)
4 4
Cng theo v (1), (2), (3) ta c:
a b c 3 1
2 2 3
b c 1 c a 1 a b 1 4 4
2

a b c
2 2 2 (pcm)
b c 1 c a 1 a b 1
2

Bi 6: Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c c tng tha iu kin ab bc ca 3 . Chng

minh bt ng thc sau:
a b c
1
2b 1
3
2c 1
3
2a 1
3

Gii:
Ta c:
a 2ab 3 ab 3 2ab
a a a (1)
2b 3 1 b b 1
3 3
3b 2
3
b 2bc c 2ca
Tng t ta c: b (2) ; c (3)
2c 1
3
3 2a 1
3
3
Cng theo v (1), (2), (3) ta c:
a b c 2ab bc ca
abc abc2 (1' )
2b 1
3
2c 1
3
2a 1
3
3
Mt khc ta c:
a b c 2 ab bc ca
3
a b c 3ab bc ca 3 (2' )

Cng theo v (1) v (2) ta c:

a b c
a b c a b c 1
2b 1
3
2c 1
3
2a 1
3

a b c
1 (pcm)
2b 1
3
2c 1
3
2a 1
3

Bi 7: Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c . Chng minh rng:

a3 b3 c3 abc
2 2
a ab b
2 2
b bc c 2
c ca a 2
3
Gii:
Ta c:
51
 a3 a 2 b ab 2 aba b a b 2a b
a a a (1)
a ab b
2 2
a ab b
2 2
3ab 3 3
Tng t ta c:
b3 2b c c3 2c a
(2) ; (3)
b bc c
2 2
3 c ca a
2 2
3
Cng theo v (1), (2), (3) ta c:
a3 b3 c3 abc
(pcm)
a ab b
2 2
b bc c
2 2
c ca a
2 2
3
Bi 8: Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c c tng tha iu kin a b c 3 .
Chng minh bt ng thc sau:
a2 b2 c2
1
a 2b 2 b 2c 2 c 2a 2
Gii:
Ta c:
a2 2ab 2 2ab 2
a 3 ab (1)
2

2
a a
a 2b 2
ab b
2 2
33 ab 4 3

Tng t ta c:
b2 c2
b 3 bc c 3 ca
2 2 2 2
(2) ; (3)
b 2c 2
3 c 2a 2
3
Cng theo v (1), (2), (3) ta c:
a2 b2 c2
a b c 3 ab 3 bc 3 ca
2

2 2 2

a 2b 2
b 2c 2
c 2a 2
3

3 3 ab 3 bc 3 ca
2 2 2 2
(*)
3

Mt khc ta c:
a ab b
3
ab2 3 a.ab.b (1)
3
Tng t:
b bc c c ca a
3
bc 2 (2) ; 3
ca 2 (3)
3 3
Cng theo v (1), (2) v (3) ta c
3
ab 2 3 bc 2 3 ca 2
2
a b c 1 ab bc ca
3 3
1 a b c
2
1 32
a b c .
2 2
.3 . 3
3 3 3 3 3 3

52
 3 ab 3 bc 3 ca .3 -2 (**)
2 2 2 2 2
3

3
T (*) v (**) ta c:
a2 b2 c2
3 2 1 (pcm)
a 2b 2 b 2c 2 c 2a 2
Bi 9: Cho 3 s thc dng a, b, c tha iu kin a b c 3 . Chng minh bt
ng thc sau:
a2 b2 c2
1
a 2b 3 b 2c 3 c 2a 3
Gii:
Ta c:
a2 2ab 3 2ab 3 2
a a a b3 a 2 (1)
a 2b 3
ab b
3 3 3
3 ab 6 3

Tng t ta c:
b2 2 c2 2
b c3 b 2 (2) ; c a3 c 2 (3)
b 2c 3
3 c 2a 3
3
Cng theo v (1), (2), (3) ta c:
a2
a 2b 3

b2
b 2c 3

c2
c 2a 3
2

a b c b3 a 2 c 3 b 2 a 3 c 2
3

2

3 b3 a 2 c 3 b 2 a 3 c 2
3
(*)
Mt khc ta c:
a a 1 2a 1 2ab b
b3 a 2 b3 a.a.1 b b (1' )
3 3 3

