1 | ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Gravimetric Method of Analysis deals with the
measurement of the mass of a substance that is
chemically related to the analyte.
Basic Steps on Precipitation Method
1. Sample is dissolved in an appropriate solvent.
2. A precipitant is used to convert the analyte into a
sparingly soluble precipitate.
3. The precipitate is converted into a product of
known composition by a suitable heat treatment.
4. The percentage of the analyte in the sample is
calculated using the gravimetric factor (GF):
wt . of precipitateGF
%analytethe sample= 100
wt .of sample
molar mass of analyte x analyte
GF=
molar mass of precipitate y precipitate
Ex. The aluminum in a 759.08 mg of impure aluminum
sulfate sample was precipitated as Al(OH) 3 and ignited at
1100C to yield a precipitate of Al2O3 weighing 387.953
mg. Express the result of analysis in terms of %Al.
a. 27.05% b. 13.53% c. 18.67%
d. 23.29%
Ex. What weight of an impure NaCl sample must be
taken for analysis so that the weight of AgCl precipitate
obtained in mg will be equal to the %Cl in the sample?
a. 19.76 mg b. 12.66 mg c. 24.73 mg
d. 4.04 mg
Ex. A sample containing NaBr and KBr only weighs
253.02 mg. The sample was dissolved in water and
treated with excess AgNO3. The precipitate formed was
By: JACY/200510286
found to weigh 429.85 mg. Calculate the %NaBr in the
sample.
a. 45% b. 55% c. 49%
d. 51%
Ex. A 0.6407-g sample containing chloride and iodide
ions gave a silver halide precipitate weighing 0.4430 g.
This precipitate was then strongly heated in a stream of
Cl2 gas to convert the AgI to AgCl; on completion of this
treatment, the precipitate weighed 0.3181 g. Calculate
the percentage of chloride and iodide in the sample. Ans.
4.72% Cl- and 27.05%% I-.
Volumetric Methods of Analysis measures the
volume of solution necessary to react completely with the
analyte
Standard Solution solution of known concentration
Standardization process of determining the
concentration of an unknown solution
Primary standard a substance of high purity
Characteristics of a Good Primary Standard
1. High purity and high equivalent weight
2. Stable towards air, high temperature and humidity
3. Soluble in water
4. Readily available and fairly inexpensive
Conditions for Volumetric Analysis
1. The reaction must be rapid and can be represented
by a simple balanced equation.
2. The reaction is complete and no side reaction
occurs.
3. An appropriate indicator must be available in order
to detect the end point of the reaction
Types of Titration
2 | ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

1. Direct Titration the analyte reacts with the

HCl + H2O H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
standard solution directly
2. Back Titration an excess standard solution is NaOH + H2O Na+(aq) + HO-(aq)
added and the excess is determined by the
addition of another standard solution Weak Acids/Bases partially ionized in solution
3. Replacement Titration the analyte is converted to HF + H2O H3O+(aq) + F-(aq)
a product chemically related to it and the product
of such reaction is titrated with a standard solution NH3 + H2O NH4+(aq) + HO-(aq)

CLASSIFICATION OF VOLUMETRIC METHODS

Autoprotolysis of Water
There are four general classes of volumetric or titrimetric H2 O + H 2 O H3O+(aq) + HO-(aq) KW = 1x10-14 at
methods.
25C
Strong Acids: HCl, HBr, HI, HClO4, HNO3, H2SO4 (only on
Acid-Base. Many compounds, both inorganic and
the first ionization)
organic, are either acids or bases and can be titrated with
Strong Bases: Bases of Group IA and 2A
a standard solution of a strong base or a strong acid. The
Weak Acids: HF, HCN, H2SO3, H3PO4 and organic acids
end points of these titrations are easy to detect, either by
Weak Bases: Ammonia and derivatives
means of an indicator of by following the change in pH
Calculation of pH
with a pH meter. The acidity and basicity of many
Strong Acids: pH = -log[Cacid]
inorganic acids and bases can be enhanced by titrating in
Strong Bases: pH = 14 + log[nHO-Cbase]
a nonaqueous solvent. The result is a sharper end point,
and weaker acids and bases can be titrated in this
1
Weak Acids: pH = - 2 log[KaCacid] when Cacid/Ka >>
manner.

Acid-Base Titration 1000

Concepts of Acids and Bases 1
LEWIS BRONSTED-LOWRY Weak Bases: pH = 14 + 2 log[KbCbase] when Cbase/Kb
ACID Electron-pair acceptor Proton donor
>> 1000
At 25C . . . pH + pOH = 14
BASE Electron-pair donor Proton acceptor
Ex. Calculate the pH of 1 x 10-3 M HCl
*hydronium ion, protonated water or solvated proton Ex. Calculate the pH of 1 x 10-8 M HCl
**hydroxide ion Ex. A 0.03 M HClO2 solution is 10.0% ionized. Calculate
Strength of Acids and Bases Ka.
Ionization Reaction reaction involving formation of ions Ex. Kb for NH3 is 1.8 x 10-5 .Calculate the % ionization and
Strong Acids/Bases completely ionized in solution the [OH-] in a 0.05 M solution.

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3 | ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Ex. What is the pH of a 0.003 M HNO 2 solution that is Acidic Salt: NH4Cl
15% ionized?
NH4+ + H2O H3O+ + NH3 KH
Ex. Ka for HC2H3O2 is 1.75 x 10 -5. What is the pH of a
0.003 M solution? K NH
= KW/ 3
Ex. Calculate the pH of a 0.08 M NH3 solution. Kb = 1.8 x
10-5 Basic Salt: NaCN
CN- + H2O HO- + HCN KH = KW/
Ex. Calculate the molarity of NaOH solution if 12.25 mL
was used to titrate 0.2615 gram of primary standard KHP. K HCN
a. 0.1045 M b. 0.1354 M c. 0.2509 M d. 0.1697 M

Ex. In standardizing a solution of NaOH against 1.431 pH of Salts

grams of KHP, the analyst uses 35.50 mL of the alkali and
has to run back with 8.25 mL of acid ( 1mL=10.75 mg
NaOH). What is the molarity of the NaOH solution? a.
Acidic Salt: pH = 7 -
1
2 log [ ]
C salt
Kb when Csalt/KH >>>
0.2118 M b. 0.2044 M c. 0.7831 M d. 0.2598 M
1000
Common Ion Effect
*is the shift of equilibrium caused by the addition of a
compound having an ion in common with the dissolved
substance
Basic Salt: = 7 +
1
2 log [ ]
C salt
Ka when Csalt/KH >>>

*reduction in the ionization of the weak electrolyte 1000

Ex. Calculate the [H3O+] in a 0.005 M HC 2H3O2 solution. Ka Ex. What is the pH of the resulting solution made by
= 1.8 x 10-5 mixing 25 mL of 0.1 M HCl and 15 mL of 0.1 M NaOH?
Ex. What is the [H3O+] in a 0.005 M HC 2H3O2 which a. 1.40 b. 1.60 c. 1.00
contains 0.001 M NaC2H3O2? d. 0.4
Hydrolysis of Salts
Acid and base reacts to form salt and water. As a general Ex. What is the pH of 0.256 M NH4Cl? Kb of NH3 = 1.8 x
rule, salts coming from weak acids or weak bases 10-5?
hydrolyze in water, that is, only the strong conjugate a. 9.49 b. 11.0 c. 11.36 d.
hydrolyzes in water. An acidic salt is formed from the 4.92
reaction of a strong acid and weak base. A basic salt
results from the reaction of a strong base and weak acid. Buffer Solutions
Thus, a neutral salt is a product of the reaction between a Solutions that contains weak acid or weak base and its
strong acid and a strong base. conjugate salt. These solutions tend to resist changes in
pH.
Hydrolysis Reaction of Salts

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4 | ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

pKa = 7.10
pH of a Buffer Solution

[ acidic component ] 3. Methyl Red

pH= pKalog , HendersonHasslebalch Equ ation pH Transition Range: 4.2 6.3
[ basic component ]
changes from red to yellow
pKa = 5.00
If Kb is given . . .
4. Methyl Orange
[ acidic component ] pH Transition Range: 3.1 4.4
pH=14 p K blog changes from orange to yellow
[ basic component ]
pKa = 3.46