Tng t ta c:
2bc c 2ca a
c3 b 2 (2' ) ; a3 c 2 (3' )
3 3
Cng theo v (1), (2), (3) ta c:

b 3

a 2 c3 b 2 a3 c 2
abc 2
3
ab bc ca
3
a b c 2 a b c
2
. 3 (**)
3 3 3

a2 b2 c2
T (*) v (**) ta c: 1 (pcm)
a 2b 3 b 2c 3 c 2a 3

53
C. MT S K THUT S DNG BT NG THC
BUNYAKOVSKI
I. BT NG THC BUNYAKOVSKI
Cho 2n s thc bt k a1 , a2 ,..., an , b1 , b2 ,..., bn n Z , n 1 , ta lun c:

a1b1 a2b2 ... an bn 2 a12 a22 ... an2 b12 b22 ... bn2
a1 a 2 a
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi ... n (quy c bi 0 th ai 0 )
b1 b2 bn

II. MT S K THUT S DNG BT NG THC

BUNYAKOVSKI
1. K thut tch ghp b s
1 1 1
Bi 1: Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c tha a b c 1 . CMR 9
a b c
Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Bunyakovski :
2
1 1 1 1
a b c a .
1 1 1 1 1
b. c. 9
a b c a b c a b c
1 1 1
Vy 9
a b c
Bi 2: Cho cc s thc dng a, b,c. CMR :
ab bc ca
6
abc abc abc

Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Bunyakovski :
2
ab bc ca

abc a b c a b c

ab bc ca

12 12 12 6
abc abc abc

ab bc ca
6
abc abc abc

54
Bi 3: Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c tha ab bc ca 4 . CMR:
16
a4 b4 c4
3
Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Bunyakovski, ta c :
1 2

2

12 12 a 4 b 4 c 4 1.a 2 1.b 2 1.c 2 a 2 b 2 c 2 b 2 c 2 a 2
ab bc ca ab bc ca 16
16
a4 b4 c4 (pcm)
3
a b
Bi 4: Cho cc s thc dng a, b. CMR a b
b a

Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Bunyakovski, ta c :
2

a
b a
a b 4 .4 b 4 .4 a
2

b
. a b
b a b a

a b a
b

b

a
(pcm)
a2 b2 c2
Bi 5: Cho cc s thc dng a, b. CMR a b c 2
b c c a a b

Gii:
Ta c:
a b c
abc bc ca ab
bc ca ab
p dng bt ng thc Bunyakovski :
a 2 b 2 c 2
a b c
2

2

b c ca
2 2

ab

b c c a a b
a2 b2 c2
2a b c
bc ca ab
a2 b2 c2
a b c 2 (pcm)
bc ca a b

55
Bi 6: Cho cc s thc dng a, b tha a 2 b 2 1 . Tm GTLN ca
A a 1 a b 1 b

Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Bunyakovski :

A a 1 a b 1 b a 2

b 2 1 a 1 b a b 2

1
2

12 a 2 b 2 2 22

a 2 b 2 1

a b 2
Du = xy ra ab
a 1 b 1 2
1 1

a b

Vy GTLN ca A l 2 2

Bi 7: Cho s thc a, b tha 36a 2 16b 2 9 . Tm GTLN v GTNN ca

A 2a b 5

Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Bunyakovski :
1 2 1 2 1 1
2

2 2

36a 16b 6a 4b. 2a b
2

3 4 3 4

2a b
2 25
16
5 5
2a b
4 4
15 25
2a b 5
4 4
Ta c:


36a 2 9b 2 9
2
a
25 6a 4b 5
GTNN ca A l khi
4 1 1 b 9
3 4 20
5
2 a b
4

56


36a 2 9b 2 9
2
a
25 6 a 4b 5
GTLN ca A l khi
4 1 1 b 9
3 4 20
5
2 a b
4

Bi 8: Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c. CMR:

a 3b b 3c c 3a
4 4 4

a b c
4 4

4

4 4 4

Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Bunyakovski, ta c :
2
a 3b
4
a b b b 2
1 1 2
2