Primary Standards for Bases 5. Phenolphthalein

1. Benzoic Acid, C6H5COOH pH Transition Range: 8.3 10.0
2. Oxalic Acid, H2C2O42H2O changes from colorless to pink
3. Potassium Biiodate, KH(IO3)2 pKa = 9.00
4. Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate (KHP), C 6H4(COOH)
(COOK) Ex. What mass in grams of NaC2H3O2 must be dissolved
5. Sulfamic Acid (HSO3NH2) with 500 mL of 0.100 M acetic acid to make 2L of buffer
solution of pH = 5? Ka = 1.8 x 10-5
Primary Standards for Acids a. 2.28 g b. 7.19 g c. 7.38 g
1. Calcium Carbonate, CaCO3 d. 2.12
2. Mercuric oxide, HgO
3. Sodium Carbonate, Na2CO3 Ex. What is the pH of the resulting solution made by
4. Tris-hydroxymethylaminomethane (THAM), mixing 5 mL of 0.2178 M HCl and 15 mL of 0.1156 M
(CH2OH)3CNH2 NH3? Kb = 1.8 x 10-5?
a. 9.49 b. 11.00 c. 9.02
Indicators for Acid-Base Titration d. 12.74
1. Bromocresol Green
pH Transition Range: 3.8-5.4 Ex. What volume of 0.200 M HCl must be added to 80 mL
changes from yellow to blue of 0.150 M NH3 to produce a 2L buffer solution with a pH
pKa = 4.66 of 8.00? Kb of NH3 = 1.8 x 10-5
a. 3.2 mL b. 9.6 mL c. 28.8 mL
2. Bromothymol Blue d. 56.8 mL
pH Transition Range: 6.2-7.6
changes from yellow to blue

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5 | ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Ex. Calculate the molarity of NaOH solution if 12.25 mL Titrate the H3BO3-NH3 solution with standard acid. .
was used to titrate 0.2615 gram of primary standard KHP. .
a. 0.1045 b. 0.1354 c. 0.2509
H2BO3-2 + H3O+ H3BO3 + H2O
d. 0.1697
Percentage Protein in the sample
Ex. In standardizing a solution of NaOH against 1.431 %protein =%N * f = 5.70 (cereals)
gram of KHP, the analyst uses 35.50 mL of the alkali and = 6.25 (meat products)
has to run back with 8.25 ml of acid (1mL = 10.75 mg = 6.38 (dairy products)
NaOH). What is the molarity of the NaOH solution?
a. 0.2118 b. 0.2044 c. 0.7831 d. Ex. A 758-mg sample of full cream milk was analyzed by
0.2598 the Kjeldahl method; 38.61 mL of 0.1078 M HCl were
required to titrate the liberated ammonia. Calculate the
Applications of Acid-Base Titration % N in the sample.
a. 12.04% b. 7.69% c. 15.59%
1. Kjeldahl Method (Determination of Organic d. 10.93%
Nitrogen)
Ex. A 5.8734-gram sample beef was analyzed for its N
Step 1. Digestion content and the liberated NH3 was collected in a 50.00
The sample is oxidized in hot, concentrated sulfuric acid, mL of 0.4691 M HCl and a 12.55 mL back titration with
H2SO4 and turns black. . . 0.0256 M NaOH was required. Calculate the percentage
Step 2. Distillation protein in the beef sample.
The oxidized solution is cooled and then treated with a. 17.32% b. 5.54% c. 34.64%
NaOH to liberate ammonia gas: d. 11.08%
NH4+ + HO- NH3(g) + H2O
Ex. A 2060 mg sample of flour was taken through a
Step 3. Titration Kjeldahl procedure and the ammonium produced was
1. Using an excess amount of HCl. . . distilled into 100 mL of 0.1006 M H 3BO3 solution. If this
NH3 + HCl NH4Cl solution required 34.7 mL of 0.174 M HCl for titration to
The excess HCl is determined using a standard methyl red end point, what is the percentage of protein in
NaOH solution flour? Use 5.70 for flour. Ans. 23.89%
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
2. Double Indicator Method (Mixture of Bases)
2. Ammonia distilled is collected in a boric acid
solution. . . Ex. A sample that may contain NaOH, Na 2CO3, NaHCO3,
NH3 + H3BO3 NH4+ + H2BO3-2 and inert matter alone or in compatible combination is
titrated with 0.1000 N HCl with phenolphthalein as the
indicator and the solution became colorless after the

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 6 | ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
addition of 48.8 mL. Methyl orange is then added and
14.55 mL more of the acid are needed for the color
change. If the sample weighs 2.345 grams, it contains
a. 5.842% NaHCO3 and 6.577% Na2CO3
b. 6.577% Na2CO3 and 5.842% NaOH
c. 65.77% Na2CO3 and 5.842% NaHCO3
d. 65.77% Na2CO3 and 5.842% NaOH
Ex. A sample consisting of Na2CO3, NaHCO3 and inert
matter weighs 1.179 grams. It is titrated with 0.100 N HCl
with phenolphthalein as the indicator, and the solution
became colorless after the addition of 24.00 mL. Another
duplicate sample was titrated with HCl using methyl
orange as indicator. It required 50.25 mL of the acid for
the color change. What is the percentage of NaHCO 3 in
the sample?
a. 1.60% b. 5.17% c. 12.56%
d. 21.58%
Precipitation. In the case of precipitation, the titrant
forms an insoluble product with the analyte. An example
is the titration of chloride ion with silver nitrate solution
to form silver chloride precipitate. Again, indicators can
be used to detect the end point, or potential of the
solution can be monitored electrically.
One of the oldest analytical techniques that started in
the mid-1800s. Silver nitrate (AgNO 3) is commonly
employed in such technique. Titration with AgNO 3 is often
termed as argentometric titration.
Indicators in Precipitimetry
The equivalence point can be observed by the following:
a. Formation of a colored secondary precipitate
Mohr Method (K.F. Mohr, Germany, 1865)
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Direct Method for halides and cyanides
Titrant: Silver Nitrate, AgNO3
Titration Reaction: Ag+ + Cl- AgCl(s) white
Indicator: sodium chromate, Na2CrO4
Indicator Reaction: 2Ag+ + CrO42- Ag2CrO4(s) red
Primary Standard for AgNO3: NaCl
Titration is carried out between pH of 7-10. Usually, a low
concentration of chromate is desired to detect the
endpoint clearly since a chromate ion imparts an intense
yellow color.
Ex. What is the molar concentration of AgNO 3 solution
standardized against 712 mg primary standard NaCl
(58.45 g/mol) requiring 23.8 mL of the solution for
titration?
a.0.5027 M b. 0.5118 M c. 0.5263 M
d. 0.5329 M
Ex. A 1.500-gram sample of impure AlCl3 was dissolved in
water and treated with 45.32 mL of 0.1000 M AgNO 3
using Mohr method. Determine its purity as %AlCl 3
(133.33)
a. 40.28% b. 13.43% c. 4.48%
d. 27.36%
b. Formation of colored complexion
Volhard Method (Jacob Volhard, Germany, 1874)
Direct method for silver - Indirect method for halides
Titrant: Potassium thiocyanate, KSCN
Direct Titration Reaction: Ag+ + SCN-1
AgSCN(s) white
Indirect Titration Reaction: Ag +(excess) + Cl-1
AgCl(s) white
7 | ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
Ag+ + SCN-1
AgSCN(s) white
Indicator: ferric alum
Indicator Reaction: Fe+3 + SCN-1 Fe(SCN)+2 red
Titration is carried out in acidic condition to hasten
precipitation of ferric ion to its hydrated oxide form.
Ex. Chloride in a brine solution is determined by the
volhard method. A 10.00-mL aliquot of the solution is
treated with 15.00 mL of standard 0.1182 M AgNO 3
solution. The excess silver is titrated with standard 0.101
M KSCN solution, requiring 2.38 mL to reach the red
Fe(SCN)2+ end point. Calculate the concentration of
chloride in the brine solution, in g/L. Ans. 5.434 g/L
Ex. A mixture of LiBr and BaBr 2 weighing 800 mg is
treated 50.00 mL of 0.1879 M AgNO3 and the excess is
found to require 8.76 mL of 0.3719 M KSCN for back
titration, using ferric alum as indicator. What is the
percentage of BaBr2 in the sample?
a. 67.95% b. 32.05% c. 35.62%
d. 64.38%
c. Formation of a colored adsorption complex
Fajans Method (K. Fajans, Poland, 1874)
Titrant: Silver nitrate, AgNO3
+
Titration Reaction: Ag + Cl -1 AgCl(s) white
Indicator: dichlorofluorescein, best for
determination of halides and cyanides
End point: color change from yellow to pink
Titration is carried out between pH of 4-7. Dextrin is
added to prevent excessive coagulation of the AgCl
precipitate.
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Complexometric. In complexometric titrations, the
titrant is a reagent that forms a water- soluble complex
with the analyte, a metal ion. The titrant is often a
chelating agent (a type of complexing agent that
contains two or more groups capable of complexing with
a metal ion). The reverse titration may be carried out
also. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is one of the
most useful chelating agents used for titration. It will
react with a large number elements , and the reactions
can be controlled by adjustment of pH. Indicators can be
used to form a highly colored complex with the metal ion.
b. Titration with Ethylenediaminetetraacetic
Acid (EDTA)
The structure suggests six potential sites
(hexadentate) for metal bonding: the four carboxyl
groups and two amino groups. Commercially, the free
acid and the dehydrate are available. Solutions of EDTA
combines with any metal ions in a 1:1 ratio. The indicator
used for titration is the Eriochrome Black T. For metal
ion in detections, it is necessary to adjust the pH to 7 or
above so that the blue form predominates in the absence
of a metal cation. Generally, metal complexes with EDTA
are red as H2In-1. When an excess EDTA is added, the
solution turns blue according to the reaction:
HIn-2 + MY-2
MIn-1 + HY-3
wine red royal blue
Ex. What volume of 0.0305 M EDTA is needed to titrate
the Ca in 178.56 mg of CaCO3?
a.58.54 mL b. 29.27 mL c. 43.91 mL
d. 14.64 mL
Ex. An EDTA solution prepared from its disodium salt was
standardized using 506.3 mg of primary standard CaCO 3
and consumed 28.50 mL of the solution. The standard
8 | ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