1 1 2
a b b b
2 2

4 4 4 4 4 16 16 16 16

16

1 2
a b2 b2 b2
2

1 1 1 1a 4 b 4 b 4 b 4
1
16

a 3b a 4 3b 4
4

(1)
4 4
Tng t:

b 3c b 4 3c 4
4

(2)
4 4

c 3a c 4 3a 4
4

(3)
4 4
Cng theo v (1), (2), (3) ta c:

a 3b b 3c c 3a
4 4 4

a b c (pcm)
4 4 4

4 4 4

Bi 9: Cho a, b, c 0,1 . CMR abc 1 a 1 b1 c 1

Gii:
p dng bt ng thc Bunyakovski :

57
 abc 1 a 1 b1 c a 1 a bc 1 b1 c bc 1 b1 c
2

abc 1 a 1 b 1 c bc 1 b 1 c bc 1 b 1 c

bc 1 b1 c b 1 bc 1 c 1
2

bc 1 b 1 c 1

Vy ta c:

abc 1 a 1 b1 c
2
1

hay
abc 1 a 1 b1 c 1
Lu : Trong cch chng minh trn ta s dng bt ng thc
x y x y x,y 0
D dng chng minh tnh cht ny, ta c:

x y x y2
2
xy x y x,y 0
x y x y

Bi 10: Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c. CMR

a b c 9

b c c a a b 4a b c
2 2 2

Gii:
Ta c:
c
a b c a

b

b c
2
c a a b 2
2

a 2 b 2 c 2
a

b
2 2

c
2

b c c a a c

2
a b c

bc ca a b
M ta c:
a b c 3

bc ca ab 2
(bt ng thc Nesbit, chng minh trong phn trc)
2
a b c 9

bc ca ab 4

58
 a c 9
a b c
b

b c
2
c a a b 2 4
2

a

b

c

9
pcm
b c c a a b 4a b c
2 2 2

2. K tht chn im ri
Bi 1: Cho cc s thc dng a, b,c tha a b c 6 . Tm gi tr nh nht (GTNN)
ca
1 1 1
A a2 2
b2 2 c2 2
b c a

. Phn tch:
Chuyn i mt biu thc trong cn thnh mt biu thc ngoi cn. Gi s vi cc s
, ta c:

. a 2 2 . 2 2
1 1 1 1
a2 2 a
b 2 2 b 2 2 b

. b 2 2 . 2 2
2 1 1 1 1
b 2 b
c
2 2
c
2 2 c

. c 2 2 . 2 2
c2 1 1 1 1
c
2 2 a 2 2 a
2
a

1 1 1
a b c
1
A
2

2
a b c

Do A l biu thc i xng vi a, b, c nn ta d on GTNN ca A t ti

abc2
S im ri:
a 1
b

b 1 4 4
abc2 ab bc ca , chn
c 1 1
c 1

a
Kt hp vi k thut chn im ri trong bt ng thc Cauchy ta c li gii:
Gii:

59
 2 1
a 2
1 1

. a 2 2 . 4 2 12
1 1
4a
b 17 b 17 b

2 1
b 2
1 1

. b 2 2 . 4 2 12
1 1
4b
c 17 c 17 c

c 2 1 1 . c 2 1 . 4 2 12 1 1
4c
a2 17 a2 4 1
2 2 a
1 1 1 1 1 15 a b c 1 1 1
A 4a b c a b c 4 a b c 4 4 4 a b c Du
17 17
1 15 a b c 1 1 1 3 17
.6 6.6 . . . . .
17 4 4 4 4 a b c 2

a 1
4 b

b 1
= xy ra a b c 2
4 c
c 1
4 a

3 17
Vy GTNN ca A l
2
Bi 2: Cho cc s thc dng a, b,c tha a b c 6 .. Tm GTNN ca
1 1 1
A a2 b2 c2
bc ca ab

. Phn tch:
Chuyn i mt biu thc trong cn thnh mt biu thc ngoi cn. Gi s vi cc s
, ta c:

2 1 2 2
a

2 1
bc

1
. a
. 2 1
a
2 2 b c 2 2 bc

2 1 1
b b
ca
2 2
ca

c2 1 1
c
ab 2
2
ab

1 1
a b c
1 1
A
2 2 ab bc c a

Do A l biu thc i xng vi a, b, c nn ta d on GTNN ca A t ti

abc2

60
S im ri:
a 1
b

b 1 4 4
abc2 ab bc ca , chn
c 1 1
c 1

a
Kt hp vi k thut chn im ri trong bt ng thc Cauchy ta c li gii:
Gii
2 1 1
a
1
bc

1
. a2
bc

1 2 2

. 4 1 4a
17 17 bc

2 1 1 1
b 4b
c a 17 c a
1 1 1
c2 4c
ab 4 2 12 ab
1 1 1
4a b c
1
A
17 ab bc c a
1 1
4a b c 3.3
1 1
. .
17 a b a b c a
1
4a b c
9

17 ab ab ca
1
4a b c 2 2 2
9

17
1 1 1 a b b c c a
1
4a b c
9


17 6 a b c
1 31
a b c a b c
1 9 9

17 8 8 2 6 a b c 2 6 a b c
1 31 3 17
.6 33 a b c .
1 9 9
.
17 8 8 2 6 a b c 2 6 a b c 2

3 17
Vi a b c 2 th GTNN ca A l
2

61
Bi 3: Cho cc s thc dng a, b,c tha a b c 2abc 10 . Tm GTNN ca

8 9b 2 c 2 a 2 8 9c 2 a 2 b 2 8 9a 2 b 2 c 2
A
a2 2 4 b2 2 4 c2 2 4

Do A l biu thc i xng vi a, b, c nn ta d on GTNN ca A t ti

abc2
S im ri:
a 1
b

b 1 4 4
abc2 ab bc ca , chn
c 1 1
c 1

a
Kt hp vi k thut chn im ri trong bt ng thc Cauchy ta c li gii:
Gii
8 9b 2 c 2 a 2 4
2 18 4 2 9b ca
a 2 4 a

8 9c 2 a 2 b 2 4
2 18 4 2
9b ca
b 2 4 b
8 9a 2 2 2
b c 4
2 18 4 2 9b ca
c 2 4 a
4 4 4
24 . A 9a b c ab bc ca
a b c
4 4 4
a b c 2a bc 2b ac 2c ab 6a b c
a b c

.a 2 .b 2 .c 2 2abc 2 2abc 2 2abc 6a b c

4 4 4
2
a b c

12 6 a b c 2abc 72
72
A 6 6
24

Vi a b c 2 th GTNN ca A l 6 6

62
 Ti Liu Tham Kho

1. EE. Vrosovo, NS Denisova, Thc hnh gii ton s cp, ngi dch Hong Th
Thanh Lim, Nguyn Th Ninh, Nguyn Vn Quyt, NXBGD, 1986.
2. L Duy Thin , S dng bt ng thc Bunyakovski gii mt bi ton cc tr i
s, Sng kin kinh nghim 2009, Trng THPT Lang Chnh, Thanh Ha.
3. Nguyn Ngc Duy Nguyn Tng V, Bt ng thc Cauchy, Trung tm bi dng
kin thc Quang Minh, Thnh ph H Ch Minh.
4. Nguyn Vit Hi, K thut chn im ri trong bt ng thc AM-GM (CAUCHY),
Trng THPT chuyn Quang Trung, Bnh Phc.
5. Nguyn Vn Mu, Bi ging Chuyn ng thc v bt ng thc, Chng trnh
bi dng chuyn ton, H Ni, 11/12/2009.
6. Nguyn Ngc Sang, Phng php chng minh bt ng thc Cauchy, Sng kin
kinh nghim 2009, Trng THPT Nguyn Hu, Thanh Ha.
7. Phm Kim Hng, Sng to bt ng thc, Nh xut bn Tri thc.
8. Tp ch Ton hc Tui tr.
9. Trn Phng Nguyn c Tn, Sai lm thng gp v sng to khi gii ton, Nh
xut bn H Ni, 2004.
10. www.hsmath.net
11. www.mathvn.com

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