solution was used to determine the hardness of a 2-L

sample mineral water, which required 35.57 mL EDTA a. Determination of Cyanide by the Liebig
solution. Express the analysis in terms of ppm CaCO3. Method
a.89 ppm b. 316 ppm c. 158 ppm The titration is carried by the drop wise addition of
d. 269 ppm AgNO3 in a solution of a cyanide forming a soluble
cyanide complex of silver: 2CN- + Ag+ Ag(CN)2-1.
Ex. Aluminum is determined by titrating with EDTA: The endpoint of the titration is the formation of a
Al3+ + H2Y2- AlY- + 2H+ permanent faint turbidity: Ag(CN)2-1 + Ag+
A 1.00 g sample requires 20.5 mL EDTA for titration. The Ag[Ag(CN2)](s)
EDTA was standardized by titrating 25.0 mL of a 0.100 M
CaCl2 solution, requiring 30.0 mL EDTA. Calculate the Ex. A 500-mg sample containing NaCN required 23.50 mL
percent Al2O3 in the sample. Ans. 8.71% of 0.1255 M AgNO3 to obtain a permanent turbidity.
Express the result of this analysis as % CN-.
Ex. Chromium(III) is slow to react with EDTA (H 4Y) and is a. 15.34% b. 23.01% c. 17.25%
therefore determined by back-titration. A pharmaceutical d. 30.67%
preparation containing chromium (III) is analyzed by
treating a 2.63-g sample with 5.00 mL of 0.0103 M EDTA. b. Determination of Nickel
Following reaction, the unreacted EDTA is back- titrated An ammoniacal solution of nickel is treated with a
with 1.32 mL of 0.0122 M zinc solution. What is the measured excess of standard cyanide solution and the
percent chromium chloride in the pharmaceutical excess of standard AgNO3 solution according to the
preparation. Ans. 0.221% reactions:
Addition of Excess Cyanide: Ni(NH 3)6+3 + 4CN-1 +6H2O
A masking agent is a complexing agent that reacts Ni(CN)4-1 +6NH4OH
selectively with a component in a solution to prevent that
component from interfering in a determination. Back Titration with Ag+: 2CN-1 + Ag+ Ag(CN)2-1

Ex. A 1.509-g sample of a Pb/Cd alloy was dissolved in Endpoint: Ag(CN)2-1 + Ag+ Ag[Ag(CN)2](s)
acid and diluted to exactly 250.0 mL in a volumetric flask.
A 50.00-mL aliquot of the diluted solution was brought to
a pH of 10.0 with an NH4+/NH3 buffer; the subsequent Ex. A 750.25-mg of alloy nickel was dissolved and treated
titration involved both cations and required 28.89 mL of to remove the impurities. The ammoniacal solution was
0.06950 M EDTA. A second 50.00 mL aliquot was brought treated with 50 mL of 0.1075 M KCN and the excess
to a pH of 10.0 with an HCN/NaCN buffer, which also cyanide required 2.25 mL of 0.00925 M AgNO 3.
served to mask the Cd2+; 11.56 mL of the EDTA solution Determine %Ni in the alloy.
were needed to titrate the Pb 2. Calculate the percent Pb a. 20.86% b. 37.69% c.10.43%
and Cd in the sample. Ans. 55.16% Pb and 44.86% Cd d. 41.27%

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9 | ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

a)0.161 M b. 0.403 M c. 1.008 M

Reduction-Oxidation. These redox titrations involve d. 0.856 M
the titration of an oxidizing agent with a reducing agent,
or vice versa. An oxidizing agent gains electrons and a Ex. The percentage of MnO2 in a 500 mg sample which
reducing agent loses electrons in a reaction between after the addition of 80.00 mL of 0.1056 M FeSO4 solution
them. There must be a sufficiently large difference required 8.50 mL of 0.0867 M K2Cr2O7 is
between the oxidizing and reducing capabilities of these a)33.52% b. 35.00% c. 17.50%
agents for the reaction to go to completion and give a d. 67.04%
sharp end point; that is, one should be a fairly strong
oxidizing agent (strong tendency to gain electrons) and Ex. A 240-mg sample of pyrolusite was treated with
the other a fairly strong reducing agent (strong tendency excess KI. The iodine liberated required 46.24 mL of
to lose electrons). You can use appropriate indicators for 0.1105 M Na2S2O3 solution. Calculate the % MnO2 in the
these titrations, or you may employ various electrometric sample.
means to detect the end point. a)46.27% b. 30.85% c. 92.54%
d. 76.12%
Combining Ratio, also (f)
OXIDANT Ex. A sample of iron ore weighing 385.6 mg was
KMnO4 (a) 5 dissolved in acid and passed through a Jones redactor. If
KMnO4 (b,n) 3 the resulting solution required 52.36 mL of 0.01436 M
K2Cr2O7 6 K2Cr2O7 for titration, calculate % Fe 3O4 (231.55 g/mol) in
I2 2 the ore sample.
MnO2 2 a)15.05% b. 45.15% c. 90.30%
d. 67.98%
REDUCTANT
Ex. A 0.200-g sample of pyrolusite is analyzed for
Na2C2O4 (C2O4-2) 2
manganese content as follows. Add 50.0 mL of a 0.100 M
FeSO4 (Fe+2) 1
solution of ferrous ammonium sulfate to reduce the MnO 2
Na2S2O3 1 to Mn+2. After reduction is complete, the excess ferrous
KI 1 ion is titrated in acid solution with 0.0200 M KMnO 4,
Fe metal 2 requiring 15.0 mL. Calculate the percent manganese in
As2O3 4 the sample as Mn3O4 (only part or none of the manganese
H2O2 2 may exist in this form, but we can make the calculations
Cu+ 1 on the assumption that it does). Ans. 66.74%

Ex. What is the molarity of a KMnO 4 solution standardized Ex. A hydrogen peroxide solution is analyzed by adding a
against 1.356 gram Na2C2O4 (134 g/mol) requiring 25.1 slight excess of standard KMnO 4 solution and back-
mL of the solution in acidic medium MnO2. Ans. 78.19%? titrating the unreacted KMnO4 with standard Fe+2 solution.
A 0.587-g sample of the H 2O2 solution is taken, 25.0 mL

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10 | ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

of 0.0215 M KMnO4 is added, and the back-titration action has ceased, the excess three-valent arsenic is
requires 5.10 mL of 0.112 M Fe 2+ solution. What is the titrated with 45.00 mL of 0.1000 N KMnO 4. Calculate the
percent H2O2 in the sample? Ans. 6.13% oxidizing power of the pyrolusite in terms of percentage

Ex. A sample of a pyrolusite weighs 0.5000 g. To this is

added 0.6674 g of As2O3 and dilute acid. After solvent

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